Consulta: creatorFacets:"Schaeffer, Julien"
Registros recuperados: 23
Data/hora: 12/06/2024 09:13:55

Metagenomic to evaluate norovirus genomic diversity in oysters: Impact on hexamer selection and targeted capture-based enrichment
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Strubbia, Sofia; Schaeffer, Julien; Besnard, Alban; Wacrenier, Candice; Le Mennec, Cecile; Garry, Pascal; Desdouits, Marion; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Human virus transmission through food consumption has been identified since many years and the international trade increases the risk of dissemination of viral pathogens. The development of metagenomic approach holds many promises for the surveillance of viruses in food and water. This work aimed to analyze norovirus diversity and to evaluate strain-dependent accumulation patterns in three oyster types by using a metagenomic approach. Different hexamer sets to prime cDNA were evaluated before capture-based approach to enhance virus reads recovery during deep sequencing. The study includes the use of technical replicates of artificially contaminated oysters and the analysis of multiple negatives controls. Results showed a clear impact of the hexamer set...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Oysters; Metagenomic; Human enteric viruses.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00614/72575/71535.pdf

Calicivirus Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Treatment Plant
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Sima, Laura C.; Schaeffer, Julien; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Elimelech, Menachem; Le Guyader, Soizick.
To evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus and Escherichia coli also were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2011
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15378/12810.pdf

Norovirus contamination on French marketed oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Schaeffer, Julien; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Lora, Monica; Atmar, Robert; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Contaminaded shellfish have been implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks in different countries. As no regulation has been set up yet regarding viral contamination of food, very few data are available on the prevalence of contamined products on the market. This study presents data obtained from oysters collected on the French market in one producing area over a 16 month period of time. Noroviruses were detected in 9% of samples with a seasonal impact and influence of climatic events. Contamination levels were low and, surprisingly, oysters sampled directly from the producer were found to have less contamination than oystes from supermarkets.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Oyster; Marker; Norovirus; Quantification; Calicivirus; Prevalence.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00152/26367/24457.pdf

Complete Genome Sequence of   Campylobacter armoricus   CA639, Which Carries Two Plasmids, Compiled Using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina Sequencing Technologies
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Boukerb, Amine Mohamed; Schaeffer, Julien; Serghine, Joelle; Carrier, Gregory; Le Guyader, Soizick; Gourmelon, Michele.
As determined by a hybrid approach combining Oxford Nanopore MinION and Illumina MiniSeq sequence data, Campylobacter armoricus strain CA639 harbored a circular chromosome of 1,688,169 bp with a G+C content of 28.47% and two plasmids named pCA639-1 and pCA639-2, with lengths of 51,123 and 28,139 bp, and G+C contents of 26.5% and 28.45%, respectively.
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00600/71164/69495.pdf

Contamination of Clams with Human Norovirus and a Novel Hepatitis A Virus in Cameroon
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Bonny, Patrice; Desdouits, Marion; Schaeffer, Julien; Garry, Pascal; Essia Ngang, Jean Justin; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Shellfish constitute an important protein source but may be contaminated by viruses from various origins. A study performed on clams collected in Cameroon showed a high prevalence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus. After sequencing, the hepatitis A virus showed similarities with the genotype V simian strains. The need for a one-health approach to protect humans from emerging diseases is evident by the high number of microbial pathogens that become zoonotic following insect bites or consumption of contaminated meat. This is particularly well documented for infectious disease transmission from non-human primates to human (Devaux et al. 2019). Environmental issues are critical in such events, especially for RNA viruses that may be excreted at high...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Shellfish; Hepatitis A virus; Molecular epidemiology.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00635/74745/74851.pdf

