Consulta: subjectFacets:"D62"
Registros recuperados: 46
Data/hora: 12/06/2024 08:51:33

Accumulative Pollution, "Clean Technology," and Policy Design
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Withagen,   Cees; Toman,   Michael.
Environmental policymakers must address the adverse effects of a number of pollutants that accumulate in the environment. Goals for the regulation of these damages often involve holding long-term emissions below a level deemed to be "dangerous", or outright banning of offending products or processes along with subsidization of more "green" alternatives. This paper builds upon previous studies by Keeler, Spence, and Zeckhauser (1971) and Tahvonen and Withagen (1996) in addressing the optimal long-term management of an accumulative but assimilatable pollutant through policies that restrict more damaging production processes and thereby induce more benign alternatives. Using a simple general equilibrium approach, we consider the possibility that the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stock externalities; Nonconvexities; Sustainable development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; D62.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10748

An Application of Mixed Logit Estimation in the Analysis of Producers’ Stated Preferences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kipperberg,   Gorm; Bond,   Craig A.; Hoag,   Dana L.
This paper analyzes Colorado Corn producers’ preferences over both private- and environmental public-good production system attributes. Current production practices are characterized by intensive water and chemical use, resulting in non-point source pollution to water bodies as well as soil erosion problems. Data from a stated preference survey are employed to analyze key attributes of experimentally configured irrigation systems, proposed as alternatives to current practices. Panel mixed logit estimations find positive preferences for profit, risk reduction, and, importantly, systems with less environmental impact in terms of nitrate leaching and soil erosion. The results also find presence of significant preference heterogeneity and a complementary...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural production; Profit-maximization; Environment; Mixed logit; Stated preference; Attribute part-worth; Nitrate leaching; Soil erosion; Risk; Crop Production/Industries; C10; D62; Q12; Q15; Q51.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108719

Pricing Benefit Externalities of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Multifunctional Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hartell,   Jason G.
“Multifunctionality” emphasizes the benefit externality properties of nonfood products that coincide with agricultural commodity production, some of which also have public-good properties.  However, determining the willingness to pay for local benefit externalities is seen as necessary but daunting.  This paper pursues the idea that the valuation process might first start by estimating the incentives required to supply various levels of a benefit externality.  With the use of carbon sequestration through the adoption of no-till cultivation as an example of a multifunctional benefit externality, mathematical programming is used to derive representative price schedules.  The implication for incentive prices are examined in light of risk aversion.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Externalities; Multifunctionality; Quadratic programming; C61; D62; Q12; Q21.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43416

The Environmental Kuznets Curve in a World of Irreversibility
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Prieur,   Fabien.
We develop an overlapping generations model where consumption is the source of polluting emissions. Pollution stock accumulates with emissions but is partially assimilated by nature at each period. The assimilation capacity of nature is limited and vanishes beyond a critical level of pollution. We first show that multiple equilibria exist. More importantly, some exhibit irreversible pollution levels although an abatement activity is operative. Thus, the simple engagement of maintenance does not necessarily suffice to protect an economy against convergence toward a steady state having the properties of an ecological and economic poverty trap. In contrast with earlier related studies, the emergence of the environmental Kuznets curve is no longer the rule....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Overlapping Generations; Irreversible Pollution; Poverty Trap; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q56; D62; D91.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9546

Equity and Justice in Global Warming Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kverndokk,   Snorre; Rose,   Adam Z.
Many countries are implementing or at least considering policies to counter increasingly certain negative impacts from climate change. An increasing amount of research has been devoted to the analysis of the costs of climate change and its mitigation, as well as to the design of policies, such as the international Kyoto Protocol, post-Kyoto negotiations, regional initiatives, and unilateral actions. Although most studies on climate change policies in economics have considered efficiency aspects, there is a growing literature on equity and justice. Climate change policy has important dimensions of distributive justice, both within and across generations, but in this paper we survey only studies on the intragenerational aspect, i.e., within a generation. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economics of Climate Change; Intragenerational Equity; Distributive Justice; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; D63; H23; H41; Q00.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44230

