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A feasible method to extract DNA from the cambium of high-canopy trees: from harvest to assessment Acta Amazonica
MANGARAVITE,Érica; TERRA,Vanessa; HATTORI,Eric Koiti Okiyama; DAL’SASSO,Thaís Carolina da Silva; BHERING,Leonardo Lopes; OLIVEIRA,Luiz Orlando de.
ABSTRACT Many tropical trees have high canopies and their leaves are not accessible. Thus, the use of tissue from a more accessible organ (cambium) for DNA extraction may be an alternative for molecular studies. We adapted a feasible methodology for extracting genomic DNA from cambium tissue harvested in the field for the assessment with PCR. We tested three storage conditions (two buffers and a silica gel) and four periods of time after harvest. We used previously described protocols and tested them on three species that occur in Amazonian forests and other biomes: Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, Cedrela fissilis, and Ceiba speciosa. Our protocol obtained suitable PCR-grade genomic DNA for DNA sequencing and microsatellite genotyping. We recommend...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Dithiothreitol; DNA isolation.
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0044-59672020000400335
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Physiological quality and seed respiration of primed Jatropha curcas seeds Acta Botanica
Horbach,Micheli Angelica; Dranski,João Alexandre Lopes; Malavasi,Ubirajara Contro; Malavasi,Marlene de Matos.
ABSTRACT Seed deterioration is a natural and irreversible process. Nevertheless, seed priming with water and antioxidants can minimize oxidative damage in oilseeds, resulting in attenuation of seed deterioration. The objective of this assay was to evaluate seed priming on respiratory activity of Jatropha curcas submitted to accelerated aging. Seeds from two provenances (Janauba and Pedro J. Caballero) were submitted to three priming treatments (control, immersion in deionized water, and with 750 µmol L-1 of ascorbic acid) and treated for accelerated aging at 41 °C for 72 h. The results showed that the priming of J. curcas seeds promoted tolerance to accelerated aging. Primed seeds, with ascorbic acid from Janauba and deionized water from Pedro J....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Accelerated aging; Ascorbic acid; Gas chromatography; Oil seeds; Physic nut.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-33062018000100063
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Physiological Role of Ascobin on Quality and Productivity of Sunflower Plants Irrigated with Sodium Chloride Solution CIGR Journal
Dawood, Mona Gergis.
Ascobin had a promotion effect on growth and active constituents’ compounds of various plants under normal and stressed conditions. The physiological response of sunflower plant to foliar application of ascobin treatments (200,400,600 ppm) was investigated either under normal or salinity stressed conditions (5000 ppm NaCl solution) in pot experiments at the wire-house of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Data revealed that salinity stress caused significant decreases in shoot height, leaf area chlrorophyll b, carotenoids, total photosynthetic pigments, seed yield, yield components, oil and protein content of the yielded seeds relative to control. The decrease in oil percentage was more obvious by salinity than protein percentage. Since...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Helianthus annuus L.; Ascorbic acid; Citric acid; Seed quality; Antioxidant enzymes.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/4375
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Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of ascorbic acid from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds and evaluation its extracts in free radical scavenging CIGR Journal
Aboonajmi, Mohammad; Ghorbani, Marzieh; Ghorbani Javid, Majid; Arabhosseini, Akbar.
The main objective of this study was to compare ultrasound assisted extraction with soxhlet extraction method as control in the extraction ascorbic acid of fennel seeds. Treatment conditions were performed using soxhlet method (240 min at 85 °C) and ultrasound treatment (20 kHz, 39, 64 and 96 W/cm2, 40 and 60 °C), for 15, 30 and 45 min. No significant differences were observed for total soluble solids among the samples studied. A similar trend was observed for both the amount of ascorbic acid extract and its ability to DPPH free radical scavenging. The greatest amount of ascorbic acid obtained in 15 minutes sonication (96 W/cm2 at 60 °C), with equivalent of 1.73 mg/ml fennel seeds extraction. There was a significant difference between soxhlet and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ultrasound-assisted extraction; Ascorbic acid; Soxhlet.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/4328
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Effect of processing on the physicochemical and sensory properties of mammee apple (Mammea americana L.) fruit Agrociencia
Ordóñez-Santos,Luís E.; Martínez-Álvarez,Gloria M.; Vázquez-Riascos,Andrea M..
