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Large-scale spatio-temporal monitoring highlights hotspots of demersal fish diversity in the Mediterranean Sea ArchiMer
Granger, Victoria; Fromentin, Jean-marc; Bez, Nicolas; Relini, Giulio; Meynard, Christine N.; Gaertner, Jean-claude; Maiorano, Porzia; Garcia Ruiz, Cristina; Follesa, Cristina; Gristina, Michele; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Brind'Amour, Anik; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Charilaou, Charis; Esteban, Antonio; Jadaud, Angelique; Joksimovic, Aleksandar; Kallianiotis, Argyris; Kolitari, Jerina; Manfredi, Chiara; Massuti, Enric; Mifsud, Roberta; Quetglas, Antoni; Refes, Wahid; Sbrana, Mario; Vrgoc, Nedo; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Merigot, Bastien.
Increasing human pressures and global environmental change may severely affect the diversity of species assemblages and associated ecosystem services. Despite the recent interest in phylogenetic and functional diversity, our knowledge on large spatio-temporal patterns of demersal fish diversity sampled by trawling remains still incomplete, notably in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most threatened marine regions of the world. We investigated large spatio-temporal diversity patterns by analysing a dataset of 19,886 hauls from 10 to 800 m depth performed annually during the last two decades by standardized scientific bottom trawl field surveys across the Mediterranean Sea, within the MEDITS program. A multi-component (eight diversity indices) and...
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Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00216/32743/31322.pdf
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Large-scale spatio-temporal patterns of Mediterranean cephalopod diversity ArchiMer
Kellerhttps://w3.ifremer.fr/archimer-admin/author.jsp#, Stefanie; Bartolino, Valerio; Hidalgo, Manuel; Bitetto, Isabella; Casciaro, Loredana; Cuccu, Danila; Esteban, Antonio; Garcia, Cristina; Garofalo, Germana; Josephides, Marios; Jadaud, Angelique; Lefkaditou, Evgenia; Maiorano, Porzia; Manfredi, Chiara; Marceta, Bojan; Massut, Enric; Micallef, Reno; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Relini, Giulio; Sartor, Paolo; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Tserpes, George; Quetglas, Antoni.
Species diversity is widely recognized as an important trait of ecosystems’ functioning and resilience. Understanding the causes of diversity patterns and their interaction with the environmental conditions is essential in order to effectively assess and preserve existing diversity. While diversity patterns of most recurrent groups such as fish are commonly studied, other important taxa such as cephalopods have received less attention. In this work we present spatio-temporal trends of cephalopod diversity across the entire Mediterranean Sea during the last 19 years, analysing data from the annual bottom trawl survey MEDITS conducted by 5 different Mediterranean countries using standardized gears and sampling protocols. The influence of local and regional...
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Ano: 2016 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00303/41407/40581.pdf
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Spatial variability of Chondrichthyes in the northern Mediterranean ArchiMer
Follesa, Maria C.; Marongiu, Martina F.; Zupa, Walter; Bellodi, Andrea; Cau, Alessandro; Cannas, Rita; Colloca, Francesco; Djurovic, Mirko; Isajlovic, Igor; Jadaud, Angelique; Manfredi, Chiara; Mulas, Antonello; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Porcu, Cristina; Ramirez-amaro, Sergio; Salmeron Jimenez, Francisca; Serena, Fabrizio; Sion, Letizia; Thasitis, Ioannis; Cau, Angelo; Carbonara, Pierluigi.
Thanks to the availability of the MEDITS survey data, a standardized picture of the occurrence and abundance of demersal Chondrichthyes in the northern Mediterranean has been obtained. During the spring-summer period between 2012 and 2015, 41 Chondrichthyes, including 18 sharks (5 orders and 11 families). 22 batoids (3 orders and 4 families) and 1 chimaera, were detected from several geographical sub-areas (GSAs) established by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Batoids had a preferential distribution on the continental shelf (10-200 m depth). while shark species were more frequent on the slope (200-800 m depth). Only three species, the Carcharhiniformes Galeus melastomus and Scyliorhinus canicida and the Torpediniformes Torpedo...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Fish; Chondrichthyes; Bottom trawl surveys; Distribution; Abundance; Mediterranean.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00600/71220/69591.pdf
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Spatio-temporal patterns of macrourid fish species in the northern Mediterranean Sea ArchiMer
García-ruiz, Cristina; Hidalgo, Manuel; Carpentieri, Paolo; Fernandez-arcaya, Ulla; Gaudio, Palma; González, Maria; Jadaud, Angelique; Mulas, Antonello; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Rueda, José Luis; Vitale, Sergio; D’onghia, Gianfranco.
