SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Smith, Pamela J..

We examine the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on US exports of biological, medicinal, botanical, and pharmaceutical products. We find that: (1) strong IPRs enhance monopoly power of US exports in countries with weak imitative abilities; and (2) strong IPRs expand markets for US exports in countries with strong imitative abilities.

Measuring the Contribution of Genetic Characteristics as an Indicator of Innovation: The Case of Corn in the USA, 1990-2009

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Exports; Biotechnologies; Medicinals; Botanicals; Pharmaceuticals; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F10; F13; Q16; Q17; K55; O34.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21525

Nolan, Elizabeth; Santos, Paulo.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes for plant breeding are generally justified on the basis that they encourage innovation. Introduction of IPR regimes for plant varieties in the United States has led to increased concentration, but it is less clear whether IPRs have promoted useful innovation, as measured by productivity of available corn hybrids. There are difficulties in finding a satisfactory measure of innovation in plant breeding, and in this paper we propose a procedure. Results from the annual corn hybrid trials conducted by 11 US universities over the 20 years from 1990 to 2009, at 365 separate locations in the 11 states, have been collated. This set of unbalanced panel data for grain corn hybrid trials has been used in a fixed effects...

Environmental Regulations, Market Structure and Technological Progress in Renewable Energy Technology — A Panel Data Study on Wind Turbines

Palavras-chave: Hybrid seed corn; GM traits; Varietal change; Fixed effects; Random effects; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O34.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61333

Rubbelke, Dirk T.G.; Weiss, Pia.

We study the impact of environmental regulations on the patent activities for wind turbines between 1980 and 2008. We explicitly control for energy market liberalisation and take a potential interaction between liberalisation and policy instruments into account. We find a strong and highly significant effect of environmental tax revenues, which we regard as a proxy for the extent to which energy prices changed in favour of renewable energies, as well as foreign demand for wind turbines on innovation activities. In addition, we find that price-based policy instruments are more effective in fostering innovations in the wind turbine technology when energy markets are fully open to competition. In contrast, non-price-based policy instruments such as grants or...

India's Reform of External Sector Policies and Future Multilateral Trade Negotiations

Palavras-chave: Environmental Policy; Renewable Energy; Market Structure; Wind Turbines; Innovation; Patents; Technological Change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q55; Q58; O34; O38.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102569

Srinivasan, T.N..

I evaluate India's transition from an inward-oriented development strategy to greater participation in the world economy. While tariff rates have decreased significantly over the past decade, India is still one of the more autarkic countries. Despite improvement over the past in export performance, India continues to lag behind its South- and East Asian neighbors. Second, official debt flows have been largely replaced by foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment in the 1990s. India's ability to attract FDI would be greatly enhanced by further reforms. I argue that India's participation in a future round of multilateral trade negotiations would benefit India. I outline the further reforms most needed: reform of labour and bankruptcy laws,...

Patents, Spillovers, and Competition in Biotechnology

Palavras-chave: India; Antidumping; Developing countries; Economic reform; Export performance; Foreign direct investment; Intellectual property rights; Multilateral trade negotiations; Quantitative restrictions; Real exchange rate; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; World Trade Organization; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; F15; F21; F35; H54; K31; O34; O38; O53; P11.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28428

Austin, David H..

I perform an event study on 600+ patents awarded primarily to 20 leading biotechnology firms and find significant changes in market values at the time of the awards. Adjusting for partial anticipation of events, I estimate that core technology patents in highly contested research areas are expected to generate between $13 and $21 million of economic value. They also generate spillover benefits for the patentee's rivals-presumably including knowledge transfers-valued at $3 to $6 million per firm. Awardees may appropriate only half of private benefits, although I observe negative spillovers for some high-profile awards. Most patents have no significant market impact.

The U.S. Patent System and Developing Country Access to Biotechnology: Does the Balance Need Adjusting?

Palavras-chave: Innovation; Patent value; Spillover; Competition; Event study; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; G14; O31; O34; L65.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10808

Taylor, Michael R.; Cayford, Jerry.

Many agricultural and food security experts believe that biotechnology has potential to assist developing country farmers in meeting current and future food needs. Most of the tools of biotechnology have been developed, however, by companies, governments, and universities in industrialized nations; are the subject of U.S. patents; and have so far been applied commercially to address the needs of large-scale growers in the United States and other developed countries. For commercial and other reasons, applications of biotechnology that might benefit developing country farmers are unlikely in the foreseeable future to be developed and disseminated through commercial channels. At the same time, noncommercial, public sector researchers report that their access...