Environmental Issues of Agriculture: Social Perception Analysis in Southern Spain
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Salazar-Ordonez,   Melania; Sayadi,   Samir.
Agriculture largely shapes the European ecosystems. Today the environmental social interest and the awareness that some farming practices destroy the natural environment is undeniable. Thus, the European decision maker’s emphasis on integrating social demands within the Common Agricultural Policy becomes unquestionable. In this context, this paper analyses: i) the degree of social compliance with soilerosion control from agriculture in Andalusia (southern Spain); ii) the degree of society’s concern about its agriculture; and iii)the respondent’s features that influence both perceptions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Environment; Social Perception; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q18; D62; Q31.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44420

Sustainability and Optimality in Economic Development: Theoretical Insights and Policy Prospects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Farzin,   Y. Hossein.
This paper takes sustainability to be a matter of intergenerational welfare equality and examines whether an optimal development path can also be sustainable. It argues that the general “zero-net-aggregate-investment” condition for an optimal development path to be sustainable in the sense of the maximin criterion of intergenerational justice is too demanding to be practical, especially in the context of developing countries. The maximin criterion of sustainability may be more appealing to the rich advanced industrial countries, but is too costly and ethically unreasonable for developing nations as it would act as an intergenerational “poverty equalizer”. The paper suggests that a compromise development policy that follows the optimal growth approach but...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sustainability; Intergenerational equity; Optimality; Discounting; Development policy; International Development; Q01; Q56; O21; O13; D62; D63.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7447

Welfare Measures and Mandatory Regulation for Transgenic Food in the European Union: A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Diez,   Maria Del Carmen Fernandez.
This paper presents an analytical framework for studying the impact of mandatory labelling regulation for transgenic food. We compare Genetically Modified (GM) and conventional crop markets and identify gains for food processors prior to mandatory labelling and losses after this measure for the GM market. Nevertheless, food processors could obtain gains for conventional products after market disgregation. Finally, consumers will be worse off both for conventional and GM foods unless qualities other than changes to prices are considered.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Welfare; Mandatory labelling; Transgenic; Genetically modified organism; European Union policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; K32; D62.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24472

Sticks and Carrots for the Design of International Climate Agreements with Renegotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weikard,   Hans-Peter; Dellink,   Rob B.
This paper examines stability of international climate agreements for carbon abatement under an optimal transfer rule and renegotiations. The optimal transfer rule suggested to stabilise international environmental agreements (Weikard 2005, Carraro, Eyckmans and Finus 2006) is no longer optimal when agreements are renegotiated. We determine the conditions for optimal self-enforcing sequences of agreements. If these conditions are met, then transfer payments can be arranged such that no country wants to change its membership status at any stage. In order to demonstrate the applicability of our condition we use the STACO model, a 12-regions global model, to assess the impact of welldesigned transfer rules on the stability of an international climate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stability of Coalitions; International Environmental Agreements; Partition Function Approach; Sharing Rules; Optimal Transfers; Renegotiations; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C72; D62; H41; H77.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6293

The Role of Information Provision as a Policy Instrument to Supplement Environmental Taxes: Empowering Consumers to Choose Optimally
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sartzetakis,   Eftichios S.; Xepapadeas,   Anastasios; Petrakis,   Emmanuel.
The present paper examines, within a dynamic framework, the use of information provision as a policy instrument to supplement environmental taxation. We assume that at least a fraction of consumers do not posses the required information to make the optimal choices, and that their behavior at each time period depends on the accumulated stock of information. We show that, as the accumulated stock of information provision increases, both the optimal level of information provided at each period of time and the optimal tax rate decline over time. Our results provide strong evidence in support of information campaigns as a policy instrument to supplement traditional environmental policies. Information provision can shift the demand towards environmentally...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Information Provision; Environmental Taxation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q58; D62; D82.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52342

The Paparazzi Take a Look at a Living Legend: The SO2 Cap-and-Trade Program for Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) presents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. This paper provides an overview of the origins, design, and performance of the U.S. acid rain program, and an analysis of its specific features and its adaptability as a model for addressing other pollution problems, such as control of NOX or CO2 emissions. The program also has resulted in innovation through changes in organizational technology, in the organization of markets, and through experimentation at individual boilers, much of which arguably would...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10665