The present study describes for the first time the spatial distribution of five macrourid species throughout the Mediterranean Sea and analyses depth, geographical and time-related trends regarding their abundance, biomass and mean fish weight. The data were collected as part of the MEDITS annual bottom trawl survey carried out by several European Mediterranean countries from 1994 to 2015, using the same standardized gear and sampling protocol. The most represented species in terms of abundance and biomass was Coelorinchus caelorhincus. The bathymetric trend was different for each species. The shallowest occurring species was C. caelorhincus, followed by Hymenocephalus italicus and Nezumia sclerorhynchus, while Nezumia aequalis and Trachyrincus scabrus...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Macrourids; Mediterranean; Bathymetric distribution; Geographic distribution; Spatio-temporal trends; Deep-sea; Trawl survey.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00489/60057/63337.pdf
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Explorative analysis on red mullet (Mullus barbatus) ageing data variability in the Mediterranean ArchiMer
Carbonara, Pierluigi; Zupa, Walter; Anastasopoulou, Aikaterini; Bellodi, Andrea; Bitetto, Isabella; Charilaou, Charis; Chatzispyrou, Archontia; Elleboode, Romain; Esteban, Antonio; Follesa, Maria Cristina; Isajlovic, Igor; Jadaud, Angelique; Garcia-ruiz, Cristina; Giannakaki, Amalia; Guijarro, Beatriz; Kiparissis, Sotiris Elias; Ligas, Alessandro; Mahe, Kelig; Massaro, Andrea; Medvesek, Damir; Mytilineou, Chryssi; Ordines, Francesc; Pesci, Paola; Porcu, Cristina; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Thasitis, Ioannis; Torres, Pedro; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Tursi, Angelo; Sion, Letizia.
The uncertainty in age estimation by otolith reading may be at the root of the large variability in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) growth models in the Mediterranean. In the MEDITS survey, red mullet age data are produced following the same sampling protocol and otolith reading methodology. However, ageing is assigned using different interpretation schemes, including variations in theoretical birthdate and number of false rings considered, in addition to differences in the experience level of readers. The present work analysed the influence of these variations and the geographical location of sampling on red mullet ageing using a multivariate approach (principal component analysis). Reader experience was the most important parameter correlated with the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Mullus barbatus; Age variability; MEDITS; Mediterranean; Reader effect; False rings; Date of birth.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00591/70320/68356.pdf
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Modelling spatio-temporal patterns of fish community size structure across the northern Mediterranean Sea: an analysis combining MEDITS survey data with environmental and anthropogenic drivers ArchiMer
Bitetto, Isabella; Romagnoni, Giovanni; Adamidou, Angeliki; Certain, Gregoire; Di Lorenzo, Manfredi; Donnaloia, Marilena; Lembo, Giuseppe; Maiorano, Porzia; Milisenda, Giacomo; Musumeci, Claudia; Ordines, Francesc; Pesci, Paola; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Pesic, Ana; Sartor, Paolo; Spedicato, Maria Teresa.
The state of marine systems subject to natural or anthropogenic impacts can be generally summarized by suites of ecological indicators carefully selected to avoid redundancy. Length-based indicators capture the status of fish community structure, fulfilling the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requirement for Descriptor 3 (status of commercial fish species). Although the MSFD recommends the development of regional indicators, a comparison among alternative length-based indicators is so far missing for the Mediterranean Sea. Using principal component analysis and dynamic factor analysis, we identified the most effective subset of length-based indicators, whether or not based on maximum length. Indicator trends and time series of fishing effort and...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Demersal fish community; Size structure indicators; Geographical sub-area; Marine Strategy Framework Directive; Dynamic factor analysis; Redundancy analysis.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00599/71148/69466.pdf
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Spatial distribution pattern of European hake, Merluccius merluccius (Pisces: Merlucciidae), in the Mediterranean Sea ArchiMer
Sioni, Letizia; Zupa, Walter; Calculli, Crescenza; Garofalo, Germana; Hidalgo, Manuel; Jadaud, Angelique; Lefkaditou, Evgenia; Ligas, Alessandro; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Bitetto, Isabella; Capezutto, Francesca; Carlucci, Roberto; Esteban, Antonio; Follesa, Cristina; Guijarro, Beatriz; Ikica, Zdravko; Isajlovic, Igor; Lembo, Giuseppe; Manfredi, Chiara; Perez, José Luiz; Porcu, Cristina; Thasitis, Ioannis; Tserpes, George; Carbonara, Pierluigi.