Intellectual Property Rights and Their Impacts in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis of Maize Breeding in Mexico

Palavras-chave: United States patents; Agricultural biotechnology; Developing countries; Food security; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; Q16.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10872

Leger, Andreanne.

There is little empirical evidence concerning the effects of intellectual property rights (IPR) on a technologically advanced developing country. Complete enumeration of the Mexican maize breeding industry showed that, contrary to the hypothesis that IPR would provide, in a technologically advanced developing country, incentives for R&D and innovation, IPR play no role for the industry in general, but that they are important for certain breeders' categories. The paper presents the theory on IPR and a short background on the Mexican maize breeding industry. The analysis of the interviews with maize breeders leads to the conclusion that the theory on IPR should be revised and take into account the characteristics of developing countries critical for the...

The U.S. Seed Industry: An Exploration of Statistics Highlighting the Economic Activity of the U.S. Row Crop Seed Industry

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Developing Country; Empirical Evidence; Transaction costs; Mexico; Maize; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; Q16; O31; Q17.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18835

Roucan-Kane, Maud; Gray, Allan W..

This report presents relevant statistics that highlight the economic activity of the U.S. seed industry. The focus of this report is on the four main U.S. crops: corn, soybean, wheat, and cotton. The report contains three sections. The first is related to the U.S. seed market’s size based on seed sales and expenditures. The second section examines industry investment in research and development (R&D) activity in terms of both budget and human resources. The final section illustrates the impact of the seed industry in terms of intellectual property development, improved productivity, and other benefits. This report focuses on using publicly available data to examine these three areas. In addition, the report presents the results of a survey conducted...

Cross-Border Intellectual Property Rights: Contract Enforcement and Absorptive Capacity

Palavras-chave: Seed industry; Field crops; Biotechnology; Herbicide-tolerant crops; Bt crops; Corn; Soybeans; Cotton; Wheat.; Agribusiness; L11; L16; L65; O33; O34; Q16.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52549

Naghavi, Alireza; Tsai, Yingyi.

Current version uploaded April 2013.

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; TRIPS; Nash Bargaining; Contract Enforcement; Development; Absorptive Capacity; Monitoring; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; F13; F53; D78; L10; O33; C70.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122864

What Drives the International Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies? Empirical Evidence from Patent Data

Dechezlepretre, Antoine; Glachant, Matthieu; Meniere, Yann.

Using patent data from 66 countries for the period 1990–2003, we characterize the factors which promote or hinder the international diffusion of climate-friendly technologies on a global scale. Regression results show that technology-specific capabilities of the recipient countries are determinant factors. In contrast, the general level of education is less important. We also show that restrictions to international trade—e.g., high tariff rates—and lax intellectual property regimes negatively influence the international diffusion of patented knowledge. A counter-intuitive result is that barriers to foreign direct investments can promote transfers. We discuss different possible interpretations.

Should Europe Further Strengthen Intellectual Property for Plant Breeders? An Analysis of Seed Industry Proposals

Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Technology Diffusion; Technology Transfer; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O34; Q54.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59416

Eaton, Derek J.F.; van Tongeren, Frank W..

This paper illustrates the potential negative effects of increasing the scope of plant breeders' rights (PBR) protection, as has been proposed for Europe by leading plant breeding firms. Such a policy could increase the costs for varietal development for breeding companies, particularly if their access to varieties of the market leader is constrained. This is represented as an asymmetrical increase in breeders' cost functions in a simple model of endogenous quality choice under price competition. Increased scope of IPR protection leads to increased profits for the leading breeding company but decreases in varietal quality and both farm and overall profits.

Intellectual Property Rights, Product Complexity, and the Organization of Multinational Firms (Previously titled: International Sourcing, Product Complexity and Intellectual Property Rights)

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Product differentiation; Plant breeding; Genetic diversity; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; L13; O34; Q16.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24725

Naghavi, Alireza; Spies, Julia; Toubal, Farid.

Current version uploaded April 2013.

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Sourcing Decision; Product Complexity; Intellectual Property Rights; Fractional Logit Estimation; Production Economics; F12; F23; O34.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119100

Optimal Patentability Requirements with Fragmented Property Rights

Denicolo, Vincenzo; Halmenschlager, Christine.

We study the effect of the fragmentation of intellectual property rights on optimal patent design. The major finding is that when several complementary innovative components must be assembled to operate a new technology, the patentability requirements should be stronger than in the case of stand-alone innovation. This reduces the fragmentation of intellectual property, which is socially costly. However, to preserve the incentives to innovate, if a patent is granted the strength of protection should be generally higher than in the stand-alone case.