Prices vs. Quantities in Monopolistic Competition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vetter,   Henrik.
In perfectly competitive markets taxes and quotas are fully equivalent measures for environmental protection.  Based on this regulators' revealed preferences for quotas over that of fees finds its explanation in the procedures and spirits of political decision making.  This paper offers another explanation: Ordinary welfare economic considerations make a quota preferable to a tax when regulating polluting firms in monopolistically competitive markets.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Demand and Price Analysis; D61; D62; D43.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24203

CONSISTENCY AND OPTIMALITY IN A DYNAMIC GAME OF POLLUTION CONTROL I: COMPETITION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
I model the interaction between a regulator and polluting firms as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firms create pollution, which results in a stock externality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures in a competitive industry. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under time consistent policies.   Forthcoming in Environmental and Resource Economics
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Regulation; Tax; Dynamic; Game; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; H32; D62.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28351

Market Failures in Real-Time Metering: A Theoretical Look
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brennan,   Timothy J.
Restructuring the electricity market may secure efficiencies by moving away from cost-of-service regulation, with typically (but not necessarily) time-invariant prices, and allowing prices to reflect how costs change. Charging "real time" prices requires that electricity use be measured according to when one uses it. Arguments that such real-time metering should be a policy objective promoted by subsidizing meters or delaying restructuring until meters are installed, require more than these potential benefits. They require positive externalities to imply that too few meters would be installed through private transactions. Real-time metering presents no systematic externalities when utilities must serve peak period users, and may present negative...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Real-time metering; Electricity restructuring; Deregulation; Rationing; Externalities; Industrial Organization; D45; D62; L11; L94.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10718

Environmental regulation and horizontal mergers in the eco-industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Canton,   Joan; David,   Maia; Sinclair-Desgagne,   Bernard.
This paper considers the environmental policy and welfare implications of a merger between environment firms (i.e., firms managing environmental resources or supplying pollution abatement goods and services). The traditional analysis of mergers in Cournot oligopolies is extended in two ways. First, we show how environmental policy affects the incentives of environment firms to merge. Second, we stress that mergers in the eco-industry impact welfare beyond what is observed in other sectors, due to an extra effect on pollution abatement efforts; this might lead to disagreements between an anti-trust agency seeking to limit market concentration which can be detrimental to consumer surplus and a benevolent regulator who maximizes total welfare.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Eco-industry; Environmental policy; Horizontal mergers; Environmental Economics and Policy; Industrial Organization; D62; H23; L11.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44456

CDM Baseline Construction for Vietnam National Electricity Grid
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tuyen,   Tran Minh; Michaelowa,   Axel.
For projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects. The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CDM; Baseline; Electricity generation; Vietnam; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; D62; F18; Q25; Q41.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26393

Agriculture’s Multifunctionality, Sustainability, and Social Responsibility
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hediger,   Werner.
We investigate the question whether the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) could be used to replace or complement those of multifunctionality and sustainability in the agri-food sector. It shows that the double role of citizens as tax payers and customers requests and allows us to directly link the problems of governance and stakeholder society in an intertemporal framework of total value maximisation and sustainable development. Thus, the concept of CSR provides a link between the views on agriculture’s multifunctionality and sustainability. Moreover, the fact that some actors in a vertical market, such as the agri-food chain, can exercise market power and absorb tax money and resource rents enforces the need of a broader perspective which...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Multifunctionality; Sustainability; Social responsibility; Market power.; D62; D63; Q01; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36854

Fishery Management Games: How to reduce effort and admit new members
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Do,   Kim Hang Pham; Folmer,   Henk; Norde,   Henk.
This paper addresses the two main problems that Regional Fishery Management Organizations face. First, how to induce independent nations to reduce their fishing efforts from the competitive equilibrium to prevent the fish stock from extinction or to increase profits. We argue that adjustment from the Nash equilibrium to a state of sustainable yield can be achieved by means of the proportional rule without harming any of the countries involved. Next we propose the population monotonic allocation scheme as management rule for the second problem: the division of profits within an
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Fishery management; Proportional rule; Population monotonic allocation scheme; Shapley value; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C71; C72; D62; D74; Q22.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31964

