Consulta: subjectFacets:"WTO"
Registros recuperados: 159
Data/hora: 11/06/2024 14:05:43

Integrated Framework For Technical Assistance For Trade Development In Least Developed Countries - Mauritania
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Ataman Aksoy, M.
The Integrated Framework (IF) was established by WTO trade ministers in 1996 to promote the integration of the least developed countries (LDCs) into the global economy.1 This was in response to the slow progress of the LDCs in successfully integrating into the world economy. Participating agencies include the WTO, the IMF, the International Trade Center, UNDP, UNCTAD, and the World Bank (WB). Progress in mobilizing donor support proved difficult, and the program started slowly. An independent review of the IF, completed in June 2000, highlighted the lack of linkages to overall development strategies or programs and the absence of donor resources. Following the meeting of the Heads of Organizations last summer, the IF was redefined to ensure better...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Mauritania; Trade; WTO; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37338.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/753

Initial Negotiating Rights (INRs) in the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Babili,   Mahmoud.
INRs as an important card in the game of WTO accession
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: INRs; WTO; Concessions; Article XXVIII; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48938

Multifunctional Agriculture and Domestic/International Policy Choice
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David; Boisvert,   Richard N.
The concept of multifunctionality, in which agriculture is viewed as a source of both commodity and non-commodity outputs, has stimulated debate on the desirability of further trade liberalization. We explore the economics of multifunctionality and its policy implications. We argue for a new policy approach in which land and natural resource managers are remunerated for positive non-commodity outputs and penalized for negative outputs. This would require devolution in policy implementation from the centre to the local level. Such an approach would permit countries to achieve broader social objectives, while at the same time continuing to pursue trade liberalization.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Domestic policy; Multifunctionality; Trade policy; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23910

Decoupling EU Farm Support: Does the New Single Payment Scheme Fit within the Green Box?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinbank,   Alan; Tranter,   Richard B.
Recent reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has led to a further decoupling of farm support. The EU believes that the new Single Payment Scheme, which replaces the former system of area and headage payments to farmers, tied to production, will qualify for green-box status in the WTO. We examine this contention, particularly in light of the recent WTO panel report on upland cotton.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Decoupling; EU; Green box; Single Payment Scheme; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23867

How Decoupled Is the European Union's Single Farm Payment?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Elekes,   Andrea; Velikovszky,   Laszlo.
Our paper focuses on the key element of the 2003 CAP reform: on the single farm payment (SFP). The basic aim was to decouple direct payment from production decisions. Because of the widespread agricultural policy reforms (support producers with the least possible distortions) and of the on-going WTO negotiations, this is an issue attracting significant attention on behalf of agricultural economists. Different tools and different methodologies have been employed in the effort to better understand and rank policy measures in terms of their production and trade effects. Most of the literature classifies measures based on implementation criteria. Our paper assesses the decoupled nature of the single farm payment (SFP) based on WTO and OECD criteria. The EU...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAP reform; WTO; Decoupling; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q17; Q18; F13; F15.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25339

Tariff Escalation in the Doha Talks--Bringing the Issue to Resolution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wainio,   John; Vanzetti,   David.
Development objectives dictate that the Doha negotiations address tariff escalation. This could increase the production and export of processed goods in developing countries, expand investment and employment, and reduce dependence on primary product exports. Despite its importance, little progress has been made, notwithstanding that a final resolution to the negotiations will not be possible without bringing this issue to resolution. This paper quantifies tariff escalation within WTO members' tariff schedules and the degree to which a tiered formula could address this problem. Utilizing a detailed partial equilibrium global agricultural trade model we estimate the possible gains to developing countries from reducing tariff escalation.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff escalation; Agriculture; Trade; Tariffs; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6034

The GMO Regulation in the EU and the Commercial Conflict with the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lopez,   Raul Compes; Carrau,   Javier Guillem.
The United States is the leading country in the application of biotechnology to agricultural methods. One of the principal reasons for this is the flexibility of its legislation on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). A significant part of its production of soya or corn is already genetically modified, so that its companies need to avoid technical barriers to their exports in the world markets. In the EU, negative public opinion has contributed to the adoption by the authorities of exigent legislation in order to avoid the possible risks to human health and the environment posed by GMO. The EU's authorisation procedure for these organisms is long and meticulous. Furthermore, a compulsory labelling system has been adopted for products, which contain GMO or...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: GMO; Regulation; WTO; Protocol of Biosafety; Political Economy.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24924

Agricultural Trade Liberalization: Assessing the Consequences for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bureau,   Jean-Christophe; Jean,   Sebastien; Matthews,   Alan.
Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. Simulations suggest that the effects of agricultural trade liberalization will be small, overall, and are likely to be negative for a significant number of developing countries. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but these countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. The main obstacles to the exports of the poorest countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards) which increasingly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; WTO; Developing countries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24628

Transformation of Domestic Agricultural Support System of Ukraine in WTO  Conditions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dibrova,   Anatolii; Dibrova,   Larysa; Krylov,   Yaroslav.
Last years Ukraine allocated considerably finance resources for agriculture support according to their loading on the budget. However, amount increase of domestic support does not substantionally influence on the effectiveness indices of agricultural yields. Such information testifies about imperfect nature of the internal support mechanism of Ukrainian agriculture. As the result, domestic support did not become effective stimulus for production quality increase and rise amount of stock - breeding production. In 2008 Ukraine gathered the biggest grain harvest. Increase production did not improve finance results of agriculture and did not reduce stable and dynamic branch development because of negative influence of world finance crises. Unbalanced supply...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agrarian policy; Domestic support; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90798

Economic Issues of Invasive Pests and Diseases and Food Safety
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Evans,   Edward A.; Spreen,   Thomas H.; Knapp,   J.L.
The problem of invasive pests and diseases has become more urgent and far more complex today than in the recent past. Increased trade and movement of people, and the opening up of new trade routes have increased opportunities for the spread of invasive species. In addition, mono-cropping systems of cultivation; globalization; increased resistance of pests to pesticides and food safety and environmental concerns have all contributed to the growing complexity of the problem on hand. The economic dimensions of the problem can be viewed from at least two perspectives. First, with regard to the spread and impact of invasive species, particularly how best to provide more comprehensive assessments of impacts of invasions, so as to improve the cost effectiveness...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures; SPS; Invasive species; WTO; Economic impact of invasive species; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15696

The Next WTO Round on Agriculture and EU Enlargement: Pressures on the EU Dairy Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huan-Niemi,   Ellen; Niemi,   Jyrki S.
The EU dairy sector will be one of the most sensitive sectors to be affected by the outcome of the on-going negotiations for the new WTO round for agriculture. Nevertheless, if the Next WTO Round is going to be along the same lines as the Uruguay Round, the EU may be able to stay within the WTO commitments for export subsidy in the dairy sector without further reforms in the Common Agricultural Policy. Certainly, some minor reforms are needed to relieve the binding commitments for cheese and other milk products. The upcoming reform in the dairy sector under Agenda 2000 starting from year 2005 may help in reforming the dairy sector for the new round. In contrast, a steeper reduction in the export subsidy commitments compared to the Uruguay Round may cause...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: EU; WTO; Enlargement; Dairy sector; Export subsidy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24838

Pre- and post-accession performance to the WTO: A vulnerability study of Jamaica’s beef industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Seepersad,   Govind; Felix,   Nkosi; Maharaj,   Omardath.
Bridgetown, Barbados 6th – 10th July, 2009
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Jamaica; Beef Industry; Vulnerability Index; Agribusiness; Q13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122658

Globalisation and the WTO: Attitudes Expressed by Pressure Groups and by Less Developed Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
The WTO and other Bretton Woods institutions are widely seen as facilitators of the process of economic globalisation, a process which has been underway for many centuries but which has accelerated since World War II. The role of the WTO, and other  organizations, in this process is currently generating considerable social conflict. This article outlines the views of pressure groups from more developed countries about the role of the WTO in economic globalisation paying particular attention to concerns about labour and environmental standards. The views of trade union and labour bodies, of business organizations, farmers and environmentalists, principally from higher income countries, are presented. To some extent, labour bodies, environmentalists and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Economic Globalization; Trade Unions; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48003

Extending General Equilibrium to the Tariff Line: U.S. Dairy in the DOHA Development Agenda
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grant,   Jason H.; Hertel,   Thomas W.; Rutherford,   Thomas F.
Market access has been at the core of eight negotiating rounds of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Yet, agricultural trade remains a heavily protected sector, characterized by higher tariffs relative to industrial goods, large tariff dispersions, numerous specific tariffs and systems of tariff-rate-quotas. This has made the analysis of trade liberalization a formidable task among policy analysts. Previous studies of agricultural trade liberalization have used partial or general equilibrium models of trade. However, each of these modeling strategies has their drawbacks. General equilibrium (GE) models have been criticized because they face serious aggregation issues and miss much of the policy detail that occurs at the tariff line. Partial...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Mixed-complementarity problem; Partial equilibrium; General equilibrium; Doha Development Agenda; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; F01; F17; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25305

Law and Policy on Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge and Development: Legally Protecting Creativity and Collective Rights in Traditional Knowledge Based Agricultural Products through Geographical Indications
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dagne,   Teshager.
Geographical indications emerged on the international scene at the centre of three highly debated subjects: intellectual property, international trade and agricultural policy. This article discusses the use of geographical indications in the protection of traditional knowledge–based agricultural products in the international intellectual property framework, and assesses the challenges and opportunities geographical indications present with respect to efforts to cater to the needs of indigenous people and local communities. The discussion begins with a succinct overview of the definitional aspects of geographical indications, traditional knowledge and traditional knowledge–based agricultural products. In an attempt to locate the issue of geographical...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural products; Geographical indications; Traditional knowledge; TRIPS; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61577

Taming the Dragon: The WTO After the Accession of China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.; Hobbs,   Anna L.
The accession of China to the WTO may take place in the near future. While much attention has been given to the effect this will have on international trade and the Chinese economy, less attention has been given to the effect on the WTO. China is a large, developing, transition economy that is likely to alter the WTO in a number of ways. The paper examines three aspects of China’'s accession and their implications for the WTO: (1) will China play by the rules?; (2) market socialism in the WTO'’s market-based system; and (3) the organisation'’s decision-making process.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Accession; China; Decision making; Unequal treaties; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23853

A FRAMEWORK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS WITHIN THE WTO:  A CLOSER LOOK AT FOUR COMMODITIES IN BARBADOS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marcus-Burnett,   Emalene.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade liberalization; Special products; Sensitive commodities; WTO; CARICOM Single Market and Economy; CAES; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Financial Economics; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36951

The Anatomy of the EU-US WTO Banana Trade Dispute
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Read,   Robert.
This paper provides an overview of the banana dispute between the EU and the United States at the WTO which was finally resolved in July 2001. The paper outlines the origins of the dispute in the EU’s legal obligations to its preferred suppliers, primarily former colonies, and the subsequent evolution of the EU banana trade regime. The Single European Act and subsequent complaints to the GATT and the WTO have necessitated successive reforms of the EU banana regime, culminating in a landmark WTO Panel decision in 1997. These successive regimes are summarised, along with the GATT and WTO complaints and the WTO Panel findings. The resolution of the trade policy issues concerning bananas opens the way for the serious competition issues to be more readily...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Banana trade; Banana dispute; EU trade dispute; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23877

Is It Time to Re-think the WTO? A Return to the Basics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
The GATT was an organization that was seldom at the centre of political controversy, nor was it the object of virulent protest. The WTO, which succeeded it, however, has not enjoyed the GATT's anonymity. The controversies surrounding the WTO detract from its effectiveness and debase its credibility. In large measure, the contentious issues that the WTO has been attempting to deal with since its inception do not have at their heart trade in goods and services. The framers of the WTO took bold steps to create a new institution during the Uruguay Round--much of which has turned out to be a significant improvement on the GATT. This does not mean, however, that everything that was put in place has proved to be an improvement, or even workable. It may be time to...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Civil society; Trade sanctions; TRIPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23842

Imposing WTO disciplines on domestic support: an assessment of the Doha Round Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David.
The elements of the approach to disciplining domestic support for agriculture in the Doha round of WTO negotiations are evaluated using data for a selection of OECD countries. Despite a substantial increase in complexity in comparison to the Uruguay Round Agreement, the new approach is unlikely to require real reductions in trade-distorting support. As a result it is unlikely to stimulate further reforms in domestic agricultural policies in OECD countries.   RESUMEN: En este artículo se evalúan los instrumentos del enfoque utilizado en la Ronda de Doha de la Organización Mundial de Comercio para establecer disciplinas  en relación con la ayuda interna a la agricultura. El análisis se lleva  a cabo para un conjunto de países de la OCDE. A pesar de la mayor...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: International trade; Agriculture; Domestic support; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28766

