SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Gauntlett, William.

Dairy farming in the Waikato Region has contributed greatly to the reduction of water quality. Part of this is attributable to the issue of inappropriate disposal of dairy effluent. Regional authority data shows both costs and benefits of complying with effluent management regulations. Private costs result from system and management improvements, while private benefits are largely due to reduced fertiliser requirements. Decreases in the volume of 'non-compliant effluent', resulting from improved compliance, are used as an indicator to illustrate reduced environmental effects. The benefits of becoming compliant outweigh the costs for half the farms analysed. More incentives are required to promote compliance from the other farms although their environmental...

Monitoring of compliance in Australian conservation contracts

Palavras-chave: Dairy farming; Environment; Effluent; Compliance; Cost; Benefit..

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48032

Crowe, Bronwyn; White, Benedict; Pannell, David J.; Lindner, Robert K..

Government and non-government conservation agencies have long-term goals and objectives to provide environmental services, such as conserving the biodiversity of Australian native vegetation. In addition to national parks and reserves, private lands are often included in conservation programs to achieve these objectives. Formal contracts are entered into between the private landholder and the conservation agency to provide environmental services, or more commonly to provide inputs that are likely to lead to environmental services. The paper examines the costs and benefits of monitoring these conservation contracts when biodiversity change is stochastic.

Costs of compliance with EU regulations and competitiveness of the EU dairy sector

Palavras-chave: Conservation; Compliance; Monitoring; Enforcement; Environmental regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/5990

Bezlepkina, Irina V.; Jongeneel, Roelof A.; Brouwer, Floor M.; Dillen, Koen; Meister, Anton D.; Winsten, Jonathan R.; de Roest, Kees; Demont, Matty.

The introduction of cross-compliance mechanism in the European Union with its 2003 CAP-reform might affect the costs of production and thus competitiveness of the EU. Little evidence is available to asses the costs of compliance with regulations and it implication for trade. In this study a farm level competitiveness analysis of the impacts of the Nitrate Directive and the Identification & registration Directive focuses on the dairy sector in Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands and UK (within EU), and the US and New Zealand (outside EU). The findings from this study are integrated into a trade analysis which assesses the impact of compliance costs on competitiveness of the various trading nations in global trade. Representative farm studies were used...

Conservation Auctions and Compliance: Theory and Evidence from Laboratory Experiments

Palavras-chave: Compliance; Dairy sector; GTAP; Livestock Production/Industries.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44153

Kawasaki, Kentaro; Fujie, Takeshi; Koito, Kentaro; Inoue, Norikazu; Sasaki, Hiroki.

Poster prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010 AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, July 25-27, 2010.

Imperfect Enforcement of Emissions Trading and Industry Welfare: A Laboratory Investigation

Palavras-chave: Auctions; Conservation contracting; Compliance; Environmental Economics and Policy; C91; D44; Q24.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61188

Stranlund, John K.; Murphy, James J.; Spraggon, John M..

This paper uses laboratory experiments to investigate the performance of emission permit markets when compliance is imperfectly enforced. In particular we examine deviations in observed aggregate payoffs and expected penalties from those derived from a model of risk-neutral payoff-maximizing firms. We find that the experimental emissions markets were reasonably efficient at allocating individual emission control choices despite imperfect enforcement and significant noncompliance. However, violations and expected penalties were lower than predicted when these are predicted to be high, but were about the same as predicted values when these values were predicted to be low. Thus, although a standard model of compliance with emissions trading programs tends to...

13 + 1: A Comparison of Global Climate Change Policy Architectures

Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Compliance; Emissions trading; Permit markets; Pollution; Laboratory experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; C91; L51; Q58.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42124

Aldy, Joseph E.; Barrett, Scott; Stavins, Robert N..

We critically review the Kyoto Protocol and thirteen alternative policy architectures for addressing the threat of global climate change. We employ six criteria to evaluate the policy proposals: environmental outcome, dynamic efficiency, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance. The Kyoto Protocol does not fare well on a number of criteria, but none of the alternative proposals fare well along all six dimensions. We identify several major themes among the alternative proposals: Kyoto is "too little, too fast"; developing countries should play a more substantial role and receive incentives to participate; implementation should focus on market-based approaches, especially...