Metavirome Sequencing to Evaluate Norovirus Diversity in Sewage and Related Bioaccumulated Oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Strubbia, Sofia; Schaeffer, Julien; Oude Munnink, Bas B.; Besnard, Alban; Phan, My V. T.; Nieuwenhuijse, David F.; De Graaf, Miranda; Schapendonk, Claudia M. E.; Wacrenier, Candice; Cotten, Matthew; Koopmans, Marion P. G.; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Metagenomic sequencing is a promising method to determine the virus diversity in environmental samples such as sewage or shellfish. However, to identify the short RNA genomes of human enteric viruses among the large diversity of nucleic acids present in such complex matrices, method optimization is still needed. This work presents methodological developments focused on norovirus, a small ssRNA non-enveloped virus known as the major cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide and frequently present in human excreta and sewage. Different elution protocols were applied and Illumina MiSeq technology were used to study norovirus diversity. A double approach, agnostic deep sequencing and a capture-based approach (VirCapSeq-VERT) was used to identify norovirus in...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Sewage; Oysters; Metagenomic sequencing; Metavirome.
Ano: 2019
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00586/69765/67656.pdf

A Targeted Metagenomics Approach to Study the Diversity of Norovirus GII in Shellfish Implicated in Outbreaks
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Desdouits, Marion; Wacrenier, Candice; Ollivier, Joanna; Schaeffer, Julien; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Human noroviruses (NoV) cause epidemics of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide and can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated foods. Fresh products such as shellfish can be contaminated by human sewage during production, which results in the presence of multiple virus strains, at very low concentrations. Here, we tested a targeted metagenomics approach by deep-sequencing PCR amplicons of the capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) viral genes, on a set of artificial samples and on shellfish samples associated to AGE outbreaks, to evaluate its advantages and limitations in the identification of strains from the NoV genogroup (G) II. Using artificial samples, the method allowed the sequencing of most strains, but not all, and displayed variability...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Foodborne virus; Metagenomics; Amplicon deep sequencing; Viral diversity.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00646/75831/76818.pdf

Strain-Dependent Norovirus Bioaccumulation in Oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Maalouf, Haifa; Schaeffer, Julien; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Le Pendu, Jacques; Atmar, Robert L.; Crawford, Sue E.; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the main agents of gastroenteritis in humans and the primary pathogens of shellfish-related outbreaks. Some NoV strains bind to shellfish tissues by using carbohydrate structures similar to their human ligands, leading to the hypothesis that such ligands may influence bioaccumulation. This study compares the bioaccumulation efficiencies and tissue distributions in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of three strains from the two principal human norovirus genogroups. Clear differences between strains were observed. The GI.1 strain was the most efficiently concentrated strain. Bioaccumulation specifically occurred in digestive tissues in a dose-dependent manner, and its efficiency paralleled ligand expression, which was highest during the cold...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2011
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00036/14753/12087.pdf

Contamination des coquillages par les norovirus en rivière d'Auray en lien avec la rénovation d'une station d'épuration littorale
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Treguier, Cathy; Schaeffer, Julien; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Le Guyader, Soizick; Cochennec-laureau, Nathalie.
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2015
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00312/42358/41693.pdf

Detection and Quantification of Noroviruses in Shellfish
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Le Guyader, Soizick; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Schaeffer, Julien; Bosch, Albert; Loisy, Fabienne; Pommepuy, Monique; Atmar, Robert L.
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans, and high concentrations of NoVs are discharged into the environment. As these viruses are very resistant to inactivation, the sanitary consequences are contamination of food, including molluscan shellfish. There are four major problems with NoV detection in shellfish samples: low levels of virus contamination, the difficulty of efficient virus extraction, the presence of interfering substances that inhibit molecular detection, and NoV genetic variability. The aims of this study were to adapt a kit for use with a method previously shown to be efficient for detection of NoV in shellfish and to use a one step real-time reverse transcription-PCR method with addition of an...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2009
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6137.pdf

Digital PCR for Quantifying Norovirus in Oysters Implicated in Outbreaks, France
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Polo, David; Schaeffer, Julien; Fournet, Nelly; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Mcleod, Catherine; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Using samples from oysters clearly implicated in human disease, we quantified norovirus levels by using digital PCR. Concentrations varied from 43 to 1,170 RNA copies/oyster. The analysis of frozen samples from the production area showed the presence of norovirus 2 weeks before consumption.
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2016
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00359/46971/46887.pdf