Estudio de las preferencias por los elementos agrarios del paisaje mediante los metodos del analisis conjunto y valoracion contingente
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sayadi,   Samir; Roa,   Maria Carmen Gonzalez; Calatrava-Requena,   Javier.
RESUMEN: Entre las externalidades producidas por la actividad agraria hay que considerar su aportación a la configuración del paisaje, es decir, la externalidad estética de los agroecosistemas.  Su conocimiento y valoración adquiere cada vez más relevancia. En el presente trabajo se han utilizado los métodos de Análisis Conjunto y Valoración Contingente para estudiar, por una parte, la importancia relativa de la componente agraria en la función de utilidad derivada del disfrute de los paisajes de Las Alpujarras (Granada-España) y, por otra, la disposición a pagar de los entrevistados por disfrutar de dichos paisajes. Se ha realizado un test a una muestra de potenciales visitantes a la zona, utilizando tres elementos básicos de los paisajes: cubierta...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conjoint Analysis; Contingent Valuation; Agrarian Landscapes; Sustainable Rural Development; Land Economics/Use; Q56; Q57; D62; Q26.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28733

Benefit-costs analysis of climate-related agricultural investments in Africa: a case study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Branca,   Giacomo; Lipper,   Leslie; Sorrentino,   Alessandro.
Paper removed at the request of the first (corresponding) author.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food security; Adaptation; Mitigation; Benefit-cost analysis; Externalities; Environmental Economics and Policy; D61; D62; H54; O13; Q55.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124109

Environmental Regulation and Horizontal Mergers in the Eco-industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Canton,   Joan; David,   Maia; Sinclair-Desgagne,   Bernard.
This paper considers the environmental policy and welfare implications of a merger between environment firms (i.e., firms managing environmental resources or supplying pollution abatement goods and services). The traditional analysis of mergers in Cournot oligopolies is extended in two ways. First, we show how environmental policy affects the incentives of environment firms to merge. Second, we stress that mergers in the eco-industry impact welfare beyond what is observed in other sectors, due to an extra effect on pollution abatement efforts; this might lead to disagreements between an anti-trust agency seeking to limit market concentration which can be detrimental to consumer surplus and a benevolent regulator who maximizes total welfare.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Eco-Industry; Environmental Policy; Horizontal Mergers; D62; H23; L11.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37524

Overlapping Coalitions, Bargaining and Networks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Agbaglah,   Messan; Ehlers,   Lars.
This paper extends the theory of endogenous coalition formation, with complete information and transferable utility, to the overlapping case. We propose a cover function bargaining game which allows the formation of overlapping coalitions at equilibrium. We show the existence of subgame perfect equilibrium and provide an algorithm to compute this equilibrium in the symmetric case. As an application, we establish an interesting link with the formation of networks.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Overlapping Coalitions; Cover Function; Bargaining; Symmetric Game; Network; Environmental Economics and Policy; C71; C72; C78; D62; D85.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96628

Fixed Instruments to Cope with Stock Externalities An Experimental Evaluation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Giordana,   Gaston A.; Willinger,   Marc.
We evaluate the effectiveness of non optimal and temporally inconsistent incentive policies for regulating the exploitation of a renewable common-pool resource. The corresponding game is an N-person discrete-time deterministic dynamic game of T periods fixed duration. Three policy instruments with parameters that remain constant for the whole horizon are evaluated: a pigouvian tax (flat tax), an ambient tax (ambient flat tax) and an instrument combining the two previous ones (mixed flat instrument). We test in the lab the predictions of the model solved for 3 distinct behavioural assumptions: (a) sub-game perfection, (b) myopic behaviour, and (c) joint payoff maximization. We find that subjects behave myopically in the unregulated situation, which agrees...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Policy Instruments; Renewable Common-pool Resources; Dynamic Externalities; Experimental Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D9; D62; H23; H26; H30; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9103

