Consulta: subjectFacets:"Standards"
Registros recuperados: 39
Data/hora: 10/06/2024 19:14:32

Databases, Scaling Practices, and the Globalization of Biodiversity
Provedor de dados: 7
Autores: Turnhout, Esther; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands; esther.turnhout@wur.nl; Boonman-Berson, Susan; Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands; susan.boonman-berson@wur.nl.
Since the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, biodiversity has become an important topic for scientific research. Much of this research is focused on measuring and mapping the current state of biodiversity, in terms of which species are present at which places and in which abundance, and making extrapolations and future projections, that is, determining the trends. Biodiversity databases are crucial components of these activities because they store information about biodiversity and make it digitally available. Useful biodiversity databases require data that are reliable, standardized, and fit for up-scaling. This paper uses material from the EBONE-project (European Biodiversity Observation Network) to illustrate how biodiversity databases are...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Classification; Databases; Scaling practices; Standards; Statistics; Volunteer recorders.
Ano: 2011

A status report on delamination resistance testing of polymer-matrix composites
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Brunner, A; Blackman, B; Davies, Peter.
The development of fracture mechanics test methods for the determination of delamination resistance or fracture toughness of fiber-reinforced, polymer-matrix composites is an active area of research. The emphasis in this review is on standardisation of test methods. Recent developments leading towards new standardized test procedures will be presented, complementing and updating earlier reviews. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Review; Standards; Test procedure; Polymer matrix composites; Delamination resistance; Fracture toughness.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-3950.pdf

Advancing IEC standardisation and certification for tidal energy convertors
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Scheijgrond, Peter; Southall, Anna; Bittencourt, Claudio; Davies, Peter; Mathys, Pieter; Germain, Gregory; Geertzen, Martijn.
Conformity assessment can mitigate technical and financial risks of technologies, which in turn attracts finance and encourages international trade. As marine energy is an emerging industry, international standards are yet to be consistently adopted and a conformity assessment system is currently under development
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Marine energy; Tidal energy; Standards; Certification; Experimental trial; Test protocol; IEC; IECRE; Conformity assessment; Risk mitigation.
Ano: 2018
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00599/71136/69450.pdf

