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| Zhang, Zibin; Vedenov, Dmitry V.; Wetzstein, Michael E.. |
| The U.S. ethanol fuel industry has experienced preferential treatment from federal and state governments ever since the Energy Tax Act of 1978 exempted 10% ethanol/gasoline blend (gasohol) from the federal excise tax. Combined with a 54¢/gal ethanol import tariff, this exemption was designed to provide incentives for the establishment and development of a U.S. ethanol industry. Despite these tax exemptions, until recently, the U.S. ethanol fuel industry was unable to expand from a limited regional market. Ethanol was dominated in the market by MTBE (methyl-tertiary-butyl ether). Only after MTBE was found to contaminate groundwater and consequently banned in many states did the demand for ethanol expand nationally. Limit pricing on the part of MTBE... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34867 |
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| Zhang, Zibin; Jin, Xiangrong; Dong, Xuebing; Wetzstein, Michael E.. |
| Since the beginning of this century, China’s annual GDP growth is over 9%. This growth is fueled by large increases in energy consumption, led by a coal-dominated energy structure, and associated with higher sulfur dioxide emissions and industry dust. In 2008, China accounted for over 17% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and accounts for nearly three-quarters of global energy growth. At an average annual energy growth rate over 12% since 2000, China’s future share of primary energy consumption will continue to increase. A consequence of this growth is China becoming the global leader in sulfur and carbon dioxide emissions. To deal with these energy and environmental challenges, the government set energy saving and pollution reduction... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Environmental productivity efficiency; Hyperbolic distance function; China's energy policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Productivity Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60918 |
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| Qiu, Cheng; Colson, Gregory; Zhang, Zibin; Wetzstein, Michael E.. |
| The US Environmental Protection Agency announced a waiver allowing an increase in the Fuel-Ethanol blend limit (the “blend wall” ) from 10% (E10) to 15% (E15) on October,2010.Justifications for the waiver are reduced vehicle fuel prices and less consumption of petroleum gasoline, leading to energy security. In this paper, employing Monte Carlo simulations and Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter, an empirical study examines this waiver revealing an anomaly where a relaxation of this blend wall elicits a demand response. Under a wide range of elasticities, this demand response can actually increase the consumption of petroleum gasoline and thus lead to greater energy insecurity. The economics supporting this result and associated policy implications are... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Blend wall; Energy security; Ethanol; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98795 |
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