Mammee apple (Mammea americana L.) fruits are promising sources of various bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds, and offer great potential for use in agro-industrial processing and to meet the requirements desired for consumer health. The objective of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and sensory changes of mammee apple after syrup and jam processing. Fruits were washed, cut, pulped, blanched, and the pieces of fruit blanching were stored in 125 mL glass jars, and covered with 18 °Brix boiling sugar syrup. The mixture was pasteurized and cooled. Jam contained 50 % fruit, 50 % sugar, and 3 % pectin; sugar was added and the mixture boiled to a final concentration of 60 to 62 °Brix. The experimental design was...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Exotic fruit; Carotenoids; Ascorbic acid; PH; Dry matter.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952014000400003
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Ascorbic acid, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of red, cherry, yellow and white types of pitaya cactus fruit (Stenocereus stellatus Riccobono) Agrociencia
Beltrán-Orozco,M. Carmen; Oliva-Coba,Tzatzil G.; Gallardo-Velázquez,Tzayhri; Osorio-Revilla,Guillermo.
In order to sustain the growing interest in the consumption of pitaya cactus (Stenocereus stellatus Riccobono) fruit as potential neutraceutical food, the total phenolics and ascorbic acid contents were determined in four pitaya cactus fruit types (red, cherry, yellow and white). Total phenol and ascorbic acid concentrations were correlated to the antioxidant capacity (fimol Trolox eq g-1 fresh sample). The results showed that the white and yellow types contained a higher amount of phenol compounds and ascorbic acid than the cherry and red types. A linear relationship was found between the fruit antioxidant capacity and the total phenol content (R²=0.97) and ascorbic acid content (R²=0.79), indicating that both of them contribute together to its...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Stenocereus stellatus Riccobono; Antioxidant capacity; Ascorbic acid; Nutraceutic; Pitaya; Total phenolic content.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952009000200007
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Morphological deformities in the osseous structure in spotted sorubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (agassiz & spix, 1829) with vitamin c deficiency Anais da ABC (AABC)
FUJIMOTO,RODRIGO Y.; SANTOS,RUDÃ F.B.; CARNEIRO,DALTON J..
Vitamin C is essential for fish diets because many species cannot syntethize it. This vitamin is needed for bone and cartilage formation. Moreover, it acts as antioxidant and improve the immunological system. The present work investigated the effects of vitamin C diet supplementation to spotted sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) fingerlings by frequency of bone and cartilage deformation. Ascorbyl poliphosphate (AP) was used as source of vitamin C in the diets for spotted sorubim fingerlings during three months. Six diets were formulated: one diet control (0 mg/kg of vitamin C) and 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 and 2,500 mg AP/kg diets. Fishes fed without vitamin C supplementation presented bone deformation in head and jaws, and fin fragilities. Thus, 500 mg...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Scurvy; Bone formation; Siluriformes; Ascorbic acid.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652013000100379
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Evaluation of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut Water (Cocus nucifera L.) and Caffeic Acid in Cell Culture Anais da ABC (AABC)
SANTOS,JOãO L.A.; BISPO,VANDERSON S.; B.C. FILHO,ADRIANO; PINTO,ISABELLA F.D.; DANTAS,LUCAS S.; VASCONCELOS,DAIANE F.; ABREU,FABíULA F.; MELO,DANILO A.; MATOS,ISAAC A.; FREITAS,FLORêNCIO P.; GOMES,OSMAR F.; MEDEIROS,MARISA H.G.; MATOS,HUMBERTO R..