Do We Care about Built Cultural Heritage? The Empirical Evidence Based on the Veneto House Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rosato,   Paolo; Rotaris,   Lucia; Breil,   Margaretha; Zanatta,   Valentina.
Italian historical buildings require urgent and costly maintenance and restoration works, but neither the local, nor the national public administrators can afford these expenditures. Nevertheless the built cultural heritage represent a unique resource of the territory, as it embodies the local social, historical, and cultural values, generates positive externalities (Musgrave, 1959), and stimulates economic activities mainly related to tourism. Is it possible to quantify how much we care about historical buildings and to measure this value in monetary terms? The aim of this paper is to answer to this question via the hedonimetric approach. Specifically, we try to verify if the proximity to historical villas, districts, palaces, squares, fortresses,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cultural Heritage Externalities; Hedonic Housing Price Method; Z1; D62; Q51.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42917

Environmental Taxes: Dead or Alive?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.
Both theory and recent trends suggest some optimism for the future of environment-related taxes. While new research emphasizes the potentially significant distortions created by environmental taxes and appears to undermine the so-called "double dividend" theory, it also suggests that virtually any environmental policy, including regulations, taxes, and tradable permits, can compound existing distortions in the tax system. Currently, direct environmental taxes, such as per-unit charges on emissions, are only in limited use; however, indirect environmental levies, including taxes on fuels, vehicles, beverage containers, and fertilizers, are growing in importance across the OECD nations. Over the period 1990-1993, environmental taxes as a share of total...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental taxes; Double dividend; Distortions; Tax shifts; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; H21; H23.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10595

Food Prices and Blood Cholesterol
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rahkovsky,   Ilya; Gregory,   Christian A.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cost Americans hundreds in billions of dollars. High cholesterol levels, which are closely related to diet habits, are a major contributor to CVD. In this paper we study whether changes in food prices are related to cholesterol levels and whether taxes or subsidies of particular foods would be effective in lowering cholesterol levels and, consequently, CVD costs. We find that prices of vegetables, processed foods, and whole milk and whole grains significantly affect the blood cholesterol levels. Having analyzed the costs and benefits of government interventions, we find that a subsidy of vegetables and whole grains would be the most efficient way to reduce CVD expenditures.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cholesterol; CVD; Cardio-vascular; Food prices; Health; Welfare; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; D04; D12; D62; H23; I19; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103566

Valuation Methods for Environmental Benefits in Forestry and Watershed Investment Projects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cavatassi,   Romina.
The understatement or omission of the environmental costs and benefits associated with forest management options results in project evaluations and policy prescriptions that are less than socially optimal. The aim of this paper is to examine the full range of costs and benefits associated with forests, distinguishing between how these should, and actually are, included in economic analyses. The paper first describes the economic analysis undertaken in the project evaluation procedure of the World Bank. The second section deals with all costs and benefits that typically occur in forestry projects. Costs and benefits are classified as on-site private, on-site public or global according to their nature and area of impact and according to the Total Economic...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economic analysis; Forest values; Global environmental benefits; Externalities; Carbon sequestration; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D61; D62; Q51; Q57; O13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23799

Market Equilibrium in the Presence of Green Consumers and Responsible Firms: A Comparative Statics Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Doni,   Nicola; Ricchiuti,   Giorgio.
This paper analyzes how the interaction between green consumers and responsible firms affects the market equilibrium. The main result is that a higher responsibility by both producers and consumers can have different impacts on the efficiency of the firms’ abatement activity, depending on the nature of the cleaning costs. When the abatement costs are fixed, the efficiency of the clean-up effort is always increasing in their degree of responsibility. On the other hand, when the abatement costs are variable, a higher level of responsibility may reduce social welfare. Finally, the first best allocation is never reached, even in the presence of the highest credible level of responsibility of both consumers and producers.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Green Consumers; Corporate Social Responsibility; Vertical Differentiation; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; L13; L21.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102570

