Consulta: subjectFacets:"Developing countries"
Registros recuperados: 122
Data/hora: 01/06/2024 10:11:52

Recursos genéticos de los hongos del maguey (pleurotus sp.) de la región central de México: caracterización y selección de genotipos con potencial para la producción rural.
Provedor de dados: Depósito Institucional Abierto de Documentos Digitales del Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS DIGITAL )
Autores: Ramírez Carrasco, Angelina Patricia.
México cuenta con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, poco se han aprovechado los recursos genéticos nativos para la producción comercial de hongos comestibles. En esta investigación se recolectaron y caracterizaron diversos genotipos de Pleurotus que crecían silvestres sobre plantas de Agave en el altiplano de la región central de México. Estos hongos comestibles son consumidos por las comunidades locales durante la época de lluvias, a los cuales denominan como “Hongos del Maguey”.  Se aislaron 25 cepas de estos hongos que se caracterizaron macro y microscópicamente, y se evaluó su competitividad comercial. La más alta eficiencia biológica (EB) y tasa de producción (TP) se registraron en la cepa CP-460 (58.04% y 1.0748, respectivamente), las...
Palavras-chave: Pleurotus; Hongos de maguey; Trichoderma; Cultivo de hongos comestibles; Desarrollo Rural; Países en desarrollo; Maguey Mushrooms; Edible mushroom cultivation; Rural development; Developing countries; Doctorado; EDAR; Estrategias para el Desarrollo Agrícola Regional.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10521/371

Local Social and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels: Global Comparative Assessment and Implications for Governance
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: German, Laura; Center for International Forestry Research; University of Georgia; L.GERMAN@cgiar.org; Schoneveld , George  C.; Center for International Forestry Research; G.Schoneveld@cgiar.org; Pacheco, Pablo; Center for International Forestry Research; p.pacheco@cgiar.org.
The 2000s witnessed the rapid expansion of biofuel plantations in the global South in the context of a growing trend of crop plantation expansion. This trend has been spurred by policies in the European Union, United States, Brazil, and other countries favoring the use of biofuels in the transport sector to enhance energy security and reduce carbon emissions, as well as by the desire of governments in developing countries to harness the stimulus that new commercial investments provide to the agricultural sector and to national economies. Despite these potential benefits, a number of concerns have been raised about the local social and environmental impacts of biofuel feedstock expansion. We shed light on this debate through a synthesis of findings from...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis
Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Developing countries; Environmental impacts; Global South; Social impacts.
Ano: 2011

A Typology of Benefit Sharing Arrangements for the Governance of Social-Ecological Systems in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: Nkhata, Bimo Abraham; Water Research Node, Monash South Africa; bimo.nkhata@monash.edu; Mosimane, Alfons; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; alfons.mosimane@gmail.com; Downsborough, Linda; Water Research Node, Monash South Africa; Linda.Downsborough@monash.edu; Breen, Charles; Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; breenc@telkomsa.net; Roux, Dirk J; Water Research Node, Monash South Africa; dirk.roux@monash.edu.
This study explores and interprets relevant literature to construct a typology of benefit sharing arrangements for the governance of social-ecological systems in developing countries. The typology comprises three generic categories of benefit sharing arrangements: collaborative, market-oriented, and egalitarian. We contend that the three categories provide a useful basis for exploring and classifying the different societal arrangements required for governance of social-ecological systems. The typology we present is founded on a related set of explicit assumptions that can be used to explore and better understand the linkages among ecosystem services, benefit sharing, and governance. Issues that are strongly related to sustainability in developing countries...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis
Palavras-chave: Benefit sharing; Developing countries; Ecosystem services; Governance; Social-ecological systems; Typology.
Ano: 2012

Social Learning through Participatory Integrated Catchment Risk Assessment in the Solomon Islands
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: Hoverman, Suzanne; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland; suzannehoverman@optusnet.com.au; Ross, Helen; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland; Helen.Ross@uq.edu.au; Chan, Terence; Water Studies Centre, Monash University, Victoria; terence.chan@sci.monash.edu.au; Powell, Bronwyn; International WaterCentre Brisbane, Queensland; b.powell@watercentre.org.
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports
Palavras-chave: Catchment risk assessment; Collective social action; Deliberative democratic theory; Developing countries; Integrated Water Resources Management  IWRM; Knowledge systems; Social learning; Solomon Islands; Pacific Islands.
Ano: 2011

Characterization and comparability of biosimilars: A filgrastim case of study and regulatory perspectives for Latin America
Provedor de dados: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
Autores: Mendoza-Macedo,Karina; Romero-Díaz,Alexis J; Miranda-Hernández,Mariana P; Campos-García,Víctor R; Ramírez-Ibañez,Nancy D; Juárez-Bayardo,L. Carmina; Moreno-Duran,Karen; Cedillo-Robles,Miriam S; Pérez,Nestor O; Jung-Cook,Helgi; Flores-Ortiz,Luis F; Medina-Rivero,Emilio.
Background: Developing countries have an estimate of ten times more approved biosimilars than developed countries. This disparity demands the need of an objective regulation that incorporates health policies according to the technological and economical capabilities of each country. One of the challenges lies on the establishment of comparability principles based on a physicochemical and biological characterization that should determine the extent of additional non-clinical and clinical studies. This is particularly relevant for licensed biosimilars in developing countries, which have an extensive clinical experience since their approval as generics' in some cases more than a decade. To exemplify the current status of biosimilars in Mexico' a...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Bio therapeutic; Comparability; Critical quality attributes; Developing countries; Generics; Health policies; High quality biosimilars; Regulation.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582016000600010

Technical and economic feasibility of gradual concentric chambers reactor for sewage treatment in developing countries
Provedor de dados: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
Autores: Mendoza,Lourdes; Carballa,Marta; Sitorus,Berlian; Pieters,Jan; Verstraete,Willy.
A major challenge in developing countries concerning domestic wastewaters is to decrease their treatment costs. In the present study, a new cost-effective reactor called gradual concentric chambers (GCC) was designed and evaluated at lab-scale. The effluent quality of the GCC reactor was compared with that of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. Both reactors showed organic matter removal efficiencies of 90%; however, the elimination of nitrogen was higher in the GCC reactor. The amount of biogas recovered in the GCC and the UASB systems was 50% and 75% of the theoretical amount expected, respectively, and both reactors showed a slightly higher methane production when the feed was supplemented with an additive based on vitamins and minerals....
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Mesophilic; Nutrients removal; Reactor design; Sewage.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582009000200007

"EDUCATING THE NEXT GENERATION OF OCEANOGRAPHERS" IN REGIONAL SCHOOLS ON THE CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE
Provedor de dados: Gayana
Autores: Young,Helen; Stuardo,José R.; Jones,Ian S.F.
This paper addresses the question of why the intellectual leadership of Oceanography is currently vested in developed countries while it is argued that developing countries have greater needs for the outcomes of Oceanography. The norms of the research science culture are discussed. These norms are not embedded in the culture of some developing regions but are central to western industrial societies. English language, as a carrier of the culture of science, is identified as a key element in enabling graduates to be leaders in their region and players on the international stage. The prospect of regional schools of excellence to educate indigenous graduates in Oceanography is explored as a way of empowering developing country professionals and of halting the...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Oceanography; Graduate education; English as second language; Scientific culture; Leadership; Developing countries.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-65382002000200008

Lakes water quality monitoring and management programme in developing countries
Provedor de dados: Ocean Docs: e-repository of  publications
Autores: Mutia, Silas M.
Developing Countries face an array of traditional and modern lakes water quality problems ranging from faecal contamination to toxic chemicals. Moreover, they do so in an economic environment that is severely restricted, an institutional environment which is often poorly structured, and for which the modern scientific knowledge base is frequently poorly understood and applied. Agencies in many developing countries recognize this as major impediment to sustainable development, especially as water quality has become one of the leading economic issues for the purposes of development and investment. Generally water quality programmes tend to suffer from traditional approaches, both of methodology and legal/administrative. The Consequence is that many...
Tipo: Proceedings Paper
Palavras-chave: Water quality; Water resources; Water management; Resource development; Water pollution; Environmental monitoring; Inland waters; Water reservoirs; Freshwater lakes; Developing countries; Water quality; Water resources; Resource development; Environmental monitoring; Water management; Water pollution; Inland waters; Water reservoirs; Developing countries; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16061; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8325; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28018; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37876; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8320; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8321; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3876; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8324; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2222.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/1474

Reaching IODE's Target Audience: Implementation Action of new Technologies and Developing Countries or how to Involve them in Cyberspace
Provedor de dados: Ocean Docs: e-repository of  publications
The last 10 years have witnessed a revolution in the handling of both data and information through the widespread availability of personal computers. Increasingly, data and information about data collections are being produced in electronic form. The latest advances are in the realm of data and information delivery. Here, the proliferation in the use of CD ROMs is giving everyone who has a modest computer and CD ROM reader the ability to access large archives of both data and information, instantly. There is also, of course, the rapid advances in electronic networks and their linking via the Internet as a conduit between global data and information providers and users. All of this technology does not automatically make for an improved global data and...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Oceanographic data; Developing countries.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/1608

Financing EU Distant Water Fishing in Developing countries
Provedor de dados: Ocean Docs: e-repository of  publications
Autores: Gorez, B.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Distant water fisheries; Developing countries.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/874

Adaptation to Climate Change in the Developing World
Provedor de dados: Ocean Docs: e-repository of  publications
Autores: Huq, S.; Adger, W.N.; Brown, K.; Hulme, M.
The world’s climate is changing and will continue to change into the coming century at rates projected to be unprecedented in recent human history. The risks associated with these changes are real but highly uncertain. Societal vulnerability to the risks associated with climate change may exacerbate ongoing social and economic challenges, particularly for those parts of societies dependent on resources that are sensitive to changes in climate. Risks are apparent in agriculture, fisheries and many other components that constitute the livelihood of rural populations in developing countries. In this paper we explore the nature of risk and vulnerability in the context of climate change and review the evidence on present-day adaptation in developing countries...
Tipo: Journal Contribution
Palavras-chave: Adaptation; Vulnerability; Climate change; Environmental policy; Developing countries; Climate change; Http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35367.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/833

The knowledge base for fisheries management in developing countries - alternative approaches and methods
Provedor de dados: Ocean Docs: e-repository of  publications
Autores: Degnbol, P.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Fisheries management; Developing countries.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/802

Measuring Agricultural Innovation System Properties and Performance: Illustrations from Ethiopia and Vietnam
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Spielman,   David J.; Kelemework,   Dawit.
Agriculture; developing countries; innovation; Ethiopia; Vietnam
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Developing countries; Innovation; Ethiopia; Vietnam; Agricultural and Food Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O13; O32; Q16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50791