Export, Assembly-line FDI or FDI with the Possibility of Technology Diffusion: Optimal Entry Mode for Multinationals

Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; Fragmentation; Patent Requirements; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O3; O34.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98051

Banerjee (Chatterjee), Tanmoyee; Mitra, Nilanjana.

The paper tries to evaluate the optimal entry mode of a Multinational Company that is choosing among export, fragmented production structure with assembly-line FDI in LDC or complete production in LDC with FDI. The results show that if the plant installation cost is sufficiently high then the firm will find it profitable to export the finished product to the LDC market and the Government will not exercise any IPR restriction. If plant installation cost is below a certain critical level the MNC chooses complete LDC production with FDI over assembly-line FDI if the IPR restriction is strong, where the model assumes that a fake producer can copy the product if complete production takes place in LDC. In such a situation government will choose to protect IPR if...

The Economics of Generating and Maintaining Plant Variety Rights in China

Palavras-chave: Export; Assembly-line FDI; FDI with Complete Production; IPR Protection; L11; O34.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42145

Koo, Bonwoo; Pardey, Philip G.; Qian, Keming; Zhang, Yi.

Notwithstanding the ambiguous research and productivity promoting effects of plant variety protections (PVPs), even in developed countries, many developing countries have adopted PVPs in the past few years to comply with their Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) obligations. Seeking and maintaining PVPs reserves options to an expected revenue stream from the future sale of protected varieties, the value of which varies for a host of reasons. In this paper we empirically examine the pattern of plant variety protection applications in China since its PVP laws were first introduced in 1997. We place those PVP rights in the context of China’s present and likely future seed markets to identify the economic incentives and institutional...

Intellectual Property Rights, Migration, and Diaspora

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Crop improvement; Option value; Seed markets; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q18; O32; O34.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57908

Naghavi, Alireza; Strozzi, Chiara.

In this paper we study theoretically and empirically the role of the interaction between skilled migration and intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in determining innovation in developing countries (South). We show that although emigration from the South may directly result in the well-known concept of brain drain, it also causes a brain gain effect, the extent of which depends on the level of IPRs protection in the sending country. We argue this to come from a diaspora channel through which the knowledge acquired by emigrants abroad can flow back to the South and enhance the skills of the remaining workers there. By increasing the size of the innovation sector and the skill-intensity of emigration, IPRs protection makes it more likely for...

Organizational-legal aspects of scientific-technical and innovative development of Uzbekistan in globalization era

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Migration; Technology transfer; Brain gain; Diaspora; Labor and Human Capital; O34; F22; O33; J24; J61.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115817

Alimov, Avaz; Vapaeva, Guzal.

Efficient protection of intellectual property provides not only commercialization of objects, but also activization of innovative activity as a whole, stimulation of national and international investments into economy. The paper describes features of legal protection institutions in Uzbekistan.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Science and innovative activity; Legal issues; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94531

Impacts of Geographical Indications - Review of Methods and Empirical Evidences

Barjolle, Dominique; Paus, Marguerite; Perret, Anna O..

This paper focuses on methods for assessing the territorial impact (economic, social and environmental) of geographical indication systems. First, in a review of methods, methodological difficulties and choices are discussed and major studies are briefly presented. We highlight that it is necessary to identify a clear reference point and a relevant set of indicators and that this question has led to an active and rich research corpus. In a second part, we present some of the results of a recent European research program, SINER-GI. We analyze the impacts of 14 case studies in a common methodology. The results show significant differences of the priorities of the stakeholders between established geographical indications and geographical indications in...

Improving the Energy-Efficiency of Buildings: The Impact of Environmental Policy on Technological Innovation

Palavras-chave: Geographical Indications; Territorial impact; Food chains; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; O34; Q13; R58.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51737

Noailly, Joelle.

This paper investigates the impact of alternative environmental policy instruments on technological innovations aiming to improve energy-efficiency in buildings. The empirical analysis focuses on three main types of policy instruments, namely regulatory energy standards in buildings codes, energy taxes as captured by energy prices and specific governmental energy R&D expenditures. Technological innovation is measured using patent counts for specific technologies related to energy-efficiency in buildings (e.g. insulation, high-efficiency boilers, energy-saving lightings). The estimates for seven European countries over the 1989-2004 period imply that a strengthening of 10% of the minimum insulation standards for walls would increase the likelihood to...

Impact of Foreign Intellectual Property Rights Protection on U.S. Exports and FDI

Palavras-chave: Innovation; Technological Change; Patents; Energy-Efficiency; Buildings; Environmental Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O31; O34; Q55.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94777

Gu, Weishi.

This version of the paper is subject to changes.