The Development and Implementation of IMF and World Bank Conditionality

Palavras-chave: Policy architecture; Kyoto Protocol; Efficiency; Cost effectiveness; Equity; Participation; Compliance; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10541

Dreher, Axel.

The paper presents a detailed description of IMF and World Bank conditionality and tries to explain changes in this conditionality over time as well as differences between the two institutions. Using panel data it is shown that the number of Fund conditions seem to be influenced by contemporaneous World Bank activity. Moreover, the paper tries to explain compliance with World Bank conditionality as well as interruptions of IMF programs in the recipient countries. Compliance with World Bank conditionality is lower in election years and pre-election years. Breakdowns of IMF programs are less likely in election years. However, no other political factors seem to influence interruptions and compliance systematically. The paper describes the institutions'...

Institutional analysis for nitrogen pollution abatement in a Waikato river sub-catchment in New Zealand

Palavras-chave: IMF; World Bank; Conditionality; Compliance; Program Interruption; Financial Economics; D72; F33; F34.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26352

Ramilan, Thiagarajah; Scrimgeour, Frank G.; Marsh, Dan.

Nitrogen levels in water resources in the Waikato region are increasing, mainly as a result of non-point source pollution from agricultural activities. Non-point pollution management is a complex issue requiring sufficient information and appropriate institutions. This paper considers the environmental policy literature and analyse how institutions, contract design, and monitoring and transaction costs in the presence of farm heterogeneity encourage optimal abatement. The analysis identifies the key institutional issues to be addressed in the design of appropriate policy measures to address water quality in Waikato river sub-catchment.

What Can Laboratory Experiments Teach Us About Emissions Permit Market Design?

Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Transaction cost; Compliance; Contract design; Heterogeneity; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10408

Finding the Stronger Impact among Bribery, Financial Reward, and Religious Attitude: The Insights of Experiment on Environmental Tax Compliance in Indonesia

Cason, Timothy N..

The laboratory provides a test bed to inform many design choices for emissions permit markets. Experiments are sometimes strongly motivated and structured by specific theoretical models and predictions, but in other cases the experiment itself can be the model of the market and regulatory environment. We review specific experimental applications that address design issues for permit auction rules, permit expiration dates and banking, liability rules, and regulatory enforcement.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Cap-and-trade; Auctions; Liability; Regulation; Compliance; Banking; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90819

Iskandar, Deden Dinar; Wuenscher, Tobias.

The degradation of environmental quality has been one of the main concerns in Indonesia. The government has mentioned the environmental tax as the instrument of environmental management; however, the primary potential problem will be the issue of compliance. Inspired by the situation in Indonesia, this study is expected to contribute on environmental regulation and tax compliance literatures by examining and comparing the impact of bribery, financial reward, and religious attitude on compliance in a developing country where the bribery prevails. The study employs laboratory experiment approach. The results indicate that bribery has the strongest impact; the presence of bribery significantly worsens the compliance. Financial reward enhances the compliance...

Tipo: Presentation

Palavras-chave: Environmental tax; Compliance; Laboratory experiment; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124316

Institutional Innovations for Smallholder Compliance with International Food Safety Standards: Experiences from Kenya, Ethiopian and Zambian Green Bean Growers

Okello, Julius Juma; Narrod, Clare A.; Roy, Devesh.

Many African countries have moved into the production of non-traditional agricultural products to diversify their exports and increase foreign currency earnings. Accessing developed country markets requires meeting food safety standards brought about by several demand and supply side factors. Food retailers in the EU, the major destination market, have developed protocols relating to pesticide residue limits, field and packinghouse hygiene, and traceability. In this changing scenario where food safety requirements are getting increasingly stringent, there are worries that companies that establish production centers in LDCs might exclude smallholder farmers. In this paper, we study the cases of green beans production in Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia for export...