The ocean sampling day consortium
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Kopf, Anna; Bicak, Mesude; Kottmann, Renzo; Schnetzer, Julia; Kostadinov, Ivaylo; Lehmann, Katja; Fernandez-guerra, Antonio; Jeanthon, Christian; Rahav, Eyal; Ullrich, Matthias; Wichels, Antje; Gerdts, Gunnar; Polymenakou, Paraskevi; Kotoulas, Giorgos; Siam, Rania; Abdallah, Rehab Z.; Sonnenschein, Eva C.; Cariou, Thierry; O'Gara, Fergal; Jackson, Stephen; Orlic, Sandi; Steinke, Michael; Busch, Julia; Duarte, Bernardo; Cacador, Isabel; Canning-clode, Joao; Bobrova, Oleksandra; Marteinsson, Viggo; Reynisson, Eyjolfur; Loureiro, Clara Magalhaes; Luna, Gian Marco; Quero, Grazia Marina; Loescher, Carolin R.; Kremp, Anke; Delorenzo, Marie E.; Ovreas, Lise; Tolman, Jennifer; Laroche, Julie; Penna, Antonella; Frischer, Marc; Davis, Timothy; Katherine, Barker; Meyer, Christopher P.; Ramos, Sandra; Magalhaes, Catarina; Jude-lemeilleur, Florence; Leopoldina Aguirre-macedo, Ma; Wang, Shiao; Poulton, Nicole; Jones, Scott; Collin, Rachel; Fuhrman, Jed A.; Conan, Pascal; Alonso, Cecilia; Stambler, Noga; Goodwin, Kelly; Yakimov, Michael M.; Baltar, Federico; Bodrossy, Levente; Van De Kamp, Jodie; Frampton, Dion M. F.; Ostrowski, Martin; Van Ruth, Paul; Malthouse, Paul; Claus, Simon; Deneudt, Klaas; Mortelmans, Jonas; Pitois, Sophie; Wallom, David; Salter, Ian; Costa, Rodrigo; Schroeder, Declan C.; Kandil, Mahrous M.; Amaral, Valentina; Biancalana, Florencia; Santana, Rafael; Pedrotti, Maria Luiza; Yoshida, Takashi; Ogata, Hiroyuki; Ingleton, Tim; Munnik, Kate; Rodriguez-ezpeleta, Naiara; Berteaux-lecellier, Veronique; Wecker, Patricia; Cancio, Ibon; Vaulot, Daniel; Bienhold, Christina; Ghazal, Hassan; Chaouni, Bouchra; Essayeh, Soumya; Ettamimi, Sara; Zaid, El Houcine; Boukhatem, Noureddine; Bouali, Abderrahim; Chahboune, Rajaa; Barrijal, Said; Timinouni, Mohammed; El Otmani, Fatima; Bennani, Mohamed; Mea, Marianna; Todorova, Nadezhda; Karamfilov, Ventzislav; Ten Hoopen, Petra; Cochrane, Guy; L'Haridon, Stephane; Bizsel, Kemal Can; Vezzi, Alessandro; Lauro, Federico M.; Martin, Patrick; Jensen, Rachelle M.; Hinks, Jamie; Gebbels, Susan; Rosselli, Riccardo; De Pascale, Fabio; Schiavon, Riccardo; Dos Santos, Antonina; Villar, Emilie; Pesant, Stephane; Cataletto, Bruno; Malfatti, Francesca; Edirisinghe, Ranjith; Silveira, Jorge A. Herrera; Barbier, Michele; Turk, Valentina; Tinta, Tinkara; Fuller, Wayne J.; Salihoglu, Ilkay; Serakinci, Nedime; Ergoren, Mahmut Cerkez; Bresnan, Eileen; Iriberri, Juan; Nyhus, Paul Anders Fronth; Bente, Edvardsen; Karlsen, Hans Erik; Golyshin, Peter N.; Gasol, Josep M.; Moncheva, Snejana; Dzhembekova, Nina; Johnson, Zackary; Sinigalliano, Christopher David; Gidley, Maribeth Louise; Zingone, Adriana; Danovaro, Roberto; Tsiamis, George; Clark, Melody S.; Costa, Ana Cristina; El Bour, Monia; Martins, Ana M.; Collins, R. Eric; Ducluzeau, Anne-lise; Martinez, Jonathan; Costello, Mark J.; Amaral-zettler, Linda A.; Gilbert, Jack A.; Davies, Neil; Field, Dawn; Gloeckner, Frank Oliver.
Ocean Sampling Day was initiated by the EU-funded Micro B3 (Marine Microbial Biodiversity, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology) project to obtain a snapshot of the marine microbial biodiversity and function of the world's oceans. It is a simultaneous global mega-sequencing campaign aiming to generate the largest standardized microbial data set in a single day. This will be achievable only through the coordinated efforts of an Ocean Sampling Day Consortium, supportive partnerships and networks between sites. This commentary outlines the establishment, function and aims of the Consortium and describes our vision for a sustainable study of marine microbial communities and their embedded functional traits.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Ocean sampling day; OSD; Biodiversity; Genomics; Health Index; Bacteria; Microorganism; Metagenomics; Marine; Micro B3; Standards.
Ano: 2015
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00371/48262/48647.pdf