Is There Supply Distortion In The Green Box? An Acreage Response Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bakhshi,   Samira; Kerr,   William A.
The shift of the farm subsidies toward programs classified as being decoupled income supports in the WTO’s URAA raises the question of their true impact on production and trade.  In this study, we measured the acreage effects of the Canadian whole farm programs under uncertainty. Based on the theoretical discussions regarding the role of the insurance effect in acreage decisions, we extend the theoretical restrictions examined by Chavas and Holt (1990)which enables us to include this effect in our model specification. Hence, we modified the expected utility maximization framework (under the hypothesis that farmers are risk averse) developed by Chavas and Holt (1990) and derived three distinct effects: market effects, the wealth effect, and the insurance...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Decoupled; Green box; Area; Production; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Production Economics.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51093

Agricultural policy (AP2011) Reform and the WTO: Potential Impacts on Swiss Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ferjani,   Ali.
This article analyses the impact of the planned Swiss package of agricultural policy measures AP2011 and the tariff reductions scheduled as part of the WTO Doha Round, with special emphasis on effects in the dairy and meat sector. The simulations are carried out using an extended partial equilibrium model. This article discusses the anticipated impact of changing structural conditions on production, processing, consumption, prices and exports in the milk market. If account is taken of the Bilateral Agreements between Switzerland and the EU providing for liberalisation of the common cheese market, raw milk production increases by 10.5 %, whereas the milk price shows a significant drop to around 60 centimes per kilogram of milk. The abolition of subsidies...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Partial equilibrium model; Simulation; AP2011; WTO; Dairy industry; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6638

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moschini,   GianCarlo.
This paper analyzes the main economic issues of intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A retrospective view on the establishment of the TRIPS (trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights) Agreement, a still controversial accomplishment of the Uruguay Round of trade liberalization, is provided. The paper reviews the economic rationale for the harmonization of IPRs, drawing both on economic theory considerations as well as emerging empirical evidence. The logic of linking IPR protection and trade in the context of the WTO is also re-examined. Some specific attention is devoted to the implications of TRIPS for agricultural and biotechnology innovations. The impact that IPR protection can...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Copyrights; Cross-border externalities; Intellectual property; International trade; Patents; Trademarks; TRIPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18369

State Trading Enterprises: A Canadian Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Annand,   Mel.
This paper provides a Canadian perspective on the debate about state trading enterprises in the World Trade Organization. STEs carry out important economic functions as part of national policies. STEs can do this without distorting competitive equilibrium in trade. From an economic and legal standpoint, STEs can properly function within the WTO system. The paper comments on why WTO rules on STEs may be practically meaningless, given the lack of application of the STE rules in WTO dispute resolution. The suggestion is made that the direction of legal inquiry into STEs should focus on the question of trade influence, rather than on the political question of government control of STEs. The real economic trade effects of STEs are the important aspects of STE...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Ideology; State trading; Subsidies; Unfair trade; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23834

Enjoying a Good Port with a Clear Conscience: Geographic Indicators, Rent Seeking and Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
The European Union is attempting to have the protection of geographic indicators strengthened in the WTO. There may be sufficient rents and other benefits available to justify this strategy in the negotiations. To achieve its rent-seeking goals, however, the European Union needs allies at the negotiations. It has been courting developing countries by touting the benefits of geographic indicators for their products. For most products originating in developing countries, the opportunities for rents will first have to be created, a resource-intensive and problematic activity. Further, even if rents can be created in the short run, the forces of competition are likely to erode them. Scarce resources might be better utilized on other development strategies that...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographic indicators; Incentives; Rent seeking; Sustainable development; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23827

Rural Poverty and China's Entry to WTO: Present Knowledge, Unresolved Issues and China's Policy Options
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
Begins by considering trends in the incidence of rural poverty in China, comparing China and India. Although the incidence of rural poverty in China declined generally, such poverty is still a matter for concern, especially now that China has joined the WTO. There is concern about the possible impact of China’s WTO entry on its rural poverty and its ability to adopt policies to address it. Recent international studies of such poverty in China by bodies such as the World Bank, OECD, ADB and IFPRI are outlined and reviewed critically with these economic issues in mind. The most recent study by Anderson and others suggests that China’s agriculture will be forced to undertake more structural adjustment than forecast in earlier studies. The Chinese policies to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; China; Economic; Reform; Rural poverty; WTO; Agricultural Finance; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/105582

Multilateral Trade Agreements and Market-Based Environmental Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Hoffmann,   Sandra A.; Yoshino,   Yutaka.
We review the legal provisions of the WTO regime that have important implications for national, market-based environmental policies. We evaluate those provisions for their effects on a member country's ability and incentives to design economically efficient environmental policies. International trade institutions do not recognize the polluter pays principle, posing some challenges for unilateral policies addressing cross-border pollutants and leakage. Nor do they recognize the economic equivalence of emission tax and permit regimes, leading to different potential constraints on policy design and leaving some environmental policies open to influence by protectionist motives. As many legality issues have yet to be disputed and resolved, opportunities exist...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade; Environment; WTO; GATT; Market-based policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F1; Q38.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10758

Science-based Rules of Trade:  A Mantra for Some, An Anathema for Others
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
The concept of science-based rules for the establishment of trade barriers was a new development that arose from the Uruguay Round. It is an attempt to de-politicise decision making in the complex areas of human, animal and plant health as well as aspects relating to the environment. In the short time it has been in operation it has become a mantra for some but an anathema to others with an interest in trade policy. It is now at the heart of a major trade dispute between the EU and the United States over trade in the products of biotechnology. The paper discusses the controversies relating to the science-based system and provides suggestions to improve its efficacy.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Independence; Precautionary principle; Science-based; Scientific consensus; SPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23883

Are Agri-Food Trade Issues Changing?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Viju,   Crina.
Agriculture has been one of the least successful aspects of the WTO negotiations, and it was no surprise that the Doha Development Round collapsed in July 2008 over issues pertaining to agricultural trade. The current agenda for negotiations is focused on the three pillars (market access, export subsidies and domestic support) that were established during the Uruguay Round. However, new trade issues have come to the fore and need to be addressed in future WTO negotiations. This special edition of the Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy focuses on different aspects of these new trade issues and represents one step in understanding the dynamics of the global market.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: WTO; Doha Development Round; Three pillars; New trade issues; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90584

A Framework for Estimating U.S. WTO Domestic Support to 2015
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Quiroga,   Jose.
The framework allows comprehensive and consistent measurement and classification of U.S. domestic support to 2015 under different assumptions. Projections of future U.S. domestic support patterns are made with estimates published in the USDA Agricultural Baseline Projections. We also use information from the OECD, FAPRI, NASS, and our own estimates. We present key elements and an overview of our analytical framework, assumptions of a baseline scenario, and some analytical results and observations arising from our analysis. The baseline scenario extends the classification of programs in WTO notifications to 2015. The framework consists of 65 spreadsheets, which are grouped into 4 analytical stages: calculation of program estimates by commodity; calculation...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; AMS; De minimis; Domestic support; WTO; Framework; International Relations/Trade; F1; Q1; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25412

National Policies and the Limits of International Integration
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gerber,   James.
In spite of the rapid growth of merchandise trade since the end of World War II, the world economy is far from integrated. Services trade, capital flows, population migration, and price differences demonstrate far more scope for international economic integration. Even among nations with preferential trade agreements, networks of merchandise trade relations are far denser intra-nationally than internationally. The absence of goods trade predicted by trade models when nations have few policy barriers implies that crossing national boundaries is a significant indicator of increased transaction costs. These patterns have caused the world trade agenda to examine some unintended trade restrictions which make up a part of national domestic policies. This focus...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Deeper integration; Free trade; Heckscher-Ohlin model; Integration; Trade barriers; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23829

The Doha Agenda and Agricultural Trade Reform: The Role of Economic Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martin,   William J.; Anderson,   Kym.
This paper shows that research on international agricultural trade reform can make much greater contributions to understanding than was feasible in earlier trade negotiations. Part of this is due to improvements in the basic data on production, consumption and trade associated with the development of the GTAP database and part due to the greater availability of disaggregated data on applied and bound rates of protection. Unfortunately, the framework in which we operate means that we are reduced to measuring gains that are substantially less than one percent of GDP. New developments in theory and method provide the potential for our quantitative analysis to be improved in at least six areas, including improvements in: the measurement of protection;...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade negotiations; Multilateral; Agricultural trade; Welfare evaluation; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; F11; F12.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25628

Can a Preferential Trade Agreement Benefit Neighbor Countries without Compensating Them?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Endoh,   Masahiro; Hamada,   Koichi; Shimomura,   Koji.
PTAs are generally negotiated without any tariff concessions or transfers to non-member countries. Can such a PTA benefit the neighbors’ welfare? In a two-good competitive equilibrium model in the absence of an entrepot, a PTA without concessions to the outsider will hurt the outsider’s welfare when goods are normal. If one of the member countries is an entrepot, however, it definitely improves the neighbors’ welfare. In a multiple-good model, a PTA without concessions deteriorates the neighbors’ welfare, provided that all the goods are normal and substitutes, and that initial tariff levels are small.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: PTA; Neighbor’s Welfare; Kemp-Wan Theorem; WTO; GATT Article 24; Entrepot; International Relations/Trade; F11; F13; F15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6334

CONCLUDING THE DOHA ROUND: AN IMPERATIVE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rosario,   Joe A.
Much water has flowed under the bridge since ministers failed to conclude world trade negotiations in July 2009. The world underwent an historical recession brought about by the U.S. financial toxic asset scandal. Global trade has declined sharply and is forecasted to decline by 9% in real terms in 2009. World economic growth rates have declined dramatically. There have been several cases of covert (and some overt) protectionism by both developed and advanced economies. Despite declarations from world leaders on several occasions for the need to refrain from protectionist measures and the need for the resumption and conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations over the past nine months, no such action has materialized. The two major contestants in...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: WTO; International trade; Doha Round; Trade negotiations; India; Agriculture; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Public Economics.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60427

Who Should Make the Rules of Trade? - The Complex Issue of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
In recent years, governments have negotiated a number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that include clauses regarding trade measures that conflict with their WTO obligations. As yet, there has been no formal dispute regarding which obligations should prevail, but the threat of conflict is perceived to be sufficiently grave for the parties to the Doha Ministerial to agree to examine the issue. Those who have strong preferences for environmental amenities have put considerable effort into fostering MEAs and are lobbying hard for them to prevail over the WTO in their areas of competence. The current lack of transparency caused by conflicting rules increases the degree of risk perceived in the international commercial environment. As MEAs allow...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Doha; MEA; Negotiations; Ratification; Trade measures; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23928

The Unforeseen Developments Clause in Safeguards under the WTO: Confusions in Compliance
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raychaudhuri,   Tilottama.
In this article the author explores in detail the “unforeseen developments” requirement in the Agreement on Safeguards under the WTO. The author seeks to answer questions such as whether the requirement (i.e., unforeseen developments must be demonstrated in order for safeguard measures to be justified) is an integral part of the Agreement on Safeguards, and how the subjectivity associated with this requirement contributes to the difficulty of constructing a reasoned and adequate account of the causal chain. The article also includes within its scope a brief analysis of larger issues such as the political and economic rationale behind safeguard measures, and how ambiguities in the Agreement on Safeguards can destabilize the discipline of safeguards and...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: India; International trade; Safeguards; Unforeseen developments; WTO; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90792

Economic Partnership Agreements and WTO negotiations. A quantitative assessment of trade preference granting and erosion in the banana market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni.
Paper replaced 07/29/09.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Economic Partnership Agreements; Trade preferences; Preference erosion; Spatial models; Bananas; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44215

The Provisions on Geographical Indications in the TRIPS Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Geuze,   Matthijs.
This article provides an overview of the provisions on geographical indications contained in the TRIPS Agreement and how they came about in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, which took place from 1986 to 1994 and resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization. The article underscores the difficulties involved in arriving at international standards in this area of intellectual property by putting the TRIPS provisions on geographical indications in their historical perspective of more than 120 years of international negotiations and by explaining their compromise character in the context of the single undertaking of the Uruguay Round and the continuing discussions at the international level, notably under the Doha...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Geographical indications; Intellectual property; WIPO; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48792

Agricultural Trade Liberalisation and Strategic Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Glebe,   Thilo W.; Latacz-Lohmann,   Uwe.
We use an extended partial equilibrium trade model to derive optimal environmental policy responses to tariff reduction requirements and assess the impact of such policies on the welfare of trading partners. We find that countries which attribute preferential political weights to farmers' welfare have an incentive to implement environmental policies that deviate from the Pigouvian solution - even if production is not de facto linked to environmental externalities. We clarify the conditions under which trading partners do not gain from unilateral trade liberalisation if trade concessions are accompanied by strategic environmental policy changes. We postulate a role for the WTO in overseeing the process of domestic policy formulation.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade liberalisation; Strategic environmental policy; Multifunctionality; Agri-environmental policy; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; D60; F11; F18; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24609

How to Realize Breakthrough in WTO Doha Negotiations?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhou,   Jian-Ming.
Originally published by ‘Africa Link’ (www.africalink.ch/), Headquarters in Switzerland, at (http://www.africalink.ch/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=12993%3Ahow-torealize- breakthrough-in-wto-doha-negotiations&amp;catid=49%3Abusiness-andeconomy&amp; Itemid=58 =en)
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Breakthrough; WTO; Doha negotiations; Agriculture; Non-agricultural market; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; Political Economy; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F; K; O; P; Q; R.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97047