The Health Impacts of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution from Solid Fuels in Developing Countries: Knowledge, Gaps, and Data Needs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ezzati,   Majid; Kammen,   Daniel M.
Globally, almost three billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of disease and mortality in developing countries. We review the current knowledge on the relationship between indoor air pollution and disease, and on the assessment of interventions for reducing exposure and disease. Our review takes an environmental health perspective and considers the details of both exposure and health effects that are needed for successful intervention strategies. We also identify knowledge gaps and detailed research questions that are essential for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Household energy; Developing countries; Exposure assessment; Exposure-response relationship; Indoor air pollution; Intervention; Public health; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10864

Cost-Minimizing Food Budgets in Ghana
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Darko,   Francis Addeah; Allen,   Benjamin; Mazunda,   John; Rahimzai,   Rafiullah; Dobbins,   Craig L.
Replaced with revised version of paper on 01/14/2011.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Nutrition; Minimum costs; Linear programming; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96161

Agricultural Trade Liberalization: Assessing the Consequences for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bureau,   Jean-Christophe; Jean,   Sebastien; Matthews,   Alan.
Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. Simulations suggest that the effects of agricultural trade liberalization will be small, overall, and are likely to be negative for a significant number of developing countries. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but these countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. The main obstacles to the exports of the poorest countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards) which increasingly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; WTO; Developing countries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24628

The Recession and its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment Flows into the Food System of Less Developed Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Babool,   Md. Ashfaqul Islam; Saghaian,   Sayed H.
This study investigates the effects of the current recession on foreign direct investment (FDI) in the food sectors of developing countries. The study tests the hypothesis that the economic recession adversely affects FDI flows in the food sector. The specific objectives are: to identify determinants that influence FDI inflows; to develop an econometric model to estimate changes in FDI inflows as influenced by factor determinants, including the present recession; and to compare the impact of the recession on FDI in the food system in different developed and developing economies.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Recession; FDI; Developing countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98786

"Institutional adaptation" for integrated water resources management: An effective strategy for managing Asian river basins
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bandaragoda,   Don Jayatissa.
In many developing countries, their governments dominate the field of water resources management. Even in “participatory irrigation management” efforts, the governments play a dominant role. As these efforts are rarely based on any internally generated demand from the water users, they usually fail to create viable organizations at the local level. A similar setback can be seen in the more recent institutional reforms in Asia’s water sector, which are promoted by the donor agencies and, national and international development professionals. A survey of experiences in Asian countries shows that no country has successfully completed establishing new water sector policies and laws and river basin organizations, as prescribed. The need to improve current...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: River basin development; Irrigation management; Institutional development; Organizations; Water allocation; Developing countries; International Development; Production Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91906

Open-Cycle Hatcheries, Tourism and Conservation of Sea Turtles: Economic and Ecological Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.; Wilson,   Clevo.
Considers the role that tourism-based sea turtle-hatcheries can play in conserving populations of sea turtles by combining economic analysis of markets with ecological parameters. Background is provided on the nature and development of such hatcheries in developing countries, giving particular attention to Sri Lanka. The modelling provided helps with the assessment of the impacts of turtle hatcheries on the conservation of sea turtles and enables ecological consequences of tourism, based on such hatcheries, to be better appreciated than in the absence of such modelling. The results demonstrate that sea turtle hatcheries that operate for tourist purposes can make a positive contribution to sea turtle conservation, but this depends on the manner in which...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ecological economics; Nature conservation; Sea turtles; Ranching; Developing countries; Sri Lanka; Sea turtle hatcheries; Tourism; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48959

Regulatory Impact Assessment in Developing and Transition Economies: A Survey of Current Practice
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kirkpatrick,   Colin; Zhang,   Yin-Fang.
Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) involves a systematic appraisal of the costs and benefits associated with a proposed new regulation and evaluation of the performance of existing regulations. So far, most research has been concerned with the adoption of RIA in OECD countries. The purpose of this paper is to assess the co tribution that RIA can make to "better regulation" in developing and transition economies. The results reported in this paper from a survey of RIA use in a sample of developing and transition countries suggest that a growing number of low and middle-income countries are beginning to apply some form of regulatory assessment, but that the methods adopted are partial in their application and are not systematically applied across government....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulatory impact assessment; Transition economies; Developing countries; Capacity building.; Public Economics.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/30673

What is the structure of the coffee market: Can the real poor benefit from the coffee trade?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pokorna,   Irena; Smutka,   Lubos.
This article deals with the trade with coffee. The primary aim of the paper is to analyse the international coffee trade. Because coffee belongs to the cash crops we have focus on the production. We have analysed the structure of the trade concerning the green (not roasted) coffee, roasted coffee and coffee extracts, essences or concentrates. The analyses of production show enormous differences between developed and developing countries on the supply side. Dissimilarity appeared in the price system. Our results show that developing countries (especially least developed countries) cannot fully benefit from the international trade because they are placed just on the lowest level of the production vertical line. The results prove that there must exist strong...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Coffee market; International trade; Prices; Supply chains; Developing countries; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Relations/Trade; GA; IN.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96865

Curriculum Enhancement and Reform to Meet the Needs of Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries: Survey of Literature
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Maredia,   Mywish K.
The agricultural education system plays an important role in developing knowledge resources and preparing well-trained individuals and the next generation of labor force that becomes part of the public sector (government), the private sector (entrepreneurs, farm producers, agri-business entities) and the NGOs. An education system that is innovative and responsive to the complex and rapidly changing work environment is critical to ensure the effectiveness of all the institutions that contribute to agricultural development agenda. To make the education system responsive requires developing and implementing curriculum and teaching programs that are relevant to the production needs and employment demands of the agricultural sector. This paper reviews the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tertiary education; Curriculum reform; Training; Capacity building; Agricultural development; Developing countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; O15:Human Resources-Human Development-Income Distribution-Migration; M53:Training; I23: Higher Education and Research Institutions; Q16:R&amp;D-Agricultural Technology-Biofuels-Agricultural Extension Services.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/105395

Demand for livestock products in developing countries with a focus on quality and safety attributes: Evidence from case studies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
The case studies and the synthesis papers were presented at a mini-symposium at the International Association of Agricultural Economists conference held in Beijing, Peoples Republic of China, on 18–24 August 2009.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Demand; Livestock products; Quality; Safety; Developing countries; Consumer/Household Economics; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97973

How effective are food for education programs? : A critical assessment of the evidence from developing countries.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Adelman,   Sarah W.; Gilligan,   Daniel O.; Lehrer,   Kim.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: School children; Food; Developing countries; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48852

Climate Change Meets Trade in Promoting Green Growth: Potential Conflicts and Synergies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
To date, border adjustment measures in the form of emissions allowance requirements (EAR) under the U.S. proposed cap-and-trade regime are the most concrete unilateral trade measure put forward to level the carbon playing field. If improperly implemented, such measures could disturb the world trade order and trigger a trade war. Because of these potentially far-reaching impacts, this paper focuses on this type of unilateral border adjustment, which requires importers to acquire and surrender emissions allowances corresponding to the embedded carbon contents in their goods from countries that have not taken climate actions comparable to that of home country. This discussion is mainly on the legality of unilateral EAR under the WTO rules. Given that the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Border carbon adjustments; Carbon tariffs; Emissions allowance requirements; Cap-and-trade regime; Lieberman-Warner bill; Waxman-Markey bill; World Trade Organization; Kyoto Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59475

Preferential Tariffs, WTO and Developing Countries: Do the Gains from Multilateral Market Access Outweigh Preferential Access?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Elbehri,   Aziz; Wainio,   John.
WTO trade negotiations on market access follow the MFN treatment. However, an increasing share of trade falls under preferential regimes. For agriculture, trade liberalization analyses have showed that the impact on developing countries (DC) is not uniform, partly from omitting preferences. In this paper, we examine whether preference-recipient DC benefit more from across the board tariff cuts than from preferences. We employ a global CGE model with detailed preference-inclusive tariff database to examine the differential impact of trade liberalization on DC subject to preferences versus MFN-based market access. We focus on the European Union- the world largest preferences provider- and run two experiments of tariff cuts by the EU: a 50% across-the-board...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade preferences; MFN tariffs; Trade liberalization; Developing countries; Preferential trade Agreements; International Relations/Trade; D5; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25644

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND URBAN POVERTY IN INDIA
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fan,   Shenggen.
Using a similar analytical approach to a study in China, this paper analyzes the impact of agricultural research on urban poverty reduction in India. State level data from 1970 to 1995 were used in the empirical analysis. It is found that in addition to its large impact on rural poverty reduction, agricultural research investments have also played a major role in the reduction of urban poverty. Agricultural research investments increase agricultural production, and increased production in turn lowers food prices. The urban poor often benefit proportionately more than the non-poor since they spend 50-80% of their income on food. Among all the rural investments considered in this study, agricultural research has the largest impact on urban poverty reduction...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; India; Agricultural research; Urban; Poverty; Food price; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16079

India's Reform of External Sector Policies and Future Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.
I evaluate India's transition from an inward-oriented development strategy to greater participation in the world economy. While tariff rates have decreased significantly over the past decade, India is still one of the more autarkic countries. Despite improvement over the past in export performance, India continues to lag behind its South- and East Asian neighbors. Second, official debt flows have been largely replaced by foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment in the 1990s. India's ability to attract FDI would be greatly enhanced by further reforms. I argue that India's participation in a future round of multilateral trade negotiations would benefit India. I outline the further reforms most needed: reform of labour and bankruptcy laws,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: India; Antidumping; Developing countries; Economic reform; Export performance; Foreign direct investment; Intellectual property rights; Multilateral trade negotiations; Quantitative restrictions; Real exchange rate; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; World Trade Organization; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; F15; F21; F35; H54; K31; O34; O38; O53; P11.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28428

Livestock products in the Third World: past trends and projections to 1990 and 2000
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sarma,   J.S.; Yeung,   Patrick.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Meat industry and trade; Dairy products industry; Developing countries; Forecasting Statistical methods; Statistics; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1985
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45870

Enjoying a Good Port with a Clear Conscience: Geographic Indicators, Rent Seeking and Development
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
The European Union is attempting to have the protection of geographic indicators strengthened in the WTO. There may be sufficient rents and other benefits available to justify this strategy in the negotiations. To achieve its rent-seeking goals, however, the European Union needs allies at the negotiations. It has been courting developing countries by touting the benefits of geographic indicators for their products. For most products originating in developing countries, the opportunities for rents will first have to be created, a resource-intensive and problematic activity. Further, even if rents can be created in the short run, the forces of competition are likely to erode them. Scarce resources might be better utilized on other development strategies that...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographic indicators; Incentives; Rent seeking; Sustainable development; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23827

