Consulta: creatorFacets:"Gibson,   John"
Registros recuperados: 19
Data/hora: 09/06/2024 13:59:33

IS IT BETTER TO BE A BOY? A DISAGGREGATED OUTLAY EQUIVALENT ANALYSIS OF GENDER BIAS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Rozelle,   Scott.
Discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls within households in Papua New Guinea is examined using Deaton’s (1989) outlay-equivalent ratio method. Adding a boy to the household reduces expenditure on adult goods by as much as would a nine-tenths reduction in total outlay per member, but girls have no effect on adult goods expenditure. The hypothesis of Haddad and Reardon (1993) that gender bias is inversely related to the importance of female labour in agricultural production is not supported. There is no evidence of bias against girls in the urban sector.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11990

How Fast Do Urban Migrants Change Their Diets?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Rapid urbanization is a major cause of structural change in food demand. In West Africa, urbanization is associated with a switch from coarse grains to rice and wheat, in Melanesia the switch is from root crops to rice and wheat, while in much of Asia the switch is away from cereals (and within cereals to wheat). Although reasons why urban diets differ from traditional rural diets are well known, the rate at which recent arrivals from the countryside switch their diet has not been estimated. Evidence on the speed of this dietary change can help to show whether studies of urban food demand need to control for cohort effects and may also help producers forecast the size of their future urban markets. This paper uses cross-sectional household survey data from...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food demand; Migration; Urbanization; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D12; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123806

Valuing the Risk of Death and Injury from Landmines in Thailand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barns,   Sandra A.; Cameron,   Michael P.; Gibson,   John; Lim,   Steven; Marsh,   Dan; Scrimgeour,   Frank G.; Tressler,   John.
This paper presents estimates of the benefits of clearing landmines in rural Thailand using the contingent-valuation (CV) method. The data came from a survey where we asked 341 respondents referendum-type questions that elicit their willingness to pay for landmine clearance. Our estimates imply a value of a statistical life of between US$0.2-0.3 million. The survey also provides estimates of the injury risk-death risk tradeoff and the implicit value of statistical injury. These estimates suggest that the value of lives and injuries saved from mine clearing is likely to be at least an order of magnitude greater than those used in existing studies of mine clearing. Linking a household expenditure survey involving the same sample enables the relationship...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Contingent valuation; Landmines; Value of statistical life; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Political Economy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; J17; J28; 022; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97797

Spatial autocorrelation and non-farm rural enterprises in Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Olivia,   Susan.
Non-farm rural enterprises (NFRE) are increasingly studied because of their role in poverty reduction. However, existing studies of the effects of infrastructure on NFRE may give incorrect inferences because they typically fail to account for spatial effects. Such effects could reflect either spatial errors due to excluded local effects or spatial lags due to excluded interactions, such as between households switching out of farm work. We use rural investment climate survey data from Indonesia that allow distances between each household to be measured so that spatial effects can be modeled to assess the bias from ignoring such effects.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Infrastructure; Non-farm enterprises; Spatial statistics; Indonesia; Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10387

IMPROVING ESTIMATES OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY FROM URBAN CHINA'S HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE SURVEY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott.
In urban China the Household Income and Expenditure Survey requires respondents to keep a daily expenditure diary for a full 12-month period. This onerous reporting task makes it difficult to recruit households into the survey, compromising the representative nature of the sample. In this article we use data on the monthly expenditures of households from two urban areas of China to see if data collection short-cuts, such as extrapolating to annual totals from expenditure reports in only some months of the year, would harm the accuracy of annual expenditure, inequality and poverty estimates. Our results show that replacing 12-month diaries with simple extrapolations from either one, two, four or six months would cause a sharp increase in estimates of annual...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11989

Household Energy Demand and the Equity and Efficiency Aspects of Subsidy Reform in Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olivia,   Susan; Gibson,   John.
The proper design of price interventions requires consideration of equity and efficiency effects. In this paper, budget survey data from 29,000 Indonesian households are used to estimate a demand system for five energy sources, which is identified by the spatial variation in unit values (expenditures divided by quantities). We correct for the various quality and measurement error biases that result when unit values are used as proxies for market prices. The price elasticities are combined with tax and subsidy rates to calculate the marginal social cost of price changes for each item. The results suggest that even at high levels of inequality aversion there is a strong case for reducing the large subsidies on gasoline and kerosene, supporting the reforms...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Demand elasticities; Energy; Fuels; Subsidies; Unit Values; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D12; Q31.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25745