Globalisation, WTO and Sustainable Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
This overview is divided into two main sections. The first sections reviews the literature on the impact of economic globalisation (involving of liberalisation of international trade and investment) on the state of the environment and sustainable development. While the WTO and Bretton Woods institutions believe that this impact can be expected to be favourable, divergent rational views can be found in the economics literature. A review of the relevant literature reveals that the situation is far from being black-and-white – there are grounds for rational doubt not withstanding the use of Environmental Kuznet’s curves, which on the surface seem to provide grounds for optimism.  The second main section dealt with the attitude and policies pursued by GATT-WTO...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Sustainable Development; Globalisation; Trade investment; Resource and environmental conservation; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48009

Potential Implications of a Special Safeguard Mechanism in the WTO: the Case of Wheat
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hertel,   Thomas W.; Martin,   William J.; Leister,   Amanda M.
The Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) was a key issue in the July 2008 failure to reach agreement in the WTO negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda. It includes both price (P-SSM) and quantity-triggered measures (Q-SSM). This paper uses a stochastic simulation model of the world wheat market to investigate the effects of policy makers implementing policies based on the SSM rules. As expected, implementation of the Q-SSM is found to reduce imports, raise domestic prices, and boost mean domestic production in the SSM regions. However, rather than insulating countries that use it from price volatility, it would actually increase domestic price volatility in developing countries, largely by restricting imports when domestic output is low and prices...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Safeguard; SSM; WTO; Volatility; Wheat; Food security; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; Q1; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61000

RETHINKING AGRICULTURAL DOMESTIC SUPPORT UNDER THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.; Hart,   Chad E.
This paper focuses on the third pillar of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the discipline of agricultural domestic support. The paper examines the current definition of agricultural domestic support used by the WTO, focusing on the Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) and other forms of support that are less to least distorting (Blue and Green Box payments). The analysis looks at the recent experience of four member states (the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Brazil). The structure of recent support varies considerably by country. Some countries, notably the United States, have strategically used the de minimis exemption to deflate their support figures substantially in order to remain...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Aggregate measure of support; Agricultural domestic support; Amber box; AMS; Blue box; Doha; Green box; World Trade Organization; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18296

Agriculture and the World Trade Organization: Does Membership Make a Difference?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grant,   Jason H.; Boys,   Kathryn A.
Recent empirical studies have estimated the trade flow effect of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). One important, although largely untested, conclusion from this literature is that the GATT/WTO has worked well if we ignore trade in agriculture – one of the institution’s seemingly apparent failures. This article investigates this conclusion using a large panel of agricultural and non-agricultural trade flows, the latter of which serves as our benchmark. The results are impressive: the multilateral institution has delivered significant positive effects on members’ agricultural trade relative to trade between non-members. Further, despite their special and differential...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Membership; Trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90886

The U.S. Value of Agricultural Production: A Measurement Framework with Implications for WTO Monitoring and Disciplines
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Quiroga,   Jose.
Abstract        A framework for reconciling data in U.S. notifications of domestic support to the World Trade Organization (WTO) with data from numerous U.S. sources is presented.  The framework also allows projections of possible data in the future U.S. notifications.  A country’s calculation of the value of production (VOP) for individual agricultural products and the total value of production are important for the analysis of domestic support constraints under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and in the Doha negotiations.  The framework consists of 65 linked spreadsheets, grouped into 54 data and 11 result tables.  Information flows from the data tables to the result tables based on procedures deduced from the analysis of U.S. notifications.   The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Domestic support; United States; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51556

Conceptualizing Multifunctional Agriculture from a Global Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moon,   Wanki.
The notion of multifunctional agriculture has been actively researched from diverse disciplines including economics, ecology, sociology, and geography since emerged out of the Uruguay Round in the 1990s.  In particular, the economics approach represents an attempt to tailor the concept of multifunctional agriculture to market-oriented WTO trade regime.  The economics approach has been fundamentally troubled by the lack of concord among WTO member countries on the question of what constitutes multifunctional agriculture.  Upon examining how differently the notion of multifunctional agriculture is perceived across the US, the EU, the Cairns group, the LDCs, and the developed food-importing countries (the G10), this article theorizes that multifunctional...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Multifunctional agriculture; Global governance of agriculture; WTO; Agricultural trade; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119751

EXPLAINING THE HEALTH CHECK:THE BUDGET, WTO, AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL POLICY PARADIGM REVISITED
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Daugbjerg,   Carsten; Swinbank,   Alan.
Three potential explanations of past CAP reforms have been identified in the literature: a budget constraint, pressure from GATT/WTO negotiations or commitments, and a paradigm shift emphasising agriculture’s provision of public goods. The presentation, content and context of the Health Check reform proposals of 2007/08 are assessed. The proposals are probably more ambitious than first supposed. The Health Check was not primarily driven by budget pressures; the European Commission’s wish to adopt an offensive negotiating stance in the closing phases of the Doha Round was a more likely explanatory factor. The EU’s response to the commodity price spikes in 2008, and its Health Check proposals, suggest that the supposed switch from a state-assisted policy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Health Check; CAP Reform; WTO; Doha; Paradigm change; Multifunctional; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44818

The Winnipeg Principles, WTO and Sustainable Development; Proposed Principles for Reconciling Trade and the Environment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
There is a widespread belief that the WTO has made virtually no concessions to environmentalists about their concerns arising from free trade and the process of globalisation. There are concerns that these processes may undermine prospects for sustainable development. Following the United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the International Institute for Sustainable Development was established to advocate policies to support sustainable development within Canada and globally. In 1994, it proposed the Winnipeg Principles as a means for reconciling international trade and development so as to achieve sustainable development. These seven principles are outlined in this article and assessed. Although the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Sustainable Development; Winnipeg Principles; China; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48012

Negotiating the Future of CARICOM's Sugar Industry: The Implications of WTO-Type Commitments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thomas,   Clive Y.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: WTO; Caricom Sugar Industry; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45786

THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WTO NEGOTIATIONS ON THE CANADIAN CHICKEN MARKET: TWO REPRESENTATIONS OF CHICKEN AND STOCHASTIC WORLD PRICES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rafajlovic,   Juanita; Cardwell,   Ryan T.
Current Doha Development Agenda (DDA) World Trade Organisation negotiations include proposals that would affect the trade barriers that protect Canada’s chicken producers from foreign competition. This research analyses the effects of the most recent proposals to emerge from the DDA negotiation on Canada’s chicken industry. We develop a partial-equilibrium model that generates welfare effects for the Canadian chicken industry supply chain. We also introduce stochastic prices to evaluate the effects of world price instability on the Canadian chicken industry. The model is also adapted to represent chicken as two distinct products; white meat and dark meat. Simulation results suggest that the welfare effects of the DDA proposals on the Canadian chicken...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: WTO; Chicken; Canada; Model; Trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95814

Special and Differential Treatment: A Mechanism to Promote Development?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Much has been made of "special and differential" treatment in the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations. In particular, a conscious effort has been made to infer that special and differential treatment will promote development. While special and differential treatment may be a necessary evil given developing countries' higher adjustment costs, dignifying it as a development mechanism plays into the hands of protectionist interests. In particular, by allowing a general increase in the ability of developing countries to isolate their economies, it may reduce the efficacy of important forces that prod institutional reforms in developing countries. As institutional reform is one of the keys to economic development, lionizing special and differential...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Development; Institutional reform; Protectionism; Special and differential treatment; WTO; International Development.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23896

Challenging US Country of Origin Labelling at the World Trade Organization: The Law, The Issues and The Evidence
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sawka,   Alison L.; Kerr,   William A.
Canada and Mexico are formally challenging US country of origin (COOL) legislation at the World Trade Organization. The industries most affected by COOL are beef and pork. The effect of COOL on North American cross border supply chains is outlined. The areas of international trade law upon which a challenge could be mounted are explained and the key issues that a disputes panel would have to determine indicated. The nature of the evidence that may be required to bolster Canada’s case is outlined.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Country of origin; Marks of origin; Protectionism; Technical Barriers to Trade; Supply chains; WTO; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Marketing.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95806

Welfare Impacts of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Trade Reforms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Laborde,   David; Martin,   William J.; van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique.
The variability of protection rates within sectors is frequently particularly high in agriculture relative to non-agriculture. Standard aggregation procedures ignore the variability within sectors, and underweight the importance of highly protected sectors. It therefore seems likely that they underestimate the potential benefits of agricultural trade reform relative to non-agricultural reform. This study examines this question using a new procedure for aggregating trade distortions. It finds that the key impact of using better aggregators is to increase the benefits of both agricultural and non-agricultural reform. It finds that using optimal aggregation procedures increases the measured importance of agricultural trade reform relative to non-agricultural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Nonagricultural trade; Trade distortions; Tariffs; Aggregation; World Trade Organization; WTO; Trade reform; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103958

Extending Protection at the WTO to Products Other Than Wines and Spirits: Who Will Benefit?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vincent,   Michel.
The issue of extending geographic indicator protection to products other than wines and spirits has created wide divergences between demandeurs and opponent countries at the WTO. This article examines the economic impacts of the proposals submitted at the WTO by these two groups of countries, focusing mainly on market access, generic names and impacts for the consumer in North America. Results from our survey show that reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers in North America would be more important in improving market access for EU geographical indications (GIs) than would GI extension. In addition, it would appear that North American consumers may not benefit from extension of protection to products other than wines and spirits..
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Generic names; Geographical indications; Market access; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9383

An Analysis of an Alliance: NAFTA Trucking and the US Insurance Industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Condon,   Bradly; Sinha,   Tapen.
In the NAFTA, the United States agreed to phase out restrictions on the operation of Mexican trucking companies in the United States. When the deadlines came, the Clinton Administration chose to maintain the restrictions. Following a NAFTA panel ruling against the United States, the Bush Administration announced it would remove the restrictions. The decision has met with opposition from both truckers and insurers in the United States, who cite safety concerns. This article examines the economic, political and legal forces at work in this debate, as well as the relationship between the NAFTA and WTO rules on trade in services that apply.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: NAFTA; Insurance; Trucking; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23873

Did the WTO Play a Role in the Food Crisis?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Meilke,   Karl D.
When high prices or natural calamities result in starvation and political unrest in the developing world emergency food aid is the best short run response. However, over a longer time frame it is important to have in place international rules that allow the market to function to help alleviate food shortages rather than making them worse. Given Canada’s trading position we have a huge stake in getting these rules right. Although the future of the Doha Round is unclear there is still time to make a start on developing better rules for export prohibitions, restrictions and export taxes that would serve the world better in times of shortage. A first step would be effective disciplines on the use of export taxes, and export restrictions and embargo’s.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: WTO; Food; Crisis; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43467

World Agriculture Organization (WAO): New Global Governance for Agricultural Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moon,   Wanki; Koo,   Won W.; Kim,   Chang-Gil.
It is increasingly questionable whether the WTO regime is the most appropriate form of governance for addressing global problems related to agriculture. In particular, climate change, sustainability, hunger/poverty in developing countries, and expected imbalance in food demand-supply by 2050 are emerging as grave challenges to humanity and the WTO is still struggling to resolve issues (related to the multifunctional roles of agriculture) of the 20th century while completely lacking the capacity to tackle such new global issues of the 21st century. Given this outmoded institution, the primary objective of this article is to propose that a new system of governance is needed so as to exclusively and effectively deal with problems arising from the interactions...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Global public goods; Climate change; Sustainable agriculture; Food security; WTO; Agricultural trade; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98886

U.S. Agricultural Export Credits after the WTO Cotton Ruling: The Law of Unintended Consequences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Benitah,   Marc.
The recent WTO cotton ruling has led to a paradoxical result for the United States, a result that seems a textbook illustration of the "law of unintended consequences". Indeed, during the Uruguay Round negotiations of the present WTO agreements, the United States refused to put agricultural export credits in the category of agricultural export subsidies, where they would then have been subject only to reduction commitments. Paradoxically, the United States finds itself now in a position where these same agricultural export credits that it did not condescend to reduce during the Uruguay Round are openly considered as prohibited export subsidies. This article analyses and criticizes the tortuous legal path followed by the cotton panel before arriving at such...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agreement on Agriculture; Brazil; Cotton; Doha Round; Export credits; Export subsidies; SCM; United States; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23893

WTO Discipline and the CAP: the Constraints on the EU Sugar Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gohin,   Alexandre; Bureau,   Jean-Christophe.
The various assessments of the effects of a liberalization of world sugar markets are inconsistent with each other. One cause seems to be the modeling of the EU supply response. We investigate three possible linkages between sugar production under quota and the out-of-quota or "C" sugar supply: i/ the existence of fixed costs covered by the in-quota sugar; ii / the "overshooting" behavior as prevention against poor yields; iii/ the production of C sugar as "reference building" in view of expected reforms. Modeling these effects results in the introduction of an implicit crosssubsidy between in-quota sugar and C sugar. The resulting specification is included in a detailed model of the EU agricultural sector so as to account for intersectoral linkages. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Common agricultural policy; Sugar; General equilibrium models; WTO; International Relations/Trade; D58; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18872

