SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Canadian Agriculture and the Doha Development Agenda: The Challenges

Kramb, Marc Christopher.

Institutions should reduce uncertainty and the costs of transaction with their regulating activities. This target was pursued at an international level with the foundation of the WTO. With an extensive treaty and a new dispute settlement procedure, the WTO was founded as the institutional platform for international co-operation. In view of the growing conflicts in international trade, the hope to create with this institution an international trade order, in which legally comprehensible decisions dominate and power-oriented politics are deterred, is fading. The case of the hormone dispute shows that the target of a fast harmonization of international standards cannot be reached in critical trade disputes. A solo effort in the area of trade measures that is...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: WTO; Institutions; Transaction costs; Dispute settlement procedures; SPS-Agreement; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98861

Rude, James; Meilke, Karl D..

The WTO Framework Agreement that negotiators accepted in July 2004, and built upon at the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial meeting provides a guide to the commitments a Doha Development Agenda agreement may contain. These commitments will relate to direct and indirect export subsidies, domestic support and market access. Commitments in each of these areas will have implications for Canadian agriculture. This article explores these implications for supply management, the Canadian Wheat Board and domestic support programs.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Canadian agriculture; Doha; Trade liberalization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23825

CHILE'S WHEAT TRADE ENVIRONMENT: THE ECONOMICS OF PRICE BANDS, IMPORT TARIFFS AND POLICY TRANSPARENCY

Smith, Vincent H.; Goodwin, Barry K..

Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?

Palavras-chave: Wheat trade; Chile; Price bands; GATT; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F1; Q1.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/29251

Zhang, ZhongXiang.

The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. This paper discusses how far trade-related measures should be incorporated in that context. Drawing on an analogy to the Montreal Protocol and comparing developing country’s climate mitigation and adaptation needs with the funding available, the paper argues that such measures should initially be applied only among Annex I or II countries. To discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, the paper emphasizes a need to define comparable climate efforts. Moreover,...

Disputing Trade Preferences at the WTO Dispute Settlement Body: Revisiting the EC/ACP Sugar Preferences

Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Trade-related measures; Lieberman-Warner bill; WTO; Montreal Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54359

The Effects of China's Tariff Reductions on EU Agricultural Exports

Ngangjoh H., Yenkong.

While the benefits of preferential trade agreements granted by the European Communities to the ACP countries have been lauded, the efficiency of such preferences in achieving the underpinning objectives of the preferences has also been contested in some quarters. Whenever multilateral trade negotiations move towards reducing most-favoured-nation tariffs, countries benefiting from trade preferences are concerned over the impact the reductions will have on such preferences. The debates over the value of preferences seem recently to have intensified due to a number of complaints brought before the WTO dispute settlement system that challenge the legality of the preferences or other measures linked to the preferences. Though it places some emphasis on the...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Appellate Body; Dispute settlement; Enabling Clause; Panel; Sugar Protocol; Trade preferences; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23898

Niemi, Jyrki S.; Huan-Niemi, Ellen.

China's accession to the WTO means significant increases in export opportunities for China's trading partners. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's agricultural imports from the European Union (EU). The approach is to estimate demand functions for China's agri-food imports from the EU using semi-annual data from 1980 to 2000. The demand functions are used to measure the impacts of relative-price and trade policy changes on EU agricultural exports to China. The results suggest that in China, there is a relatively strong demand response for agrifood imports to changes in income and prices. Furthermore, the results indicate that relative-price variations affect...

Liberalizing Agricultural Trade: Will It Ever Be a Reality?

Palavras-chave: China; WTO; Agricultural trade; Tariffs; Demand functions; Estimation; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24839

The Latest Wave of Regionalism: Does Outsider Status Affect the Competitiveness of U.S. and Canadian Agricultural Exports?

McCalla, Alex F..

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture was signed in June 1994. It accomplished two things: it brought agricultural trade under the rules of WTO, and it set schedules for reducing barriers to trade under the three pillars of liberalization--market access, export assistance, and domestic support. Nine years later there has been precious little liberalization. The new Doha Round has ambitious objectives for agricultural trade liberalization. However, given recent behavior by rich developed countries, it seems unlikely that developing countries will get increased access to Northern markets or reduced competition from subsidized exports, despite their now representing a majority of WTO members.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Barriers; Distortions; Improved access; Liberalization; Policy; Protection; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31067

Grant, Jason H..