International agricultural research for food security, poverty reduction, and the environment: What to expect from scaling up CGIAR investments and “Best Bet” programs.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: von Braun,   Joachim; Fan,   Shenggen; Meinzen-Dick,   Ruth Suseela; Rosegrant,   Mark W.; Nin Pratt,   Alejandro.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; CGIAR; Food prices; Poverty reduction; Hunger; Agricultural research food security; Environment; Agricultural innovation; Agricultural development; Climate change; Agricultural biodiversity; Food Security and Poverty; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46015

The U.S. Patent System and Developing Country Access to Biotechnology: Does the Balance Need Adjusting?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Taylor,   Michael R.; Cayford,   Jerry.
Many agricultural and food security experts believe that biotechnology has potential to assist developing country farmers in meeting current and future food needs. Most of the tools of biotechnology have been developed, however, by companies, governments, and universities in industrialized nations; are the subject of U.S. patents; and have so far been applied commercially to address the needs of large-scale growers in the United States and other developed countries. For commercial and other reasons, applications of biotechnology that might benefit developing country farmers are unlikely in the foreseeable future to be developed and disseminated through commercial channels. At the same time, noncommercial, public sector researchers report that their access...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: United States patents; Agricultural biotechnology; Developing countries; Food security; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; Q16.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10872

Gender analysis and reform of irrigation management: concepts, cases, and gaps in knowledge; Proceedings of the Workshop of Gender and Water, 15-19 September 1997, Habarana, Sri Lanka
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Gender; Privatization; Irrigation management; Women in development; Property rights; Water scarcity; Developing countries; Agricultural production; Water resources; Water rights; Poverty; Policy; Economic aspects; Land tenure; Legislation; Rice; Water users' associations; Irrigated farming; Planning; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Land Economics/Use; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118416

A Global Hunger Index: Measurement Concept, Ranking of Countries, and Trends
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wiesmann,   Doris M.
Progress in combating hunger and undernutrition has been lagging for decades. Best practices to fight hunger and undernutrition have been available for a long while, but lack of political will among leaders and a lack of political power among the poor have hampered their implementation. Since indices have proven to be powerful tools for advocacy and are able to capture multifaceted phenomena, the Global Hunger Index (GHI) was developed to increase attention to the hunger problem and mobilize the political will to speed up urgently needed progress in the fight against hunger. The GHI captures three dimensions of hunger: insufficient availability of food, shortfalls in the nutritional status of children, and child mortality, which is to a large extent...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Hunger; Undernutrition; Child malnutrition; Child mortality; Food availability; Indicators; HIV/AIDS; Conflict; War; Developing countries; Countries in transition; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55891

Are The Poverty Effects of Trade Policies Invisible?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Verma,   Monika; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Hertel,   Thomas W.
With the advent of the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda, as well as the Millennium Development Goals aiming to reduce poverty by 50 percent by 2015, poverty impacts of trade reforms have attracted increasing attention. This has been particularly true of agricultural trade reform due to the importance of food in the diets of the poor, relatively higher protection in agriculture, as well as the heavy concentration of global poverty in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of income. Yet some in this debate have argued that, given the extreme volatility in agricultural commodity markets, the additional price and poverty impacts due to trade liberalization might well be undetectable. This paper formally tests this “invisibility hypothesis” via...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade policy reform; Agricultural trade; Computable general equilibrium; Developing countries; Poverty headcount; Volatility; Stochastic simulation; Non-parametric hypothesis testing; Financial Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; C68; F17; I32; Q17; R20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61793

Determinants and Implications of the Growing Scale of Livestock Farms in Four Fast-Growing Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Delgado,   Christopher L.; Narrod,   Clare A.; Tiongco,   Marites M.; Barros,   Geraldo Sant'Ana de Camargo; Catelo,   Maria Angeles; Costales,   Achilles; Mehta,   Rajesh; Naranong,   Viroj; Poapongsakorn,   Nipon; Sharma,   Vijay Paul; de Zen,   Sergio.
he rapid growth in consumer demand for livestock offers an opportunity to reduce poverty among smallholder livestock farmers in the developing world. These farmers’ opportunity may be threatened, however, by competition from larger-scale farms. This report assesses the potential threat, examining various forms of livestock production in Brazil, India, the Philippines, and Thailand. Findings show that the competitiveness of smallholder farms depends on the opportunity cost of family labor and farmers’ ability to overcome barriers to the acquisition of production- and market-related information and assets. Pro-poor livestock development depends, therefore, on the strengthening of institutions that will help smallholders overcome the disproportionately high...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Economic aspects; Industrialization; Profit efficiency; Environmental externalities; Smallholder competitiveness; Livestock productivity; Livestock Industrialization; Scaling up; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92804

International Trade Education: Do We Need a New Model for the Global Market?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Professionals in the field of international trade policy tend to receive their knowledge on-the-job, often with a considerable component of mentoring. While this was a reasonable knowledge transfer mechanism in a period when interest in trade policy was confined to narrow constituencies and a limited range of trade policies, it may no long be appropriate in the era of globalization. In recent years both those with an interest in trade policy and the range of issues that come under the purview of trade policy have increased substantially, yet there is little formal education provided on trade policy. As a result, there is a shortage of trained professionals in the field of trade policy. While the shortage is widespread in developed countries, it is endemic...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Education; Trade policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23934

Concepts, applications, and extensions of value chain analysis to livestock systems in developing countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rich,   Karl M.; Baker,   Derek; Negassa,   Asfaw; Ross,   R. Brent.
The analysis of value chains has augmented our knowledge on the complexities, inter-linkages, distributional benefits, and institutional arrangements of production and marketing channels in developing countries.  However, the analysis remains relatively qualitative and case-specific, with limited ability to rank or assess the impact of alternative interventions or to analyze sufficiently the complex market dynamics and feedbacks present in livestock systems.  This paper offers insights on ways to improve the analytical rigor of the value chain methodology that combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Value chain; Livestock; Developing countries; Livestock Production/Industries; I32; O13; O17; O21; Q13; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51922

How Ambitious are China and India’s Emissions Intensity Targets?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stern,   David I.; Jotzo,   Frank.
As part of the negotiating process for a post-Kyoto climate policy regime, several developing economies have announced carbon emission targets for 2020. China and India’s commitments are framed as emissions intensity reductions by 40 to 45 per cent and 20 to 25 per cent respectively between 2005 and 2020. But how feasible are these proposed emissions intensity reductions, and how do they compare with the targeted reductions in the United States and the European Union?   In this research report we use a stochastic frontier model to explain the variation in countries’ energy intensities. We use the model to produce emissions projections for China and India under a number of scenarios that consider various rates of technological change and changes in the...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Carbon emissions; Climate change; Developing countries; Projections; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94947

The Environmental Consequences of Globalization: A Country-Specific Time-Series Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Baek,   Jungho; Cho,   Yongsung; Koo,   Won W.
The dynamic relationships among trade, income and the environment for developed and developing countries are examined using a cointegration analysis. Results suggest that trade and income growth tend to increase environmental quality in developed countries, whereas they have detrimental effects on environmental quality in most developing countries. It is also found that for developed countries the causal relationship appears to run from trade and income to the environment - a change in trade and income growth causes a consequent change in environmental quality, and the opposite relationship holds for developing countries.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Developed countries; Developing countries; Environmental quality; Globalization; Time-series analysis; Trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6510

SEASONAL LABOR CONSTRAINTS AND INTRA-HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS IN THE FEMALE FIELDS OF SOUTHERN CAMEROON
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Elad,   Renata L.; Houston,   Jack E.
Women's agricultural production is modeled as a sequential switching regression process determined by men's clearing labor capacity and women's harvest labor capacity.  Results show that output was more often constrained by husband's clearing labor.  However, men's economic contribution to household consumption is inversely related to women's agricultural output.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Seasonal labor; Gender; Production; Developing countries; Labor and Human Capital; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21689

Die neue Rolle von Sozialer Sicherung für ländliche Entwicklung in Entwicklungsländern
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jutting,   Johannes Paul.
In the 1990ies the ultimate target of social security has been widened: Social security aims at protecting people against life risks and helping them to take advantage of social and economic opportunities. Existing social security systems in rural areas of developing countries are often “second best solutions” and need reforms. Institutional innovations such as micro insurance schemes are a promising way of improving the risk management of rural households. The example of community based health insurance schemes in Senegal shows, that rural households can be successfully integrated into insurance schemes. This allows a better access to health care and is an essential prerequisite for increasing labour productivity. Moreover, it offers in the mid to long...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Social security; Micro insurance schemes; Developing countries; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Health Economics and Policy; International Development.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98252

Developing Country Participation: The Kyoto-Marrakech Politics
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sari,   Agus.
The US has repeatedly criticized the lack of "meaningful participation" of developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol. I discuss the course of negotiations on developing country participation between the conferences at Kyoto in 1997 and Marrakech in 2001. The reluctance of developing countries to enter into discussions on quantitative emissions targets can be explained by the principle of "common, but differentiated responsibilities" enshrined in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the fact that both per capita cumulative emissions and per capita income are still much lower in developing countries than in the industrialized world. Moreover, the Clean Development Mechanism that generates emissions credits for projects in developing countries...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International climate policy; Kyoto Protocol; Developing countries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q540; Q560.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26302

Challenges for Less Developed Countries: Agricultural Policies in the EU and the US
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schure,   Paul; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Wang,   Yichuan.
Agricultural policies adopted by developed countries are considered distortional and detrimental to less developed countries (LDCs). This paper discusses the adverse impacts on less developed countries of the agricultural support regimes of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). Despite the fact that the budget for agriculture in these constituencies has the same order of magnitude, we find that the EU relies much more heavily on agricultural support than does the US. Specifically, the EU provides agricultural producers with an amount of support that is about two-and-a-half times that of the US, and for most commodities a larger share of farmers’ income stems from support measures as well. While the composition of producer support differs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural support; European Union; US; Developing countries; Least-developed countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management; Q14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37047

What the Developing Countries Want from the WTO
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: McCalla,   Alex F.
There is a very strong consensus among economists that developing countries have the most to gain from movements towards freer trade under the WTO. But the Seattle WTO meeting was suspended in part because of vocal NGOs who charged that free trade and globalization were not in poor countries’ interests. This paper makes three points. First, developing countries do have much to gain from general trade liberalization. Trade expansion is positively linked to growth. Second, agricultural trade liberalization offers even greater gains than liberalization in other sectors because of the heavy dominance of agriculture in poor countries’ economies. Third, not all developing countries are poor, food-deficit, importing countries. They are a heterogeneous group and...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; NGOs; Non-trade issues; Open trade regimes; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23863