Are Disciplines Required on Domestic Support?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David.
The impact of domestic support on trade is likely to become an increasingly important issue in the WTO negotiations on agriculture. Domestic support expenditures are increasing and existing disciplines on forms and levels of support are weak. While a shift from market price support to output subsidies should be less trade distorting, such support may not be minimally distorting as required under the so-called “green-box” criteria. Proposals submitted by WTO members could further expand permissible support measures and weaken disciplines on their use. In some cases, most notably support provided in pursuit of environmental objectives, there may be a contradiction between the aims of support measures and the requirement that these should be minimally trade...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Domestic support; Green box; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23857

THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE: THE COTTON PERSPECTIVE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hudson,   Darren.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations could have important implications for Southern Agriculture.  This paper explores some of the issues surrounding the WTO negotiations for cotton.  Specifically, this paper examines the impacts of the phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) on the location of textile production and cotton trade flows. Generally, it is believed that the WTO negotiations will have little direct impact on cotton, but will have indirect impacts through textile policy.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cotton; WTO; Trade; Textiles; MFA; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15804

"Waiting for Godot" or Riding the Orient Express? Trade Negotiations and the Global Audience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Interest in the Doha Round appears to be waning among those who should be its major stakeholders. While the negotiations are still interesting to trade policy professionals, the apparently endless negotiations and increasingly trivial nature of any progress that is announced – at least from the perspective of the business community and others in civil society with an interest in trade policy – may be detrimental to the future effectiveness of the WTO. While officials and trade policy professionals continue to suggest that it is business as usual at the negotiations, stakeholders are increasingly dissatisfied with this explanation. Those actively engaged in the process need to step back from the minutiae of the negotiations and consider the broader...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Doha Round; Pace of negotiations; Stakeholders; WTO; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37965

Softwood Lumber: Exact Significance of the Recent Canadian Victory before the WTO and Prospects in the Context of the Pending Second Lumber Case
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Benitah,   Marc.
Recently, the WTO Panel in charge of the softwood lumber case brought by Canada against the United States ruled in favor of Canada. The “benefit conferred” criterion played a critical role in the ruling, which concluded that the United States used a flawed cross-border methodology to demonstrate the existence of such a benefit. However, the Canadian victory would have been more decisive if the WTO panel had found the absence of a governmental financial contribution. The cross-border methodology will be once again at the heart of the pending second lumber case before the WTO. This article evaluates the prospects for the case in this context.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Canada; Cross-border methodology; Dispute; Financial contribution; Softwood lumber; Stumpage; United States; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23925

Agriculture and Environmental Issues in Free Trade Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colyer,   Dale.
Including environmental issues in trade agreements is controversial, although these issues are an integral part of the NAFTA and WTO agreements as well as being the subject of numerous multilateral environmental treaties and agreements. Despite its inclusion, many members are opposed to allowing the environment an extensive role in the WTO. Nonetheless, the Doha Ministerial Declaration recognizes the environment in negotiating the next trade liberalization agreement. Agriculture and agricultural trade, which were integrated with international trade disciplines in the Uruguay Round, have environmental implications, and the inclusion of agriculture in the WTO introduces complex issues that also have environmental consequences.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Doha Round; Environment; Trade liberalization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23879

Increasing Protection of GIS at the WTO: Clawbacks, Greenfields and Monopoly Rents
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yeung,   May T.; Kerr,   William A.
Currently there are proposals and negotiations regarding the strengthening of protection for geographic indicators (GIs) in the WTO. A major proponent of stronger protection for GIs has been the European Union. One of the arguments it has put forward for stronger protection has been that it will provide an avenue for economic development for agricultural producers in developing countries – a way to capture rents in the markets of developed countries. This paper first outlines the proposed changes to the international protection of geographic indicators. Second, the potential for groups of producers to generate and capture rents in foreign markets is assessed under differing assumptions pertaining to industry structure, product differentiation in the short...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; WTO; GIS.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43459

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94620

Precaution and Protectionism: GM Food and the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rigby,   Dan; Burton,   Michael P.; Young,   Trevor.
The dispute between the US and EU over GM foods at the WTO is examined in terms of the issues it raises about protectionism and environmental protection and precaution. The issue of whether GM, GM Derived and Non-GM foods are equivalent to each other is examined using data from a national choice modelling study in the UK. These categories of food are critical since they underpin the EU's new food labelling regime which it hoped would defuse the WTO dispute. The results are analysed using a Bayesian mixed logit model which allows greater flexibility in the modelling of preference distributions. This is particularly crucial where, as in this case, bi-modal distributions are identified with some indifferent or mildly averse to GM foodtypes while others are...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: GM food; Mixed logit; WTP; Bayesian; WTO; International Relations/Trade; C11; C24; C25; D12; Q18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24447

Contingent Protection Measures and the Management of the Softwood Lumber Trade in North America
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Froese,   Marc D.
This article examines Canada’s softwood lumber dispute with the United States in the context of new juridical models of international dispute settlement and an evolving trade policy environment in North America. Two questions are of central importance to this study. First, what does the rise of contingent protection measures mean for Canada’s regulatory model? Strong antidumping legislation has created a new order of trade conflict at a time when intrasectoral competition has increased state support in a number of sectors. Second, how do American antidumping trade remedy measures come to bear in this dispute? In the softwood case, dispute settlement has been less effective because Canada, as the smaller economy, faces the challenge of enforcing panel...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Antidumping; Countervailing duties; Dispute settlement; Softwood; Trade policy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23844

Uganda's challenges in complying with the WTO Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rudaheranwa,   Nichodemus.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: WTO; EPRC; World trade; Trade agreements; Tariffs; Tariff barriers; Agribusiness; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93814

U.S. AGRICULTURE AND THE FREE TRADE AREA OF THE AMERICAS
Provedor de dados: 31
The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), a free trade area under negotiation among the United States and 33 countries in the Western Hemisphere, will progressively liberalize trade and investment in the region. It is scheduled to become effective by the end of 2005. The FTAA will lead to a 6-percent increase in annual U.S. agricultural exports to the Hemisphere and a 3-percent increase in annual U.S. agricultural imports from the Hemisphere. The FTAA will increase annual U.S. agricultural exports and imports worldwide by about $1 billion each. The expansion of U.S. agricultural trade due to the FTAA will result from both the direct effect of trade liberalization and the indirect effect of accelerated economic growth in increasing agricultural demand in...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Free Trade Area of the Americas; Regional integration; Preferential trade arrangements; WTO; Sanitary and phytosanitary; Tariffs; Foreign direct investment; Environment; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33995

Multilateral Trade and Agricultural Policy Reforms in Sugar Markets (Revised)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elobeid,   Amani E.; Beghin,   John C.
We analyze the impact of trade liberalization, removal of production subsidies, and elimination of consumption distortions in world sugar markets using a partial-equilibrium international sugar model calibrated on 2002 market data and current policies. The removal of trade distortions alone induces a 27% price increase while the removal of all trade and production distortions induces a 48% increase by 2011/12 relative to the baseline. Aggregate trade expands moderately, but location of production and trade patterns change substantially. Protectionist OECD countries (the EU, Japan, the US) experience an import expansion or export reduction and significant contraction in production in unfettered markets. Competitive producers in both OECD countries...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Doha; Domestic subsidies; Sugar; Trade liberalization; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18604

Dispute Settlement at the WTO: Impacts of a No Deal in the US-Brazil Cotton Dispute
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lakatos,   Csilla; Walmsley,   Terrie L.
On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the US in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this 8-year-long trade dispute.   In this paper,  we explore the economy wide impacts of a no deal with speciﬁc emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We ﬁnd that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the US. Most importantly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Dispute settlement; WTO; Intellectual property; Computable general equilibrium; International Relations/Trade; C68; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103380

Ad Valorem Equivalent in the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Babili,   Mahmoud.
How can Syria benefit from converting specific tariffs into AVEs?
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ad valorem; WTO; Multilateral negotiations; Syria; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48586

Environmental Labeling, Protected Geographical Indications and the Interests of Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grote,   Ulrike.
Among developing countries, one can identify both proponents and opponents of extending the use of geographical indications (GIs) beyond wines and spirits. Such an extension is currently being discussed under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization. While labeling is mostly based on private initiatives, GIs are considered to be long-term public rights. Proponents therefore regard GIs as the stronger tools for protecting their national property rights and offering them new opportunities to develop their export markets. Opponents, however, consider GIs to be new barriers to trade that impede their export opportunities. This article clarifies these positions and pulls together some...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical indications; Labeling; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48795

Fruit and Vegetables, and the Role They Have Played in Determining the EU’s Aggregate Measurement of Support
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinbank,   Alan.
In its periodic declarations of domestic support to the WTO, the EU has progressively reduced its amber-box declarations in line with its changing system of farm support. Surprisingly, however, in 2007/08 it managed to more than halve its amber box compared with that of the previous year, easily achieving the reduction targets being touted in the Doha Round. This was largely due to a change in the calculations for fresh fruits and vegetables. These had been linked to the entry price system, which was not affected by the 2008 fruit and vegetables reform. Why the EU chose to make this change during the ongoing Doha Round negotiations remains unclear.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Amber box; CAP; Fruit; Vegetables; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117819

Multifunctionality: Concepts and Applications to the WTO Negotiations on Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bredahl,   Maury E.; Prestegard,   Sjur Spildo; Nersten,   Nils Kristian.
The ongoing negotiations in the WTO will most certainly lead to a further liberalization of the global agricultural trade. Related to this, many national governments, including Norway, Switzerland and Japan have placed substantial emphasis on the so-called non-trade concerns. In addition to the production of food and fiber, agriculture also provides or may provide national food security, environmental benefits, and viable rural areas. The term "Multifunctional Agriculture" has been applied to describe these additional functions. In this paper, we will show how the economic concepts of "positive and negative externalities" and "public goods" can be used to analyse non-trade concerns and multifunctionality, especially with reference to agriculture's impact...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Non-trade concerns; Multifunctionality; Externalities; Public goods; Cultural landscape; Optimum subsidy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24970

Do Sensitive Products Undermine Ambition?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vanzetti,   David; Peters,   Ralf.
The long-running WTO negotiations remain unresolved. Agriculture is the main stumbling block. Members have agreed to linear tariff reductions within bands, but proposed exemptions for sensitive products, while providing for much needed flexibility, threaten to undermine the ambition. A detailed partial equilibrium global agricultural trade model is used to analyse the likely impact of exemptions from the formula tariff reductions. Applying one third of the formula cuts to the five per cent of lines with the highest tariffs increases the final developed country average agricultural tariff from 16 to 24 per cent but the negative impacts on trade and welfare are less dramatic.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Trade; Tariffs; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6044

Food Aid and the WTO: Can New Rules Be Effective?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cardwell,   Ryan T.
A new Agreement on Agriculture from the Doha Development Agenda negotiations is certain to contain binding rules on food aid shipments. Negotiating parties are concerned that food aid has been used as a form of export competition policy, and they seek the use of coercive WTO legislation to prevent the disposal of surplus agricultural commodities as food aid. Current Uruguay Round food aid guidelines are contrasted with the most recent Doha Development Agenda proposals, and the prospective effectiveness of new rules is assessed. Food aid rules will be difficult to enforce within the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding. Also, exogenous policy changes in donor countries are reducing the relevance of rules that target food aid as a means of surplus...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Development economics; Export competition; Food aid; WTO; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; O13; O19; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6313

GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION: AN IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENT OF WHAT IS AT STAKE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique; Beghin,   John C.
We use the global Linkage model to assess the impact of trade and support policies in agriculture on income, trade, and output patterns. We provide order-of-magnitude estimates of the impacts of policy changes rather than point estimates. Two sets of simulations are used to identify key drivers in the results. One set decomposes the aggregate results by looking at the impacts of partial reforms, regionally and across instruments, to identify the relative contribution to global gains of reforms in industrialized and developing countries and of border protection versus domestic support. The second set responds to critics of trade reform (inflated gains for developing countries, no transition costs for industrial country farmers, uncertain supply response in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; Developing countries; Doha Round; Farm policy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18343

European Union Grain Export Practices: Do They Constitute a State Trading Enterprise?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rude,   James; Annand,   Mel.
One of the disciplines for State Trading Enterprises (STEs), with respect to the WTO, is the requirement to notify the WTO of all endeavors that fit the definition of an STE. This study argues that the European Union’'s system of grain interventions and export refunds fits the WTO'’s definition of an STE. First, a system of agencies that work together for a common purpose can be considered to be an enterprise. Second, the constituents of Europe’'s grain intervention enterprise receive exclusive and special rights to export grain. Third, the grain intervention system has decisive voice over the timing, quantity and destination of exports. For these reasons the system should be notified to the WTO as an STE.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: State Trading Enterprises; European Union; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23920