Nutrient Demand Elasticities with Noisy Measures of Household Resources
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Many studies suggest that changes in household economic resources (incomes and expenditure) have little effect on nutrient intakes and child malnutrition in developing countries. This paper examines the impact that errors-in-variables have on inferences about the importance of household incomes to the calorie and protein demands of households. Results are based on a new household survey from Papua New Guinea, with repeated observations on households during the year. These repeated observations allow regression estimates to be corrected for the differing reliabilities of the explanatory variables.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Errors-in-variables; Income; Nutrition; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I32; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123807

Unit Value Biases in Meat Demand in Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olivia,   Susan; Gibson,   John.
Indonesia is an emerging market for beef and cattle exports so estimates of income and price elasticities may help analysts predict future demands. In contrast to developed countries, where meat demand studies often use aggregate data, Indonesian studies rely on household surveys, with unit values (ratios of expenditures to quantities) used instead of market prices. Elasticities estimated from unit values can be subject to various quality and measurement error biases. In this paper, data from 29,000 households on Java are used to estimate a demand system for beef, chicken and other meat groups, and the extent of bias from commonly used estimation strategies is evaluated.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Demand and Price Analysis; D12; Q11.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58195

Does Measurement Error Explain a Paradox About Household Size and Food Demand? Evidence from Variation in Household Survey Methods
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Several recent papers report a puzzling pattern of food demand falling as household size rises at constant per capita expenditure, especially in poorer countries. This pattern is contrary to a widely used model of scale economics. This paper exploits within-country differences in household survey methods and interviewer practices to provide a measurement error interpretation of this puzzle. A comparison of household surveys in Cambodia and Indonesia with the results from Monte Carlo experiments suggest that food expenditure estimates from shorter, less detailed recall surveys have measurement errors that are correlated with household size. These correlated measurement errors contribute to the negative effect of household size on food demand and cause...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food demand; Economies of scale; Household surveys; Measurement error; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/22198

The Effect of Infrastructure Access and Quality on Non-farm Employment and Income in Rural Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olivia,   Susan; Gibson,   John.
There is growing interest in the rural non-farm sector in developing countries as a contributor to economic growth, employment generation, livelihood diversification and poverty reduction. Access to infrastructure is identified in some studies as a factor that affects non-farm rural employment and income but less attention has been paid to the constraints imposed by poor quality infrastructure. In this paper we use data from 4000 households in rural Indonesia to show that the quality of two key types of infrastructure – roads and electricity – affects both employment in and income from non-farm enterprises. It appears that there would be gains from development strategies that improve both the access to and the quality of rural infrastructure.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Infrastructure; Non-farm employment; Indonesia; Public Economics; H54; 017.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49919

HOW ELASTIC IS CALORIE DEMAND? PARAMETRIC, NONPARAMETRIC, AND SEMIPARAMETRIC RESULTS FOR URBAN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Rozelle,   Scott.
This paper seeks further evidence on the elasticity of calorie demand with respect to household resources. The case presented is for urban areas of Papua New Guinea, where just over one-half of the population appear to obtain less than the recommended amount of dietary energy. The relationship between per capita calorie consumption and per capita expenditure in urban areas of Papua New Guinea is not consistent with the view that income changes have negligible effects on nutrient intakes. The unconditional calorie demand elasticity is approximately 0.6 for the poorest half of the population, most of whom have less than the recommended 2000 calories per day available to them. Using parametric and semiparametric estimation to control for a wide range of other...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11961

Rice Self-Sufficiency in Papua New Guinea
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Policy makers in Papua New Guinea want to increase rice self-sufficiency. Food security has been cited as a reason, because the recent fall in the world price for tree crops causes rice imports to make a larger call on scarce export earnings. Analysis of the long run trend in the terms of trade between rice and tree crops suggests that rice self-sufficiency will not produce a sensible allocation of resources. The falling relative price of rice makes it is more efficient to devote resources to expansion of exports, particularly cocoa and coffee, in order to import rice.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 1994
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12404