The national biodiversity network in the UK
Provedor de dados: 16
Autores: Harding, P.
The national biodiversity network in the UK   The National Biodiversity Network (NBN) has been developed in the United Kingdom over a period of about five years, forming the NBN Trust in March 2000. The NBN Trust brings together those with shared interests in the collection, management and use of data and information about species, biotopes and sites in the UK. These include volunteers and specialist societies, non-governmental wildlife organisations and the statutory nature conservation agencies and other governmental organisations. By working to common standards, agreeing priorities and sharing data, greater use can be made of the work of the specialists and skilled volunteers that collect biodiversity data in the field. NBN is still developing, but it...
Tipo: Article in monograph or in proceedings
Palavras-chave: National Biodiversity Network; Biodiversity; Internet; Data; Information; Standards; 42.75.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/219861

Recommendation to adopt ISO 3166-1 and 3166-3 country codes as the standard for identifying  countries in oceanographic data exchange.
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: IOC for UNESCO.
Use of country codes for data exchange - ISO 3166.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Oceanographic data; Standardization; Standards; Information exchange; Oceanography.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/4476

Implementación de la Norma internacional ISO 9001:2008 en las Ayudas a la Navegación Marítima
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Salinas Viera, J. M.
Describe los estándares de calidad ISO para la eficiencia de los servicios en la Dirección de Hidrografia y Navegación y también a la Asociación Internacional de Ayudas a la Navegación y de autoridades de Faros (IALA).
Tipo: Theses and Dissertations
Palavras-chave: Navigation; Standards.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/5738

Un código de prácticas recomendadas para el procesamiento de productos pesqueros frescos y congelados
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Goulding, I.; Barcia, M.
Este código de práctica contiene los requerimientos mínimos con que deberán cumplir las plantas industriales que se dedican al procesamiento de pescado fresco y congelado. El objeto del presente código es ayudar a todos cuantos se ocupan del procesamiento de pescado, del almacenamiento, distribución, exportación, importación y venta de pescado fresco y congelado, para lograr productos de la mejor calidad posible. El presente código, ofrece normas de procesamiento, manejo y reglamentos de control de calidad e inspección de pescado para el uso del personal que trabaja en la industrias de elaboración de pescado. Los sistemas de control y evaluación contenidos en el presente código se aplicarán anualmente a las plantas procesadoras de pescado a fin de...
Tipo: Journal Contribution
Palavras-chave: Standards; Quality control; Fishery industry plants; Frozen products; Processed fishery products; Standards; Frozen products; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7367; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_15741.
Ano: 1988
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3139

Un código de prácticas recomendadas para el procesamiento de pescado enlatado
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Goulding, I.; Castello, M.
Este código de práctica contiene los requerimientos mínimos que deberán cumplir las plantas industriales que se dedican al procesamiento de pescado enlatado, para su operación y normal funcionamiento. Los sistemas de control y evaluación contenidos en el presente código se aplicarán anualmente a las plantas procesadores de pescado enlatado a fin de determinar el estado de funcionamiento y servirán de base técnica para el otorgamiento de los permisos anuales de operación. Se incluyen además normas y ciertos controles que servirán de guía, y al aplicarlos elevarán la calidad del producto.
Tipo: Journal Contribution
Palavras-chave: Processing fishery products; Standards; Canned products; Quality assurance; Canned products; Standards; Quality assurance; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1259; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7367; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35287.
Ano: 1988
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3155

JCOMM Capacity Building Strategy 2007, Version 1.1: presented at the 2007 IODE Officers Meeting, Oostende, Belgium, 27 -30 November 2007
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Pissierssens, Peter.
JCOMM's vision to benefit the global community is long-term, far-reaching and innovative: JCOMM coordinates, and develops and recommends standards and procedures for, a fully integrated marine observing, data management and services system that uses state-of-the-art technologies and capabilities; is responsive to the evolving needs of all users of marine data and products; and includes an outreach programme to enhance the national capacity of all maritime countries. JCOMM aims to maximize the benefits for its Members/Member States in the projects, programmes and activities that it undertakes in their interest and that of the global community in general.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Standards.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/5555

