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| Registros recuperados: 82 | |
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| Kerr, William A.; Hall, Shannon L.. |
| With regard to international organisations, agricultural economists have tended to focus their attention on the World Trade Organisation. There is a good reason for this – WTO negotiations determine, to a considerable degree, the international constraints on the imposition of barriers to market access, the subsidisation of exports and the subsidisation of domestic production. Most governments, however, have made a wide range of additional international commitments that have implications for trade and domestic policy making in agriculture through the negotiation of a large number of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Biosafety Protocol (BSP). These have received much... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45737 |
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| Zhang, Sidi; Kerr, William A.. |
| This paper examins the question of revisiting the imposition of existing trade barriers in one case of an evolving marketplace – when a traditional food product is altered to provide, or discovered to have, human health benefits that increases their value to consumers. In other words, the food becomes a functional food. A functional food has the potential provide direct benefits to consumers as well as indirect benefits to society in the form of health care cost savings. If the trade barrier was put in place prior to these direct and indirect benefits of the food becoming apparent, then they would not have been considered when the decision to impose the trade barrier was taken. In these circumstances, policy makers may wish to revisit a decision to impose... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Trade health; Agricultural and Food Policy; Health Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2009 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51092 |
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| Innes, Brian G.; Kerr, William A.; Hobbs, Jill E.. |
| Trade policy initiatives of developed country governments are in flux. Governments’ need for new trade policy measures has arisen partly because of constraints imposed on the use of export subsidies by the Agreement on Agriculture reached as part of the Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1994. Further disciplines on export subsidies and other policy measures may be agreed on in the Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, accentuating the need for new policy measures. While the Doha Round may not successfully reach an agreement, the current modalities show provisional agreement on the elimination of multiple forms of export subsidies. There is provisional agreement on more stringent restrictions on the use of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6131 |
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| Loppacher, Laura J.; Kerr, William A.; Vliet, Van. |
| The discovery of BSE in Canada's cattle herd on May 20, 2003 has led to lost market access for Canadian cattle and beef in many countries. The Canadian cattle industry is extremely export dependent, and the loss of almost all of major export markets has had a devastating impact. Over a year later, many of these markets have still not removed their restrictions on Canadian cattle and beef. The severity of the restrictions and their long-term continuance are far in excess of what is recommended by the international organisations that set the standards for trade in animals and animal products. This has led many in the Canadian industry to wonder why these sanitary barriers are being misused and abused. The illegitimate and legitimate reasons for creating a... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23936 |
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| Kerr, William A.; Hobbs, Anna L.. |
| The accession of China to the WTO may take place in the near future. While much attention has been given to the effect this will have on international trade and the Chinese economy, less attention has been given to the effect on the WTO. China is a large, developing, transition economy that is likely to alter the WTO in a number of ways. The paper examines three aspects of China's accession and their implications for the WTO: (1) will China play by the rules?; (2) market socialism in the WTO's market-based system; and (3) the organisation's decision-making process. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Accession; China; Decision making; Unequal treaties; WTO; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23853 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| The GATT was an organization that was seldom at the centre of political controversy, nor was it the object of virulent protest. The WTO, which succeeded it, however, has not enjoyed the GATT's anonymity. The controversies surrounding the WTO detract from its effectiveness and debase its credibility. In large measure, the contentious issues that the WTO has been attempting to deal with since its inception do not have at their heart trade in goods and services. The framers of the WTO took bold steps to create a new institution during the Uruguay Round--much of which has turned out to be a significant improvement on the GATT. This does not mean, however, that everything that was put in place has proved to be an improvement, or even workable. It may be time to... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Civil society; Trade sanctions; TRIPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23842 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| There is a major split between developed and developing countries over the protection of the patents in pharmaceuticals in the TRIPS. This dispute is symptomatic of the difficulties of incorporating a non-trade issue into a trade organization. Incentives and threats are examined in the context of the TRIPS. It is concluded that developing countries have no direct incentives to protect intellectual property, that the threat of trade actions is unlikely to induce compliance and that the use of indirect incentives is discredited and will fail to achieve its objective over the long run. Successful protection of intellectual property in developing countries will require a way to provide them with a direct incentive to enforce such protection. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Incentives; Intellectual property; Knowledge economy; Threats; TRIPS; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23815 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| The European Union is attempting to have the protection of geographic indicators strengthened in the WTO. There may be sufficient rents and other benefits available to justify this strategy in the negotiations. To achieve its rent-seeking goals, however, the European Union needs allies at the negotiations. It has been courting developing countries by touting the benefits of geographic indicators for their products. For most products originating in developing countries, the opportunities for rents will first have to be created, a resource-intensive and problematic activity. Further, even if rents can be created in the short run, the forces of competition are likely to erode them. Scarce resources might be better utilized on other development strategies that... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographic indicators; Incentives; Rent seeking; Sustainable development; WTO; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23827 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| International trade can be inhibited in two ways; through the use of mechanisms that directly alter the flow of goods and poor transparency in the rules of trade. The former includes tariffs and other border measures, subsidies and non-tariff barriers. The effect on trade flows resulting from issues of transparency is indirect. When the rules of trade are unclear for firms considering investing in trade related activities, the risks associated with those investments increase and investment is inhibited. If there is less investment in trade related activities, trade flows will be reduced. Poor transparency exists in contingent protection measures such as anti-dumping – currently on the agenda of the Rules negotiations at the WTO and – customs and related... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Investment; Liberalization; Risk; Transparency; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6322 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| The concept of science-based rules for the establishment of trade barriers was a new development that arose from the Uruguay Round. It is an attempt to de-politicise decision making in the complex areas of human, animal and plant health as well as aspects relating to the environment. In the short time it has been in operation it has become a mantra for some but an anathema to others with an interest in trade policy. It is now at the heart of a major trade dispute between the EU and the United States over trade in the products of biotechnology. The paper discusses the controversies relating to the science-based system and provides suggestions to improve its efficacy. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Independence; Precautionary principle; Science-based; Scientific consensus; SPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23883 |
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| Viju, Crina; Yeung, May T.; Kerr, William A.. |
| Until there is a successful challenge at the WTO, the EU policy on LLP is likely to remain in place. Under this policy, there is a zero tolerance level for GM material that has not received EU authorization. Zero tolerance, however, has to be operationalized – what does an exporting country have to do to prove it is in compliance with zero tolerance? The Protocol on Triffid flax was formally proposed by the Canadian flax industry, not the Canadian government, and accepted by the European Commission. It entails an extensive and costly testing regime all along the flaxseed supply chain. Canadian exports of flaxseed have resumed to the EU. The Protocol provides sufficient transparency for firms to be willing to engage in international transactions. This... |
| Tipo: Technical Report |
Palavras-chave: GMO; EU; Triffid; NTB; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122742 |
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| Loppacher, Laura J.; Kerr, William A.; Barichello, Richard R.. |
| Regulations relating to disease management have traditionally been an important component of the overall environment in which international trade in agriculture products occurs. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) allows members to restrict or prohibit imports from a country when imported products present a risk to human, animal or plant health or life. As the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, also commonly called Mad Cow disease in the media) outbreak in Canada showed, the disease status of a country is a major competitive advantage and losing disease-free status can impose significant costs on an industry. The risks associated with SPS-based border closures were not... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24166 |
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| Kerr, William A.. |
| In recent years the United States has actively begun to engage in the negotiation of bilateral and regional trade agreements, a significant change from its long-standing commitment to the exclusive use of multilateral institutions for trade liberalization. While the "unequal economic power" effects of the strategic use of trade policy are well understood, the long-run implications of the creation of a queue for bilateral negotiations have been less fully explored. It is argued here that queuing creates vested interests that are antipathetic to multilateralism and threaten to erode the value of the WTO's "club good." As a result, the new two-track approach of the United States to trade negotiations may not be a sustainable policy. |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Bilateralism; Club good; Queuing; International Relations/Trade. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23865 |
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| Registros recuperados: 82 | |
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