The present study provides updated information on the occurrence, abundance and biomass distribution patterns and length frequencies of Merluccius merluccius in the Mediterranean Sea, by analysing a time series of data from the Mediterranean International Trawl Surveys (MEDITS) from 1994 to 2015. The highest values of abundance and biomass were observed in the Sardinian Seas. The use of a generalized additive model, in which standardized biomass indices (kg km–2) were analysed as a function of environmental variables, explained how ecological factors could affect the spatio-temporal distribution of European hake biomass in the basin. High biomass levels predicted by the model were observed especially at 200 m depth and between 14°C and 18°C, highlighting...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Merluccius merluccius; Distribution pattern; Environmental factors; MEDITS; Mediterranean Sea.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00591/70351/68419.pdf
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MEDLEM database, a data collection on large Elasmobranchs in the Mediterranean and Black seas ArchiMer
Mancusi, Cecilia; Baino, Romano; Fortuna, Corina; De Sola, Luis Gil; Morey, Gabriel; Bradai, Mohamed Nejmeddine; Kallianotis, Argyrios; Soldo, Alen; Hemida, Farid; Saad, Adib Ali; Dimech, Mark; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Bariche, Michel; Clò, Simona; De Sabata, Eleonora; Castellano, Laura; Garibaldi, Fulvio; Lanteri, Luca; Tinti, Fausto; Pais, Antonio; Sperone, Emilio; Micarelli, Primo; Poisson, Francois; Sion, Letizia; Carlucci, Roberto; Cebrian-menchero, Daniel; Séret, Bernard; Ferretti, Francesco; El-far, Alaa; Saygu, Ismet; Shakman, Esmail A.; Bartoli, Alex; Guallart, Javier; Damalas, Dimitrios; Megalofonou, Persefoni; Vacchi, Marino; Bottaro, Massimiliano; Notarbartolo Di Sciara, Giuseppe; Follesa, Maria Cristina; Cannas, Rita; Kabasakal, Hakan; Zava, Bruno; Cavlan, Graziella; Jung, Armelle; Abudaya, Mohammed; Kolitari, Jerina; Barash, Adi; Joksimovic, Aleksandar; Marčeta, Bojan; Gonzalez Vilas, Luis; Tiralongo, Francesco; Giovos, Ioannis; Bargnesi, Filippo; Lelli, Stefano; Barone, Monica; Moro, Stefano; Mazzoldi, Carlotta; Charis, Charilaou; Abella, Alvaro Juan; Serena, Fabrizio; Colloca, Francesco; Cetkovic, Ilija.
The Mediterranean Large Elasmobranchs Monitoring (MEDLEM) database contains over 3000 records (more than 4000 individuals) of large elasmobranch species from 20 different countries around the Mediterranean and Black seas, observed from 1666 to 2017. The main species included in the archive are the devil fish (1 813 individuals), the basking shark (939 individuals), the blue shark (585 individuals) and the great white shark (337 individuals). In the last decades other species such as the shortfin mako (166 individuals), the spiny butterfly ray (138) and the thresher shark (174 individuals) were reported with an increasing frequency. This was possibly due to an increased public awareness on the conservation status of sharks, and a consequent development of...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Bycatch; Databases; Geographical distribution; Large elasinobranchs; Mediterranean and Black seas; Sharks.
Ano: 2020 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00649/76117/77080.pdf
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Investigation of spatiotemporal patterns in mean temperature and mean trophic level of MEDITS survey catches in the Mediterranean Sea ArchiMer
Peristeraki, Panagiota; Bitetto, Isabella; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Carlucci, Roberto; Certain, Gregoire; De Carlo, Francesco; Gristina, Michele; Kamidis, Nikos; Pesci, Paola; Stagioni, Marco; Valls, María; Tserpes, George.
Mean temperature (MTC) and mean trophic level (MTL) spatiotemporal patterns of MEDITS survey catches were examined in 13 geographic statistical areas (GSAs) of the Mediterranean between 1994 and 2016. The study aimed to detect changes in the demersal community structure related to anthropogenic impacts. A generalized additive modelling approach was used to examine the effects of year and GSA on the MTC and MTL indexes and on bottom temperature by haul. For the MTC index, the year was significant only in 4 GSAs, while for MTL it was significant in 5. Higher MTC values were observed in central and eastern areas. Bottom temperature increased after 2010, and also from west to east and from north to south. Our results indicate that the recently observed...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Mean temperature of the catch; Trophic level; Bottom temperature; Trends; Mediterranean; Fishing pressure; Sea warming; Climate change.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00489/60054/63332.pdf
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Spatio-temporal trends in diversity of demersal fish assemblages in the Mediterranean ArchiMer
Farriols, M. Teresa; Ordines, Francesc; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Casciaro, Loredana; Di Lorenzo, Manfredi; Esteban, Antonio; Follesa, Cristina; García-ruiz, Cristina; Isajlovic, Igor; Jadaud, Angelique; Ligas, Alessandro; Manfredi, Chiara; Marceta, Bojan; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Vrgoc, Nedo; Massutí, Enric.