Un código de prácticas recomendadas para el procesamiento de camarón
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Goulding, I.
Este código de práctica contiene los requerimientos mínimos que deberán cumplir las plantas industriales que se dedican al procesamiento de camarón, para su operación y normal funcionamiento. Los sistemas de control y evaluación contenidos en el presente código se aplicarán anualmente a las plantas procesadoras de camarón a fin de determinar el estado de funcionamiento y servirán de base técnica para el otorgamiento de los permisos anuales de operación.
Tipo: Journal Contribution
Palavras-chave: Hygiene; Quality control; Standards; Fishery industry plants; Shrimp fisheries; Hygiene; Standards; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3739; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7367.
Ano: 1988
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3136

International Marine Data and Information Systems conference IMDIS-2008
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Iona, Sissy; Maillard, Catherine; Tosello, Vanessa.
Session 1 – Marine environmental data bases: infrastructures, metadata and data systems Session 2 – Standards and interoperability Session 3 – User Oriented services and products Session 4 - Databases and tools for education
Tipo: Conference Material
Palavras-chave: Marine sciences; Databases; Standards; Oceanography.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/4469

Estado de situación de los recursos pesqueros del Golfo San Matías, sus pesquerías, especies asociadas y ambiente: informe ad hoc para la evaluación preliminar de las pesquerías marinas de Río Negro con vistas a la certificación de su sustentabilidad
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Coller, M.; Osovnikar, P.; Narvarte, M.; Perier, R.; González, R.A.; Di Giácomo, E.; Morsan, E.M.; Braicovich, P.; Curtolo, L.; Ocampo, M.
Se realiza una sinopsis del estado de situación de los recursos pesqueros del Golfo San Matías, de sus pesquerías y especies asociadas a las mismas y del ecosistema marino. El objetivo de este informe es presentar información histórica y actualizada sobre los recursos pesqueros y las pesquerías marinas de Río Negro, a los fines de su empleo como guía de análisis para la evaluación de las mismas con vistas a la potencial certificación de una gestión sustentable de las mismas a partir de los estándares del Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Se presenta información sobre la organización y estructura del sector institucional y del marco legal en el que se desarrolla la actividad. Se desarrolla una caracterización de las pesquerías a partir de diferentes...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Fishery resources; Fishery management; Clam fisheries; Coastal fisheries; Biodiversity; Environments; Associated species; Yield; Potential yield; Fishery regulations; Certification; Standards; Sustainability; Fishing fleet; Fishery management; Certification; Fishery resources; Coastal fisheries; Biodiversity; Sustainability.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3719

Ocean Data Standards, Vol.2: Recommendation to adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the standard for the representation of dates and times in oceanographic data exchange.
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: IOC for UNESCO.
DATE AND TIME FOR DATA EXCHANGE  INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8601:2004  DATE AND TIME REPRESENTATION
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Data storage; Standards.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/4467

Ocean Data Standards, Volume 1, Recommendation to Adopt ISO 3166-1 and 3166-3 Country Codes as the Standard for Identifying Countries in Oceanographic Data Exchange.
Provedor de dados: 20
The value of standards for the management and exchange of data has always been acknowledged. In the oceanography and marine meteorology domain, there have been many efforts to develop common standards and data frameworks for processing data and information but these have never been widely adopted by the community. IODE and JCOMM recognized that, although there were mechanisms to facilitate coordinated ocean data exchange, these had not resulted in the degree of agreement on a wide range of matters that were needed in order to allow the easy exchange and interoperability of collected data. In 2008, the joint IODE/JCOMM Forum on Oceanographic Data Management and Exchange Standards established the Ocean Data Standards Pilot Project (ODS). One of the...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Standards.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/5587