Hidden harvest: U.S. benefits from international research aid
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pardey,   Philip G.; Alston,   Julian M.; Christian,   Jason E.; Fan,   Shenggen.
This report spells out the benefits to the United States from its partnership with the CGIAR.  Using wheat and rice to illustrate the gains from international research on important food crops, the report shows that U.S. investments in CGIAR wheat and rice research have paid off many times over for U.S. farmers
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Agricultural assistance; American; Economic aspects; Developing countries; Agricultural research; Developing countries; Finance; Investments; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55649

Does the structure of agricultural science and technology policy system matter in developing country agricultural productivity growth trends? Evidence from Kenya and Uganda
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mugunieri,   Godiah Lawrence; Obare,   Gideon A.; Omamo,   Steven Were.
Paper to be presented at the IAAE Conference
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural science and technology; Policy system; Developing countries; Food Security and Poverty; Productivity Analysis; C22; O12; O33.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50538

Diagnosis and the management constituency of small-scale fisheries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Evans,   Louisa; Andrew,   Neil.
Diagnosis and adaptive management can help improve the ability of small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the developing world to better cope with and adapt to both external drivers and internal sources of uncertainty. This paper presents a framework for diagnosis and adaptive management and discusses ways of implementing the first two phases of learning: diagnosis and mobilising an appropriate management constituency. The discussion addresses key issues and suggests suitable approaches and tools as well as numerous sources of further information. Diagnosis of a SSF defines the system to be managed, outlines the scope of the management problem in terms of threats and opportunities, and aims to construct realistic and desired future projections for the fishery....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fishery management; Developing countries; Participatory approach; Artisanal fishing; Poverty; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53030

Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Adjustment in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Abbott,   Philip C.
Agricultural trade liberalization offers the possibility of substantial income gains and poverty reduction in the developing world. For those gains to be realized, institutional innovations and realizations of export opportunities are crucial. Adjustment policies to foster gains from trade include initiatives to compensate losers, institutional reforms to integrate into the global trading system, and policies which facilitate resource reallocations and especially enhance investment activity, both foreign and domestic. Much can be learned from experience with structural adjustment reforms, in which substantial trade liberalization by developing countries was accompanied by numerous other reforms when successful. Agriculture is important in reforms because...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; Developing countries; Structural adjustment; Institutional innovation; Good governance; Investment; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15731

The Challenge of Hunger: The 2008 Global Hunger Index.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: von Grebmer,   Klaus; Fritschel,   Heidi; Nestorova,   Bella; Olofinbiyi,   Tolulope; Pandya-Lorch,   Rajul; Yohannes,   Yisehac.
With high food prices threatening the food security of millions of vulnerable households around the world, hunger and malnutrition are back in the headlines. The world is making only slow progress in reducing food insecurity, according to the Global Hunger Index (GHI). Some regions—in particular South and Southeast Asia, the Near East and North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean—have made significant headway in combating hunger and malnutrition since 1990, but in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the GHI remains high. Moreover, progress in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1990 has been marginal. The GHI is a tool developed by IFPRI for regularly tracking the state of global hunger and malnutrition. This year’s index reflects data until 2006—the most...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Hunger; Undernutrition; Child mortality; Malnutrition in children; Food availability; Indicators; HIV/AIDS; Conflict war; Developing countries; Transitional economies; Countries in transition malnutrition measurement evaluation.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46014

The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing: Is It a WTO Failure?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Malaga,   Jaime E.; Mohanty,   Samarendu.
The historic GATT-Uruguay Round Agreement was signed in April 1994 after years of difficult negotiations. Although the textile and clothing sector was not included, a separate agreement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) was also signed, with the specific purpose of dismantling the complex quota system in place and gradually incorporating the sector into the rules and disciplines of GATT-UR over a period of ten years. On the verge of the established deadline, the liberalization results achieved seem disappointing for most textile exporting countries. These results have implications for the new round of WTO negotiations. What went wrong? Is anyone to blame? This article analyzes the ATC rules and discusses conflicting interpretations of the...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: ATC; Developing countries; MFA; Textile &amp; clothing; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23819

Halving Hunger: Meeting the First Millennium Development Goal through "Business as Unusual"
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fan,   Shenggen.
In 2000, the world’s leaders set a target of halving the percentage of hungry people between 1990 and 2015. This rather modest target constitutes part of the first Millennium Development Goal, which also calls for halving the proportion of people living in poverty and achieving full employment. However, the effort to meet the hunger target has swerved off track, and the world is getting farther and farther away from realizing this objective. The goal of halving hunger by 2015 can still be achieved, but business as usual will not be enough. What is needed is “business as unusual”—a smarter, more innovative, better focused, and cost-effective approach to reducing hunger.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Agricultural development; Developing countries; Developing countries; Economic policy; Hunger; Developing countries; Millennium Development Goals (MDG); Policies; Poverty; Developing countries; Rural development; Developing countries; Social protection; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92808

Factors Influencing Soil Conservation Decisions in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Upland Farmers in the Philippines
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sureshwaran,   Suresh; Londhe,   S.R.; Frazier,   P.
This study examines the factors that influence the adoption intensity of a soil conservation technology in a developing country. Factors that influence adoption intensity may not be the same as those that influence the incidence of adoption. In this study, adoption intensity is defined as the percentage of total upland acreage planted with Sloping Agricultural Land Technology by farmers in the Philippines. Because of the dependent variable’s truncated nature, a Tobit model is used in the analysis. Economic theory and previous research provide the basis for the soil conservation decision variables included in the study. Results suggest that age of the head of household, tenure status, availability of family labor, and government programs have significant...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Soil conservation decisions; Intensity of adoption; Tobit models; Developing countries; Upland farmers; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90379

Intersectoral management of river basins; Proceedings of an International Workshop on "Integrated Water Management in Water-Stressed River Basins in Developing Countries: Strategies for Poverty Alleviation and Agricultural Growth," Loskop Dam, South Africa, 16-21 October 2000
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water management; River basins; Watercourses; Poverty; Agricultural development; Developing countries; Water policy; Water use efficiency; Political aspects; Water allocation; User charges; Privatization; Water users' associations; Water scarcity; Investment; Financing; Institutional constraints; Water law; Gender; Social aspects; Conflict; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Food Security and Poverty; Political Economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118386

Food Security Assessment: Why Countries Are at Risk
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shapouri,   Shahla; Rosen,   Stacey L.
Food insecurity in many low-income, developing countries is projected to intensify unless steps are taken to reverse the performance trend of key contributing factors: agricultural productivity, foreign exchange earnings, and population growth. For the poorest countries, an increase in agricultural productivity is the key to improving food security. In these countries, imports play a small role in the domestic food supply because of limited foreign exchange availability. This study evaluates availability and distribution of food and analyzes their trends through 2008 by projecting food gaps to maintain per capita consumption, meet nutritional needs, and fulfill requirements stemming from unequal food distribution.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Developing countries; Productivity; Foreign exchange availability; Import capacity; Income distribution; Population growth; Nutritional requirements; Per capita consumption; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33614

Regulation and the Privatisation of Water Services in Developing Countries: Assessing the Impact of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kirkpatrick,   Colin; Parker,   David.
Trade liberalisation of environmental services under the current WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has been widely advocated as a means of increasing private sector participation in the water sector in developing countries. The liberalisation of water services in lower income countries is expected to promote more efficient operation, increase investment and improve service coverage. At the same time, these proposals have been widely criticised, and there has been growing resistance to the liberalisation of water services. This study reviews the evidence on the impact of private sector involvement in the provision of water services in developing countries. A number of reasons why water privatisation may prove problematic in lower-income...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water services; GATS; Developing countries; Privatisation.; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/30600

The influence of official development assistance on economical development of the selected groups of developing countries around the world
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pokorna,   Irena; Smutka,   Lubos.
The current financial crisis influenced the whole economy around the world. Almost all sectors of human activities and all countries are affected by its impacts. While in the past all kinds of crises had an effect on developing countries and in case of developed countries only selected sectors of the national economy were involved, the current crisis, which started in the second half of 2008, seriously affected not only developing countries but also developed countries. During the last several decades, we became witnesses of a permanently increasing gap between developing and developed countries. While only few developed countries with about 1.2 billion people produced about 80 % of the world GDP, the rest of the world represented by developing countries...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Aid; Development assistance; Economic growth; Developing countries; Political Economy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96848

Evolution of urban chicken consumption in Southern countries: a comparison between Haiti and Cameroon
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Laroche Dupraz,   Catherine; Awono,   Cyprien.
Since the beginning of 2000s, in order to let poor people accede to meat consumption, several developing countries have opened their domestic chicken market to foreign imports, by reducing import tariffs. Thus local chicken meat competes with frozen pieces of chicken imported from the European Union or America, causing the loss of many jobs in the local chicken food chain. In order to highlight the determinants of urban consumer’s choice relative to chicken types, and assess the opportunity for local chicken to restore its market share, investigations have been done in 2005 and 2006, in Yaoundé (Cameroon) and at Port-au-Prince (Haiti) applied to 180 urban households in each country. While imported frozen pieces of chicken have almost entirely substituted...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Chicken; Urban consumption; Developing countries; Globalisation; Cameroon; Haiti.; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43938

Tell Me Where It Hurts, an' I'll Tell You Who to Call: Industrialize Countries' Agricultural Policies and Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Diao,   Xinshen; Diaz-Bonilla,   Eugenio; Robinson,   Sherman; Orden,   David.
This paper accomplishes two objectives. First, it provides simulation results from a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that have helped focus the debate about the potential effects of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries. The aggregate numbers show modest net positive effects over a medium-term period (five years out). First, when developed countries fully remove their subsidies and trade barriers, welfare and GDP of the developing countries rise, as do value added in agricultural production and agro-industries, and agricultural exports. Focal point estimates that we provide are increases in welfare and GDP of $10 billion and $15 billion, respectively, while agricultural value added increases $23 billion and agricultural...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policies; Developing countries; Industrialized countries; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Trade liberalization; Trade barriers; Subsidies; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59823

