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| Registros recuperados: 12.472 | |
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| Holling, C. S.; University of Florida; holling@zoo.ufl.edu. |
| Panarchy focuses on ecological and social systems that change abruptly. Panarchy is the process by which they grow, adapt, transform, and, in the end, collapse. These stages occur at different scales. The back loop of such changes is a critical time and presents critical opportunities for experiment and learning. It is when uncertainties arise and when resilience is tested and established. We now see changes on a global scale that suggest that we are in such a back loop. This article assesses the possibility of using the ideas that are central to panarchy, developed on a regional scale, to help explain the changes that are being brought about on a global scale by the Internet and by climate, economic, and geopolitical changes. |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Adaptive cycles; Change; Complex systems; Panarchy; Transformation. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Belcher, Brian; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); b.belcher@cgiar.org; Achdiawan, Ramadhani; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); r.achdiawan@cgiar.org; Alexiades, Miguel; University of Kent at Canterbury; mna@kent.ac.uk; Campbell, Bruce; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); b.campbell@cgiar.org; Cunningham, Tony; World Wildlife Fund/UNESCO/Kew People and Plants Initiative; peopleplants@bigpond.com; Fantini, Alfredo; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; afantini@cca.ufsc.br; Gautam, Krishna H; Hokkaido University; khgautam@yahoo.com; de Jong, Wil; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); w.de-jong@cgiar.org; Kusters, Koen; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); k.kusters@cgiar.org; Kutty, M. Govindan; Sylva conS; sylvacon@md5.vsnl.net.id; Fu, Maoyi; Chinese Academy of Forestry; fmy@fy.hz.zj.cn; Nair, T.K. Raghavan; Sylva conS; tkrnair@hotmail.com; Ndoye, Ousseynou; CIFOR-Cameroon; o.ndoye@cgiar.org; Ocampo, Rafael; ; quassia@racsa.co.cr; Rai, Nitin; ; nitinrai@vsnl.com; Schreckenberg, Kate; Overseas Development Institute; k.schreckenberg@odi.org.uk; Shackleton, Sheona; Rhodes University; s.shackleton@ru.ac.za; Shanley, Patricia; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR); p.shanley@cgiar.org; Sunderland, Terry; African Rattan Research Programme; afrirattan@aol.com; Youn, Yeo-Chang; Seoul National University; youn@snu.ac.kr. |
| Engagement in the market changes the opportunities and strategies of forest-related peoples. Efforts to support rural development need to better understand the potential importance of markets and the way people respond to them. To this end, we compared 61 case studies of the commercial production and trade of nontimber forest products from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The results show that product use is shaped by local markets and institutions, resource abundance, and the relative level of development. Larger regional patterns are also important. High-value products tend to be managed intensively by specialized producers and yield substantially higher incomes than those generated by the less specialized producers of less managed, low-value products.... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Commercialization; Forest use; Market development; Nontimber forest products; Poverty; Resource management; Specialization. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Verhulst, Simon; Zoological Laboratory of the University of Groningen; s.verhulst@biol.rug.nl; Oosterbeek, Kees; ; kees.oosterbeek@wur.nl; Rutten, Anne L; ; anne.rutten@wur.nl; Ens, Bruno J; ALTERRA - Texel; bruno.ens@wur.nl. |
| Fisheries and other human activities pose a global threat to the marine environment. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an emerging tool to cope with such threats. In the Dutch Wadden Sea, large MPAs (covering 31% of all intertidal flats) have been created to protect shellfish-eating birds and allow recovery of important habitats. Even though shellfish fishing is prohibited in these areas, populations of shellfish-eating birds in the Wadden Sea have declined sharply. The role of shellfish fisheries in these declines is hotly debated, therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of MPAs for protecting oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) populations. Shellfish stocks (cockles, Cerastoderma edule) were substantially higher in the MPAs, but surprisingly this... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Buffy coat; Condition; Haematopus ostralegus; Hematocrit; Ideal free distribution; Marine reserves; Shellfish fishery. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Lynam, Timothy; Tropical Resource Ecology Program, University of Zimbabwe; tlynam@science.uz.ac.zw; Cunliffe, Robert T; ;; Mapaure, Isaac; ; imapaure@science.uz.ac.zw. |