Contamination des coquillages par les norovirus en rivière d'Auray (Norocoqauray)
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Treguier, Cathy; Schaeffer, Julien; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Cochennec-laureau, Nathalie; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Les norovirus (NoV) sont responsables des épidémies hivernales de gastroentérites aiguës dans la population. Ils sont excrétés dans les fèces humains, puis se retrouvent, après épuration insuffisante, dans le milieu marin naturel où ils peuvent contaminer des coquillages, qui à leur tour risquent de déclencher des gastroentérites chez les consommateurs. Cette étude vise à améliorer les connaissances sur la contamination des coquillages en élevage en rivière d’Auray par les NoV, en lien avec les bactéries témoins de contamination fécale Escherichia coli (E. coli). L’objectif est de suivre les flux de NoV et d’E. coli apportés par différents rejets (dont une station d’épuration) impactant la zone conchylicole et leur influence sur la qualité des coquillages...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Coquillages; Contamination; Station d’épuration; Flux; Rivière d’Auray; Escherichia coli.
Ano: 2015
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00267/37778/35829.pdf

Characterization of Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Sewage and Stool Samples Through Next-Generation Sequencing
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Strubbia, Sofia; Phan, My V. T.; Schaeffer, Julien; Koopmans, Marion; Cotten, Matthew; Le Guyader, Soizick.
This study aimed to optimize a method to identify human enteric viruses in sewage and stool samples using random primed next-generation sequencing. We tested three methods, two employed virus enrichment based on the binding properties of the viral capsid using pig-mucin capture or by selecting viral RNA prior to library preparation through a capture using the SureSelect target enrichment. The third method was based on a non-specific biophysical precipitation with polyethylene glycol. Full genomes of a number of common human enteric viruses including norovirus, rotavirus, husavirus, enterovirus and astrovirus were obtained. In stool samples full norovirus genome were detected as well as partial enterovirus genome. A variety of norovirus sequences was...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Human enteric viruses; Norovirus; Sewage; Metagenomic; Virome.
Ano: 2019
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62332/66592.pdf

Norovirus and Other Human Enteric Viruses in Moroccan Shellfish
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Benabbes, Laila; Ollivier, Joanna; Schaeffer, Julien; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Rhaissi, Houria; Nourlil, Jalal; Le Guyader, Soizick.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of human enteric viruses in shellfish collected along the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Coast of Morocco. A total of 77 samples were collected from areas potentially contaminated by human sewage. Noroviruses were detected in 30 % of samples, with an equal representation of GI and GII strains, but were much more frequently found in cockles or clams than in oysters. The method used, including extraction efficiency controls, allowed the quantification of virus concentration. As in previous reports, results showed levels of contamination between 100 and 1,000 copies/g of digestive tissues. Sapoviruses were detected in 13 % of samples mainly in oyster and clam samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in two...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Shellfish; Norovirus; Hepatitis A virus; Environmental conditions; Quantification; Morocco.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00130/24102/22489.pdf

Assessment of human enteric viruses in cultured and wild bivalve molluscs
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Luz Vilarino, M.; Le Guyader, Soizick; Polo, David; Schaeffer, Julien; Krol, Joanna; Romalde, Jesus L.
Standard and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) procedures were used to monitor cultured and wild bivalve molluscs from the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) for the main human enteric RNA viruses, specifically, norovirus (NoV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astrovirus (AsV), rotavirus (RT), enterovirus (EV), and Aichi virus (AiV). The results showed the presence of at least one enteric virus in 63.4% of the 41 samples analyzed. NoV GII was the most prevalent virus, detected in 53.7% of the samples, while NoV GI, AsV, EV, and RV were found at lower percentages (7.3, 12.2, 12.2, and 4.9%, respectively). In general, samples obtained in the wild were more frequently contaminated than those from Cultured (70.6 vs. 58.3%) molluscs and were more readily contaminated...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Seafood industry; Viral quantification; Viral prevalence; Norovirus; Hepatitis A virus; Enteric viruses; Molluscs.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6957.pdf