The degree to which countries are pursuing regional trade agreements (RTAs) has been nothing short of extraordinary. The latest wave of regional integration, however, is “breeding concern” among academics and policymakers as to the extra‐regional effects of these agreements and their impact on North American agricultural exporters who are party to relatively few RTAs in world trade. This study constructs and uses an updated database of agricultural trade flows from 1992‐2008 to shed light on the degree to which outsiders status affects U.S. and Canadian agricultural exports and its competing suppliers. Regarding outsider status, the existing dummy‐variable approach is modified by incorporating region‐specific extra‐bloc trade flow variables to examine the...

Performance Analysis of Production and Trade of Indian Silk under WTO Regime

Palavras-chave: Regionalism; WTO; Trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90888

Umesh, Kotrakerebasegowda; Akshara, Mutuguppe; Shripad, Bhat; Harishkumar, K.; Srinivasan, S.M..

India is the second largest producer of silk and also the largest consumer of silk in the world having a strong tradition bound domestic market. In this paper, growth functions were estimated for India’s aggregate production and trade parameters using annual data from 1984/85 to 2006/07. To know the temporal price efficiency between the World (China) and Domestic market (India) the co-integration test was done for the period from 1991/92 to 2004/05. The performance analysis was done considering both mulberry and non-mulberry silk sectors at all India level for two sub-periods (Pre-WTO; 1984-85 to 1994-95 and Post-WTO; 1995-96 to 2006-07). The overall growth in production of cocoon and raw silk in India exhibited a decreasing trend with moderate...

EU dairy policy and WTO negotiations

Palavras-chave: Mulberry; Co-integration; Instability index; Nominal protection coefficient; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50788

Bouamra-Mechemache, Zohra; Requillart, Vincent.

The EU dairy sector is facing a period of significant changes that are due to three major decisions: the EU enlargement, the Luxemburg reform and on-going WTO negotiations. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of changes in both domestic and trade dairy policies using a spatial model of the dairy sector that includes EU25 member countries, the modelling of the rest of the world including the main world dairy exporter (Oceania) and 4 importing areas (Africa, America, Asia and the Rest of Europe). The paper provides detailed results with respect to dairy markets in the EU. We show that in the context of the Luxemburg reform, the WTO might have positive impacts on EU milk price. The positive impact on EU milk price of a reduction of the tariffs in the...

Constraining U.S. and EU Domestic Support in Agriculture: The October 2005 WTO Proposals

Palavras-chave: WTO; Agricultural policy; Dairy industry; Partial equilibrium model; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10105

Brink, Lars.

In October 2005 the USA, EU, and G-20 submitted proposals on domestic support in the WTO agriculture negotiations. We consider the de minimis rules and allowances, project future (2014) distorting support for the USA and the EU-15, calculate the constraints resulting from projected values of production combined with the U.S., EU and G-20 proposals, and compare their effectiveness in constraining components of distorting support and future applied support. The de minimis rules make a significant difference for future allowed support. Under the U.S. proposal the Overall commitment constrains neither the USA nor the EU. Under the EU and especially the G-20 proposals the Overall commitment constrains distorting support to be less than the sum of the cap on...

Like Products, Health and Environmental Exceptions: The Interpretation of PPMs in Recent WTO Trade Dispute Cases

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; AMS; De minimis; Domestic support; Overall reduction; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25399

An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan

Read, Robert.

This article is concerned with the ongoing debate on process and production methods (PPMs) and the extent to which existing GATT 1994 articles and WTO agreements are able to deal with these issues. The article provides an overview of GATT articles III.4 on like products and XX on general exceptions as well as the SPS and TBT agreements. It then summarises four recent GATT/WTO trade dispute cases involving PPM issues: tuna-dolphin; shrimp-turtle; gasoline standards; and asbestos. The WTO panel and appellate body decisions in these cases are analysed with regard to articles III.4 and XX in the context of the evolution of WTO case law with respect to PPMs. Inferences are also drawn concerning the likely implications for a potential trade dispute over GM...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Asbestos; Environment; Exceptions; Gasoline; GM; Health; Like products; PPMs; Shrimp-turtle; Trade disputes; Tuna-dolphin; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23900

Hsu, Shih-Hsun; Chang, C.; Li, S.; Chen, Y..