Where is it Cheapest to Cut Carbon Emissions?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stern,   David I.; Lambie,   Neil Ross.
The relative cost of carbon emissions reductions across regions depends on whether we measure cost by marginal or total cost, private or economy-wide cost, and using market or purchasing power parity exchange rates. If all countries are on the same marginal carbon abatement cost curve then lower marginal costs of abatement are associated with higher energy intensities and higher total costs of abatement in achieving proportional cuts in emissions, equal emissions per capita, or common global carbon price targets. We test this conjecture using the results of the GTEM computable general equilibrium model as presented in the climate change economics review conducted by the Australian Treasury Department. Rankings of countries by costs do differ depending on...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Costs; Developing countries; Computable general equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q52; Q54.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95058

2nd Forum on Irrigation and water for sustainable development: 15 –16 December, 2008 Ghion Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Awulachew,   Seleshi Bekele; Erkossa,   Teklu; Balcha,   Yodit.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sustainable development; Irrigation management; Irrigation water; Irrigated farming; Irrigation systems; Supplemental irrigation; Land management; Land use; Investment; Case studies; Government policy; Rural poverty; Groundwater; Small scale systems; Socioeconomic development; Economic aspects; Economic growth; Income; Water management; Water resources development; Water harvesting; Water supply; Public policy; Agricultural production; Developing countries; Public-private cooperation; History; Case studies; River basins; Crop production; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Financial Economics; Food Security and Poverty; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; Production Economics; Public Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118411

Environmental Labeling, Protected Geographical Indications and the Interests of Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Grote,   Ulrike.
Among developing countries, one can identify both proponents and opponents of extending the use of geographical indications (GIs) beyond wines and spirits. Such an extension is currently being discussed under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization. While labeling is mostly based on private initiatives, GIs are considered to be long-term public rights. Proponents therefore regard GIs as the stronger tools for protecting their national property rights and offering them new opportunities to develop their export markets. Opponents, however, consider GIs to be new barriers to trade that impede their export opportunities. This article clarifies these positions and pulls together some...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical indications; Labeling; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48795

THE ECONOMICS OF BIOSAFETY: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Maredia,   Mywish K.
There is a growing body of literature on the safe use of biotechnology and the need for an international biosafety protocol and national regulations to facilitate the safe development and transfer of biotechnology.  Most of these studies, however, address the issue of biosafety from a scientific, legal, environmental and organizational perspective.  The purpose of this paper is to add to this discussion by providing an economic perspective on regulating products of agricultural biotechnology, with special emphasis on implications for developing countries who are under increasing pressure to put a biosafety framework in place. The paper provides a brief discussion on the economic rationale for biosafety regulations, explains the economic benefits and costs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biosafety; Economic aspects; Developing countries; Agriculture; Biotechnology; Research; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11768

GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION: AN IN-DEPTH ASSESSMENT OF WHAT IS AT STAKE
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique; Beghin,   John C.
We use the global Linkage model to assess the impact of trade and support policies in agriculture on income, trade, and output patterns. We provide order-of-magnitude estimates of the impacts of policy changes rather than point estimates. Two sets of simulations are used to identify key drivers in the results. One set decomposes the aggregate results by looking at the impacts of partial reforms, regionally and across instruments, to identify the relative contribution to global gains of reforms in industrialized and developing countries and of border protection versus domestic support. The second set responds to critics of trade reform (inflated gains for developing countries, no transition costs for industrial country farmers, uncertain supply response in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; Developing countries; Doha Round; Farm policy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18343

What Effect Does Free Trade in Agriculture Have on Developing Country Populations Around the World?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fabiosa,   Jacinto F.
Highlighted in the “battle in Seattle” in 1999, anti-trade sentiments still persist, even with development considerations placed at the core of reform negotiations at the World Trade Organization, in which two-thirds of the members are developing countries.  In this paper, the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on food consumption through changes in income and prices is considered. First, agricultural trade liberalization is estimated to raise economic growth by 0.43% and 0.46% in developing and industrialized countries, respectively. Since food consumption of households with lower income are more responsive to changes in income, their food consumption increases more under a trade liberalization regime.  Second, trade liberalization is expected to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; Income and price elasticity; Income distribution; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6731

STABILIZATION POLICIES AND AGRICULTURAL IMPACTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF BOLIVIA
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: De la Barra,   Victor H.; Marchant,   Mary A.; Isinika,   Aida C.
This research examines the success of stabilization policies to control hyperinflation in Bolivia. Money demand functions for the hyperinflation and stabilization periods were econometrically estimated and statistically tested. We conclude that the demand for money in Bolivia changed after stabilization policies were implemented, indicating that the new government's objectives were met. Stabilization policies resulted in real economic growth for Bolivia's economy, including its agricultural sector, where agricultural export shares increased tenfold as stabilization policies corrected overvalued exchange rates.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Bolivia; Developing countries; Hyperinflation; Money demand; Stabilization policies; Political Economy.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15336

A framework for analyzing socioeconomic, health and environmental impacts of wastewater use in agriculture in developing countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hussain,   Intizar; Raschid,   Liqa; Hanjra,   Munir A.; Marikar,   Fuard; van der Hoek,   Wim.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Waste water management; Environmental degradation; Waterborne diseases; Water quality; Irrigation practices; Aquaculture; Economic analysis; Social aspects; Health; Environmental aspects; Agriculture; Developing countries; Policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Environmental Economics and Policy; Health Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Production Economics; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92775

Reform in the EU Sugar Regime: Impact on the Global Sugar Markets
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huan-Niemi,   Ellen; Kerkela,   Leena.
The ongoing trade negotiations, unilateral trade concessions and obligations under the WTO are pushing the EU sugar regime to undertake reforms. These reforms will alter the positions of developing countries in the global sugar markets. A complete unilateral liberalisation of the EU sugar sector is simulated to depict the winners and losers in the global sugar markets if no preferences are governing the imports of sugar into the EU. The supply responses, which strongly affect the outcomes, are dependent on both the nature of substitution for sugar as well as on the efficiency of sugar production in different countries. The multiregion general equilibrium framework (GTAP) is used for this analysis. The results show that the total liberalisation of sugar...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: EU sugar regime; Reform; Developing countries; Unilateral liberalisation; GTAP; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; E17; F17; Q18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24733

Irrigation management transfer in the Columbia Basin: lessons and international implications
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Svendsen,   Mark; Vermillion,   Douglas Lynn.
Tipo: Book
Palavras-chave: Irrigation management; Farmer managed irrigation systems; Privatization; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation effects; Project appraisal; Financing; Developing countries; Farm Management; Financial Economics.
Ano: 1994
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114043

The Environmental Consequences of Globalization: A Country-Specific Time Series Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Baek,   Jungho; Cho,   Yongsung; Koo,   Won W.
The dynamic relationships among trade, income and the environment for developed and developing countries are examined using a cointegration analysis. Results suggest that trade and income growth tend to increase environmental quality in developed countries, whereas they have detrimental effects on environmental quality in most developing countries. It is also found that for developed countries, the causal relationship appears to run from trade and income to the environment ─ a change in trade and income growth causes a consequent change in environmental quality, and the opposite relationship holds for developing countries.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Developed countries; Developing countries; Environmental quality; Globalization; Time-series analysis; Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37342

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs), most notably those that enhance energy efficiency. In the medium term, the effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economics research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The most obvious lessons from this research are that widespread diffusion of CFTs may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology diffusion; Climate change; Developing countries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O38; Q25; Q28; O48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10574

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH IN CHANGING AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM: THE ROLE OF ITALY;  Proceedings of the 4th Minnesota Padova Conference on Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, September 4-10, 1994, Wayzata, MN
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bagnara,   Gian Luca; Bagnara,   Domenico.
This paper is concerned with the evolution of the agricultural system and its consequences for the international research.  In particular, the gradual liberalization of international markets, the changing in consumer’s preferences in western countries, the increasing in concentration in food distribution and industry, and the economic and demographic problems of developing countries are affecting the demand and supply of agricultural and food products.  Consequently, also the agricultural research has to follow or, even better, to anticipate the changings in order to answer to the different and new demand of technology and information.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade; Demand of technology; Developing countries; Developed countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14455

The economic and social weight of small scale agriculture. Evidence from the Rural Income Generating Activities survey data.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karfakis,   Panagiotis; Hammam Howe,   Tarek.
In current economic reality, there seems to be a clear need to recognize, characterize and place small scale agriculture in a setup which accounts for novel trends in the modes of doing business in the global economy and with respect to the changing role of agriculture along development transition. Providing that ground it will make it possible to design and promote appropriate policy strategies that will best accommodate small scale farmers’ needs and exploit their potential for agricultural development. The present paper employs a multi country household survey database developed from ESA-FAO, and a series of ad hoc land thresholds to categorize rural households as small or large scale farmers and identify some of their key characteristics as well as...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Small scale agriculture; Household survey data; Developing countries; International Development; Production Economics; Q12.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52851

The adoption of the Eurepgap Standard by Mango Exporters in Piura, Peru
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kleinwechter,   Ulrich; Grethe,   Harald.
The significance of standards in international agricultural trade is continuously rising. Due to their complexity, especially private industry standards are often expected to have a negative impact on agricultural export sectors in developing countries. The successful adoption of standards by a broad number of producers can be seen as a condition to limit negative socioeconomic consequences. This case study for the mango export sector in Piura, Peru, analyzes the adoption of the Eurepgap standard, based on a theoretical framework of a compliance process of three stages (information stage, decision stage, implementation stage). The empirical part is based on interviews with farmers. A comparison between certified producers and a control group identifies the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Costs of compliance; Eurepgap; Developing countries; International; Trade; Mango; Peru; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25521

THE DEMAND FOR CROP GENETIC RESOURCES: INTERNATIONAL USE OF THE U.S. NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smale,   Melinda; Day-Rubenstein,   Kelly A.; Zohrabian,   Armineh; Hodgkin,   T.
In contrast to a perception that ex situ collections of germplasm are rarely used, this empirical case study reveals large quantities of germplasm samples distributed by the U.S. National Germplasm System to many types of scientific institutions located in numerous countries around the world. Distributions favor developing countries in several ways including the numbers of samples shipped, utilization rates in crop breeding programs, and the secondary benefits brought about through sharing this germplasm with other scientists. Expected future demand is also greater among scientists in developing countries. These findings underscore the importance to global science and technology of retaining such resources in the public domain.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Crop genetic resources; Plant breeding; Germplasm collection; Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16086

What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: Micronutrient Content and Fungal Contamination of Foods in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hoffmann,   Vivian.
The negative effects of micronutrient deficiencies on human capital acquisition and economic productivity are well documented. A less well understood but potentially serious threat to human health in developing countries is the contamination of food crops by fungal toxins. This paper surveys what is known about the health and economic burdens attributable to insufficient micronutrients and toxic contamination of food in developing countries, discusses consumer demand for micronutrients and food safety, and describes some of the challenges to improving population nutrition, particularly in rural areas.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Micronutrients; Aflatoxin; Developing countries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Development.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55548