Challenging US Country of Origin Labelling at the WTO: The Law, the Issues and the Evidence
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sawka,   Alison L.; Kerr,   William A.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: COOL; WTO; Labelling; Despite; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102306

U.S. Farm Policy and the WTO: How Do They Match Up?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hart,   Chad E.; Babcock,   Bruce A.
The debate over a new farm bill has focused on how to spend an additional $73.5 billion in funding for the agricultural budget over ten years. The House of Representatives, the Senate Agriculture Committee, and Senators Cochran and Roberts (supported by the Bush Administration) have each proposed a structure for the next farm bill. A critical question becomes whether these proposals conflict with U.S. commitments to limit subsidies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement. This paper explores this issue and concludes with a discussion of the future direction of U.S. farm subsidies and new WTO agreements.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Domestic support; Trade commitments; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23915

Trade in Environmental Goods, with Focus on Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
Paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration mandates to the liberalization of environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with discussing what products to liberalize and how. Given that WTO Members are divided by this key issue, the paper explores options to move current negotiations on the liberalization of trade in environmental goods and...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Market Access; Doha Round; WTO; Renewable Energy Technologies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; P28; Q42; Q48; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119099

Environmental Impact of China's Accession to WTO in the Manufacturing Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chai,   Joseph C.H.
This paper estimates the immediate impact of China's accession to WTO on water, air and soil pollution in the Chinese manufacturing sector. The pollution effects of WTO accession are decomposed into three categories: composition, technical and scale effects. The results suggest that the immediate environmental impact of China's WTO accession will be largely positive. The dismantling of import barriers on China's highly protected heavy industries and the phasing out of MFA enable China to specialize according to its comparative advantage. Its resources will be relocated from capital, land, energy and other natural resources intensive heavy industries and channeled into labor-intensive light industries. As the latter industries are cleaner than the former,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; China; Trade liberalization; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48010

Die Europäische Agrarpolitik im Spannungsfeld von Osterweiterung und WTO-Verhandlungen
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Henning,   Christian H.C.A.; Glauben,   Thomas; Wald,   Andreas.
The paper presents a political economy analysis of the present and future CAP reform induced under different policy scenarios regarding future EU enlargement and future WTO agreements. Theoretically, the analysis is based on a political exchange model suggested by HENNING (2000). Main results are: (i) Both present and future CAP reforms are significantly biased by the political influence of farmers' lobby. (ii) In quantitative terms an EU enlargement would induce a much stronger shift in the future CAP when compared to increased WTO restrictions. (iii) The timing of the reform is important, given the fact that induced CAP reforms would be supported by a qualified majority within the EU-15, but within the EU-25 these reforms would be defeated by coalition...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Political economy analysis; CAP; EU enlargement; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98764

CAP Reform in the Light of the WTO Doha Round Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Elekes,   Andrea.
Our paper focuses on the question: how the measures of June 2003 agreement can help the EU to meet the new WTO commitments. As decoupling of direct payments and WTO classification of the new payments seem to be one of the most important questions from the point of view of WTO negotiations, our analysis focuses mainly on the Single Farm Payment (SFP). We assesses the decoupled nature of the single farm payment (SFP) based on WTO and OECD criteria. We conclude that the SFP meets not only the current WTO (design based) criteria of decoupling, but can also be qualified as effective fully decoupled system using the OECD terminology.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAP reform; WTO; Decoupling; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13; F15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24693

Precaution and Protectionism: 'Likeness' and GM Food at the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rigby,   Dan; Burton,   Michael P.; Young,   Trevor.
The dispute between the US and EU over GM foods at the WTO is examined in terms of the issues it raises about protectionism, environmental protection and precaution. The issue of whether GM, GM Derived and Non-GM foods are equivalent to each other is examined using data from a national choice modelling study in the UK. These categories of food are critical since they underpin the EU's new food labelling regime which it hoped would defuse the WTO dispute. The results are analysed using a Bayesian mixed logit model which allows greater flexibility in the modelling of preference distributions than that allowed through classical estimation. The Bayesian approach allows the use of censored normal and Johnson's SB distributions which can accommodate a bounded...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: GM food; Mixed logit; WTP; Bayesian; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Q51; Q55; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25503

Café de Marcala - Honduras' GI Approach to Achieving Reputation in the Coffee Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Teuber,   Ramona.
The objective of the present article is to investigate the importance of geographical indications (GIs) in the coffee market, particularly for Honduran coffees. Geographical indications for coffee have emerged only recently, and only a few scientific studies have been carried out on this topic so far. The present article addresses this lack of research by highlighting recent developments in the coffee market and by presenting the results of a hedonic price analysis that used internet auction data for specialty coffees. The aim of this analysis is to investigate the influence of the region of origin on the achieved auction price of Honduran specialty coffee, controlling for other coffee attributes. The results indicate that coffees from the region Marcala,...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Doha Round; Pace of negotiations; Stakeholders; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48798

ORGANIZING A FRAGMENTED AND DISORGANIZED PRIVATE SECTOR – THE CREATION OF NON- TRADITIONAL AGRIBUSINESS CLUSTERS AND NICHE MARKETS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Amiel,   Keith.
Some concerns relating to the demographics of the region as they impact on agricultural production were discussed. Traditional agriculture was in many instances on the decline. Competitive elements have been seizing the opportunity to supply the region through import substitution. Small and medium sized enterprises needed to be empowered by exposing them to state of the art technology and linking them into viable clusters, based on distinctive products, that could enhance their capacity to survive in increasingly globalized economies. This will necessitate both vertical and horizontal integration in the interest of arriving at viable economic entities to facilitate sustainable agri-business. The restructuring will require adjustments and infrastructure...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Niche markets; Caribbean Agriculture; WTO; Caribbean Agri-Business Association (CABA); Commodity; Regional Trade; CAES; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; Financial Economics; Production Economics.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36950

Classifying, Measuring and Analyzing WTO Domestic Support in Agriculture: Some Conceptual Distinctions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brink,   Lars.
Much confusion permeates discussions of the domestic support provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and in the ongoing Doha negotiations. The paper clarifies some conceptual distinctions with a view to dispelling some confusion, enhancing communication, and facilitating the representation of domestic support provisions in economic analysis. It distinguishes between classification of policy measures and measurement of support, between measures and support, among measures classified in various categories, between applied support and commitments, and between applied support that counts towards commitments and applied support that does not. It highlights certain issues, including the role of criteria in classifying policy measures (such as those...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agriculture; Domestic support; Doha; AMS; De minimis; Commitments; Rules.; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14581

The Current Round of Agricultural Trade Negotiations: Should We Bother About Domestic Support?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rae,   Allan N.; Strutt,   Anna.
The current WTO agricultural trade negotiations began in March 2000 and became part of the Doha Development Agenda in late 2001. The previous Uruguay Round reached agricultural agreements in the areas of market access, export competition and domestic support. The current round is seeking agreements under similar headings. The effort to reach agreement over reductions in domestic support to farmers is complicated by a number of factors,for example, the extent to which such support affects production decisions, the wishes of governments to support farmers for pursuing multifunctional outcomes from agriculture, and the categorisation of a myriad of policy instruments into green, blue and amber boxes. These complications pose the risk of considerably extending...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy reform; CGE modelling; Decoupled policies; Domestic support; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23881

Modelling the impacts of multilateral agricultural trade liberalization on the EU
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niemi,   Jyrki S.; Kerkela,   Leena; Lehtonen,   Heikki.
The objective of this paper is to explore the implications of domestic policy reforms and trade liberalisation on EU and global agricultural markets by utilising the GTAP model. The results suggest that CAP reforms in conjunction with the removal of export subsidies and tariff reductions according to the proposals from the EU and the US in the WTO would decrease EU's production, reduce EU's exports, and increase EU's imports in almost all the examined agricultural products. For countries such as Australia, the US, and the MERCOSUR group, higher world prices stimulate domestic agricultural production, partly offsetting the EU output decline.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: EU; WTO; Tariff reductions; Export subsidies; CAP reforms; GTAP model; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44334

Investment Policies and Telecommunications Regimes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Drabek,   Zdenek.
This paper looks at the role of the key international agreements in the process of liberalization of the telecommunications industry. We analyse in particular the role of the WTO agreement in furthering liberalization around the world, and the extent to which it provides protection for foreign investors. The analysis includes assessments of not only market access but also the treatment of property rights, rights of way, financial conditions and regulations as well as issues related to market structure and competition. Outstanding issues representing impediments of these agreements are also identified. The approach is to a large extent based on a comparison with other relevant international agreements, especially with NAFTA. The WTO agreement comes out of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; WTO; NAFTA; Trade Negotiations; International Investment; Telecommunications Services; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26359

Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yue,   Chengyan; Beghin,   John C.; Jensen,   Helen H.
The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped tariff equivalent estimate to its determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, trade cost, and the reference data chosen). We use the approach to investigate the ongoing U.S.-Japan apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: SPS; WTO; Technical barriers; Japan; Trade cost; International Relations/Trade; F1; F18; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24765

A PERSPECTIVE ON OREGON WHEAT GROWERS' INTERESTS IN THE MILLENNIUM ROUND OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Young,   Linda M.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wheat and wheat trade; GATT; WTO; Seattle; Agricultural trade; International Relations/Trade; F1; Q1.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/29252

The Nature and Function of Geographical Indications in Law
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ibele,   Erik W.
There are two basic types of legal regime for the protection of geographical indications (GIs). Some systems, notably that of the European Union, define and treat GIs as a distinct type of intellectual property. This approach is also reflected in the provisions concerning GIs in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Other legal systems, notably those of Australia, Canada and the United States, treat GIs as a subcategory of trademarks. Like trademarks, GIs function principally as a means of providing information to consumers. EU legislation and jurisprudence, however, define GIs more expansively than do trademark-based legal systems, and see GIs as in some ways superior to trademarks. The EU is attempting...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Geographical indications; Intellectual property; Origin Regulation; Trademarks; TRIPS; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48791

Classifying, Measuring and Analyzing WTO Domestic Support in Agriculture: Some Conceptual Distinctions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brink,   Lars.
Much confusion permeates discussions of the domestic support provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and in the ongoing Doha negotiations. The paper clarifies some conceptual distinctions with a view to dispelling some confusion, enhancing communication, and facilitating the representation of domestic support provisions in economic analysis. It distinguishes between classification of policy measures and measurement of support, between measures and support, among measures classified in various categories, between applied support and commitments, and between applied support that counts towards commitments and applied support that does not. It highlights certain issues, including the role of criteria in classifying policy measures (such as those...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agriculture; Domestic support; Doha; AMS; De minimis; Commitments; Rules; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7337

Information Asymmetry and the Problem of Transfers in Trade Negotiations and International Agencies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hamada,   Koichi; Sunder,   Shyam.
This paper studies the role of transfers among groups within a country as well as among countries in a two level game of international trade negotiations. We show that in order to realize the intended transfer in the presence of asymmetric information on the states of recipients (and donors), a transfer process uses up additional resources. The difficulty of making transfers renders it less likely that a nation would find it individually rational to participate as a member of an international institution. Costly transfers render the internal and international adjustment difficult, and serve as a barrier to trade liberalization. Costly international transfers harden the resistance against trade liberalization in the (potentially) recipient country and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade; Tariff negotiation; Asymmetric information; Transfer; WTO; Common agency; Two-level game; International Relations/Trade; O82; F13; H21; H71; H77.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28490

Triggers, Remedies and Tariff Cuts: Assessing the Impact of a Special Safeguard Mechanism for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grant,   Jason H.; Meilke,   Karl D.
On July 30, 2008, the WTO negotiations broke down because Members could not bridge their differences on the operation of a Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) for low-income countries. This study evaluates two scenarios concerning the recent July (2008) SSM proposal – one in which low-income countries are allowed to breach their pre-Doha bound tariffs and one in which they are not -- using a global, stochastic, partial equilibrium model of world wheat markets. We find that the July (2008) SSM proposal is not very trade distorting despite leading to sizeable SSM duties. Moreover, the question of whether developing countries should be allowed to exceed their pre-Doha bound tariffs depends heavily on the product under consideration, the extent of tariff cuts to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; SSM; Special safeguard mechanism; Doha; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46627

Jordan’s Accession to the WTO: Retrospective and Prospective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Malkawi,   Bashar H.
Jordan acceded to the WTO in 1999. In its accession Jordan agreed, for example, to reduce tariffs on imported products and open its services market; it also modified its intellectual property regime. Jordan enjoyed special and differential treatment in few areas and was not able to designate olive oil as a good eligible for special safeguards. The WTO agreements required fundamental changes in the domestic laws and regulations of Jordan. The article concludes by arguing that Jordan's accession to the WTO was a lengthy and costly process. Jordan agreed to an arduous package of legal and economic reforms. Given that Jordan agreed to greater commitments compared to the obligations of the original WTO members, the multilateral trading system witnessed an...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Accession; Free trade; Intellectual property; Jordan; Market access; WTO; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57329