In this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover,...

Perspectives on Farm Policy Reform

Palavras-chave: Computable General Equilibrium (CGE); Tiered Formula; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25546

Alston, Julian M.; Sumner, Daniel A..

This article begins with a review of what has happened to U.S. domestic farm policies and related agricultural trade policies over the past 10 years. We conclude this review with a brief overview of the policies as they stand today. Then we consider potential outcomes in the 2007 Farm Bill, and their implications for U.S. agriculture and, in particular, for agriculture in the Western states. Finally, we contemplate the longer-term possibilities for meaningful, enduring reform of U.S. farm program policies.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: 2007 Farm Bill; U.S. farm policy; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8594

Reform of Agricultural Export Credit Programs

EU-China Agricultural Trade in Relation to China's WTO Membership

Rude, James.

This paper examines whether government-sponsored export credit arrangements have the same effect on trade as direct export subsidies. The export credit programs for several major agricultural exporters are described. These programs are compared to OECD disciplines for export credit arrangements, and the consequences of extending these guidelines to agriculture are analysed. None of the programs discussed would be consistent with the OECD guidelines. Since export credit arrangements have many of the same characteristics as targeted export subsidies, the same analytical framework can be used to analyse these programs. However, it is necessary to determine implicit subsidy values for the program.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Export credit; Export subsidy; Price discrimination; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23836

Niemi, Jyrki S.; Huan-Niemi, Ellen.

China's trade with the world doubled after joining the WTO. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's global agricultural imports as well as imports from the EU. The approach is to model behavioral relationships in the agricultural trade between China and the EU by using annual trade data from 1986 to 2005. The results indicate that Chinese agricultural imports are relatively inelastic to absolute price changes, but relative price changes significantly affect the market shares of EU exports due to price competition. Trade liberalization in the form of tariff reductions is trivial in changing the quantity of China's agricultural imports from the EU. Rapid income...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: China; EU; WTO; Agricultural imports; Income; Tariff; Price; Model; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8163

AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND THE DOHA ROUND: LESSONS FROM COMMODITY STUDIES

Beghin, John C.; Aksoy, Ataman.

While global analytical approaches to agricultural trade liberalization yield large gains for most economies, there are substantial variations in the policy regimes across commodities. To clarify the multiplicity of distortions and impacts, the World Bank's Trade Department undertook a series of commodity studies. The studies highlight the important challenges faced by negotiating countries in the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade negotiations. The studies provide a sharper look at the North-South dimensions of the agricultural trade debate, with the North's trade barriers, domestic support, and tariff escalation. They also underscore the South-South challenges on border protection and the reduced rural income opportunities for the...

Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures

Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Commodities; Doha Round; Trade negotiations; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18301

Anania, Giovanni; Scoppola, Margherita.

The paper focuses on the importance of the assumptions made about market structure and firm behaviors in empirical trade policy analysis. It does it with reference to the most recent changes in the EU import regime for bananas, namely the Economic Partnership Agreements and the December 2009 WTO agreement on bananas. The paper’s contribution to the literature on the issues addressed is threefold: it develops two original models which incorporate imperfectly competitive market structures in a spatial modeling framework; it provides an assessment of the degree of market power in international banana trade and, finally, it assesses how the analysis of the implications of the most recent changes in the EU import regimes for bananas is affected by the...

Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs

Palavras-chave: Bananas; Economic Partnership Agreements; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98985

Yue, Chengyan; Beghin, John C.; Jensen, Helen H..

The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped TBT estimate to its key determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, and trade cost). We use the augmented approach to investigate the ongoing US-Japan apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.

World Food Prices after WTO Foundation: Deterministic and Non-deterministic Factors

Palavras-chave: Apple; Japan; SPS; TBT; Technical barriers to trade; Trade cost; Trade dispute; WTO; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18338

Yu, Xiaohua; Meyer, Stefan.

This paper develops a two-step method to estimate the influence of non-deterministic factors in production on food prices, and finds that non-deterministic factors of wheat production do significantly affect both wheat and corn prices in the world and, however, those of corn do not.