Coconut water contains several uncharacterized substances and is widely used in the human consumption. In this paper we detected and quantified ascorbic acid and caffeic acid and total phenolics in several varieties of coconut using HPLS-MS-MS (25.8 ± 0.6 µg-mL and 1.078 ± 0.013 µg-mL and 99.7 µg-mL, respectively, in the green dwarf coconut water, or 10 mg and 539 µg and 39.8 mg for units of coconut consumed, 500 ± 50 mL). The antioxidant potential of four coconut varieties (green dwarf, yellow dwarf, red dwarf and yellow Malaysian) was compared with two industrialized coconut waters and the lyophilized water of the green dwarf variety. All varieties were effective in scavenging the DPPH radical (IC50=73 µL) and oxide nitric (0.1 mL with an IP of 29.9%) as...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Antioxidant activity; Ascorbic acid; Caffeic acid; Cocos nucifera; Polyphenols.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652013000401235
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The preventive effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on locomotor and acetylcholinesterase activity in an animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine Anais da ABC (AABC)
DAMAZIO,LOUYSE S.; SILVEIRA,FLÁVIA R.; CANEVER,LARA; CASTRO,ADALBERTO A. DE; ESTRELA,JADNE M.; BUDNI,JOSIANE; ZUGNO,ALEXANDRA I..
ABSTRACT Studies have shown that schizophrenic patients seem to have nutritional deficiencies. Ascorbic acid (AA) has an important antioxidant effect and neuromodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AA on locomotor activity and the acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in an animal model of schizophrenia (SZ). Rats were supplemented with AA (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), or water for 14 days (gavage). Between the 9th and 15th days, the animals received Ketamine (Ket) (25 mg/kg) or saline (i.p). After the last administration (30 min) rats were subjected to the behavioral test. Brain structures were dissected for biochemical analysis. There was a significant increase in the locomotor activity in Ket treated. AA prevented the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Schizophrenia; Ascorbic acid; Ketamine; Hyperlocomotion; Acetylcholinesterase.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652017000301133
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Histological evaluation of the periodontal ligament from aged wistar rats supplemented with ascorbic acid Anais da ABC (AABC)
Zanoni,Jacqueline N.; Lucas,Nathalia M.; Trevizan,Aline R.; Souza,Ivan D.S..
Ascorbic acid (AA) is able to neutralize reactive oxygen species and is essential for collagen synthesis. In aging process oxidative stress is elevated. This study aims to investigate the effects of AA supplementation on the periodontal ligament (PL) of rats during aging. Twenty five rats were used and divided into groups: J90 (90-day-old control), E345 (345-day-old control), E428 (428-day-old control), EA345 (345-day-old supplemented with AA from 90-day-old on) and EA428 (428-day-old supplemented with AA from 90-day-old on). We analyzed the thickness, density of fibroblasts and blood vessels and collagen fibers types in the PL. In group J90 there was predominantly type III collagen fibers (87.64%). In animals supplemented with AA, the area filled by type...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Aging; Ascorbic acid; Collagen; Periodontal ligament.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652013000100327
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Cell proliferation of the ileum intestinal mucosa of diabetic rats treated with ascorbic acid Biocell
Nelisis Zanoni,Jacqueline; Fernandes Pereira,Renata Virginia.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the ascorbic acid supplementation on the cellular proliferation on the ileum mucosa of diabetic rats. Fifteen 90-days rats were divided in the groups: control, diabetic and diabetic supplemented with ascorbic acid (DA). Two hours prior the sacrifice, they were injected with Vincristin. Semi-seriate histological cuts stained with HE were accomplished. About 2500 crypt cells from the intestinal mucosa were counted in order to obtain the metaphasic indexes. The height and depth of 30 villi and 30 crypts were measured for each animal, respectively. The metaphasic indexes showed no significant changes when we compared the three groups: 20.2 ± 0.7 (control), 18 ± 1.9 (diabetic) and 17 ± 1.4 (DA) (p >...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Diabetes mellitus; Lleum; Cellular proliferation.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0327-95452008000200001
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Effects of the ascorbic acid supplementation on NADH-diaphorase myenteric neurons in the duodenum of diabetic rats Biocell
Pereira,Marli Aparecida Dos Santos; Bagatin,Maria Claúdia; Zanoni,Jacqueline Nelisis.