CHINA'S REGULATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - DOES IT CONFORM TO THE WTO?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Loppacher,   Laura J.; Kerr,   William A.
The People's Republic of China has been working for over two decades to develop a domestic biotechnology industry. Even though China is a developing country, it is set to become a significant international player in the field of biotechnology. China's accession to the World Trade Organization in December of 2001 means that China's trade and regulatory regime should now reflect its WTO commitments. This paper outlines the development of the Chinese biotechnology industry and how it may evolve in the future. It assesses China's current approach to trade and regulation of biotechnology in relation to GATT rules on trade in goods and the TRIPS commitments pertaining to the protection of intellectual property. The conclusion is that China's trade and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; China; Intellectual property; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23938

An Analysis Of The EU Positions In WTO: Impact On EU And New Zealand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Saunders,   Caroline M.; Santiago,   J.D.
The Doha round negotiations in World Trade Organisation (WTO) have been suspended in the last July due to lack of agreement in agriculture issues. Nevertheless, several leaders of WTO countries have stated publicly their will in reviving WTO talks. Therefore, further negotiations should be expected. Despite the last July failure in obtaining a final text on the negotiating modalities for agriculture, it should be noted that since the launch of Doha round in 2000 significant progress was made in the negotiations. WTO members tabled more generous offers than the initial ones in the round. In fact, during July talks the EU had a active role offering more concessions, such as, 48% reductions of their import tariff (instead of the 39% cuts proposed in its last...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; European Union; New Zealand; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7960

Globalisation, the Environment and Sustainability: EKC, Neo-Malthusian Concerns and the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: China; Environment; Globalisation; Environmental Kuznets curve; Sustainable development; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90502

Latin American Agricultural Trade: The Role of the WTO in Sustainable Virtual Water Flows
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niemeyer,   Insa; Garrido,   Alberto.
International agricultural trade has been growing significantly during the last decade. Many countries rely on imports to ensure adequate food supplies to the people. A few are becoming food baskets of the world. This process raises issues about the food security in depending countries and potentially unsustainable land and water use in exporting countries. In this paper, we analyse the impacts of amplified farm trade on natural resources, especially water. Farm exports and imports of five Latin America countries (Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Peru and Chile) are examined carefully. A preliminary analysis indicates that virtual water imports can save valuable water resources in water-short countries, such as Mexico and Chile. Major exporting countries,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Farm trade; Water; Blue water; Green water; Global sustainability; Food production; Global food demand; Water pricing; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114615

Improving Market Access: The Role of Auctions in Converting Tariff-Rate Quotas into Single Tariffs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Joerin,   Robert.
Market access in the WTO is highly fragmented due to exceptions from GATT principles. Tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) stand in contradiction to the principle of the GATT, according to which all quantitative restrictions in international trade should be eliminated. Bhagwati’s theorem of the non-equivalence of tariffs and quotas leads to the conclusion that under imperfect competition, market access can be improved by converting TRQs into single tariffs. In order to find the ‘new’ tariff, Bergsten (1987) proposed to auction quotas and to use the realized auction price for setting the equivalent tariff. There is empirical evidence from auctions of TRQs in Switzerland that the observed auction prices are below the equivalent tariffs. This is in line with the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Market Access; Imperfect Competition; Auctions; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; Q17; F13; D44.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51448

Measurement and Political Economy of Disputed Technical Regulations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thornsbury,   Suzanne; Roberts,   Donna; Orden,   David.
Technical regulations are increasingly visible in agricultural trade, yet their idiosyncratic nature has limited prior aggregate analysis.  This article draws on a unique data source for systematic enumeration of the technical regulations questioned by one exporter among all of its trading partners in mid-1996.  Political economy analysis indicates that barriers decrease when the relative contribution of agriculture to an economy increases, when the anticipated future level of protection through other forms of government intervention increases, and when economies are more open.  Despite increased scrutiny and discipline by the World Trade Organization, technical barriers remain a significant impediment in world agricultural markets.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Limited dependent variable; Sanitary; And phytosanitary; WTO; F13; F14; C21; C24.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43448

A Club No More - The WTO after Doha
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Since its inception the GATT, and subsequently the WTO, has been able to operate in a fashion that is more consistent with a club than an inclusive organization that encouraged the active participation of all its members. The WTO Ministerial Meeting in Doha in November 2001 appears to have been a watershed in how the organization functions, and the club model may no longer be appropriate. While it is not yet clear what will replace the previous model, it is apparent that decision making will be much more diffused and the interests of a much broader spectrum of member countries taken into account. The central question is whether or not the transformed organization can still serve the interests of those who were previously able to dominate the club–the major...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Club; Developing countries; Doha; International trade; Multilateral organization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23909

Effects of the WTO and Free Trade Agreements on Japonica Rice Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Hyunok; Sumner,   Daniel A.
Three trade policy changes underway and on the horizon have the prospect to alter global markets for japonica rice. This paper considers likely global market effects of expansion of access into the market in Japan and Korea, and reduced subsidy for japonica rice (among other crops) in the United States. We consider these policy changes in the context of a proposed Doha Development Agenda WTO agreement and one potential outcome of the proposed Free Trade Agreement between Korea and the United States (KUS-FTA). We use an equilibrium displacement model to ask how market prices, quantities and other aggregates change as a result of policy changes. The global model includes six aggregates in the world market, China, Korea, Japan, the United States, other...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Japonica rice; WTO; Import access; FTA; Domestic subsidies; Policy simulation; International Development; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25460

NORTH AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL MARKET INTEGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FOOD AND FIBER SYSTEM
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vollrath,   Thomas L.
Economic change and market dynamics have fundamentally altered the structure and performance of agricultural markets in the United States, Canada, and Mexico within the last 25 years. Many factors have helped shape the current North American food and fiber system, including technological change, domestic farm policies, international trade agreements, and the economic forces of supply and demand. Ratification of NAFTA, for example, helped integrate the North American market, sparking a surge in trade and investment among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In recent years, efforts to further integrate the continental market seem to have slowed. Broadening the scope of NAFTA to include institutional reforms that lead to a more unified system of commercial...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Market integration; Market segmentation; Law of one price; Price transmission; Elasticities; Exchange-rate pass-through; Market efficiency; Bilateral trade intensity; Regional trade agreements; NAFTA; CUSTA; Trade policy; WTO; GATT; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade; Marketing.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33639

Implications of Trade Liberalization and Domestic Reforms on EU Agricultural Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huan-Niemi,   Ellen; Kerkela,   Leena; Lehtonen,   Heikki; Niemi,   Jyrki S.
The objective of this paper is to explore the overall effects of further trade liberalization and the implemented CAP reforms on EU agricultural production, imports and exports within different EU regions by using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The GTAP model is used to compare a lower tariff reduction formula (EU Proposal) with a higher reduction formula (US Proposal) in order to show how sensitive the examined agricultural commodity/sector is to the different tariff reduction formulae. This analysis reveals that EU imports would escalate and EU exports would plummet with declining EU production because of trade liberalization and domestic policy reforms in the EU agricultural markets and sectors.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: EU; WTO; CAP reforms; Tariff reductions; Export subsidies; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Q1.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92554

China's WTO Accession: Conflicts with Domestic Agricultural Policies and Institutions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colby,   Hunter; Diao,   Xinshen; Tuan,   Francis C.
This analysis examines the implications of WTO accession for China's domestic policies and institutions by identifying some of China's agricultural policies and institutional arrangements that may generate conflicts with WTO requirements and analyzing the nature and extent of the conflict. We differentiate three alternative ways that China's current domestic policy or institutions may conflict with or be incompatible with WTO accession: (1) the domestic policy or institution is expressly prohibited by WTO rules and principles; (2) the changes required by WTO accession impose additional costs on the government such that the existing policy or institutions are difficult to sustain; and (3) the changes required for WTO accession reduce the effectiveness of...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Accession; China; Domestic policies and institutions; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23859

Evaluating EU Agricultural Policy Reform Using the EU WTO Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stout,   Jim; Leetmaa,   Susan E.; Normile,   Mary Anne.
This paper provides an overview of the European Union component of the recently developed ERS/Penn State WTO Model. The model is a multi-region, multi-commodity partial equilibrium trade model which allows the user to simulate the effects of reducing or eliminating tariffs and TRQs, export subsidies, and domestic support policies. The paper describes how the model captures the important agricultural policies of the EU, and presents results from model simulations of domestic support liberalization, export subsidy elimination, and tariff removal.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agricultural trade; Domestic support; Export subsidy; European Union; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24941

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94735

Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni; Scoppola,   Margherita.
The paper focuses on the importance of the assumptions made about market structure and firm behaviors in empirical trade policy analysis. It addresses this issue with reference to recent changes in the EU import regime for bananas, namely the Economic Partnership Agreements and the December 2009 WTO agreement on bananas. The paper’s contribution to the literature on the issues addressed is threefold: first it develops two original models which incorporate imperfectly competitive market structures in a spatial modeling framework; then it proposes a methodology to assess the degree of market power in international trading which is applied to the banana market and, finally, it assesses how analysis of the implications of the most recent changes in the EU...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bananas; Economic Partnership Agreements; WTO; Imperfect Competition; Spatial models; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115436

Environmental Tariffs: Will They Be Captured by Protectionists?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Environmental tariffs appear to be a politically necessary part of the climate change policies that are emerging in many countries. The appeal of level playing field arguments is seductive and difficult to dispute. Environmental policy makers, however, may be naïve, because they fail to account for the potential of trade policy mechanisms and institutions to be captured by traditional vested interests seeking economic protection. The exact structures and institutional frameworks for environmental tariffs are often left vague by environmental policy makers, making them easy targets for protectionists. Environmental tariffs appear to be particularly vulnerable to capture given the complexity of production and the embryonic stage of the science of measuring...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Capture; Environmental tariffs; Level playing field; Protectionism; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91789

WTO Doha Round: Impact of an Agreement on Agriculture and the Importance of Sensitive Products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Binfield,   Julian C.R.; Donnellan,   Trevor; Hanrahan,   Kevin F.; Westhoff,   Patrick C.
The Doha round of WTO negotiations has been ongoing since 2001. In the summer of 2008 the negotiations on the modalities for a new WTO agriculture agreement collapsed when seemingly on the verge of a successful conclusion. In this paper we present quantitative analysis of the impact of a new WTO agreement undertaken using a partial equilibrium model of Irish and EU agriculture. Results are presented on the agreement’s impact on Irish and EU-27 agriculture markets and on Irish agricultural sector incomes. Our analysis highlights the importance of the Baseline counter-factual, and will illustrate that protection afforded by the conferral of sensitive product status differs from commodity to commodity. The paper will draw conclusions concerning the economic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agriculture; Policy analysis; Partial equilibrium modelling; Baseline; Scenario analysis; Tariffs; Tariff rate quota; Sensitive products; International Relations/Trade; Q11; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50936

The Devil's in the Details: Why a Revenue-based Farm Program is No Panacea
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Coble,   Keith H.
Producer and other interest groups are beginning to consider farm policy positions in anticipation of hearings and possible serious farm bill debates during late 2006 and 2007. An idea gaining attention and support among some groups is deemphasizing or eliminating the current commodity "price" programs (loan deficiency payments and counter-cyclical payments) and replacing them with programs based on "revenue insurance" designs. Suggested designs include a multi-tiered farm payment program based on individual revenue guarantees and shortfalls in county revenue. Another example of such an alternative design is a whole-farm revenue design that issues program payments when adjusted gross farm revenue falls below a historical five-year baseline. Interestingly,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Farm policy; Revenue insurance; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15806

Collective Retaliation and the WTO Dispute Settlement System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Korotana,   M.S.
Article 22 of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) of the WTO offers, as last resort countermeasures, withdrawal of the concessions the state parties had agreed to in their schedules of commitments. The problem is that such a withdrawal of concessions would have very little impact on the economy and consequently on the behaviour of the respondent state if that party happened to be a developed state vis-à-vis a small, developing country. To deal with this situation a remedy of “collective countermeasures”, contained in Article 54 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility of the International Law Commission (ILC), has been proposed; it has been argued that this remedy should apply, as a general principle of public international law, as a last...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Collective; Retaliation; WTO; Dispute; Settlement; System; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48802

TRANSPARENCY AND EXPORT SUBSIDIES IN INTERNATIONAL WHEAT COMPETITION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wilson,   William W.; Johnson,   D. Demcey; Dahl,   Bruce L.
Export subsidies and price transparency will be areas of critical importance in the forthcoming round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations.  This paper provides a review and discussion of issues relating to export subsidies and transparency in international wheat trade.  Among other topics, the paper addresses the escalation in U.S. and EU producer subsidy equivalents (PSEs) for wheat since 1996, EU export restitutions, export credit guarantee programs, and price transparency and price discrimination, specifically as they relate to State Trading Enterprises (STEs). As the United States develops its strategy for trade negotiations, several points should be considered.   First, the European Union continues to subsidize its wheat much more...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Policy; Wheat; Price Transparency; Price Discrimination; Export Subsidies; STEs; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23208