International agricultural research for food security, poverty reduction, and the environment: What to expect from scaling up CGIAR investments and “Best Bet” programs.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: von Braun,   Joachim; Fan,   Shenggen; Meinzen-Dick,   Ruth Suseela; Rosegrant,   Mark W.; Nin Pratt,   Alejandro.
Tipo: Book
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; CGIAR; Food prices; Poverty reduction; Hunger; Agricultural research food security; Environment Agricultural innovation; Agricultural development; Climate change; Agricultural biodiversity; Food Security and Poverty; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46016

Consumer Acceptance of Genetically Modified Food Products in the Developing World
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Curtis,   Kynda R.; Wahl,   Thomas I.; McCluskey,   Jill J.
World-wide consumer response toward food products made from genetically modified ingredients has been largely negative. However, the majority of the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards genetically modified food products were conducted in developed countries in Europe as well as Japan. The small number of studies conducted in developing countries obtained different results from the developed world. This paper considers the motivations for consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods in developing countries. We conclude that the generally positive perception towards genetically modified foods in developing countries could be the result of a cost-benefit analysis consistent with expected utility theory. Developing countries have more...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Risk; Biotechnology; Genetically modified foods; Crop Production/Industries; Risk and Uncertainty.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57858

Emerging supply chains of indigenous pork and their impacts on small-scale farmers in upland areas of Vietnam
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huong,   Pham Thi Mai; Hau,   Nguyen Van; Kaufmann,   Brigitte; Valle-Zarate,   Anne; Mergenthaler,   Marcus.
Rising incomes, urbanization and globalization have been leading to profound changes in the consumption habits of an increasing number of people in developing and transition countries, particularly in Asia. These changes are linked to increasing concerns that small-scale farmers are becoming marginalized in new market set-ups. On the back-ground of these developments we analyze how growing demand for indigenous pork – considered a specialty product among consumers in Vietnam – impacts through newly emerging supply chains on small-scale farmers in upland areas. We analyze supply chains and price transmission as well as compare the impact of marketing institutions on the economics of primary production. Results of market surveys show that carcasses of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: High-value products; Supply chains; Indigeneous pigs; Agrogenetic diversity; Marketing margins; Highlands; Developing countries; Vietnam; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; Production Economics.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51628

Tariffs, Transport Costs and the WTO Doha Round: The Case of Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Busse,   Matthias.
The WTO Doha Round of multinational trade negotiations is labelled the “development round” to highlight the fact that progress could be achieved through the enhanced integration of the poor countries into the world economy. Since the trade agenda focuses to a large extent on the levels of direct and indirect trade barriers as well as other aspects of trade and competition policy, an important aspect of the relative trade performance of developing countries has been neglected somewhat. This paper argues that, in addition to trade barriers, other trade costs, such as communications and transport costs, have to be taken into account. These other costs can be significantly higher in developing countries, which impedes their successful integration into world...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Transport costs; WTO Doha Round; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23818

Political Economy of Agricultural Distortions: The Literature to Date
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
The 1980s and first half of the 1990s were a very active period in the field of political economy of agricultural protection. While the past decade has witnessed a slowdown in this area, there have been very important developments on political economy in other parts of the economics profession. This paper reviews key new insights and developments in the general political economy literature and draws implications for the study of the political economy of distortions to agricultural incentives.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural distortions; High-income countries; Developing countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; N50; O13; P16; P26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50308

HOW AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AFFECTS URBAN POVERTY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF CHINA
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fan,   Shenggen; Fang,   Cheng; Zhang,   Xiaobo.
This paper develops a framework to measure the impact of agricultural research on urban poverty. Increased investments in agricultural R&amp;D can lower food prices by increasing food production, and lower food prices benefit the urban poor because they often spend more than 60% of their income on food. Application of the framework to China shows that these food price effects are large and that the benefits for the urban poor have been about as large as the benefits for the rural poor.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; China; Agricultural research; Urban; Poverty; Food Security and Poverty; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16123

Special and Differential Treatments in World Trade Rules
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Manero-Salvador,   Ana.
This article aims to present an integral vision of the Special and Differential Treatment provisions, which form the cornerstone of the development dimension at WTO and constitute one of the main areas of debate being discussed at the Doha Round. With this purpose, the article analyzes the legal status of the Special and Differential Treatment provisions as they relate to world trade rules; it also examines their possible evolution following the debates in this round of multilateral negotiations.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Doha Round; Special and Differential Treatment; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9243

A Club No More - The WTO after Doha
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
Since its inception the GATT, and subsequently the WTO, has been able to operate in a fashion that is more consistent with a club than an inclusive organization that encouraged the active participation of all its members. The WTO Ministerial Meeting in Doha in November 2001 appears to have been a watershed in how the organization functions, and the club model may no longer be appropriate. While it is not yet clear what will replace the previous model, it is apparent that decision making will be much more diffused and the interests of a much broader spectrum of member countries taken into account. The central question is whether or not the transformed organization can still serve the interests of those who were previously able to dominate the club–the major...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Club; Developing countries; Doha; International trade; Multilateral organization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23909

Agricultural tariff rate quotas in the EU 1997-2002: Do developing countries enjoy quota rents?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Laroche Dupraz,   Catherine; Matthews,   Alan.
Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) were introduced and legitimised as a market access instrument in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). TRQs combine both restrictions on imports, as well as safeguarding current or preferential agricultural trade flows. When market access is restricted by a high tariff level beyond the quota, exporters that enjoy the low in-quota tariff may be able to gain a share of the quota rent. The paper analyses the implementation of 87 EU agricultural TRQs between 1997 and 2002 to examine their economic significance from the point of view of developing countries. Analysis of the database shows that TRQ trade can generate a high preference margin but that the potential rent is not so high. Moreover, this potential rent is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tariff rate quotas; Quota rents; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7213

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE OF GENETIC RESOURCES, THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OWNERSHIP: THE CASE OF THE U.S. NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Day-Rubenstein,   Kelly A.; Smale,   Melinda.
Changing perceptions of resource ownership have altered international exchange of genetic resources. After summarizing the role of genebanks and issues related to property regimes, this paper presents an empirical study of one of the largest national genebanks, the U.S. National Germplasm System. The demand for its genetic resources appears to be substantial, both domestically and internationally. Utilization rates are higher than suggested by past studies. The role of information in enhancing the usefulness of NPGS resources is explored with an econometric model that indicates that accompanying data make germplasm more useful. U.S. requestors account for most of the germplasm demanded, but developing countries appear to make greater use of these...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop genetic resources; Genebanks; Germplasm collection; Genetic resource management; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60332

Ecosystems for water and food security. [Background paper]
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Tipo: Book
Palavras-chave: Agroecosystems; Agriculture; Food security; Food production; Water scarcity; Water management; Water productivity; Wetlands; Water use; Decision making; Environmental flows; Developing countries; Hunger; Poverty; Fisheries; Climate change; Agroforestry; Biodiversity; Rangelands; Livestock; Rainfed farming; Policy; Landscape; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Crop Production/Industries; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Production Economics.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124386

Economics of Biofortification
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Qaim,   Matin; Stein,   Alexander J.; Meenakshi,   J.V.
Micronutrient malnutrition affects billions of people world-wide, causing serious health problems. Different micronutrient interventions are currently being used, but their overall coverage is relatively limited. Biofortification – that is, breeding staple food crops for higher micronutrient contents – has been proposed as a new agriculture-based approach. Yet, as biofortified crops are still under development, relatively little is known about their economic impacts and wider ramifications. In this article, the main factors that will influence their future success are discussed, and a methodology for economic impact assessment is presented, combining agricultural, nutrition, and health aspects. Ex ante studies from India and other developing countries...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Micronutrient malnutrition; Public health; Biofortification; Agricultural technology; Impact analysis; Developing countries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I1; I3; O1; O3; Q1.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25584

The WTO, Labour and Environmental Standards: Globalisation with Reference to India
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labour standards; Social standards; International trade discrimination; Environmental standards; Globalisation; Developing countries; Global governance; India; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90518

The Use of Economic Incentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience with Industrial Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
To what extent should developing countries eschew conventional command and control environmental regulation that is increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on economic incentives? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to industrial air pollution. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various economic incentive instruments, presents in-depth case studies of their application in Sweden, the United States, China, and Poland, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that both design deficiencies and pervasive constraints on monitoring and enforcement impede the effectiveness of economic instruments in developing countries. The latter are difficult to rectify, at least in the medium term. As a result, tradable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Economic incentives; Market-based instruments; Developing countries; Air pollution; Sweden; China; Poland; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10601

Globalization, Urbanization and Nutritional Change in the Developing World
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mendez,   Michelle A.; Popkin,   Barry M.
Urbanization and globalization may enhance access to non traditional foods as a result of changing prices and production practices, as well as trade and marketing practices. These forces have influenced dietary patterns throughout the developing world. Longitudinal case study data from China indicate that consumption patterns closely reflect changes in availability, and that potentially obesogenic dietary patterns are emerging, with especially large changes in rural areas with high levels of urban infrastructure and resources. Recent data on women from 36 developing countries illustrate that these dietary shifts may have implications for overweight/obesity in urban and rural settings. These data emphasize the importance of developing country policies that...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Dietary patterns; Developing countries; Overweight; Food policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12001

Globalization of food and agriculture and the poor
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: von Braun,   Joachim; Diaz-Bonilla,   Eugenio.
The economic impact of globalization, particularly on poverty, and the changes in agri-food markets have received much attention in recent years. However, the intersection of these two trends has been neglected. The present volume fills this gap by focusing on the way globalization of agri-food systems affects the world’s poor and its impact on food and nutrition security in developing countries. Rather than offering a single policy prescription or simplistic messages about globalization being 'good' or 'bad', the book acknowledges the complexity of the subject by including a variety of policy and research perspectives. The contributors analyse in details the links between poverty and globalization. They examine the different interactions between the...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food supply; Developing countries; Rural poor Globalization; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46012

The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labeling for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Anders,   Sven M.; Caswell,   Julie A.
Food product attributes related to geographical origins are a topical issue in global food trade. The provision of geographical labeling may occur through geographical indications under the mandated trade rules of the TRIPS Agreement, through trademarks, or through country-of-origin labeling. The overall effect of the expansion of geographical labeling on developing countries depends on a complex mix of market opportunities that may yield substantial benefits as well as implementation costs. Increasingly, the analysis of this overall effect will need to evaluate the joint impacts of different forms of geographical labeling on the market position of developing countries.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical labeling; International trade; TRIPS; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48794