The Direct Economic Effects of Stricter Standards Towards the Protection of Human and Animal Health in Swine Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mora,   Cristina; Menozzi,   Davide.
The objective of this study is to present the results of a research carried out on a group of farms involved in pig fattening (48 farms) to evaluate the economic impact of implementing human and animal health regulation. The five types considered in any case represent 90-95% of the total health costs, there are therefore economies of scale and considering the types of expenditure, veterinary medicines have a strong incidence on fattening farms, together with medicated feed for consumption on the farm and the control of Aujeszky's disease. The overall health costs have on average reached the 2% of total costs and the same value of the net income.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Human health; Animal health; Standards; Economic impact; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24978

Food Quality Standards in Equilibrium Models: A Discussion of Current Modeling Approaches
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nolte,   Stephan; Rau,   Marie-Luise.
Throughout recent year food quality standards have become a ubiquitous phenomenon that nationally and globally influences agri-food markets. With equilibrium models commonly used in the quantitative analysis of market and trade effects, we review possible approaches to modeling standards existent in the literature, elaborate the reasoning behind them and discuss their suitability to reflect "real world" situations. While the modeling approaches identified may respectively depict a specific situation, they may not be appropriate in others. That is they capture certain effects of standards only. With increasing ability to account for the various effects of standards, the modeling approaches become more complex and the data requirements increase.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food quality; Standards; Modeling approaches; Equilibrium models; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; F1; C6; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25653

The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Jaffe,   Adam B.; Stavins,   Robert N.
We develop a methodology for testing Hick's induced innovation hypothesis by estimating a product-characteristics model of energy-using consumer durables, augmenting the hypothesis to allow for the influence of government regulations. For the products we explored, the evidence suggests: (i) the rate of overall innovation was independent of energy prices and regulations, (ii) the direction of innovation was responsive to energy price changes for some products but not for others, (iii) energy price changes induced changes in the subset of technically feasible models that were offered for sale, (iv) this responsiveness increased substantially during the period after energy-efficiency product labeling was required, and (v) nonetheless, a sizeable portion of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Induced innovation; Energy efficiency; Technological change; Economic incentives; Regulation; Standards; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L51; O31; O38; Q40; Q20; Q48.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10521

Economics of Water Quality Protection from Nonpoint Sources: Theory and Practice
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ribaudo,   Marc; Horan,   Richard D.; Smith,   Mark E.
Water quality is a major environmental issue. Pollution from nonpoint sources is the single largest remaining source of water quality impairments in the United States. Agriculture is a major source of several nonpoint-source pollutants, including nutrients, sediment, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint pollution reduction policies can be designed to induce producers to change their production practices in ways that improve the environmental and related economic consequences of production. The information necessary to design economically efficient pollution control policies is almost always lacking. Instead, policies can be designed to achieve specific environmental or other similarly related goals at least cost, given transaction costs and any...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Water quality; Nonpoint-source pollution; Economic incentives; Standards; Education; Liability; Research; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33913

A Strategic Perspective on the Impact of Food Safety Standards on Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Henson,   Spencer J.; Jaffee,   Steven.
This paper explores the competing concepts of 'standards as barriers' and standards as catalysts' in the context of food safety standards in international trade in agricultural and food products.  It is suggested that food safety standards can act as both a barrier to trade and the basis of competitive positioning for developing countries in international markets.  This suggests that the application of a strategic framework to analyze and assess alternative responses to evolving food safety standards can throw some light on the circumstances under which standards act to prohibit trade or, alternatively, create competitive trade opportunities.  The use of such a framework is illustrated through a brief case study of fish and fishery product exports from...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Food; Trade; Food Safety; Standards; Technical barriers to Trade; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q18; K32; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25456

Spread of retailer food quality standards: An international perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Herzfeld,   Thomas; Drescher,   Larissa S.; Grebitus,   Carola.
Privately initiated food quality standards are currently important elements in the marketing of food and agricultural products. At the same time, they stand in the centre of a discussion about potential negative effects on small farmers and farmers in developing countries. This study aims at analysing the adoption of two private food standards, BRC Technical Food Standard and GlobalGAP, at an aggregated cross-country level. The results of the econometric analysis reveal some (potential) barriers for developing countries to access this type of organisational innovation. Certificates seem to be issued more probably in larger and wealthier countries, countries with a better institutional quality, better infrastructural conditions and in former UK colonies.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Food quality; Adoption; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44005