Infectivity and RNA Persistence of a Norovirus Surrogate, the Tulane Virus, in Oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Polo, David; Schaeffer, Julien; Teunis, Peter; Buchet, Vincent; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Oysters, being filter feeders, can accumulate some human pathogens such as norovirus, a highly infectious calicivirus, most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Accumulated virus decays over a period of days to weeks, possibly rendering contaminated oysters safe again. Sensitive molecular methods have been set up for shellfish analysis but without answering the question of infectious virus detection. Using the Tulane virus (TV), a norovirus surrogate that recognizes the same ligand as human norovirus in oyster tissues, the genome and infectious virus decay rates were estimated using inverse linear regression in a Bayesian framework for genome copies. Infectivity decreased faster than genome copies but infectious viruses were detected for...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Infectious virus; Genome detection; Oysters; Persistence; Shellfish outbreaks.
Ano: 2018
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00436/54736/56182.pdf

Virus Type-Specific Removal in a Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactor Treatment Process
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Miura, Takayuki; Schaeffer, Julien; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Le Mehaute, Philippe; Le Guyader, Soizick.
We investigated removal of noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant by monitoring virus concentrations in wastewater samples during two gastroenteritis seasons and evaluating the adsorption of viruses to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Sapoviruses and rotaviruses were detected in 25% of MBR effluent samples with log reduction values of 3- and 2-logs in geometric mean concentrations, respectively, while noroviruses were detected in only 6% of the samples. We found that norovirus and sapovirus concentrations in the solid phase of mixed liquor samples were significantly higher than in the liquid phase (P &lt; 0.01, t test), while the concentration of rotaviruses was similar in both phases. The efficiency...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Sapovirus; Rotavirus; MBR; Mixed liquor suspended solids; Adsorption.
Ano: 2018
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00414/52548/53441.pdf

Prévalence des norovirus dans les huîtres mises sur le marché dans le Département de la Vendée. Période février 2010-mai 2011
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Le Saux, Jean-claude; Lora, M.; Schaeffer, Julien; Poiraud, G.; Le Guyader, Soizick.
L’objet de cette étude est d’évaluer, par les méthodes de détection virale en cours de validation au niveau européen, le niveau de présence des norovirus dans les huîtres à l’expédition et sur les lieux de vente dans un département test, celui de la Vendée. En effet, aujourd’hui peu d’informations existent au niveau international et national sur la prévalence des norovirus dans les coquillages mis dans les circuits de consommation, alors que tous les ans des coquillages, répondant aux critères de mise en marché, sont incriminés ou suspectés dans des foyers de toxi-infections alimentaires collectives liés à la consommation de coquillages, majoritairement contaminés par des virus et plus particulièrement par les norovirus. Cette étude sur la période de...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Microbiologie; Coquillages; Norovirus; Huître creuse; Détection; Santé publique; Département Vendée.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00185/29650/28019.pdf

Improving the efficacy of sewage treatment decreases norovirus contamination in oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Schaeffer, Julien; Treguier, Cathy; Piquet, Jean-come; Gachelin, Sonia; Cochennec-laureau, Nathalie; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Garry, Pascal; Le Guyader, Soizick.
As human population increases worldwide, water quality will become increasingly problematic, and food consumed raw may be of higher risk. This is already evident for oysters grown in coastal areas - despite regulations based on bacterial indicators, oysters are still implicated in food-borne outbreaks worldwide. The pathogens most frequently detected are human noroviruses, which are shed at high concentrations in human excreta and are very resistant to environmental conditions. Sewage treatment plants usually apply a variety of steps such as activated sludge treatment, chlorine or UV disinfection to eliminate contaminants, these processes have variable efficacy. This study demonstrates the impact of replacing an old lagoon-based sewage treatment plant with...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Norovirus; Shellfish safety; Sewage treatment; Coastal water quality.
Ano: 2018
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00450/56140/57707.pdf