The high species richness, coupled with high proportion of endemism, makes the Mediterranean one of the world’s ‘biodiversity hotspots’. However, the continuous increase in fisheries in the last few decades has led to the overexploitation of their main commercial stocks. Using fishery-independent data collected under the framework of the MEDITS trawl surveys carried out over the last 20 years, we study the demersal fish diversity pattern in the Mediterranean at a large spatial and temporal scale to determine whether it is being affected by the general fishing overexploitation of the demersal resources. The detected diversity trends are compared with the spatio-temporal variation in bottom trawl fishing effort in the Mediterranean. Our results show a...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Fish assemblages; MEDITS; Bottom trawling; Fishing effort; Mediterranean Sea.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00584/69628/67484.pdf
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Environmental drivers explain regional variation of changes in fish and invertebrate functional groups across the Mediterranean Sea from 1994 to 2012 ArchiMer
Brind'Amour, Anik; Rochet, Marie-joelle; Ordines, Francesc; Hosack, Geoff; Berthele, Olivier; Merigot, Bastien; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Follesa, Maria Cristina; Jadaud, Angelique; Lefkaditou, Evgenia; Maiorano, Porzia; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Mannini, Alessandro; Rabiller, Manuella; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Tserpes, George; Trenkel, Verena.
Functional groups are sets of species that play a similar role in a food web. We defined functional groups of fish species based on their morphological characteristics, while using expert knowledge for invertebrates. We measured 9 morphological traits of 72 fish species, and carried out multivariate analyses to assign fish species to functional groups. The analysis identified 9 trait-based fish functional groups to which were added 3 expert-based invertebrate functional groups. The habitat (position in the water column) and potential diet of each group were identified from the literature. Using the MEDITS bottom trawl survey data collected at 10 to 800 m depth, we calculated relative change in the 12 fish and invertebrate functional group biomasses for 12...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Morphological traits; Community models; Functional network; Functional groups; Mediterranean Sea; Temporal trends; Fish; Shellfish.
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00363/47382/47475.pdf
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Capturing the big picture of Mediterranean marine biodiversity with an end-to-end model of climate and fishing impacts ArchiMer
Moullec, Fabien; Velez, Laure; Verley, Philippe; Barrier, Nicolas; Ulses, Caroline; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Esteban, Antonio; Follesa, Cristina; Gristina, Michele; Jadaud, Angelique; Ligas, Alessandro; Díaz, Eduardo López; Maiorano, Porzia; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Thasitis, Ioannis; Valls, Maria; Guilhaumon, François; Shin, Yunne-jai.
The Mediterranean Sea is one of the main hotspots of marine biodiversity in the world. The combined pressures of fishing activity and climate change have also made it a hotspot of global change amidst increasing concern about the worsening status of exploited marine species. To anticipate the impacts of global changes in the Mediterranean Sea, more integrated modelling approaches are needed, which can then help policymakers prioritize management actions and formulate strategies to mitigate impacts and adapt to changes. The aim of this study was to develop a holistic model of marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea with an explicit representation of the spatial, multispecies dynamics of exploited resources subject to the combined influence of climate...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ecosystem model; Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management; OSMOSE model; NEMOMED model; Eco3M-S model; Global change.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62408/66668.pdf
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Stability of the relationships among demersal fish assemblages and environmental-trawling drivers at large spatio-temporal scales in the northern Mediterranean Sea ArchiMer
Mérigot, Bastien; Gaertner, Jean-claude; Brind’amour, Anik; Carbonara, Pierluigi; Esteban, Antonio; Garcia-ruiz, Cristina; Gristina, Michele; Imzilen, Taha; Jadaud, Angelique; Joksimovic, Aleksandar; Kavadas, Stefanos; Kolitari, Jerina; Maina, Irida; Maiorano, Porzia; Manfredi, Chiara; Micallef, Reno; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Relini, Giulio; Sbrana, Mario; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Thasitis, Ioannis; Vittori, Stefania; Vrgoc, Nedo.