The Political Economy of Nutrition and Health Standards in Food Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinnen,   Johan F.M.; Vandemoortele,   Thijs.
This paper presents a general political economy model of standards. We use the model to derive political and social optima of nutrition and health standards in food markets, and to identify under which cases “understandardization” or “over-standardization” will result. The paper analyses the impact of trade and development on the political equilibrium as well as the role of the media and consumer perceptions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Political Economy; Standards; Food Markets; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44364

European System Related to Good Agricultural Practice (EUREPGAP)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Baghasa,   Hajar.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: اليوروكاب، المعايير; EUREPGAP; Standards; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48803

Pesticides Residues and Trade: the Apple of Discord?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Drogue,   Sophie; DeMaria,   Federica.
The impact of food safety standards on international trade has already been addressed. Generally, economists try to assess trade losses borne by exporters when importing countries impose stricter regulations. In this paper we assess the impact of the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) of pesticides on the trade of apples and pears. Rather than focusing on a particular pesticide we take into account the entire list of substances set out by the various regulations with the aim is to understand how the similarity (or dissimilarity) of these can affect trade. Most studies assess the impact of sanitary standard regulations introducing directly in the analysis the MLR put in force in the importing country. We assume that what can be crucial is the difference in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Pesticides; MRL; Apple; Pear; Market access; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114445

A Theory of Standards-Driven Rural Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinnen,   Johan F.M.; Rozelle,   Scott; Xiang,   Tao; Vandemoortele,   Thijs.
Consumers have increasing demands for product standards. This has important implications for development. This paper develops a formal theory of the process of the introduction of high product standards in developing countries. The model endogenizes the introduction of high standards. Initial differences in income, the nature of capital constraints and transaction costs, the initial production structure and policies and institutions are shown to affect the likelihood of and the size of the high standards economy. Initial differences in some of these same factors—as well as inter-country differences in the distribution of the sizes of farmers—are also shown to determine which producers are included, and which not.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Rural Development; Vertical Differentiation; Partial Equilibrium; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51475

Incentive Compatible Pricing and Quality Adoption: The Case of the Polish Dairy Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pieniadz,   Agata; Hockmann,   Heinrich.
We construct a model to identify determinants of the diffusion rate of standards in a food chain. We argue that adoption decisions in the food chain are determined by farmers’ and processors’ economic considerations. Factors such as pricing behavior, compliance costs and market structure, all of which influence the adoption of standards, are identified and discussed in the paper. The findings are used to test an econometric model utilizing data on Polish milk processing firms in the period between 2000 and 2002. The results indicate that input and output prices have a significant influence on the diffusion rate of standards. The dominance of large-scale holdings in the relevant procurement market significantly increases, whereas high compliance costs...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Product quality; Standards; EU enlargement; Industrial organization.; Industrial Organization; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7833

Disentangling the Demand-enhancing Effect and Trade-cost Effect of Technical Measures in Agricultural Trade among OECD countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Xiong,   Bo; Beghin,   John C.
Domestic technical measures such as SPS and TBTs can enhance import demand via information disclosure and quality improvement, or hamper foreign export supply via imposing sizeable compliance costs, or both. The traditional gravity equation model estimates the net effect of these measures on international trade with a loss of useful inference on separate effects. We stipulate a generalized gravity equation model to disentangle the two effects. We apply the augmented approach to agricultural trade among OECD countries in 2004. We find that technical measures in agriculture often jointly enhance import demand and hinder export supply with the net effect of promoting the propensity to trade. Further disaggregated data analysis reveals heterogeneity across...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sanitary and phytosanitary; SPS; Technical measures; NTM; TBT; Standards; Gravity equation; Protectionism; OECD; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116898

