Home Itens selecionados Provedores de dados OAI Créditos Sobre Ajuda

			Busca avançada
	Provedor de dados 31 (88) Autor Stranlund, John K. (11) Brennan, Timothy J. (9) Burtraw, Dallas (6) Menrad, Klaus (5) Palmer, Karen L. (5) Chavez, Carlos A. (4) Parry, Ian W.H. (4) Boyd, James (3) Caswell, Julie A. (3) Dosi, Cesare (3) Goulder, Lawrence H. (3) Karp, Larry S. (3) Moretto, Michele (3) Stavins, Robert N. (3) Villas-Boas, Sofia Berto (3) Anders, Sven M. (2) Boom, Jan Tjeerd (2) Brown, Jennifer (2) Cambini, Carlo (2) Dubois, Pierre (2) Mais... Palavra-chave L51 (88) Environmental Economics and Policy (38) Q28 (18) Public Economics (15) Q58 (15) L94 (13) Regulation (13) Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety (9) Agricultural and Food Policy (8) K32 (8) Resource /Energy Economics and Policy (8) D82 (6) Electricity restructuring (6) Emissions Taxes (6) Enforcement (6) H23 (6) Q18 (6) Risk and Uncertainty (6) Uncertainty (6) Compliance (5) Mais... Tipo do documento Working or Discussion Paper (66) Conference Paper or Presentation (16) Journal Article (4) Article (1) Working Paper (1) Ano 2012 (1) 2011 (5) 2010 (9) 2009 (9) 2008 (8) 2007 (9) 2006 (6) 2005 (7) 2004 (2) 2003 (9) 2002 (1) 2001 (1) 2000 (3) 1999 (3) 1998 (9) 1997 (2) 1996 (3) 1995 (1) Mais... País United States (88) Idioma Inglês (88)		Ordenar por:  Relevância Autor Título Ano Registros recuperados: 88 Primeira ... 1 2 3 4 5 ... Última Banking on "Green Money": Are Environmental Financial Responsibility Rules Fulfilling Their Promise? 31 Boyd, James. Financial responsibility rules are an increasingly common form of environmental regulation. Currently, the operators of landfills, underground petroleum storage tanks, offshore rigs, and oil tankers must demonstrate the existence of adequate levels of capital as a precondition to the legal operation of their businesses. Environmental financial responsibility ensures that firms possess the resources to compensate society for pollution costs created in the course of business operations. In addition to providing a source of funds for victim compensation and pollution remediation, financial responsibility is thought to motivate better decision-making, particularly regarding the management of long-term risks. This article describes both the promise of financial... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Financial responsibility; Environmental liability; Waste disposal; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; L51; K32. Ano: 1996 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10592 Bankruptcy Risk and Imperfectly Enforced Emissions Taxes 31 Stranlund, John K.; Zhang, Wei. Under favorable but reasonable conditions, an imperfectly enforced emissions tax produces the efficient allocation of individual emissions control; aggregate emissions are independent of whether enforcement of the tax is sufficient to induce the full compliance of firms, and differences in individual violations are independent of firm-level differences. All of these desirable characteristics disappear when some firms under an emissions tax risk bankruptcy—the allocation of emissions control is inefficient, imperfect enforcement causes higher aggregate emissions, and financially insecure firms choose higher violations. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Bankruptcy; Emissions Taxes; Limited Liability; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; Q28; Q58. Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42127 Regulatory Independence and Political Interference: Evidence from EU Mixed-Ownership Utilities’ Investment and Debt 31 Cambini, Carlo; Rondi, Laura. This paper examines the investment and financial decisions of a sample of 92 EU regulated utilities, taking into account key institutional features of EU public utilities, such as: a) regulation by agencies with various degrees of independence; b) partial ownership of the state in the regulated firm; and c) the government’s political orientation, which may ultimately influence the regulatory climate to be either more pro-firm or more pro-consumers. Our results show that regulatory independence matters for both investment and financial decisions. Investment increases under an Independent Regulatory Agency (IRA), while ownership has no effect. Leverage also increases when the IRA is in place, especially so if the regulated firm is privately controlled.... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Regulated Utilities; Investment; Capital Structure; Private and State Ownership; Regulatory Independence; Government’s Political Orientation; Financial Economics; G31; G32; L33; L51; L90. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91002 Utilizing Contingent Claims to Improve the Management of CAFOs 31 Gramig, Benjamin M.; Skees, Jerry R.; Black, J. Roy. We propose a market-based approach to reducing the environmental risk posed by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The dual problems of hidden information and hidden action faced by policymakers are considered alongside the competing incentives faced by the CAFO manager in a multiple principal-agent setting. A new approach that uses insurance-like contracts is introduced by use of the specific example of a swine operation with a lagoon-based manure management system. Index-based contingent claims contracts in tandem with third-party auditing and waste hauling options are introduced as a complement to regulatory frameworks designed to reduce negative externalities from production. Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Animal feeding operations; Asymmetric information; Environmental risk; Insurance; Public policy; Regulation; D82; G22; L51; Q18; Q25; Q28. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43346 Policy Analysis in a Second-Best World 31 Parry, Ian W.H.; Oates, Wallace E.. This paper first describes the new literature in environmental economics on the socalled "double dividend" and then explores its implications for a broad range of economic issues. The basic finding in this literature is that in a second-best, general equilibrium setting, environmental measures raise costs and prices and thereby reduce the real wage. This rise in the cost of living reduces slightly the quantity of labor supplied in an already highly distorted labor market, giving rise to losses in social welfare that can be large relative to the basic welfare gains from improved environmental policy. These losses may be offset to some extent by using revenues (if any) from the environmental programs to reduce existing taxes on labor. This same line of... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Regulatory policies; Welfare effects; Pre-existing taxes; General equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; H23; D52. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10687 A Safety Valve for Emissions Trading 31 Stranlund, John K.. This paper considers the optimal design of an emissions trading program that includes a safety valve tax that allows pollution sources to escape the emissions cap imposed by the aggregate supply of emissions permits. I demonstrate that an optimal hybrid emissions trading/emissions tax policy involves a permit supply that is strictly less than under a pure emissions trading scheme and a safety valve tax that exceeds the optimal pure emissions tax as long as expected marginal damage is an increasing function. While the expected level of emissions under a hybrid policy may be more or less than under pure emissions trading or a pure emissions tax, under the assumption that uncertainty about aggregate marginal abatement costs is symmetric the most likely... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Emissions Taxes; Emissions Trading; Uncertainty; Safety Valve; Hybrid Emissions Control; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; Q28. Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53125 Implementing Electricity Restructuring: Policies, Potholes, and Prospects 31 Brennan, Timothy J.; Palmer, Karen L.; Martinez, Salvador A.. Electricity is one of the last U.S. industries in which competition is replacing regulation. We briefly review the technology for producing and delivering power, the history of electricity policy, and recent state and international experience. We then outline the major questions facing policymakers as they decide whether, when, and how to implement restructuring. We conclude with some thoughts on the California electricity crisis and other political controversies. Although the California experience has come to define what it means for electricity markets to fail, most of the problems it raised are among those we know how to solve or prevent. The still unresolved make-or-break issue remains whether the cooperation necessary to maintain reliability is... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Electricity restructuring; Regulation; Deregulation; Public Economics; L51; L94; D4. Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10508 Optimal Incentives under Moral Hazard and Heterogeneous Agents: Evidence from Production Contracts Data 31 Dubois, Pierre; Vukina, Tomislav. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical framework for estimation of the parameters of a structural model of an incentive contract under moral hazard, taking into account agents heterogeneity in preferences. We show that allowing the principal to strategically distribute the production inputs across heterogenous agents as part of the contract design, the principal is able to change what appears to be a uniform contract into individualized contracts tailored to fit agents' preferences or characteristics. Using micro level data on swine production contract settlements, we find that contracting farmers are heterogenous with respect to their risk aversion and that this heterogeneity affects the principal's allocation of production inputs across... Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Agency Contracts; Optimal Incentives; Moral Hazard; Risk Aversion; Heterogeneity; Production Economics; D82; L24; Q12; K32; L51. Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25568 Food Safety and Defense Risks in the U.S.-Mexico Produce Chain 31 Nganje, William E.; Richards, Timothy J.; Bravo, Jesus; Hu, Na; Kagan, Albert; Acharya, Ram N.; Edwards, Mark R.. Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I18; I28; L51. Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94707 Strategic Choice of International Emissions Trading Scheme in an Open Economy with Perfect Competition 31 Boom, Jan Tjeerd. Emissions trading can be organized in several ways. In particular, private emissions trading can be organized as permit trading, or as credit trading. The schemes have a different impact on output with credit trading leading to a higher output level than permit trading. This paper analyzes what the optimal choice of emissions trading scheme is in a model with international trade and perfect competition in the product and emission quota market. Furthermore, I discuss whether it is optimal for the country to allow its firms to trade emissions internationally. The paper shows that countries want to use these schemes in different circumstances, depending on whether they import or export the good. Furthermore, it is shown that in several cases, countries... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Emissions trading; Credit trading; International trade; Perfect competition; Strategic behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; F10; L51; Q25; Q28. Ano: 2003 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24196 The Environmental Impacts of Electricity Restructuring: Looking Back and Looking Forward 31 Palmer, Karen L.; Burtraw, Dallas. In the mid-1990s, when the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was preparing to release Order 888 requiring open access to the transmission grid, the commission, environmental groups, and the Environmental Protection Agency, among others, raised the question of how open access and greater competition in wholesale electricity markets might affect the environment. If open access worked as expected, underutilized older coal-fired generators in the Midwest and elsewhere might find new markets for their power, leading to associated increases in air pollution emissions. Restructuring also might lead to retirements of inefficient nuclear facilities, whose generation would be replaced by fossil generation, further increasing emissions. On the other hand, some... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Electricity; Electric utilities; Regulation; Competition; Environment; Air pollution; Natural gas; Coal; Nuclear; Renewables; Customer choice; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L51; L94; L98. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10656 Tax Deductible Spending, Environmental Policy, and the "Double Dividend" Hypothesis 31 Parry, Ian W.H.; Bento, Antonio M.. A number of recent studies have shown that the general equilibrium welfare effects of externality-correcting policies depend importantly on pre-existing taxes in the economy, particularly those that distort the labor market. This paper extends the prior literature by allowing for consumption goods that are deductible from labor taxes. These "goods" represent medical insurance, other less tangible fringe benefits, mortgage interest, and so on. The initial tax system effectively subsidizes tax-favored consumption relative to other consumption, in addition to distorting the labor market. We find that incorporating tax-favored consumption may overturn key results from earlier studies. In particular, a revenue-neutral pollution tax (or auctioned pollution... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental policies; Distortionary taxes; Tax deductions; Welfare effects; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q28; L51. Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10737 The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological Change 31 Newell, Richard G.; Jaffe, Adam B.; Stavins, Robert N.. We develop a methodology for testing Hick's induced innovation hypothesis by estimating a product-characteristics model of energy-using consumer durables, augmenting the hypothesis to allow for the influence of government regulations. For the products we explored, the evidence suggests: (i) the rate of overall innovation was independent of energy prices and regulations, (ii) the direction of innovation was responsive to energy price changes for some products but not for others, (iii) energy price changes induced changes in the subset of technically feasible models that were offered for sale, (iv) this responsiveness increased substantially during the period after energy-efficiency product labeling was required, and (v) nonetheless, a sizeable portion of... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Induced innovation; Energy efficiency; Technological change; Economic incentives; Regulation; Standards; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L51; O31; O38; Q40; Q20; Q48. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10521 Border Enforcement and Firm Response in the Management of Invasive Species 31 Ameden, Holly A.; Cash, Sean B.; Zilberman, David. This analysis presents a theoretical model of firm response to border enforcement and evaluates both the intended and unintended effects under two enforcement regimes: destruction versus treatment of contaminated shipments. The results indicate that importers may respond to increased inspection by reducing shipments and decreasing due care. In response to increased pest populations, firms may reduce shipments and increase due care, indicating that an enforcement response may not be necessary. The analysis reveals the importance of the nature of the due-care technology, as well as the relationships underlying the probability of detection, in determining the effects of enforcement. Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Border enforcement; Environmental regulation; Invasive species; Trade and environment; F18; L51; Q17; Q56; Q58. Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37112 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU LEGISLATION CONCERNING GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS IN THE GERMAN FOOD AND FEED INDUSTRY 31 Hirzinger, Tobias; Menrad, Klaus. Paper prepared for presentation at the 10th ICABR International Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology: Facts, Analysis and Policies Ravello (Italy), June 29th to July 2nd, 2006 Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Traceability; Genetic modified organism; Co-Existence; EU Legislation; Germany; Feed industry; Food industry; Regulations (EC) No 1829/2003 and 1830/2003; Industrial Organization; L51; L66. Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91132 How Do Economists Really Think About the Environment? 