How Much "Safety" Is Available under the U.S. Proposal to the WTO?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Babcock,   Bruce A.; Hart,   Chad E.
Critics of the U.S. proposal to the World Trade Organization (WTO) made in October 2005 are correct when they argue that adoption of the proposal would significantly reduce available support under the current farm program structure. Using historical prices and yields from 1980 to 2004, we estimate that loan rates would have to drop by 9 percent and target prices would have to drop by 10 percent in order to meet the proposed aggregate Amber Box and Blue Box limits. While this finding should cheer those who think that reform of U.S. farm programs is long overdue, it alarms those who want to maintain a strong safety net for U.S. agriculture. The dilemma of needing to reform farm programs while maintaining a strong safety net could be resolved by redesigning...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Farm safety net; Revenue targeting; U.S. farm programs; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18284

Die Entscheidungen des ’Dispute Settlement’-Verfahrens der WTO im Hormonstreit zwischen der EU und den USA - Implikationen für den zukünftigen Umgang mit dem SPS-Abkommen
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kramb,   Marc Christopher.
Institutions should reduce uncertainty and the costs of transaction with their regulating activities. This target was pursued at an international level with the foundation of the WTO. With an extensive treaty and a new dispute settlement procedure, the WTO was founded as the institutional platform for international co-operation. In view of the growing conflicts in international trade, the hope to create with this institution an international trade order, in which legally comprehensible decisions dominate and power-oriented politics are deterred, is fading. The case of the hormone dispute shows that the target of a fast harmonization of international standards cannot be reached in critical trade disputes. A solo effort in the area of trade measures that is...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: WTO; Institutions; Transaction costs; Dispute settlement procedures; SPS-Agreement; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98861

Canadian Agriculture and the Doha Development Agenda: The Challenges
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rude,   James; Meilke,   Karl D.
The WTO Framework Agreement that negotiators accepted in July 2004, and built upon at the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial meeting provides a guide to the commitments a Doha Development Agenda agreement may contain. These commitments will relate to direct and indirect export subsidies, domestic support and market access. Commitments in each of these areas will have implications for Canadian agriculture. This article explores these implications for supply management, the Canadian Wheat Board and domestic support programs.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Canadian agriculture; Doha; Trade liberalization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23825

CHILE'S WHEAT TRADE ENVIRONMENT: THE ECONOMICS OF PRICE BANDS, IMPORT TARIFFS AND POLICY TRANSPARENCY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Smith,   Vincent H.; Goodwin,   Barry K.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wheat trade; Chile; Price bands; GATT; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F1; Q1.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/29251

Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. This paper discusses how far trade-related measures should be incorporated in that context. Drawing on an analogy to the Montreal Protocol and comparing developing country’s climate mitigation and adaptation needs with the funding available, the paper argues that such measures should initially be applied only among Annex I or II countries. To discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, the paper emphasizes a need to define comparable climate efforts. Moreover,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Trade-related measures; Lieberman-Warner bill; WTO; Montreal Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54359

Disputing Trade Preferences at the WTO Dispute Settlement Body: Revisiting the EC/ACP Sugar Preferences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ngangjoh H.,   Yenkong.
While the benefits of preferential trade agreements granted by the European Communities to the ACP countries have been lauded, the efficiency of such preferences in achieving the underpinning objectives of the preferences has also been contested in some quarters. Whenever multilateral trade negotiations move towards reducing most-favoured-nation tariffs, countries benefiting from trade preferences are concerned over the impact the reductions will have on such preferences. The debates over the value of preferences seem recently to have intensified due to a number of complaints brought before the WTO dispute settlement system that challenge the legality of the preferences or other measures linked to the preferences. Though it places some emphasis on the...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Appellate Body; Dispute settlement; Enabling Clause; Panel; Sugar Protocol; Trade preferences; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23898

The Effects of China's Tariff Reductions on EU Agricultural Exports
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niemi,   Jyrki S.; Huan-Niemi,   Ellen.
China's accession to the WTO means significant increases in export opportunities for China's trading partners. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's agricultural imports from the European Union (EU). The approach is to estimate demand functions for China's agri-food imports from the EU using semi-annual data from 1980 to 2000. The demand functions are used to measure the impacts of relative-price and trade policy changes on EU agricultural exports to China. The results suggest that in China, there is a relatively strong demand response for agrifood imports to changes in income and prices. Furthermore, the results indicate that relative-price variations affect...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; WTO; Agricultural trade; Tariffs; Demand functions; Estimation; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24839

Liberalizing Agricultural Trade: Will It Ever Be a Reality?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: McCalla,   Alex F.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture was signed in June 1994. It accomplished two things: it brought agricultural trade under the rules of WTO, and it set schedules for reducing barriers to trade under the three pillars of liberalization--market access, export assistance, and domestic support. Nine years later there has been precious little liberalization. The new Doha Round has ambitious objectives for agricultural trade liberalization. However, given recent behavior by rich developed countries, it seems unlikely that developing countries will get increased access to Northern markets or reduced competition from subsidized exports, despite their now representing a majority of WTO members.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Barriers; Distortions; Improved access; Liberalization; Policy; Protection; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31067

The Latest Wave of Regionalism: Does Outsider Status Affect the Competitiveness of U.S. and Canadian Agricultural Exports?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grant,   Jason H.
The degree to which countries are pursuing regional trade agreements (RTAs) has been nothing short of extraordinary. The latest wave of regional integration, however, is “breeding concern” among academics and policymakers as to the extra‐regional effects of these agreements and their impact on North American agricultural exporters who are party to relatively few RTAs in world trade. This study constructs and uses an updated database of agricultural trade flows from 1992‐2008 to shed light on the degree to which outsiders status affects U.S. and Canadian agricultural exports and its competing suppliers. Regarding outsider status, the existing dummy‐variable approach is modified by incorporating region‐specific extra‐bloc trade flow variables to examine the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regionalism; WTO; Trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90888

Performance Analysis of Production and Trade of Indian Silk under WTO Regime
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Umesh,   Kotrakerebasegowda; Akshara,   Mutuguppe; Shripad,   Bhat; Harishkumar,   K.; Srinivasan,   S.M.
India is the second largest producer of silk and also the largest consumer of silk in the world having a strong tradition bound domestic market. In this paper, growth functions were estimated for India’s aggregate production and trade parameters using annual data from 1984/85 to 2006/07. To know the temporal price efficiency between the World (China) and Domestic market (India) the co-integration test was done for the period from 1991/92 to 2004/05. The performance analysis was done considering both mulberry and non-mulberry silk sectors at all India level for two sub-periods (Pre-WTO; 1984-85 to 1994-95 and Post-WTO; 1995-96 to 2006-07). The overall growth in production of cocoon and raw silk in India exhibited a decreasing trend with moderate...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Mulberry; Co-integration; Instability index; Nominal protection coefficient; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50788

EU dairy policy and WTO negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bouamra-Mechemache,   Zohra; Requillart,   Vincent.
The EU dairy sector is facing a period of significant changes that are due to three major decisions: the EU enlargement, the Luxemburg reform and on-going WTO negotiations. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of changes in both domestic and trade dairy policies using a spatial model of the dairy sector that includes EU25 member countries, the modelling of the rest of the world including the main world dairy exporter (Oceania) and 4 importing areas (Africa, America, Asia and the Rest of Europe). The paper provides detailed results with respect to dairy markets in the EU. We show that in the context of the Luxemburg reform, the WTO might have positive impacts on EU milk price. The positive impact on EU milk price of a reduction of the tariffs in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agricultural policy; Dairy industry; Partial equilibrium model; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10105

Constraining U.S. and EU Domestic Support in Agriculture: The October 2005 WTO Proposals
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brink,   Lars.
In October 2005 the USA, EU, and G-20 submitted proposals on domestic support in the WTO agriculture negotiations. We consider the de minimis rules and allowances, project future (2014) distorting support for the USA and the EU-15, calculate the constraints resulting from projected values of production combined with the U.S., EU and G-20 proposals, and compare their effectiveness in constraining components of distorting support and future applied support. The de minimis rules make a significant difference for future allowed support. Under the U.S. proposal the Overall commitment constrains neither the USA nor the EU. Under the EU and especially the G-20 proposals the Overall commitment constrains distorting support to be less than the sum of the cap on...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; AMS; De minimis; Domestic support; Overall reduction; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25399

Like Products, Health and Environmental Exceptions: The Interpretation of PPMs in Recent WTO Trade Dispute Cases
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Read,   Robert.
This article is concerned with the ongoing debate on process and production methods (PPMs) and the extent to which existing GATT 1994 articles and WTO agreements are able to deal with these issues. The article provides an overview of GATT articles III.4 on like products and XX on general exceptions as well as the SPS and TBT agreements. It then summarises four recent GATT/WTO trade dispute cases involving PPM issues: tuna-dolphin; shrimp-turtle; gasoline standards; and asbestos. The WTO panel and appellate body decisions in these cases are analysed with regard to articles III.4 and XX in the context of the evolution of WTO case law with respect to PPMs. Inferences are also drawn concerning the likely implications for a potential trade dispute over GM...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Asbestos; Environment; Exceptions; Gasoline; GM; Health; Like products; PPMs; Shrimp-turtle; Trade disputes; Tuna-dolphin; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23900

An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hsu,   Shih-Hsun; Chang,   C.; Li,   S.; Chen,   Y.
In this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE); Tiered Formula; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25546

Perspectives on Farm Policy Reform
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alston,   Julian M.; Sumner,   Daniel A.
This article begins with a review of what has happened to U.S. domestic farm policies and related agricultural trade policies over the past 10 years. We conclude this review with a brief overview of the policies as they stand today. Then we consider potential outcomes in the 2007 Farm Bill, and their implications for U.S. agriculture and, in particular, for agriculture in the Western states. Finally, we contemplate the longer-term possibilities for meaningful, enduring reform of U.S. farm program policies.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: 2007 Farm Bill; U.S. farm policy; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8594

Reform of Agricultural Export Credit Programs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rude,   James.
This paper examines whether government-sponsored export credit arrangements have the same effect on trade as direct export subsidies. The export credit programs for several major agricultural exporters are described. These programs are compared to OECD disciplines for export credit arrangements, and the consequences of extending these guidelines to agriculture are analysed. None of the programs discussed would be consistent with the OECD guidelines. Since export credit arrangements have many of the same characteristics as targeted export subsidies, the same analytical framework can be used to analyse these programs. However, it is necessary to determine implicit subsidy values for the program.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Export credit; Export subsidy; Price discrimination; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23836

EU-China Agricultural Trade in Relation to China's WTO Membership
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niemi,   Jyrki S.; Huan-Niemi,   Ellen.
China's trade with the world doubled after joining the WTO. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's global agricultural imports as well as imports from the EU. The approach is to model behavioral relationships in the agricultural trade between China and the EU by using annual trade data from 1986 to 2005. The results indicate that Chinese agricultural imports are relatively inelastic to absolute price changes, but relative price changes significantly affect the market shares of EU exports due to price competition. Trade liberalization in the form of tariff reductions is trivial in changing the quantity of China's agricultural imports from the EU. Rapid income...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: China; EU; WTO; Agricultural imports; Income; Tariff; Price; Model; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8163

AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND THE DOHA ROUND: LESSONS FROM COMMODITY STUDIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.; Aksoy,   Ataman.
While global analytical approaches to agricultural trade liberalization yield large gains for most economies, there are substantial variations in the policy regimes across commodities. To clarify the multiplicity of distortions and impacts, the World Bank's Trade Department undertook a series of commodity studies. The studies highlight the important challenges faced by negotiating countries in the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade negotiations. The studies provide a sharper look at the North-South dimensions of the agricultural trade debate, with the North's trade barriers, domestic support, and tariff escalation. They also underscore the South-South challenges on border protection and the reduced rural income opportunities for the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Commodities; Doha Round; Trade negotiations; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18301

Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni; Scoppola,   Margherita.
The paper focuses on the importance of the assumptions made about market structure and firm behaviors in empirical trade policy analysis. It does it with reference to the most recent changes in the EU import regime for bananas, namely the Economic Partnership Agreements and the December 2009 WTO agreement on bananas. The paper’s contribution to the literature on the issues addressed is threefold: it develops two original models which incorporate imperfectly competitive market structures in a spatial modeling framework; it provides an assessment of the degree of market power in international banana trade and, finally, it assesses how the analysis of the implications of the most recent changes in the EU import regimes for bananas is affected by the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bananas; Economic Partnership Agreements; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98985

Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yue,   Chengyan; Beghin,   John C.; Jensen,   Helen H.
The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped TBT estimate to its key determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, and trade cost). We use the augmented approach to investigate the ongoing US-Japan apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Apple; Japan; SPS; TBT; Technical barriers to trade; Trade cost; Trade dispute; WTO; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18338

World Food Prices after WTO Foundation: Deterministic and Non-deterministic Factors
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yu,   Xiaohua; Meyer,   Stefan.
This paper develops a two-step method to estimate the influence of non-deterministic factors in production on food prices, and finds that non-deterministic factors of wheat production do significantly affect both wheat and corn prices in the world and, however, those of corn do not.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Non-Deterministic Factors; World Food Prices; WTO; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61018