We assessed the ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation on the myenteric neurons in the duodenum of rats. Fifteen rats with 90 days of age were divided into three groups: control (C), diabetics (D) and ascorbic acid treated diabetics (DA). After 120 days of daily treatment with AA, the duodenum was submitted to the NADH-diaphorase (NADH-d) histochemical technique, which allowed us to evaluate the neuronal density in an area of 8.96 mm² for each duodenum, and also to measure the cellular profile area of 500 neurons per group. The supplementation promoted an increase on AA levels. The neuronal density (p <0.05) was higher in the group DA when compared to group D. There were no significant differences in the neuronal areas, when we compared groups C (204 ±...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Diabetes mellitus; Ascorbic acid; Myenteric neurons.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0327-95452006000200005
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Vitamin C and oxidative stress in the seminiferous epithelium Biol. Res.
Angulo,Constanza; Maldonado,Rodrigo; Pulgar,Eduardo; Mancilla,Héctor; Córdova,Alex; Villarroel,Franz; Castro,Maite A; Concha,Ilona I.
In this article, we focus on the fundamental role of vitamin C transporters for the normal delivery of vitamin C to germ cells in the adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules. We argue that the redox status within spermatozoa or in semen is partly responsible for the etiology of infertility. In this context, antioxidant defence plays a critical role in male fertility. Vitamin C, a micronutrient required for a wide variety of metabolic functions, has long been associated with male reproduction. Two systems for vitamin C transport have been described in mammals. Facilitative hexose transporters (GLUTs), with 14 known isoforms to date, GLUT1-GLUT14, transport the oxidized form of vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) into the cells. Sodium ascorbic acid...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Oxidative stress; GLUT; Sertoli cells; SVCT; Vitamin C transporters.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602011000200009
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Preharvest nitrogen application affects quality and antioxidant status of two tomato cultivars Bragantia
Frías-Moreno,Maria Noemi; Espino-Díaz,Miguel; Dávila-Aviña,Jorge; Gonzalez-Aguilar,Gustavo Adolfo; Ayala-Zavala,Jesús Fernando; Molina-Corral,Francisco Javier; Parra-Quezada,Rafael Angel; Orozco,Guadalupe Isela Olivas.
ABSTRACT Intensive horticultural crop production usually involves challenges from excessive application of fertilizer, mainly nitrogen (N). The effect of N fertilizer on the fruit quality and antioxidant status of two cherry tomato cultivars (Caballero and Victoria) under greenhouse conditions was performed. Nitrogen treatments were applied ranging from conditions comprising deficiency to toxicity (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mmol∙L-1). Yield, weight, diameter, fruit quality, phenols, flavonoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity were measured at physiological maturity of the fresh tomato fruits. N treatment with 30 mmol∙L-1 produced the highest yield, fruit weight, firmness and diameter in both cultivars. However, increasing N from 30 to 60...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Lycopersicon esculentum; Greenhouse; Ascorbic acid; Phenolics; Lycopene.
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-87052020000100134
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Combination vitamin C and vitamin E prevents enteric diabetic neuropathy in the small intestine in rats BABT
Zanoni,Jacqueline Nelisis; Hermes-Uliana,Catchia.
The present study evaluated the effects of supplementation with a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on NADH-diaphorase-positive (NADH-d+) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in the duodenum and ileum in diabetic rats. Forty rats were distributed into the following groups: normoglycemic (N), normoglycemic supplemented with vitamin C and vitamin E (NS), diabetic (D), and diabetic supplemented with vitamin C and vitamin E (DS). Vitamin C was added to the drinking water, and vitamin E was incorporated in the diet (1%). After 120 days, the animals were euthanized, and the duodenum and ileum were subjected to NADH-d and nNOS staining. Quantitative and morphometric analyses of myenteric neurons were performed. Diabetes...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Α-tocopherol; Diabetes mellitus; Myenteric plexus; Enteric nervous system.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132015000400504
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Antioxidant potential of tomatoes cultivated in organic and conventional systems BABT
Borguini,Renata Galhardo; Bastos,Deborah Helena Markowicz; Moita-Neto,José Machado; Capasso,Fernanda Sobral; Torres,Elizabeth Aparecida Ferraz da Silva.
