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Última Efficient Conservation in a Utility-Maximization Framework Ecology and Society Davis, Frank W; University of California; fd@bren.ucsb.edu; Costello, Christopher; University of California; costello@bren.ucsb.edu; Stoms, David; University of California; stoms@bren.ucsb.edu. Systematic planning for biodiversity conservation is being conducted at scales ranging from global to national to regional. The prevailing planning paradigm is to identify the minimum land allocations needed to reach specified conservation targets or maximize the amount of conservation accomplished under an area or budget constraint. We propose a more general formulation for setting conservation priorities that involves goal setting, assessing the current conservation system, developing a scenario of future biodiversity given the current conservation system, and allocating available conservation funds to alter that scenario so as to maximize future biodiversity. Under this new formulation for setting conservation priorities, the value of a site depends on... Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Sierra Nevada; California; Conservation; Cost-effectiveness; Irreplaceability; Planning; Retention; Scenario. Ano: 2006 Tackling the motivation to monitor: success and sustainability of a participatory monitoring program Ecology and Society Singh, Navinder J.; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; navinder.singh@slu.se; Danell, Kjell; ; kjell.danell@slu.se; Edenius, Lars; ; lars.edenius@slu.se. Monitoring of species and their ecosystem attributes is a fundamental requirement in applied ecology and conservation. However, landscape scale monitoring requires an immense effort and commitment, especially when species have a wide distribution or are migratory in nature. Participatory monitoring, whereby local communities are engaged, is increasingly being proposed to address landscape scale monitoring. Its implementation is met with many challenges related to finances, motivation of the local people, lack of trained manpower, and nondirect legal use of the species in question. It is of interest to determine what makes a participatory monitoring program interesting for locals to ensure their long term engagement. Using the unique 26-year program of... Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports Palavras-chave: Biology of the species; Citizen science; Cost-effectiveness; Efficiency; Hunter observations; Migratory species; Moose; Social activities; Ungulates. Ano: 2014 A decision-making framework to reduce the risk of collisions between ships and whales ArchiMer Sèbe, Maxime; Kontovas, Christos, A.; Pendleton, Linwood. Ship strikes are one of the main human-induced threats to whale survival. A variety of measures have been used or proposed to reduce collisions and subsequent mortality of whales. These include operational measures, such as mandatory speed reduction, or technical ones, such as detection tools. There is, however, a lack of a systematic approach to assessing the various measures that can mitigate the risk of ship collisions with whales. In this paper, a holistic approach is proposed to evaluate mitigation measures based on a risk assessment framework that has been adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), namely the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA). Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is “a rational and systematic process for assessing the risk... Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Whale; Collision; Ship strikes; Risk assessment; Cost-effectiveness. Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00588/69982/67892.pdf Sequential process to choose efficient sampling design based on partial prior information data and simulations ArchiMer Kermorvant, Claire; Coube, Sébastien; D’amico, Frank; Bru, Noëlle; Caill-milly, Nathalie. Issues on sampling procedure definition led numerous study results to be biased and object of controversy. Choosing relevant sampling design and number of samples is a difficult task when wanted to set up or optimize a survey. The survey design choice is very important to avoid bias and increase the survey cost-efficiency. It can have a strong effect on the sample size needed to achieve some targeted accuracy on results. And on the final cost of the procedure. The sequential process we expose here melt design based and model based sampling theories. Its objectives is helping practitioners defining a sampling design and a number of samples for their survey when inference to the whole population is wanted. The main idea is to mathematically reconstruct the... Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Accuracy; Cost-effectiveness; Survey; Simulations; Survey optimization; Virtual ecology. Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00619/73140/72306.pdf Direct Payments for Environmental Services from Mountain Agriculture in Japan: Evaluating its Effectiveness and Drawing Lessons for Developing Countries AgEcon Sakuyama, Takumi. This article evaluates the effectiveness of ex-post targeting of the direct payment program for mountain agriculture in Japan. A regression analysis explaining the entry into the program shows that the farm profitability and the production cost were significant positive and negative factor, respectively, in determining the uptake, while the efforts by local governments were a robust factor in facilitating the enrollment. These findings imply ineffective ex-post targeting and call for the differentiation of the premium, alternative incentives to promote forestation for the un-enrolled fields and additional funds targeted to those prefectures with the low uptake ratio. Lessons drawn from the Japanese experience for effective incentive measures in developing... Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Direct payment; Environmental services; Mountain farming; Targeting; Transaction costs; Japan; Environmental Economics and Policy. Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/110128 Modeling environmental risk and land management trade-offs in the Great Barrier Reef catchment AgEcon Mallawaarachchi, Thilak; Mazur, Kasia; Lawson, Kenton. We develop a catchment scale modeling framework to identify cost-effective strategies for joint onsite abatement and offsite mitigation of land-based pollution from agricultural activities that pose a risk to water quality in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). An illustrative example of the Barron catchment in north Queensland is used to demonstrate an approach to specify social planner’'s problem for non-point source pollution management as a cost minimisation model to meet a specified reduction in land-based pollution emissions at the receiving waters of GBR. We focus on the tradeoffs between onsite pollution control and offsite pollution mitigation under a collective contract for nutrient reduction at a sub-catchment level and discuss implementation options. Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Non-point source pollution; Water quality; Land use; Cost-effectiveness; Coastal zone management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use. Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10377 Allocation of CO2 Emissions Allowances in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program AgEcon Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L.; Kahn, Danny. Cap-and-trade programs for air emissions have become the widely accepted, preferred approach to cost-effective pollution reduction. One of the important design questions in a trading program is how to initially distribute the emissions allowances. Under the Acid Rain program created by Title IV of the Clean Air Act, most emissions allowances were distributed to current emitters on the basis of a historic measure of electricity generation in an approach known as grandfathering. Recent proposals have suggested two alternative approaches: allocation according to a formula that is updated over time according to some performance metric in a recent year (the share of electricity generation or something else) and auctioning allowances to the highest bidders.... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Mercury; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10650 Towards a Resource Economics for Adaptive Managers AgEcon Marshall, Graham R.. Adaptive management has become one of the catchphrases of the sustainable development literature, and is referred to increasingly in natural resource policy deliberations. Its advocates argue that natural resource sustainability issues are addressed more realistically and usefully as complex adaptive systems than as mechanistic systems. Resource economics has conventionally analysed such issues mechanistically, through the method of comparative statics. This paper explores the consequent limitations of conventional resource economics in supporting adaptive management, and offers signposts towards a resource economics with fewer of these limitations. Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Adaptive management; Cost-effectiveness; Abatement costs; Transaction costs; Path dependence; Increasing returns.; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. Ano: 2003 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57921 Alternative Land Use Policies: Real Options with Costly Reversibility AgEcon Song, Feng; Zhao, Jinhua; Swinton, Scott M.. This paper adopts a real options framework to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four types of subsidies that aim to encourage a socially desirable land use under return uncertainties and costly reversibility of land use change. We first present a land conversion model to show how the subsidies that are expected net present value (ENPV) equivalent can change a representative farmer’s optimal land conversion rules differently for converting land into an alternative use as well as converting out of it. This is because these subsidies affect the land conversion costs, land return level and uncertainty differently. Then in the context of encouraging energy crop production, we compare the probabilities of inducing the representative farmer to convert land from... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Monte Carlo simulations; Real options; Agricultural subsidies; Cost-effectiveness; Two-way land conversion; Agricultural and Food Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q24; Q48. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61510 Environmental Economics AgEcon Stavins, Robert N.. This article, prepared for the forthcoming second edition of the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, provides an overview of the economics of environmental policy. Included are the setting of goals and targets, notably the Kaldor-Hicks criterion, and the related method of assessment known as benefit-cost analysis. Also reviewed are the means of environmental policy, that is, the choice of specific policy instruments, featuring an examination of potential criteria for assessing alternative instruments, with focus on cost-effectiveness. The theoretical foundations and experiential highlights of individual instruments are reviewed, including conventional command-and-control mechanisms and market-based instruments. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental economics; Efficiency; Cost-effectiveness; Benefit-cost analysis; Market-based instruments; Tradeable permits; Pollution taxes; Environmental Economics and Policy; K320; Q280; Q380; Q480. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10841 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Regulatory Reform: An Assessment of the Science and the Art AgEcon Kopp, Raymond J.; Krupnick, Alan J.; Toman, Michael. The continuing efforts in the 104th Congress to legislate requirements for cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and the revised Office of Management and Budget guidelines for the conduct of such assessments during a regulatory rulemaking process highlight the need for a comprehensive examination of the role that CBA can play in agency decision-making. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge regarding CBA and offers suggestions for improvement in its use, especially in the context of environmental regulations. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Cost-benefit; Cost-effectiveness; Risk management; Regulatory reform; Demand and Price Analysis; D6; L5. Ano: 1997 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10851 Comparing Price and Non-price Approaches to Urban Water Conservation AgEcon Olmstead, Sheila M.; Stavins, Robert N.. Urban water conservation is typically achieved through prescriptive regulations, including the rationing of water for particular uses and requirements for the installation of particular technologies. A significant shift has occurred in pollution control regulations toward market-based policies in recent decades. We offer an analysis of the relative merits of market-based and prescriptive approaches to water conservation, where prices have rarely been used to allocate scarce supplies. The analysis emphasizes the emerging theoretical and empirical evidence that using prices to manage water demand is more cost-effective than implementing non-price conservation programs, similar to results for pollution control in earlier decades. Price-based approaches also... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Water Conservation; Market-based Approaches; Policy Instrument Choice; Water Price; Q25; Q28; Q58; L95. Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42919 Towards a cost-effectiveness analysis of the measurement of biodiversity indicators AgEcon Targetti, Stefano; Viaggi, Davide; Cuming, David. A comprehensive quantification of biodiversity in farming systems would require a very significant amount of work (and funds) even for a small area. Therefore, biodiversity indicators are needed to solve the problem of the measurement feasibility. Even though the issue of cost and effectiveness is central for the evaluation of the indicators, only the latter is discussed in detail in the scientific literature. This work presents a cost analysis based on the direct gathering of records from a farm-scale biodiversity survey (EU-FP7, BioBio - “Indicators for biodiversity in organic and low-input farming systems”) where the analysis of costs is part of the project. It is a simple method for comparing different indicators by their ratio of cost/effectiveness.... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Cost-effectiveness; Indicator costs; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q2. Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99585 The Effect of Allowance Allocation on the Cost of Carbon Emission Trading AgEcon Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L.; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; Paul, Anthony. We investigate the cost-effectiveness and distributional effects of a revenue-raising auction, grandfathering, and a generation performance standard as alternative approaches for distributing carbon emission allowances in the electricity sector. We solve a detailed national electricity market model and find the auction is roughly one-half the societal cost of the other approaches. This result holds under a variety of assumptions about the future state of economic regulation and competition in the electricity sector. The differences in the cost of the approaches flow from the effect of each approach on electricity price. Grandfathering is the best for producers but it imposes a substantial cost on consumers. The generation performance standard yields the... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Carbon; Emission allowance trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Safety valve; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94. Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10536 Comparison at Dairy Farm Level of Different Policies to Decrease Nutrient Losses to Ground and Surface Waters in the Netherlands AgEcon Berentsen, Paul B.M.. This paper describes and compares two governmental policies that aim to decrease nutrient losses from farming to ground and surface waters in the Netherlands. The mineral bookkeeping system (MINAS) is the first policy. It is applied in the Netherlands since 1998 and it is based on a farm gate balance approach. This national policy was definitely rejected on October 2, 2003 by the EU Court of Justice as it was considered not to comply fully with the EU Nitrate Directive. Consequently, the Netherlands developed the Application Standards Policy (ASP) based on a soil balance approach which will replace MINAS starting 2006. Especially for dairy farming, that combines plant and animal production, nutrient input and output at soil level are hard to determine as... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Dairy farming; Nutrient losses; Environmental policy; Nitrate directive; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Livestock Production/Industries. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24290 The Effect on Asset Values of the Allocation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances AgEcon Burtraw, Dallas; Palmer, Karen L.; Bharvirkar, Ranjit; Paul, Anthony. Paradoxically, owners of existing generation assets may be better off paying for carbon dioxide emission allowances than having them distributed for free. This analysis shows that it takes just 7.5% of the revenue raised under an auction to preserve the asset values of existing generators. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Carbon dioxide; Emission allowance trading; Allocation; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Outputbased allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94. Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10705 Traceability in Food Systems: An Economic Analysis of LGMA and the 2006 Spinach Outbreak AgEcon Nganje, William E.; Skilton, Paul F.; Jensen, Helen H.; Onyeaghala, Raphael. This case study presents an in-depth review of network structures and costs associated with the implementation of traceability systems in California leafy green production, distribution, and retailing. The 2006 spinach outbreak is used to assess the economic impact of trace back/forward response time of the LGMA system, an example of a tightly coupled, linear supply network. Results suggest that the benefits of traceability systems may far outweigh the costs and that costs vary significantly by technology used and by grower size. Implications are derived for cost-effectiveness of rapid response, targeted trace back/forward systems in other types of supply networks. Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Traceability; Produce; Supply networks; Cost-effectiveness; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Production Economics; Q18; I18; L51. Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108776 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CO-REGULATORY APPROACHES TO FOOD SAFETY CONTROLS AgEcon Hussein, Mohamud; Fearne, Andrew; Martinez, Marian Garcia; Di Falco, Salvatore. Food safety controls are currently enforced in the UK by a variety of regulatory approaches that considerably differ in their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving social goals of safe food supply and improved consumer confidence. Aim of this study is to establish whether a coregulatory enforcement of these controls is more cost-effective than the traditional command-and- control enforcement modes. First of its kind, the study reviewed a vast theoretical literature on economics of food safety and incentives to develop a conceptual framework and appropriate methodology for comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of co-regulatory approaches to food hygiene controls in the UK meat industry. A panel data on costs and compliance of 710 meat firms operating... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Co-regulation; Food safety; Incentives; Panel data modelling; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; C23; K32; Q18; Q28. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91725 Can genetic engineering for the poor pay off? An ex-ante evaluation of Golden Rice in India AgEcon Stein, Alexander J.; Sachdev, H.P.S.; Qaim, Matin. Genetic engineering (GE) in agriculture is a controversial topic in science and society at large. While some oppose genetically modified crops as proxy of an agricultural system they consider unsustainable and inequitable, the question remains whether GE can benefit the poor within the existing system and what needs to be done to deliver these benefits? Golden Rice has been genetically engineered to produce provitamin A. The technology is still in the testing phase, but, once released, it is expected to address one consequence of poverty " vitamin A deficiency (VAD) " and its health implications. Current interventions to combat VAD rely mainly on pharmaceutical supplementation, which is costly in the long run and only partially successful. We develop a... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Genetic engineering; Beta-carotene biofortification; Vitamin A deficiency; Golden Rice; Health benefits; DALYs; Cost-effectiveness; Cost-benefit analysis; India; Agricultural and Food Policy. Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8534 Environmental Law and Public Policy AgEcon Revesz, Richard L.; Stavins, Robert N.. This chapter provides an economic perspective of environmental law and policy with regard to both normative and positive dimensions. It begins with an examination of the central problem in environmental regulation: the tendency of pollution generators in an unconstrained market economy to externalize some of the costs of their production, leading to an inefficiently large amount of pollution. We examine the ends of environmental policy, that is, the setting of goals and targets, beginning with normative issues, notably the Kaldor-Hicks criterion and the related method of assessment known as benefit-cost analysis. We examine this analytical method in detail, including its theoretical foundations and empirical methods of estimation of compliance costs and... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental economics; Environmental law; Efficiency; Cost-effectiveness; Benefit-cost analysis; Environmental federalism; Environmental Economics and Policy; K320; Q280; Q380; Q480. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10742 Registros recuperados: 34 Primeira ... 1 2 ... Última

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