Aflatoxin Redux: Does European Aflatoxin Regulation Hurt Groundnut Exporters from Africa?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Xiong,   Bo; Beghin,   John C.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/02/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Aflatoxin; Maximum Residues Limit; Groundnut; Gravity equation; Africa; Market access; EU; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61314

The adoption of the Eurepgap Standard by Mango Exporters in Piura, Peru
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kleinwechter,   Ulrich; Grethe,   Harald.
The significance of standards in international agricultural trade is continuously rising. Due to their complexity, especially private industry standards are often expected to have a negative impact on agricultural export sectors in developing countries. The successful adoption of standards by a broad number of producers can be seen as a condition to limit negative socioeconomic consequences. This case study for the mango export sector in Piura, Peru, analyzes the adoption of the Eurepgap standard, based on a theoretical framework of a compliance process of three stages (information stage, decision stage, implementation stage). The empirical part is based on interviews with farmers. A comparison between certified producers and a control group identifies the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Costs of compliance; Eurepgap; Developing countries; International; Trade; Mango; Peru; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25521

European System Related to Good Agricultural Practice (EUREPGAP)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Baghasa,   Hajar.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: EUREPGAP; Standards; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48602

Who Pays for Energy Efficiency Standards?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
Policies to promote energy efficiency in household appliances have different impacts, depending on the structure of market supply. If provision is perfectly competitive, markets will offer the variety of energy efficiency levels that consumers demand. However, if producers can price discriminate, using energy intensity to help segment consumer demand, consumers of low-end appliances are offered too little energy efficiency so that high-end consumers can be charged more for efficient appliances. Minimum energy efficiency standards can then improve welfare. We also consider average intensity standards, energy prices, and innovation and identify important differences in their effects on energy intensity, welfare, and consumers, depending on market structures....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Energy efficiency; Appliance; Standards; Price discrimination; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q40; Q55; Q58; O3.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10473

Standards Driven Rural Development: A General Equilibrium Model with Market Imperfections
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Xiang,   Tao; Huang,   Jikun; Kancs,   d'Artis; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
We develop a general equilibrium households model to analyze the effects of high standards food chains taking seriously into account market imperfections. To measure structural production changes and welfare effects on rural and urban households, our model has two types of agents, five kinds of products and four types of factors. We calibrate the model using dataset from China and do simulations through three ways: increasing world price of high standards food, increasing urban households’ preference for high standards food, and relaxing credit constraints on high standards food production. The simulation results show that how poor households are affected depends on the nature of the shocks leading to the expansion of high standards sector and the market...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Rural Development; General Equilibrium; Market Imperfections; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51476

Nontariff Barriers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.
Nontariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been reduced worldwide. Common measures of NTBs include tariff-equivalents of the NTB policy or policies and count and frequency measures of NTBs. These NTB measures are subsequently used in various trade models, including gravity equations, to assess trade and/or welfare effects of the measured NTBs.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externality and trade; Nontariff barrier; NTB; Protectionism; Sanitary and phytosanitary; SPS; Standards; TBT; Technical barrier to trade; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18436

Trade, Standards and Poverty. Evidence from Senegal
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Maertens,   Miet; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
The debate on trade and poverty is reinforced by recent studies on the role of standards. It is argued that increasing standards act as trade barriers for developing countries and cause further marginalization of the poor. This paper is the first to quantify income and poverty effects of such high-standards trade and to integrate labor market effects, by using company and household survey data from the vegetable export chain in Senegal. We find that exports have grown sharply despite increasing standards, resulting in important income gains and poverty reduction. Our estimates indicate that poverty is 14 % points lower due to vegetable exports. Tightening food standards induced a shift from smallholder contract-based farming to large-scale integrated...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade; Poverty; Standards; Vertical coordination; Contract farming; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; F14; F16; I3; Q12; Q13; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7924