| In collaboration with two communities living in, and on the edge of, Gorongosa National Park (GNP), Mozambique, we researched the importance of different landscape units to these communities and used the information to develop a management plan for GNP. We conceived the importance of a landscape to local people as a ratio of the benefits they derive from it and the costs of accessing or using those benefits. To test this expectation, we developed Bayesian belief models, for which the parameters were the relative preference weightings derived from community members (the relative preferences for benefits and relative expectations of costs). We then collected field data to confront the models for each of the two sites. In a parallel process, we conducted a... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Bayesian Belief Network; Mozambique; Conservation importance; Landscape importance; Participatory methods. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Starzomski, Brian M; University of British Columbia; starzom@zoology.ubc.ca; Cardinale, Bradley J; Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; bjcardinale@facstaff.wisc.edu; Dunne, Jennifer A; Santa Fe Institute; jdunne@santafe.edu; Hillery, Melinda J; Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University; m.hillery@ecu.edu.au; Holt, Carrie A; School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University; cholt@sfu.ca; Krawchuk, Meg A; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta; megk@ualberta.ca; Lage, Melissa; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University; Melissa_Lage@Brown.edu; McMahon, Sean; Complex Systems Group, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee; seanmcm@utk.edu; Melnychuk, Michael C; Fisheries Centre, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia; m.melnychuk@fisheries.ubc.ca. |
| Although ecological research is progressing rapidly, the answers to certain key questions continue to elude us. This paper considers several of the contemporary challenges facing ecology. (1) Terminology is voluminous and often poorly defined, resulting in inefficient communication. (2) The concept of scale affects our inferences about system structure and function, requiring us to continue an almost heuristic investigation of breaks, domains, and integration. New tools that more explicitly incorporate scalar issues will need to be developed for progress to take place in the field of ecology. (3) Increasingly, it is expected that applied questions will be solved in less than a year. This demand for solutions from ecologists often produces short-term and... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Cross-discipline research; Foundations of ecology; Information-sharing database; Scale; Statistics; Terminology. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Shine, Richard; University of Sydney; rics@bio.usyd.edu.au; Lemaster, Michael; ; lemasterm@mail.science.orst.edu; Wall, Michael; ; mwall@bio.usyd.edu.au; Langkilde, Tracy; ; langkild@bio.usyd.edu.au; Mason, Robert; ; masonr@science.oregonstate.edu. |
| If animals avoid road surfaces or are unable to follow conspecific trails across such surfaces, previously continuous populations may be fragmented. We gathered data on the effects of a small (4-m wide) gravel road on the behavior and trail-following abilities of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in Manitoba, central Canada. As expected, the road surface had less vegetation cover, a more open canopy and, thus, higher incident radiation than did the surrounding grassland. Contrary to expectations, however, substrate temperatures were lower on the road than in its surrounds, because of the higher reflectivity of the road's surface. On a nearby asphalt road, substrate temperatures were relatively high on the road surface only in the evening, as... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Behavior; Connectivity; Habitat fragmentation; Pheromones; Reproduction; Reptile. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Hinke, Jefferson T; Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory and Joint Institute for Marine and At; jhinke@pfeg.noaa.gov; Kaplan, Isaac C; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin; ickaplan@wisc.edu; Aydin, Kerim; Alaska Fisheries Science Center; Kerim.Aydin@noaa.gov; Watters, George M; Pacific Fisheries Environmental Laboratory; gwatters@pfeg.noaa.gov; Olson, Robert J; Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission; rolson@iattc.org; Kitchell, James F. K.; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin; kitchell@mhub.limnology.wisc.edu. |
| We use food-web models to develop visualizations to compare and evaluate the interactions of tuna fisheries with their supporting food webs in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and the central north Pacific (CNP) Oceans. In the ETP and CNP models, individual fisheries use slightly different food webs that are defined by the assemblage of targeted tuna species. Distinct energy pathways are required to support different tuna species and, consequently, the specific fisheries that target different tuna assemblages. These simulations suggest that catches of tunas, sharks, and billfishes have lowered the biomass of the upper trophic levels in both systems, whereas increases in intermediate and lower trophic level animals have accompanied the decline of top... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem modeling; Food webs; Longline fishing; Purse-seine fishing; Tunas; Trophic levels; Pacific Ocean. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Park, Kirsty; University of Stirling; k.j.park@stir.ac.uk. |
| Although invasive alien species have been identified as the second greatest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss, characterizing and quantifying their impacts on native species and habitats remains a fundamental problem in conservation biology. Here, I review the techniques that are currently used to assess the impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity, highlighting both their uses in invasive species ecology and their limitations in establishing a causal relationship. Adopting a hypothesis-driven experimental approach to impact assessment, and to eradication efforts through adaptive management, would benefit our ecological understanding of invasive species without delaying critical management action that could reduce the spread of invasive... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Adaptive management; Experimental; Impact assessment; Invasive alien species; Predation. |
| Ano: 2004 |
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| Registros recuperados: 12.472 | |
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