The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labelling for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Anders,   Sven M.; Caswell,   Julie A.
Food product attributes related to geographical origins are a topical issue in global food trade. The provision of geographical labelling may occur through geographical indications under the mandated trade rules of the TRIPS Agreement, trademarks, or country-of-origin labelling. The overall effect of the expansion of geographical labelling on developing countries depends on a complex mix of market opportunities that may yield substantial benefits as well as implementation costs. Increasingly, the analysis of this overall effect will need to evaluate the joint impacts of different forms of geographical labelling on the market position of developing countries.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical labelling; International trade; TRIPS; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; F13; Q13; O19.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42130

Income Growth and Gender Bias in Childhood Mortality in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ueyama,   Mika.
With poverty studies having shifted their focus from household poverty to individual poverty, a number of studies have started to examine intrahousehold resource allocation, especially gender bias within the household as potential causes of poverty. The literature has highlighted the existence of gender inequalities in South Asia, attributed to strong preferences for male offspring stemming from cultural and traditional customs. Only a few studies focused on the regional difference in the extent of gender bias and its response to income growth. To fill a void in previous studies, this study analyzes regional differences in gender discrimination, taking into account time-series variations. Furthermore, we test whether economic factors are responsible for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Gender bias; Intrahousehold resource allocation; Childhood mortality; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Developing countries; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42360

Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. This paper discusses how far trade-related measures should be incorporated in that context. Drawing on an analogy to the Montreal Protocol and comparing developing country’s climate mitigation and adaptation needs with the funding available, the paper argues that such measures should initially be applied only among Annex I or II countries. To discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, the paper emphasizes a need to define comparable climate efforts. Moreover,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Trade-related measures; Lieberman-Warner bill; WTO; Montreal Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54359

The Developmental Relevance of Tariff Rate Quotas as a Market Access Instrument: An Analysis of Swiss Agricultural Imports
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Khorana,   Sangeeta.
At present there are 1425 tariff rate quotas (TRQs) notified by member countries to the World Trade Organization. TRQs were provided for in the Uruguay Round as a trade policy instrument to guarantee minimum market access for politically sensitive agricultural imports, and in some cases to continue managed trade regimes. This article evaluates the developmental relevance of TRQs and discusses how the various methods TRQ administration methods influence market access in Switzerland for agricultural products from developing countries. The findings show that existing TRQ management in Switzerland is complicated and lacks transparency. Further, the manner in which TRQs are administered results in high transaction costs, a situation that fails to liberate trade...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Switzerland; Tariff rate quotas; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; International Development; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37966

Developing Country Trade: Implications of China’s Changing Trade and Competitiveness in Intensive and Extensive Margin Goods
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Somwaru,   Agapi; Tuan,   Francis C.; Gehlhar,   Mark J.; Diao,   Xinshen; Hansen,   James M.
This paper delves into China’s differential growths in trade flows with high income and developing countries by focusing on bilateral content of trade data over the time period 1978-2005.  Unlike other studies, we account for end use of traded goods ranging from primary, intermediate, and finished goods because China’s policies impact all segments China’s trade flows. In the last 28 years, China has specialized in deficits in the upstream production segments (parts and components) and rapid diversification in consumption goods (extensive margin). While in the late 1970s China’s export and import growth on all goods with major high income countries is outstanding in the most recent years China’s trade growth with developing countries has taken the lead...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; International trade; Growth; Intensive; Extensive margins; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6239

Outward-Orientation and Development: Are Revisionists Right?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.; Bhagwati,   Jagdish.
The costs of import substitution (IS) as a strategy for industrialization, which was deemed synonymous with economic development by many development economists of the fifties and sixties, were shown to be substantial in the influential and nuanced studies of the seventies and eighties under the auspices of OECD, NBER and World Bank. These studies played a critical role in shifting policies in several developing countries away from the IS strategy. Recently there has been a proliferation of cross country regressions as a methodology of analysis of issues relating to growth, trade and other issues. Both proponents (e.g. Sachs and Warner (1995)) and opponents (Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999)) of the view that openness to trade is linked to higher growth have...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Economic development; Economic growth; International trade; Openness; Import substitution; Export promotion; Cross-country regressions; International Development; E13; F11; F14; F43; 041; 057.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28476

An analysis of trade related international regulations of genetically modified food and their effects on developing countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gruere,   Guillaume P.
This paper reviews current trade-related regulations of genetically modified (GM) food and discusses their effects on developing countries. There is a large heterogeneity in current import approval and marketing policies of GM food worldwide. At the international level, the harmonization efforts are led by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the World Trade Organization. While internationally harmonized guidelines for safety approval have been finalized, we show that there is no clear consensus on labeling regulations for GM food, and there is an increasing risk of conflicts among international agreements. We analyze the GM food regulations of two large rich importers, Japan and the European Union (EU) and discuss...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified food; Developing countries; Biotechnology; Biosafety; Trade regulation; Labeling; International trade; Tariff; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55422

Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation in Developing Countries: Evidence from Panel Data
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Leger,   Andreanne.
The determinants of innovation and the role of intellectual property rights in different countries are not well understood. This paper estimates the determinants of innovation using a new panel dataset. It compares different panel estimation methods appropriate for finite size samples. Past R&amp;D investments  have a positive and significant impact on current innovation, while openness to trade has a negative and significant impact on innovation in developing countries and population size has a negative and significant impact on innovation in industrialized countries. Intellectual property protection is not significant for any of the groups. We discuss econometric issues and the policy implication of these results.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Intellectual property rights; Developing countries; Dynamic panel; General method of moments; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O30; O34; C23.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25328

A framework for efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mekala,   Gayathri Devi; Davidson,   Brian; Samad,   Madar; Boland,   Anne-Maree.
Use of un-treated/partially treated wastewater for irrigation in the dry countries of Asia and Africa and recycling of treated wastewater in the water scarce developed countries has become a common practice due to various reasons. While the lack of wastewater treatment to appropriate levels before use is a major problem in developing countries, the high cost of wastewater recycling is the major problem in developed countries. The current paper is part of a doctoral research and presents the conceptual framework for the research and the methodology that can be used to tackle the problems associated with wastewater recycling.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water reuse; Wastewater; Recycling; Pricing; Water allocation; Cost benefit analysis; Wastewater irrigation; Developing countries; Developed countries; Case studies; India; Australia; Hyderabad; Melbourne; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; Crop Production/Industries; Demand and Price Analysis; Farm Management; Production Economics.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46387

Can the concept of “food sovereignty” justify increasing agricultural protection in developing countries?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Laroche Dupraz,   Catherine; Postolle,   Angele.
The food crisis has challenged the political legitimacy and economic efficiency of the deregulation and liberalization of international agricultural trade. In the second half of the 20th century, “food security” was put forward as the grounds for the implementation of modern protectionist agricultural policies in developed countries. In response to falling, unstable agricultural prices on world markets, price support mechanisms became the main European agricultural policy tool, generating high tariffs. The protection of agricultural markets was reassessed by the Uruguay Round of the GATT international trade negotiations (1986-1994), resulting in binding commitments to reduce domestic support measures suspected of impacting world prices. The ongoing Doha...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Food sovereignty; Developing countries; Protection; Agricultural policy; WTO negotiations; Agricultural and Food Policy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115435

Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System After Doha
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.
The Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), held in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and a work programme (WP) for the WTO involving the negotiating agenda and steps for meeting the challenges facing the multilateral trading system. The paper evaluates the WP, in particular, whether it would redress the unfavourable balance between benefits and costs to developing countries DCs of the agreement that concluded the previous (Uruguay) round of MTN. It discusses the failure of the third session in Seattle to launch a new round in December 1999, and also documents the unfavourable balance. While concluding that with adequate preparation, the negotiators could...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: World Trade Organization (WTO); Multilateral trade negotiations; Developing countries; Antidumping; Trade Related Intellectual Property Services (TRIPS); Trade and labour standards; Trade and environment; Preferential trade agreements; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; F16; F18; O19; O34.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28496

Agricultural Trade Liberalisation and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Analysis of Distributional Consequences
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ali,   Ershad; Talukder,   Dayal.
The article analyses the impact of agricultural trade liberalisation on economic growth as well as on the welfare of rural livelihoods in developing countries through technological transformation in the agricultural sector. The article, based on existing literature, considers the background and reasons for the policy shift in developing economies away from agricultural protection and toward trade liberalisation. It attempts to shed light on the debate over the distributional consequences resulting from trade liberalisation. It also analyses how agricultural trade policy reforms affect poverty and inequality, since the majority of the population of developing countries is involved with agriculture, and these households are predominantly rural poor and...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Developing countries; Growth; Inequality; Trade liberalisation; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93447

Agricultural tariff rate quotas implementation in the EU 1997-2002 ; Do developing countries enjoy quota rent?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dupraz,   Cathie Laroche; Matthews,   Alan.
Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) have been introduced and legitimised as a market access instrument in the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA). TRQs combine both restriction of imports, and safeguard of current or preferential agricultural trade flows. By restricting the market access through high level tariff beyond the quota, one can imagine that exporters enjoying low level tariff would take share of quota rent. Do developing exporting countries benefit from EU TRQs? Do they enjoy quota rents or guaranteed market access? What should be their interest to defend about TRQs at WTO agricultural negotiations? This article aims to present an analysis of the 87 EU's agricultural TRQs implementation from 1997 to 2002, in order to bring to the fore the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff rate quotas; Quota rent; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7910

THE LAW OF ONE PRICE: DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRY MARKET INTEGRATION
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Yang,   Jian; Bessler,   David A.; Leatham,   David J.
The Law of One Price (LOP) is important to models of international trade and exchange rate determination.  This study investigates a variant of the LOP applied to developed and developing countries.  The competing hypothesis are (1) that one price prevails in both developed and developing countries and (2) that one price prevails in developed countries and another single price in developing countries.  Using data from an internationally competitive commodity (soybean meal), we found evidence favors the first hypothesis, although two large developing countries under study are active participants in regional trade integration, which may bias them against the first hypothesis.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Law of one price; Developing countries; Error-correction model; Directed graphs; Demand and Price Analysis.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15320