Metagenomics-Based Proficiency Test of Smoked Salmon Spiked with a Mock Community
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Sala, Claudia; Mordhorst, Hanne; Grützke, Joesphine; Brinkmann, Annika; Petersen, Thomas N; Poulsen, Casper; Cotter, Paul D; Crispie, Fiona; Ellis, Richard J; Castellani, Gastone; Amid, Clara; Hakhverdyan, Mikhayil; Le Guyader, Soizick; Manfreda, Gerardo; Mossong, Joël; Nitsche, Andreas; Ragimbeau, Catherine; Schaeffer, Julien; Schlundt, Joergen; Tay, Moon Y. F.; Aarestrup, Frank M.; Hendriksen, Rene S.; Pamp, Sünje Johanna; De Cesare, Alessandra.
An inter-laboratory proficiency test was organized to assess the ability of participants to perform shotgun metagenomic sequencing of cold smoked salmon, experimentally spiked with a mock community composed of six bacteria, one parasite, one yeast, one DNA, and two RNA viruses. Each participant applied its in-house wet-lab workflow(s) to obtain the metagenomic dataset(s), which were then collected and analyzed using MG-RAST. A total of 27 datasets were analyzed. Sample pre-processing, DNA extraction protocol, library preparation kit, and sequencing platform, influenced the abundance of specific microorganisms of the mock community. Our results highlight that despite differences in wet-lab protocols, the reads corresponding to the mock community members...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Shotgun metagenomics; Smoked salmon; Proficiency test; Experimentally spiked samples; Wet-lab protocols.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00664/77615/79636.pdf

Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Drouaz, Najoua; Schaeffer, Julien; Farkas, Tibor; Le Pendu, Jacques; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Oyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly....
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2015
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00275/38633/37163.pdf

Rapport d’activités 2018 – Laboratoire Santé Environnement et Microbiologie.
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Desdouits, Marion; Garry, Pascal; Gourmelon, Michele; Hervio Heath, Dominique; Hubert, Francoise; Kaelin, Gaelle; Kergaravat, Cedric; Le Mennec, Cecile; Le Guyader, Soizick; Loiseau, Veronique; Lozach, Solen; Maillot, Jessica; Ollivier, Joanna; Parnaudeau, Sylvain; Piquet, Jean-come; Quenot, Emmanuelle; Rocq, Sophie; Schaeffer, Julien; Serghine, Joelle; Vallade, Emilie; Veron, Antoine; Wacrenier, Candice.
Ce rapport présente une synthèse des actions, et travaux réalisés par le laboratoire Santé Environnement et Microbiologie pendant l’année 2018. Les divers projets de recherche sont résumés et les derniers développements ou résultats sont brièvement évoqués. Les actions en tant que Laboratoire National de Référence pour la Microbiologie des Coquillages et les activités pour la coordination du réseau REMI sont également présentées.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Microbiologie sanitaire; Bactéries entériques; Vibrions; Virus entériques humains; Norovirus; Coquillage; Activité de référence; REMI.
Ano: 2019
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00491/60218/63584.pdf

Bioaccumulation Efficiency, Tissue Distribution, and Environmental Occurrence of Hepatitis E Virus in Bivalve Shellfish from France
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Grodzki, Marco; Schaeffer, Julien; Piquet, Jean-come; Le Saux, Jean-claude; Cheve, Julien; Ollivier, Joanna; Le Pendu, Jacques; Le Guyader, Soizick.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an enteric pathogen of both humans and animals, is excreted by infected individuals and is therefore present in wastewaters and coastal waters. As bivalve molluscan shellfish are known to concentrate viral particles during the process of filter feeding, they may accumulate this virus. The bioaccumulation efficiencies of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), mussels (Mytilus edulis), and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) were compared at different time points during the year. Tissue distribution analysis showed that most of the viruses were concentrated in the digestive tissues of the four species. Mussels and clams were found to be more sensitive to sporadic contamination events, as demonstrated by rapid...
Tipo: Text
Ano: 2014
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31501/29905.pdf