31 Fullerton, Don; Stavins, Robert N.. On a topic like the environment, communication among scholars from different disciplines in the natural and social sciences is both important and difficult, but such communication has been far from perfect. Economists themselves may have contributed to some rather fundamental misunderstandings about how economists think about the environment, perhaps through our enthusiasm for market solutions, perhaps by neglecting to make explicit all of the necessary qualifications, and perhaps simply by the use of jargon that has specific meaning only to other economists. In this brief essay, we seek to clarify some of these misunderstandings and thus to improve future interdisciplinary communication. We hope that natural scientists and other non-economists will take... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Market failure; Economic analysis; Efficiency; Equity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; H4; L51. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10910 Intel's XL Permit: A Framework for Evaluation 31 Boyd, James; Krupnick, Alan J.; Mazurek, Janice V.. The paper develops a framework to evaluate permits granted to firms under the Environmental Protection Agency's Project XL -- with emphasis on the novel air permit granted to the Intel Corporation. We describe the permit, the process that created it, and the types of costs and benefits likely to arise from this type of "facility-specific" regulatory arrangement. Among other things, the paper describes the permit's impact on environmental quality, production costs, transaction costs, and Intel's strategic market position. The paper also considers how an estimate of the costs and benefits -- both to Intel and society -- might be estimated. While facility-specific regulation typically conjures images of production cost savings as processes are re-engineered... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Project XL; Tailored regulation; Environmental regulation; Cost-benefit analysis; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; L51; Q28; L63; K32. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10666 Optimal Incentives Under Moral Hazard and Heterogeneous Agents: Evidence from Production Contracts Data 31 Dubois, Pierre; Vukina, Tomislav. In this paper we develop an analytical framework for the estimation of the structural model parameters of an incentive contract under moral hazard with heterogeneous agents. Using micro level data on swine production contract settlements, we confirm that contract farmers are heterogenous with respect to their risk aversion and that this heterogeneity affects the principal's allocation of production inputs across farmers. Assuming that contracts are optimal, we obtain estimates of a lower and an upper bound of agents' reservation utilities. We show that farmers with higher risk aversion have lower outside opportunities and hence lower reservation utilities. Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Contracting; Heterogenous agents; Moral hazard; Livestock Production/Industries; Production Economics; D82; L24; Q12; K32; L51. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24645 Should we impose emissions taxes that firms evade? 31 Stranlund, John K.. Most of the theoretical literature on enforcing environmental policies focuses on situations in which pollution sources are noncompliant. However, some recent work suggests that these situations will very often involve suboptimal policy designs. Thus, the circumstances under which it is efficient to implement policies that do not motivate full compliance appear to be more limited than most of the literature would imply. In this paper, I identify several circumstances under which regulators may conserve enforcement costs by implementing emissions taxes that firms evade. I demonstrate that a regulator can use a firm’s tax evasion to reduce monitoring effort, but only if its monitoring strategy can be made an increasing function of the firm’s emissions, if... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Compliance; Enforcement; Emissions Taxes; Monitoring; Sanctions; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; L51; Q58. Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93967 Foreclosing Competition through Access Charges and Price Discrimination 31 Lopez, Angel L.; Rey, Patrick. This article analyzes competition between two asymmetric networks, an incumbent and a new entrant. Networks compete in non-linear tariffs and may charge different prices for on-net and off-net calls. Departing from cost-based access pricing allows the incumbent to foreclose the market in a profitable way. If the incumbent benefits from customer inertia, then it has an incentive to insist in the highest possible access markup even if access charges are reciprocal and even in the absence of actual switching costs. If instead the entrant benefits from customer activism, then foreclosure is profitable only when switching costs are large enough. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Access Pricing; Entry Deterrence; Interconnection; Network Competition; Two-way Access; Financial Economics; L41; L51; L96. Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55326 Registros recuperados: 88 Primeira ... 1 2 3 4 5 ... Última

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Todos os direitos reservados, conforme Lei n° 9.610 Política de Privacidade Área restrita		Embrapa Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB s/n° Brasília, DF - Brasil - CEP 70770-901 Fone: (61) 3448-4433 - Fax: (61) 3448-4890 / 3448-4891 SAC: https://www.embrapa.br/fale-conosco