The Problem of Maintaining Compliance within Stable Coalitions: Experimental Evidence

Palavras-chave: International food safety standards; Compliance; Smallholder farmers; Institutional arrangements; Collective action; Producer organizations; Public-private partnerships; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Labor and Human Capital; Marketing; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52183

McEvoy, David M.; Murphy, James J.; Spraggon, John M.; Stranlund, John K..

This study examines the performance of stable cooperative coalitions that form to provide a public good when coalition members have the opportunity to not comply with their commitments. A stable coalition is one in which no member wishes to leave and no non-member wishes to join. To counteract the incentive to violate their commitments, coalition members fund a third-party enforcer. This leads to the theoretical conclusion that stable coalitions are larger (and provide more of a public good) when their members must finance enforcement relative to when compliance is ensured without the need for costly enforcement. However, our experiments reveal that giving coalition members the opportunity to violate their commitments while requiring them to finance...

Monitoring of Compliance in Western Australian Conservation Contracts

Palavras-chave: Stable coalitions; Self-enforcing agreements; Compliance; Enforcement; Public goods; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Public Economics; H41; C92.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42126

Crowe, Bronwyn; White, Benedict; Pannell, David J..

Contracting with private landholders for labor towards production of environmental services (payment for actions) or the environmental services themselves (payment for outcomes) is reliant on the environmental organization’s ability to monitor and assess the environmental outcomes provided. Inaccurate and costly assessment reduces the cost effectiveness of the contract. Different assessment technologies will have different impacts on the cost effectiveness and optimal contracting choice of the environmental organization. The paper compares the influence of field assessment by a local expert, and remote assessment via satellite imagery, on the optimal contracting decision for the Western Australian wheat belt.

Regional differences in veins wall viscosity, compliance. energetics and damping: analysis of the pressure-diameter relationship during cyclical overloads

Palavras-chave: Conservation; Environmental; Compliance; Monitoring; Enforcement; Environmental regulation; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91155

Biol. Res.

ZÓCALO,YANINA; BIA,DANIEL; LLUBERAS,SEBASTIÁN; ARMENTANO,RICARDO L.

Background: The characterization of the dynamic process of veins walls is essential to understand venous functioning under normal and pathological conditions. However, little work has been done on dynamic venous properties. Aim: To characterize vein compliance (C), viscosity (η), peak-strain (W St) and dissipated (W D) energy, damping (ξ), and their regional differences in order to evalúate their role in venous functioning during volume-pressure overloads. Methods: In a mock circulation, pressure (P) and diameter (D) of different veins (anterior cava, jugular and femoral; from 7 sheep), were registered during cyclical volume-pressure pulses. From the P-D relationship, C, W St and ξ (at low and high P-D leveis), η and W D...

Tipo: Journal article

Palavras-chave: Compliance; Damping; Energetic; Vascular physiology; Venous wall; Viscosity.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602008000200012

An adherence trilogy is essential for long-term HAART success

Garcia,Rosa; Schooley,Robert T.; Badaró,Roberto.

Adherence is the milestone of a successful therapy. Over the last decade several authors have addressed the importance of adherence for optimal results of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Many health care systems are investing substantial resources to make available contemporary antiretroviral therapy. Despite the large investment in medications, insufficient investments have been made into an integrated adherence component to maximize the impact of these medications. Adherence, unlike drug therapy, cannot be defined as a single method with a defined prescription or formula. Instead, it is the result of a complex interaction between the patient, a prescribed medication and the health system. Many reports are available analyzing each of these components. We...

Promotion of hand hygiene strengthening initiative in a Nigerian teaching hospital: implication for improved patient safety in low-income health facilities

Palavras-chave: Adherence; Compliance; Antiretroviral therapy.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702003000500005

Uneke,Chigozie Jesse; Ndukwe,Chinwendu Daniel; Oyibo,Patrick Gold; Nwakpu,Kingsley Onuoha; Nnabu,Richard Chukwuka; Prasopa-Plaizier,Nittita.