Trawling pressure and environmental changes may affect the composition of fish assemblages. Our knowledge on large spatio-temporal patterns of demersal fish composition remains incomplete for the Mediterranean Sea. We investigated (1) the spatio-temporal stability of demersal assemblages, (2) the relationships between these assemblages and potential structuring factors (trawling pressure and environmental conditions) in order to assess the dynamic of the assemblage structure at the scale of the northern Mediterranean Sea. We analysed a dataset of 18062 hauls from 10 to 800 m depth performed annually during the last two decades across 17 Geographical Sub-Areas (GSAs) (MEDITS program). A multi-table analysis (STATICO-CoA) evidenced a strong inter-GSAs...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Species composition; Stability; Demersal assemblages; Environment; Fishing pressure; Large scale; Co-inertia analysis; STATICO-CoA.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00584/69629/67485.pdf
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Spatiotemporal abundance pattern of deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, and Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, in European Mediterranean waters ArchiMer
Sbrana, Mario; Zupa, Walter; Ligas, Alessandro; Capezzuto, Francesca; Chatzispyrou, Archontia; Follesa, Maria Cristina; Gancitano, Vita; Guijarro, Beatriz; Isajlovic, Igor; Jadaud, Angelique; Markovic, Olivera; Micallef, Reno; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Piccinetti, Corrado; Thasitis, Ioannis; Carbonara, Pierluigi.
The main characteristics concerning the distribution of two of the most important decapod crustaceans of commercial interest in the Mediterranean Sea, the deep-water rose shrimp, Parapenaeus longirostris, and the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, are studied in the European Mediterranean waters. The study is based on data collected under the MEDITS trawl surveys from 1994 to 2015 from the Gibraltar Straits to the northeastern Levantine Basin (Cyprus waters). The observed differences can be interpreted as different responses to environmental drivers related to the differing life history traits of the two species. In fact, N. norvegicus is a long-living, benthic burrowing species with low growth and mortality rates, while P. longirostris is an epibenthic,...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Nephrops norvegicus; Parapenaeus longirostris; Distribution; Trawl survey; Mediterranean Sea.
Ano: 2019 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00489/60052/63331.pdf
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Modelling of European hake nurseries in the Mediterranean Sea: an ecological niche approach ArchiMer
Druon, Jean-noel; Fiorentino, Fabio; Murenu, Matteo; Knittweis, Leyla; Colloca, Francesco; Osio, Chato; Merigot, Bastien; Garofalo, Germana; Mannini, Alessandro; Jadaud, Angelique; Sbrana, Mario; Scarcella, Giuseppe; Tserpesi, George; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Carlucci, Roberto; Heikkonen, Jukka.
An ecological niche modelling (ENM) approach was developed to model the suitable habitat 36 for the 0-group European hake, Merluccius merluccius L., 1758, in the Mediterranean Sea. 37 The ENM was built combining knowledge on biological traits of hake recruits (e.g. growth, 38 settlement, mobility and feeding strategy) with patterns of selected ecological variables 39 (chlorophyll-a fronts and concentration, bottom depth, sea bottom current and temperature) 40 to highlight favourable nursery habitats. The results show that hake nurseries require stable 41 bottom temperature (11.8-15.0oC), low bottom currents (< 0.034 m.s-1) and a frequent 42 occurrence of productive fronts in low chlorophyll-a areas (0.1-0.9 mg.m-3) to support a 43 successful...
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Ano: 2015 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00228/33947/32262.pdf
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Environmentally driven synchronies of Mediterranean cephalopod populations ArchiMer
Keller, Stefanie; Quetglas, Antoni; Puerta, Patricia; Bitetto, Isabella; Casciaro, Loredana; Cuccu, Danila; Esteban, Antonio; Garcia, Cristina; Garofalo, Germana; Guijarro, Beatriz; Josephides, Marios; Jadaud, Angelique; Lefkaditou, Evgenia; Maiorano, Porzia; Manfredi, Chiara; Marceta, Bojan; Micallef, Reno; Peristeraki, Panagiota; Relini, Giulio; Sartor, Paolo; Spedicato, Maria Teresa; Tserpes, George; Hidalgo, Manuel.
The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by large scale gradients of temperature, productivity and salinity, in addition to pronounced mesoscale differences. Such a heterogeneous system is expected to shape the population dynamics of marine species. On the other hand, prevailing environmental and climatic conditions at whole basin scale may force spatially distant populations to fluctuate in synchrony. Cephalopods are excellent case studies to test these hypotheses owing to their high sensitivity to environmental conditions. Data of two cephalopod species with contrasting life histories (benthic octopus vs nectobenthic squid), obtained from scientific surveys carried out throughout the Mediterranean during the last 20 years were analyzed. The objectives of...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Cephalopods; Mediterranean; MEDITS; Dynamic factor analysis; Synchrony; Octopus vulgaris; Illex coindetii.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00371/48207/48320.pdf
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