WTO Constraints on U.S. and EU Domestic Support in Agriculture: The October 2005 Proposals
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brink,   Lars.
The USA, the EU and the G-20 submitted proposals on domestic support in the WTO agriculture negotiations in October 2005. This research projects future support, allowances and constraints for the USA and the EU under these proposals. Accounting properly for the de minimis rules generates a "maximum usable components" constraint, which, even when added to the cap on blue, can be more constraining than the new overall commitment. The overall commitment under the U.S. proposal constrains neither the USA nor the EU in the future. However, the overall commitment under the EU and G 20 proposals constrains both the USA and the EU to provide less future overall support than the sum of the cap on blue and maximum usable components. In general the three proposals...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; AMS; De minimis; Domestic support; Overall reduction; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23822

BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATIONS AND THE WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sheldon,   Ian M.; Josling,   Timothy E.
This paper examines the regulation of trade in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Despite rapid adoption of GMOs by a few exporters, many importers have developed relatively restrictive procedures for pre-market approval of GMOs, and are introducing mandatory labeling. While exporters have yet to seek a ruling from the WTO on these regulations, a trade dispute over GMOs is likely to occur before too long. Exporting countries will likely argue that importing countries' regulations are too restrictive, given existing scientific knowledge of the safety of current GM crops, and that labeling of GM foods is unnecessary due to the fact that they are typically similar to their conventional counterparts. In response,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Regulation; Trade; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14594

Recent Developments in the US - Canadian Softwood Lumber Disputes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Devadoss,   Stephen; Roman,   Angel Aguiar.
Since the United States and Canada could not resolve their contentious dispute on lumber trade, both countries approached the World Trade Organization to resolve this long-running disagreement. Each country filed three petitions covering (a) countervailing duties (CVD), (b) antidumping, and (c) material injury resulting from CVD and antidumping. This article briefly reviews the dispute, explains both countries' factual arguments submitted to the WTO, presents the WTO rulings on the three petitions, and discusses the economic implications of WTO findings.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Canada; Dispute; Lumber; United States; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23901

Agricultural Trade Preferences and the Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wainio,   John; Shapouri,   Shahla; Trueblood,   Michael A.; Gibson,   Paul R.
Nonreciprocal trade preference programs originated in the 1970s under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) as an effort by high-income developed countries to provide tariff concessions for low-income countries. The goal of the programs was to increase export earnings, promote industrialization, and stimulate economic growth in the lower income countries. This study analyzes detailed trade and tariff data for the United States and the European Union (the two largest nonreciprocal preference donors) to determine the extent to which the programs have increased exports from beneficiary countries. For those products where the margins of preference are large and where beneficiaries have a comparative advantage and the capacity to expand production, these...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Tariff; Agricultural trade; Preferences; Least developed countries; Market access; World Trade Organization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7258

Endogenous Learning and Consensual Understanding in Multilateral Negotiations: Arguing and Bargaining in the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wolfe,   Robert.
People at home and trade negotiators in Geneva cannot bargain what they do not understand, and what they bargain must be based on consensual understanding among the relevant actors, whether or not they agree on what to do about it. Consensual understanding is endogenous, arising in an argumentative process of learning structured by constitutive principles of a regime. In a departure from both rationalist and constructivist approaches to negotiation analysis in political science, my goal in this paper is to try to advance analysis of these questions by exploring the contribution that deliberation or arguing makes to learning. My proposition is that something happens at the multilateral negotiation table in addition to bargaining, something that alters...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO; Bargaining; Learning; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90885

OPENING GLOBAL MARKETS FOR AGRICULTURE: THE NEXT WTO ROUND
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sumner,   Daniel A.
More open international markets benefit the economy as a whole, as well as most U.S. agricultural producers. The Uruguay Round Agreement laid out a useful framework. Specifically addressed here is why the key to further liberalizing agricultural trade is reduction of tariffs as comprehensively and rapidly as politics will allow. Other issues such as export subsidies, tariff-rate quota quantities, and developing-country relationships are also important, especially while tariffs are coming down. Internal support rules have much less potential to liberalize trade.  Finally, as the December 1999 World Trade Organization ministerial meeting in Seattle demonstrated, delay in the negotiation process threatens liberalization.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Agricultural trade; Commodity trade; Tariff-rate quotas; Tariffs; Trade negotiations; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14709

Agricultural trade reform under the Doha Agenda: some key issues
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martin,   William J.; Anderson,   Kym.
A successful agreement on agriculture is essential for an overall agreement under the WTO’s Doha trade negotiations. Reaching agreement has been difficult, and as of August 2007, much still remains to be done if a successful agreement is to be reached. We consider three of the most controversial areas of the agricultural negotiations: the relative importance of domestic support, market access and export subsidies; three market access issues of sensitive-product exceptions sought for all countries and, the additional special product exceptions sought for developing countries, the proposed special safeguard mechanism; and the domestic support issue. We show that decisions made on reform in these areas will have a critical influence on whether the...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Computable general equilibrium modelling; Doha development agenda; Multilateral negotiations; Trade policy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117739

Concessions and Exemptions for Developing Countries in the Agricultural Negotiations: The Role of the Special and Differential Treatment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bureau,   Jean-Christophe; Jean,   Sebastien; Matthews,   Alan.
The main provisions of the special and differential treatment (SDT) granted to developing countries in the agriculture and food sector under the present World Trade Organization agreements are presented. The different provisions seem to have had a limited impact on developing countries, and revision is needed. The positions of the various developing countries regarding the SDT in the negotiations are summarized. Recent simulations of the consequences of a plausible agreement under the Doha negotiations suggest that there is a case for a special treatment for poorest countries, but also for a subset of countries that are likely to lose at multilateral liberalization, because of the erosion of existing preferences. Suggestions are made in order to make...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developping countries; Agricultural trade; WTO; Trade preferences; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18858

An Overview of the Issues and Positions of the Major Countries in the WTO Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Miner,   William M.
Negotiations on agriculture were successfully launched in the WTO early in 2000. In the initial phase, negotiating proposals have been submitted by member countries and are being discussed in special sessions of the WTO Committee on Agriculture. A stock-taking exercise will be held in March 2001 to establish the next steps in the process. Many developments will influence the shape and dynamics of the negotiations, particularly the possibility of a comprehensive trade round. The first part of this paper examines the policy setting for the negotiations. The ongoing integration of economies and accompanying agricultural policy reforms provide an environment for further trade liberalization. Expansion of regional trade agreements and EU enlargement...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural negotiations; Peace clause; Non-trade concerns; Subsidies; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23854

Non-Trade Concerns and Special and Differential Treatment: A Caribbean Perspective for the WTO 2
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Singh,   Ranjit H.; Evans,   Edward A.; Roberts,   Simone.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: NON-Trade; WTO; Differential Treatment; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45785

Antidumping: Positions, negotiations, and Relevance for Syria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Babili,   Mahmoud.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Anti-dumping; WTO; Syria; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59370

WOHLFAHRTSWIRKUNGEN EINER  HANDELSLIBERALISIERUNG: WELCHEN EINFLUSS HAT  DIE ZOLLAGGREGATION AUF DIE MODELLERGEBNISSE?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pelikan,   Janine; Brockmeier,   Martina.
Die Ergebnisse von modellgestützten Liberalisierungsstudien können maßgeblich durch die Aggregation der Importzölle beeinflusst werden. Gegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Quantifizierung des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Aggregationsmethoden auf die Wohlfahrtsergebnisse eines multiregionalen und multisektoralen allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodells. Ausgehend von derselben Datenbasis werden die Zölle mit dem einfachen und handelsgewichteten Durchschnitt, dem Trade Restrictiveness Index (TRI) und dem Merkantilistischen Trade Restrictiveness Index (MTRI) von der detaillierten Zolllinienebene auf ein modellkompatibles Niveau aggregiert. Unter Berücksichtigung von gebundenen und angewandten Zöllen wird ein multilaterales Liberalisierungsszenario entsprechend des...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Agrarhandelspolitik; Zollaggregation; TRI; MTRI; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52663

The Uruguay Round of Trade Liberalization and Its Impact on US-Caribbean Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: McDonald,   Vincent R.; Summer,   John W.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: WTO; Uruguay Round; US-Caribbean Trade; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45801

Policy Design as an Irreversible Investment Under Uncertainty: Norwegian Agriculture and the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mittenzwei,   Klaus.
This paper is concerned with the timing of an agricultural policy reform under uncertainty. The focus is on the opportunity cost of giving up the option to wait when implementing a policy reform. Including the option value in applied policy analysis can help explain why conventional analyses may find observed policies to be Pareto-inferior. Furthermore, it explains why otherwise profitable policy reforms may be delayed. The theoretical model is applied to Norwegian agricultural policy anticipating a prospective WTO agreement. It is argued that the option value should be incorporated into applied policy analysis when high uncertainty prevails.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Option value; Policy reform; WTO; Norway; Uncertainty; International Relations/Trade; C61; D78.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24875

FOOD SECURITY AND TRADE NEGOTIATIONS IN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF COUNTRY GROUPS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Diaz-Bonilla,   Eugenio; Thomas,   Marcelle; Robinson,   Sherman; Cattaneo,   Andrea.
An important issue in WTO trade negotiations is whether further liberalization of trade and agricultural policies may help or hinder food security in WTO member countries, especially the developing countries. The WTO recognizes various classifications of countries: developed, developing, least developed (LDC) and net food importing developing (NFIDC). How well do these categories capture issues of food security? This paper employs various methods of cluster analysis (including an approach based on fuzzy sets) and data for 167 countries to identify groups of countries categorized according to five measures of food security: food production per capita, the ratio of total exports to food imports, calories per capita, protein per capita, and the share of the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Food security; WTO; Cluster analysis; Fuzzy classification; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16261

Asian Rice Policies and WTO Commitments on Domestic Support Under Existing and Proposed Doha Round Provisions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yang,   Min-Hsien; Blandford,   David.
We examine current rice policies in four major Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan), their relationship to current WTO disciplines, and to those proposed under the Doha negotiations. WTO disciplines have prompted some changes in rice policies, but disciplines of domestic support are unlikely to impose serious constraints in the future. Using the example of Taiwan, we examine how existing support policies could be changed to reduce domestic distortions and satisfy WTO commitments. Changing from existing amber box payments to those that would likely qualify for inclusion under the blue or green boxes could allow greater market orientation in Taiwan’s rice market, while satisfying food security and farm income support objectives.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Domestic support; Rice; WTO; Taiwan; Asia; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103665

Production Effects of Agri-environmental "Green Box" Payments: Empirical Results from the EU
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Salhofer,   Klaus; Streicher,   Gerhard.
Agri-environmental programs are part of the green box of the GATT Uruguay Round and are supposed to "have no, or at most minimal trade distorting effects or effects on production." In addition, "the amount of payment shall be limited to the extra costs or loss of income involved in complying with the government programme." Utilizing farm accounting data we estimate the effects on yields for ten agri-environmental programs in Austria, which account for 12% of EU's budget expenditures for agri-environmental programs. Only three out of these ten programs have significant negative effects on yields, while one program has a significant positive impact and the rest has no significant impact. These results suggest that there are serious windfall profits...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental programs; Green box; WTO; Common Agricultural Policy; Decoupling; Environmental Economics and Policy; F16; Q56.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24494

ASSESSING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF JAMAICAN ACKEE IN LIGHT OF THE CHALLENGES FACED BY SUGAR AND BANANAS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hyatt,   Karl.
Economic theory posits that the removal of impediments to trade should redound to improvement in the overall well-being of all nations. Unfortunately, for many developing countries, this has not been the case; upon significantly reducing their tariffs, they are yet to see any tangible benefits. On the contrary, they have experienced a decline in market share and in some instances significant erosion of trade preferences that they had previously enjoyed with their trading partners. The preferential market access, from which Jamaica and other ACP (African Caribbean and Pacific) states benefit, through exports of sugar and bananas to the EU (European Union), has been eroded as a result of recent rulings by the WTO. These rulings have already affected the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAES; SPS measures; Globalization; Competitiveness; Jamaica; Ackee; WTO; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36947

PUBLIC INVESTMENT AND CHINA'S GRAIN PRODUCTION COMPETITIVENESS UNDER WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhu,   Jing; Zhu,   J.
China's accession to the WTO poses great challenges to the Chinese agricultural sector, especially to the grain producers.  Compared with major grain exporters in the world, most grain crops in China are high in production cost and weak in market competitiveness.  This can be partly attributed to the fact that Chinese farmers are facing with poorer agricultural production infrastructures and inadequate public investment in agricultural research and extension, which leads to the lower efficiency in private inputs and thus higher private cost per unit of product.  After China joining the WTO, protective and administrative measures conflicted with the URAA cannot be utilized as before.  Alternative measures should be explored to provide help to farmers to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Public investment; Agricultural research; Grain production; China; WTO; Crop Production/Industries; H540; Q170; Q180.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25825