Explaining Quality Differences at the Procurement Stage in the Polish Milk Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pieniadz,   Agata; Hockmann,   Heinrich.
The challenge of implementing EU quality and safety standards for food production and trading is one of the driving forces behind the restructuring of the agrofood chains in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC). The progress made in the compliance process not only varies amongst sectors and countries, but also among particular chains due to differences in their internal structure and strategies, and features of their political and economic surroundings. We construct a models to identify determinants of the diffusion rate of standards in a food chain under pre-accession conditions. We argue that adoption decisions in the food chain are determined by farmers' and processors' economic considerations. Factors such as pricing behavior, compliance costs...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Product quality; Standards; EU enlargement; Industrial organization; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25315

International Harmonization and the Gains from Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
International harmonization of standards and regulations is often a goal expressed in trade agreements because it is expected to yield gains from trade. Absence of progress toward harmonization is often interpreted as being motivated by protectionism, with differences in standards and regulations seen as non-tariff barriers. While protectionism may well be the source of resistance to harmonization, there may be other reasons it is not pursued. These alternative explanations have not received much attention from economists. In this article some of these alternatives are outlined - demand effects from altering standards, switching costs, proprietary technologies. The article concludes that proposals for international harmonization need to be scrutinized...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Demand effects; Harmonization; Regulation; Standards; Switching costs; TBT; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23843

Front office: Role positions and risks of maintaining standards of service quality
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Baronene,   Svetlana.
Studies show that one of the key reasons for this development lays in the fact, that the effects of the value added and customer satisfaction appears in the process of communicating with the so-called contact personnel. This article observes the role repertoire used by contact personnel during a service, formulates the requirements for standardization procedures and define the risks that arise at various stages of the process from development to implementation.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Standards; Competencies; Services; Risks of service quality; Role repertoire of contact staff.; Consumer/Household Economics; L80; M12.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94676

Ambiente institucional e acesso aos mercados internacionais para produtores brasileiros: comparando a legislação americana e o européia.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pereira,   Paulo Rodrigues Fernandes; Flexor,   Georges Gerard; Funcke,   Andre Luis.
O trabalho pretende abordar a problemática do acesso aos mercados internacionais sob a ótica da questão da qualidade e segurança dos alimentos. Procura nesse sentido apresentar uma comparação dos arcabouços institucionais dos Estados Unidos da América e da União Européia no que diz respeito a normas e padrões de seguranças e qualidade dos alimentos. Esses elementos que estruturam o ambiente institucional do acesso aos mercados representam desafios importantes para os produtores dos países em desenvolvimento, sobretudo para os pequenos agricultores.------------------------The work aims to address the problem of access to international markets from the perspective of the quality and food safety. From a institutional approach, it presents a comparison of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Normas; Cadeia; Ambiente institucional; Qualidade; Standards; Chain; Institution; Quality; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108082

The development and validation of an ergonomics index for assessing tractor operator work place
Provedor de dados: 65
Autores: Barbieri,Juan Paulo; Schlosser,José Fernando; Farias,Marcelo Silveira de; Negri,Giácomo Müller; Oliveira,Luis Fernando Vargas de.
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to develop and validate an ergonomics index for the operator workplace assessment of agricultural tractors sold in the Brazilian market. To develop the ergonomics index, the operator work places were assessed for compliance with current, national and international, safety and ergonomics standards. The following standards were analyzed to develop ergonomics index: ISO 15077 (1996), which regulates the position of operator controls; ABNT NBR ISO 4254-1(2015) and ABNT NBR ISO 4252 (2011), which regulate the access to operator workplaces; and NR 12 (2010), which determines the mandatory items of operator workplaces.Thirty-four operator work places of 152 models of new agricultural tractors sold in the Brazilian market were analyzed...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Ergonomics; Safety; Operator controls; Access; Standards.
Ano: 2018
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782018000100352