The objective of the study was to compare the effect of organic and conventional cultivation on the antioxidant compound content and antioxidant activity of the Carmen tomato cultivar. Tomatoes were analyzed regarding ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, lycopene content and antioxidant activity. Organic tomatoes presented higher content of ascorbic acid and total phenolics (641.39 and 4466.66 mg/100 g EAG on dry wt basis) than did the conventional tomatoes (510.16 and 3477.50 mg/100 g EAG on wt dry basis, respectively). There was no difference in lycopene concentrations between the organic and conventional. The ether, alcohol and aqueous extracts obtained from the tomatoes were subjected to the DPPH test and the β-carotene/linoleic acid system assay. The...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Antioxidant activity; Ascorbic acid; Lycopene; Phenolic compounds.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132013000400001
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Synergic interaction between ascorbic acid and antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa BABT
Cursino,Luciana; Chartone-Souza,Edmar; Nascimento,Andréa Maria Amaral.
Studies were carried out on in vitro combination of ascorbic acid (AA) with six antibiotics against 12 multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Synergic activity was detected with AA chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Indifference was observed to any antibiotics and antagonism only for chloramphenicol. Results indicated that multiresistant P. aeruginosa was affected by combination of AA and antibiotics. Future research on ascorbic acid-antimicrobial interactions may find new methods to control strains of multiresistant P. aeruginosa.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Antibiotic; Synergy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132005000300007
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Oral Administration of Citrus Extracts in Suckling Piglets BABT
Pereira,Lidiane Pescke; Hilgemberg,João Otávio; Primieri,Charlise; Mass,Anna Paula Holzmann; Lehnen,Cheila Roberta.
Abstract An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of suckling piglets subjected to oral administration of citrus extracts (CE). Twenty sows were used with ten sucking piglets on average initial weight of 1.26 kg (± 0.32) for 21 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two treatments: Negative Control (without antimicrobials) and Citrus Extracts (ascorbic acid + flavonoids, oral administration of 0.3 mg kg of BW via pigdoser) with ten repetitions each. The number of live-born piglets in females PO5 was 21% higher than in PO3 sows. Sows where piglets received CE showed a 10% higher (P <0.05) feed intake in the last week of lactation. From 8 to 21 days, the feed conversion of NC sows was 23 and 38% lower (P...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Ascorbic acid; Additives; Antibiotics flavonoids; Gut health.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132019000100514
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Influence of osmotic dehydration on ascorbic acid loss in pickled dry peppers (Capsicum chinense) BABT
Silva,Tissiane Mayara da; Argandoña,Eliana Janet Sanjinez; Madrona,Grasiele Scaramal; Moraes,Izabel Cristina Freitas; Haminiuk,Charles Windson Isidoro; Branco,Ivanise Guilherme.
The objective of this work was (1) to develop a dehydrated pepper with 45% humidity, determining the drying curves for pepper, with and without osmotic pre-treatment and (2) to evaluate the influence of both drying and osmotic treatment on the content ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in fresh pepper and pepper with 45% humidity. The experiments were carried out using the peppers cut in half, with and without osmotic pre-treatment, followed by drying in an oven at 70 ºC. The results showed that the osmotic pretreatment did not influence the retention of ascorbic acid during the drying of pepper. The sensory analysis regarding the color, flavor, and texture attributes revealed that there was no difference in the acceptability.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Capsicum chinense; Ascorbic acid; Osmotic dehydration; Drying.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132012000500016
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Effect of picloram, additives and plant growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis of Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene BABT
Ahmed,Abdul Bakrudeen Ali; Rao,Adhikarla Suryanarayana; Rao,Mandali Venkateswara; Taha,Rosna Mat.
The present study describes the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in suspension culture derived from the leaf and stem explants of Phyla nodiflora. The medium type, plant growth regulators, complex extract (coconut milk and malt extract) and anti-oxidant (activated charcoal, ascorbic acid, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and citric acid) markedly influenced the embryo regeneration of P. nodiflora. MS with 2,4-D and activated charcoal (10 mg/L) gave the highest stimulation of embryogenic callus growth. Optimized callus was transfered into suspension culture, which showed the globular, heart shaped embryos in MS with 2,4-D + BA + picloram (0.1 mg/L), coconut milk (10 ml/L), citric acid (100 mg/L) on 6th subcultures. Further development stages such as torpedo...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Somatic embryogenesis (SEs); Picloram; Ascorbic acid; Coconut milk; Plant growth regulators; Murashige and Skoog medium.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132011000100002
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