Environmental Options and Technological Innovation: An Evolutionary Game Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Borghesi,   Simone; Galeotti,   Marcello.
This paper analyses the effects on economic agents' behaviour of an innovative environmental protection mechanism that the Public Administration of a tourist region may adopt to attract visitors while protecting the environment. On the one hand, the Public Administration sells to the tourists an environmental call option that gives them the possibility of being (partially or totally) reimbursed if the environmental quality in the region turns out to be below a given threshold level. On the other hand, it offers the firms that adopt an innovative, non-polluting technology an environmental put option that allows them to get a reimbursement for the additional costs imposed by the new technology if the environmental quality is above the threshold level. The...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Bonds; Call and Put Options; Technological Innovation; Evolutionary Dynamics; Environmental Economics and Policy; C73; D62; G10; O30; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55289

Uncertainty and the Double Dividend Hypothesis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sartzetakis,   Eftichios S.; Tsigaris,   Panagiotis D.
This paper examines the double dividend hypothesis in the presence of labour income uncertainty. Empirical evidence shows that uncertainty over labour income is particularly significant in developing, while not negligible in developed countries. Under uncertainty, and assuming incomplete capital markets, the tax system plays a role in providing social insurance and a green tax reform influences its effectiveness. We show that the increase in environmental tax reduces consumption risk while the balanced budget decrease in labour income tax increases income risk. We find that the total welfare effect of a green tax reform differs substantially from the case of certainty. The critical parameters determining the existence of a second dividend are the lump sum...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Double Dividend Hypothesis; Environmental Taxation; Labor Income Taxation; Uncertainty; Tax Incidence Analysis; Labor and Human Capital; H21; H23; D62.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7445

The Evolution of NOx Control Policy for Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) contribute to formation of particulate matter and ozone, and also to acidification of the environment. The electricity sector is responsible for about 20% of NOx emissions in the United States, and the sector has been the target of both prescriptive (command-and-control) and flexible (cap-and-trade) approaches to regulation. We summarize the major NOx control policies affecting this sector, and provide some perspectives as to their effectiveness. While both prescriptive and flexible approaches continue to play an important role, significant new proposals have wholly embraced a cap-and-trade approach.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Ozone; Nitrogen oxides; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10645

International Environmental Agreements under Uncertainty: Does the Veil of Uncertainty Help?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Finus,   Michael; Pintassilgo,   Pedro.
Na and Shin (1998) showed that the veil of uncertainty can be conducive to the success of self-enforcing international environmental agreements. Later papers confirmed this negative conclusion about the role of learning. In the light of intensified research efforts worldwide to reduce uncertainty about the environmental impact of emissions and the cost of reducing them, this conclusion is intriguing. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we analyze whether the result carries over to a more general setting without restriction on the number of players and which considers not only no and full learning but also partial learning. Second, we test whether the conclusion also holds if there is uncertainty about abatement costs instead of uncertainty about...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transnational Cooperation; Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements; Uncertainty; Learning; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; D62; D81; H41; Q20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91655

Implementation of Policy Instruments for Chlorinated Solvents: A Comparison of Design Standards, Bans, and Taxes to Phase Out Trichloroethylene
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Slunge,   Daniel; Sterner,   Thomas.
This paper studies the Swedish prohibition of the hazardous solvent Trichloroethylene (TCE). Sweden is alone in completely prohibiting its use. The ban has been at best a partial success and illustrates the dilemmas of policymaking. Use has declined but not stopped, largely because the decision to ban TCE was challenged in the courts. Recently, the EU Court of Justice decided in favor of Sweden's right to have a ban. This article analyzes abatement cost data to show that the cost of replacing TCE is low for most plants, although there appear to be a few firms for which it may be quite high. A cross-country comparison indicates that the Swedish ban was less effective than the very strict technical requirements in Germany or the tax used in Norway. A tax (or...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Hazardous chemicals; Regulation; Environmental tax; Solvents; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; L50; Q28; K32.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10516