Background:Health care-associated infection remains a significant hazard for hospitalized patients. Hand hygiene is a fundamental action for ensuring patient safety.Objective:To promote adoption of World Health Organization Hand Hygiene Guidelines to enhance compliance among doctors and nurses and improve patient safety.Methods:The study design was a cross sectional intervention in a Federal Teaching Hospital South-eastern Nigeria. Interventions involved training/education; introduction of hand rub; and hand hygiene reminders. The impact of interventions and hand hygiene compliance were evaluated using World Health Organization direct observation technique.Results:The post-intervention hand hygiene compliance rate was 65.3%. Hand hygiene indications showed...

Compliance with handwashing at two intensive care units in São Paulo

Palavras-chave: Hand hygiene; Health worker; Patient safety; Compliance.

Ano: 2014

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702014000100021

Furtado,Guilherme H.C.; Santana,Solange L.; Coutinho,Ana Paula; Perdiz,Luciana B.; Wey,Sérgio B.; Medeiros,Eduardo A.S..

Handwashing compliance was compared at two medical- surgical intensive care units (ICUs) of a teaching and a non-teaching hospital. The mean compliance was 22.2% and 42.6%, respectively. Respiratory therapists at the non-teaching hospital had the best handwashing compliance (52.6%). Nursing assistants at the teaching hospital had the worst compliance (11.5%). Nursing assistant was the only health-care worker category with a significant difference between the two ICUs (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 3.83-9.43; p< 0.001).

Improving hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers: an intervention study in a Hospital in Guizhou Province, China

Palavras-chave: Compliance; Handwashing; Healthcare workers; Intensive care.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702006000100007

Mu,Xia; Xu,Yan; Yang,Tingxiu; Zhang,Ji; Wang,Chong; Liu,Wei; Chen,Jing; Tang,Luyu; Yang,Huai.

Abstract Objective Hand hygiene (HH) is a critical component for controlling hospital-acquired infection (HAI). The present study was designed to develop an intervention approach to improve compliance with HH among healthcare workers in a hospital setting. Methods The HH intervention study was conducted in Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China and organized by its Department of HAI Management. It was an observational, prospective, quasiexperimental (before-after intervention) study. The study was divided into two phases: the baseline phase and the intervention phase. The investigative team included clinical monitoring staff and infection control practitioners who received a series of instructions on HH compliance, monitoring skills, and...

Noncompliance with tuberculosis treatment by patients at a tuberculosis and AIDS reference hospital in midwestern Brazil

Palavras-chave: Hand hygiene; Compliance; Hospital-acquired infection.

Ano: 2016

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702016000500413

Rabahi,Marcelo Fouad; Rodrigues,Adriana Batista; Mello,Fernanda Queiroz de; Almeida Netto,Joaquim Caetano de; Kritski,Afrânio Lineu.

Introduction: In developing countries, there is little information about the risk factors that predict noncompliance with tuberculosis (TB) treatment in hospitals. Objective: This study analyzes possible factors associated with noncompliance with TB treatment among patients treated at HAA. Design: A retrospective cohort study was made including all patients who initiated TB treatment at HAA, from January to December 1998. A standard form was used to review medical records and to collect data on each patient. This data was evaluated in comparison with data from the state TB control program. Results: Of the 341 patients included in the study, 186 (61.2%) were considered cured and 67 (22%) were non-compliant. The factors associated with noncompliance were:...

Compliance to antiretroviral medication as reported by AIDS patients assisted at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul

Palavras-chave: Tuberculosis; Treatment; Compliance; TB control program; Goiânia.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702002000200002

Monreal,Maria Tereza Ferreira Duenhas; Cunha,Rivaldo Venâncio da; Trinca,Luzia Aparecida.

Compliance to antiretroviral medication is a problem for AIDS patients. Compliance can be influenced by the characteristics of the therapeutic program, by the health guidance professionals, by the patient, and by society in general. A group of 139 Brazilian AIDS patients from the Infectious-Parasitic Diseases day clinic at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul were interviewed from September 27, 1999 to January 21, 2000. We identified and evaluated the frequency of noncompliance to antiretroviral medication, as well as the associated motives. Those who ingested 80%, or more, of prescribed dosages during the week previous to the interview were considered compliant. Among the patients interviewed, 70% mentioned loss or...