Reaching Far into the Woods: Impact of Roads on Forest Structure in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sullivan,   Karen A.; Uchida,   Emi; Deng,   Xiangzheng; Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott; Gibson,   John.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61690

An Empirical Evaluation of Poverty Mapping Methodology: Explicitly Spatial versus Implicitly Spatial Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olivia,   Susan; Gibson,   John; Smith,   Aaron D.; Rozelle,   Scott; Deng,   Xiangzheng.
Poverty maps provide information on the spatial distribution of welfare and can predict poverty levels for small geographic units like counties and townships. Typically regression methods are used to estimate coefficients from the detailed information in household surveys, which are then applied to the more extensive coverage of a census. One problem with standard regression techniques is that they do not take into account the ‗spatial dependencies‘ that often exist in the data. Ignoring spatial autocorrelation in the regression providing the coefficient estimates could lead to misleading predictions of poverty, and estimates of standard errors. Household survey data usually lack exact measures of location so it is not possible to fully account for this...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; Poverty; Small Area Estimation; Survey Methods; Spatial Models.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47651

Preliminary Impacts of a New Seasonal Work Program on Rural Household Incomes in the Pacific
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; McKenzie,   David.
Seasonal work programs are increasingly advocated by international aid agencies as a way of enabling both developed and developing countries to benefit from migration. They are argued to provide workers with new skills and allow them to send remittances home, without the receiving country having to worry about long-term assimilation and the source country worrying about permanent loss of skills. However, formal evidence as to the development impact of seasonal worker programs is nonexistent. This paper provides the first such evaluation, studying New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) program which allows Pacific Island migrants to work in horticulture and viticulture in New Zealand for up to seven months per year. We use baseline and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Propensity score matching; Rural household incomes; Seasonal work programs; Labor and Human Capital; J61; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50101

POVERTY AND ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Rozelle,   Scott.
In this paper, our overall goal is to understand how effective access to infrastructure is in reducing poverty in PNG. To meet this goal, we examine poverty in PNG, and seek to show the relationship between poverty and access to infrastructure and then identify the determinants of poverty. In our analysis, we test whether or not access to infrastructure is a significant factor in a household's poverty status. Finally, we want to understand what policies will be effective in overcoming poverty in PNG. Our results show that poverty in PNG is primarily rural and is associated with those in communities with poor access to services, markets, and transportation. Our simulations illustrate that improving access to school leads to large declines in poverty....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Public Economics.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11944

How Fast Do Urban Migrants Change Their Diets?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Rapid urbanization is a major cause of structural change in food demand. In West Africa, urbanization is associated with a switch from coarse grains to rice and wheat, in Melanesia the switch is from root crops to rice and wheat, while in much of Asia the switch is away from cereals (and within cereals to wheat). Although reasons why urban diets differ from traditional rural diets are well known, the rate at which recent arrivals from the countryside switch their diet has not been estimated. Evidence on the speed of this dietary change can help to show whether studies of urban food demand need to control for cohort effects and may also help producers forecast the size of their future urban markets. This paper uses cross-sectional household survey data from...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food demand; Migration; Urbanization; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D12; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123806

Natural Experiment Evidence on Whether Selection Bias Overstates the Gains from Migration
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; McKenzie,   David; Rohorua,   Halahingano; Stillman,   Steven.
Migration of workers from developing to developed countries and the resulting remittance flows are important development policies. World Bank calculations show that restrictions on international migration have larger welfare costs than the more widely studied restrictions on international trade. But estimated gains from migration may be affected by selection bias, with differences in outcomes for migrants and non-migrants reflecting unobserved differences in ability, skills, and motivation, rather than the act of moving itself. This poster illustrates this selection bias in commonly used statistical corrections for nonrandom selection. A unique survey conducted by the authors of Tongan migrants in New Zealand, and of non-migrants in Tonga is used. New...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Selection; Natural Experiment; Labor and Human Capital; 015; J61; F22; C93.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25704

AGRICULTURAL AND TRADE DEREGULATION IN NEW ZEALAND: LESSONS FOR EUROPE AND THE CAP
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; Hillman,   Jimmye S.; Josling,   Timothy E.; Lattimore,   Ralph G.; Stumme,   Dorothy.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 1993
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51120