Are Agricultural Measures for Groundwater Protection Beneficial When Compared to Purification of Polluted Groundwater?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hasler,   Berit; Lundhede,   Thomas.
The groundwater resource, the drinking water areas and the surface water quality can be protected by measures, e.g. by reductions of pesticide and nutrient applications, conversion of arable land to grasslands or forests etc. The objective of the paper is to estimate the benefits of groundwater protection by the valuation method choice experiments. This method allows for separate estimation and comparison of the different attributes connected to groundwater protection i.e. the effects on drinking water and surface water quality as compared to the benefits from cleaning and treatment of polluted drinking water to make it suitable for drinking water consumption. The results indicate that the benefits are significant, and that the willingness to pay for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Pollution; Drinking water; Valuation; Choice experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q26; Q28; C42; D62.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24587

Is Certification a Promising Way to Ensure Sustainable Resource Use? An Analysis Based on the Concept of 'Self-Enforcing Contracts'
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lippert,   Christian.
In the past decade several certification schemes have been developed in order to promote sustainable resource use, especially in foreign countries where it is impossible to rely on direct enforcement of process standards. Based on the concept of 'Self-Enforcing Contracts' a model is developed simulating the simultaneous market equilibrium for certified natural resource units and physically identical units produced without observing certain environmental standards. The model along with some empirical evidence from tropical forestry yields that very likely certification will fall short in ensuring sustainable resource use. Basic natural resource management has to be primarily steered by governments and administrations, not by market forces.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Renewable resources and conservation; Demand and supply; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q21; B52; D62; K42; L14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24563

Comparing the Efficiency of Alternative Policies for Reducing Traffic Congestion
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper compares the efficiency of a single lane toll, a congestion tax applied uniformly across freeway lanes, a gasoline tax, and a transit fare subsidy at reducing traffic congestion. The model incorporates a variety of conditions required to reach an efficient outcome. These include conditions for the efficient allocation of travel among competing modes, travel at peak versus off-peak periods, and drivers with high and low time costs sorted onto faster and slower freeway lanes. Each policy violates some or all of the efficiency conditions. Under wide parameter scenarios, the single lane toll, gasoline tax, and transit subsidy forgo at least two thirds of the efficiency gains under an "ideal" congestion tax that varies across lanes. In contrast, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Efficiency effects; Congestion taxes; Single lane tolls; Rail subsidies; Gasoline taxes; Public Economics; R41; R48; D62.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10517

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE EFFECT OF BUDGET BALANCE                 AND POLLUTION CEILING CONSTRAINTS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
I analyze the problem faced by an asymmetrically informed supranational governmental authority (SNGA) with limited financial resources who wishes to design an International Environmental Agreement (IEA). The SNGA cannot contract directly with polluting firms in the various LDCs, but he must deal with such firms through their governments. I study this tripartite hierarchical interaction and focus on the properties of the optimal ex post contracts (IEAs), which can be implemented by the SNGA, in turn, in the case where governments and firms in each nation do not collude and then in the case where governments and firms do collude. I find that the monetary transfers necessary to induce optimal behavior by governments and firms are not very sensitive to the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Agreement; LDCs; Budget; Ceiling; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; D62; D82; Q25.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28347

Local Communities in front of Big External Investors: An Opportunity or a Risk?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
In the current age of trade and financial openness, local economies in developing countries are becoming increasingly exposed to external investments. The objective of the proposed two-sector model with environmental externalities is to provide an insight into the interaction between external investors and local communities with a focus upon the different strategies and income sources available to each category. In this context, analysis suggests that environmental regulations and incentives offered in order to attract external capital investment (whether foreign or national) may have an un-uniform impact on the two typologies of actors.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Foreign Direct Investments; Environmental Negative Externalities; Structural Changes; Poverty Alleviation; International Development; F21; F43; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98093

Promoting Organic Food: Information Policy Versus Production Subsidy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tribl,   Christoph; Salhofer,   Klaus.
In developed countries governments aim to increase the market share of organic products. Assuming that organic farming creates a positive externality, we address the question of how this environmental benefit can be internalized best. Using the concept of heterogeneous producers and consumers we compare two policy options to enhance organic supply and demand with respect to their efficiency and distributional effect: First, we analyze the effect of a supply-side oriented policy like a subsidy on organic production. Second, we compare this policy measure to a demand-side oriented information policy, which aims to enhance the acceptance and identification of an organic food label. Third, we assume a mix of both policy measures. The main findings of this...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Organic food; Labeling; Production subsidy; Information policy; Welfare; Agricultural and Food Policy; D61; D62; L15; Q18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24653

WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT GROUNDWATER PRICING
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Roumasset,   James A.; Pitafi,   Basharat A.K.
Conserving the watershed can help to preserve the groundwater supplies by avoiding loss of recharge. Preventing overuse of available water through pricing reforms can also substantially increase benefits from groundwater stock. Since efficiency prices are generally higher than the inefficient, status quo prices, efficiency pricing may be politically infeasible and watershed conservation may be considered as an alternative. Using Pearl Harbor water district as an example, we find that pricing reform yields large welfare improvement (about $900 million) and is welfare-superior to watershed conservation unless the latter prevents over 10% loss of recharge. In addition, watershed conservation is more valuable at efficiency pricing than at the status quo prices.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Watershed conservation; Water pricing; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D62; H21; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20133

Incorporating Uncertainty and Cero Values into the Valuation of Protected Areas and Species
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hurle,   Jesus Barreiro; Garcia,   Jose Maria Casada; Perez y Perez,   Luis.
Under the Spanish conservation law, compensation is envisaged for the damage associated with all actions that reduce the quantity or quality of protected areas and species. This paper provides a tool to evaluate the monetary equivalent of this damage. We conduct a contingent valuation exercise to estimate the existence value related to protected areas and species in Aragon. This estimate is then reconsidered including the possibility of zero bids and also the possibility of uncertain preferences for non-familiar goods. Considering these two effects, mean values are reduced significantly giving support to previous recommendations of dividing by two contingent valuation estimates from dichotomous choice question formats.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Natural heritage; Contingent valuation; Spike model; Uncertainty; Land Economics/Use; B23; C24; C42; C52; D62; Q26.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24745

The Economics of Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kolstad,   Charles D.; Toman,   Michael.
Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This paper reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instruments to control the problem. The paper concludes with a discussion of the political economy of greenhouse gas control in an international context.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Climate policy design; Integrated assessment; Environmental policy coordination; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q28; Q48; D61; D62; D63.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10783

Does the Value of a Statistical Life Vary with Age and Health Status? Evidence from the United States and Canada
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alberini,   Anna; Cropper,   Maureen L.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Simon,   Nathalie B.
Much of the justification for environmental rulemaking rests on estimates of the benefits to society of reduced mortality rates. Yet the literature providing estimates of the willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions measures the value that healthy, prime-aged adults place on reducing their risk of dying, whereas the majority of statistical lives saved by environmental programs, according to epidemiological studies, appear to be the lives of older people and people with chronically impaired health. This paper provides an empirical assessment of the effects of age and baseline health on WTP for mortality risk reductions by reporting the results of two contingent valuation surveys designed to test the above hypotheses. One survey was...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Willingness to pay; Mortality; Contingent valuation; Age; Health status; Health Economics and Policy; D61; D62; Q20; Q26.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10769

Structural Change, Environment and Well-being: Interactions Between Production and Consumption Choices of the Rich and the Poor in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
Replaced with revised version of paper 01/16/09.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Production; Consumption Choices; Welfare; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37671

GAME MODELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
In this paper we study some aspects of the question of international environmental regulation from a game theoretic perspective. We address two broad questions. First, we examine the circumstances under which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy by a country in a Stackelberg game will make that country worse off. Second, we study the effects of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments in a Stackelberg game where there is transboundary pollution. We find that there are plausible theoretical circumstances in which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy is not a good idea. Further, we show that in choosing between alternate pollution control instruments, national governments typically face a tradeoff between...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Policy; Open; Economy; Game; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; F13; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28364

Internationaler Handel und multifunktionale Landwirtschaft : Ein Agrarsektormodell zur Analyse Politischer Optionen und Entscheidungsunterstutzung
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weber,   Gerald.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural sector; Policy analysis; Agricultural trade; Multifunctionality; External effects; Taxes; Subsidies; Sector modeling; International Relations/Trade; C61; C69; D62; H23; H41; Q71; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18824