Resource Abundance, Poverty and Development
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bulte,   Erwin H.; Damania,   Richard; Deacon,   Robert T.
The negative correlation between resource endowments and GDP growth remains one of the most robust findings in the empirical growth literature, and has been coined the “resource curse hypothesis”.  The policy consequences of this result are potentially far reaching.  If natural resources are an inescapable curse, this may imply that countries richly endowed with natural resources can only develop by turning their backs on their comparative advantage and diversifying into other non-resource based activities. This paper analyzes whether the negative statistical relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth spills over to other important economic and social indicators.  The impact of resource wealth on several proxies of economic...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Resource abundance; Economic growth; Developing countries; Cross-country analysis.; Food Security and Poverty; Q2; Q3; O13; O47; O57.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23803

A Public Choice Approach to the Economic Analysis of Animal Healthcare Systems
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Riviere-Cinnamond,   Ana.
Privatisation of animal healthcare systems in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has had very limited success. Introduced with inadequate transition time and too few resources, many livestock owners either cannot afford or, just as likely, are unable to gain access to the services they need. Poor livestock owners in remote rural areas suffer the greatest disadvantage. This fact is undisputed but, since privatisation, the primary focus has been on analysing the performance of animal healthcare systems and few authors have studied the underlying economic theories that have driven privatisation policy nor examined in what ways these may have been detrimental.  This working paper examines how the economic analysis of animal health...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Animal health services; Privatisation process; Market failure; Taxonomy of goods; Poor livestock keepers; Developing countries; Community animal health workers; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23786

SEASONAL LABOR CONSTRAINTS AND INTRA-HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS IN THE FEMALE FIELDS OF SOUTHERN CAMEROON
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Elad,   Renata L.; Houston,   Jack E.
Women's agricultural production is modeled as a sequential switching regression process determined by men's clearing labor capacity and women's harvest labor capacity.  Results show that output was more often constrained by husband's clearing labor.  However, men's economic contribution to household consumption is inversely related to women's agricultural output.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Seasonal labor; Gender; Production; Developing countries; Consumer/Household Economics; International Development; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16691

Wheat Facts and Futures 2009
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
For nearly half a century, the international wheat breeding system has delivered improved high yielding varieties of wheat that created (along with rice) the Green Revolution and underpinned strong growth in wheat productivity in irrigated and rainfed, developed and underdeveloped, regions. Future priorities for breeding and complementary sciences will still include yield but will also diversify in response to changing market demands and growing environments, particulary in developing countries. It is argued that in the coming decades research on wheat quality characteristics will become increasingly important to plant breeders, whose work will be supported by the development of markers and advanced tools from molecular biology. Breeders will have to...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Wheats; Food production; Production factors; Production increase; Economic environment; Climatic change; Economic trends; Statistical data; Developing countries; Crop Production/Industries; E14; E16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56366

Potential for Carbon Forest Plantations in Marginal Timber Forests: The Case of Patagonia, Argentina
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.
With the advent of the Kyoto Protocol and its recognition of the use of forestry activities and carbon sinks as acceptable tools for addressing the issue of the build-up of atmospheric carbon, the potential role of planted forests as a vehicle for carbon sequestration has taken on a new significance. Additionally, the emergence of tradable emission permits and now tradable carbon offsets provides a vehicle for financially capturing the benefits of carbon emission reductions and carbon offsetting activities. In a world where carbon sequestration has monetary value, investments in planted forests can be made with an eye to revenues to (at least two) joint outputs: timber and the carbon sequestration services. The first section of this paper examines the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Forest plantations; Carbon offsets; Present value; Kyoto Protocol; Argentina; Developing countries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q20; Q23.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10661

Approaches and frameworks for management and research in small-scale fisheries in the developing world
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Andrew,   Neil; Evans,   Louisa.
Commonly adopted approaches to managing small-scale fisheries (SSFs) in developing countries do not ensure sustainability. Progress is impeded by a gap between innovative SSF research and slower-moving SSF management. The paper aims to bridge the gap by showing that the three primary bases of SSF management--ecosystem, stakeholders’ rights and resilience--are mutually consistent and complementary. It nominates the ecosystem approach as an appropriate starting point because it is established in national and international law and policy. Within this approach, the emerging resilience perspective and associated concepts of adaptive management and institutional learning can move management beyond traditional control and resource-use optimization, which largely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Fishery management; Artisanal fishing; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53029

The Impact of Foreign Investments on the Achievement of Economic Growth
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Maitah,   Mansoor; Salim,   Nassir.
This article deals with the analysis of the positive side of the foreign direct investments in the World´s economy. The importance of this research is derived from the significant role that can be played by foreign investments in industrialized and developing countries. Some countries are still hesitant to attract the foreign investments despite its human and physical potentialities. The foreign investments are mainly influenced by political and economical factors. Foreign direct investments to developing countries are growing very rapidly. In the past, these investments were limited to raw material sectors, nowadays the current investments involve more sectors than ever before. These investments have implications of trade and integration. The revival of...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Foreign direct investment; Global economy; International economy; Developing countries; Multinational companies; Economic growth.; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; GA; IN.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96864

Does Agriculture Really Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Awokuse,   Titus O.
In recent decades, the potential contribution of agriculture to economic growth has been a subject of much controversy among development economists. While some contend that agricultural development is a precondition to industrialization, others strongly disagree and argue for a different path. Taking advantage of recent developments in time series econometric methods, this paper re-examines the question of whether agriculture could serve as an engine of growth. Results from the empirical analysis provide strong evidence indicating that agriculture is an engine of economic growth. Furthermore, we find that trade openness has a positive effect on GDP growth.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Economic growth; ARDL; Developing countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; C23; O11; 041.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49762

Relationship Between Trade Liberalisation, Economic Growth and Trade Balance: An Econometric Investigation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Parikh,   Ashok; Stirbu,   Corneliu.
This is a study of 42 developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America in which we first examine the impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth, investment share of GDP, openness, trade balance and current accounts (as percentages of GDP). Both panel data and country by country data are used to measure the impact of liberalisation on domestic economic growth measured in PPP terms from the data available in Heston, Summers and Aten (2001) study. Domestic economic growth is often positively related to liberalisation for many countries of our sample. Next we analyse the impact of growth on trade balance and current account to examine whether higher economic growth due to liberalisation leads to adverse effect on balance of trade. Trade balance is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Liberalisation; Trade balance; Developing countries; Panel data estimation; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F32; F14; O24; C21; C23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26267

Poultry welfare scenario in South America: norms and regulations
Provedor de dados: Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola
Autores: Silva,RBTR; Nääs,IA; Broom,DM; O'Driscoll,K.
Animal welfare related issues have been intensely discussed in recent years as a consequence of changes in public attitudes and regulatory reforms that are taking place in many countries. A combination of public opinion pressure and trade policy has driven requirements for regulation and the World Trade Organization (WTO) assigned the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to develop guidelines that could be used as international standards. However, trade disputes related to animal welfare are not likely to be resolved under the auspices of OIE, and access to international markets may be questioned in a way that does not necessarily reflect attitudes to animal production in emerging economies, such as those in South America. This paper presents an...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Competitiveness; Developing countries; International trade; Welfare policies.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-635X2011000200001

Constraints to the implementation of effective environmental management in coastal areas of developing countries
Provedor de dados: Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
Autores: Wagener,Angela de L.R.
This paper addresses the limitations the scarcity of reliable scientific information poses to the implementation of effective and sustainable coastal management programmes in developing countries. Alternatives to the current monitoring approaches are suggested as to improve information level on the state of the environment and to decrease data gap on past conditions. The paper aims at encouraging the redesign of monitoring practices in developing countries as to be ground on the best actual scientific knowledge.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Coastal management; Scientific information; Environmental indicators; Monitoring; Developing countries.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652005000400004

Increasing the regional availability of the Standardized Precipitation Index: an operational approach
Provedor de dados: Bragantia
Autores: Meschiatti,Monica Cristina; Blain,Gabriel Constantino.
ABSTRACT The need to use a length of rainfall records of at least 30 years to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) limits its application in several Drought Early Warning Systems of developing countries. Therefore, in order to increase the number of weather stations in which the SPI may be applied, this study quantified the difference among SPI values derived from calibration periods (CP) smaller than 30 years in respect to those computed from the 30-year period of 1985 – 2014 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil (time scales ranging from 1 to 12 months were considered). The correlation, agreement and consistency of SPI values derived from CP ranging from the last 30 to 21 years have been evaluated. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov/Lilliefors test...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Drought monitoring; Calibration periods; Developing countries.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-87052016000400507

An outbreak of Candida spp. bloodstream infection in a tertiary care center in Bogotá, Colombia
Provedor de dados: Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Autores: DiazGranados,Carlos A.; Martinez,Adriana; Deaza,Ceneth; Valderrama,Sandra.
Several cases of Candida bloodstream infections were documented from June to October 2004 at a tertiary care center in Bogotá, Colombia. Since no cases of candidemia had occurred during the preceding four months, an outbreak was declared. As a result, a microbiological study, a revision of infection control practices and a case-control study were performed. In all, 18 cases of candidemia were ascertained. Parenteral nutrition (p=0.04), presence of a central line (p=0.03), and severity of illness (p=0.03) were associated with candidemia in bivariate analysis. Diverse Candida species were observed. Candida parapsilosis contamination was found in plastic containers used for transient intravenous (IV) medication storage at the bedside, plastic bags reused for...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Candida; Fungemia; Disease outbreaks; Developing countries; Colombia; Latin America.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702008000500009

High rate of virologic suppression with darunavir/ritonavir plus optimized background therapy among highly antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected patients: results of a prospective cohort study in São Paulo, Brazil
Provedor de dados: Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Autores: Vidal,José Ernesto; Song,Alice Tung Wan; Matos,Maria Laura; Bartmann,Daniel; Anjos,Guilherme dos; Miranda,Érique José Peixoto de; Freitas,Ângela Carvalho; Dalben,Mirian de Freitas; Santana,Claudinei; Segurado,Aluísio Cotrim; Barreto,Cláudia Cortese; Hernández,Adrián Vladimir.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the virologic and immunological response of darunavir/ritonavir plus optimized background therapy in highly antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected patients in Brazil. METHODS: Prospective cohort study carried out in a tertiary center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Three-class antiretroviral-experienced patients with confirmed virologic failure began darunavir/ritonavir plus optimized background therapy (nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ± raltegravir ± enfuvirtide ± maraviroc) after performing a genotypic resistance assay. Clinical evaluation and laboratory tests were collected at baseline and at weeks 12, 24, and 48. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of virologic response at 48 weeks. RESULTS:...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Highly active antiretroviral therapy; Darunavir; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Developing countries.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702013000100007

Relative frequency, clinical, neuroimaging, and postsurgical features of pediatric temporal lobe epilepsy
Provedor de dados: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research
Autores: Sales,L.V.; Velasco,T.R.; Funayama,S.; Ribeiro,L.T.; Andrade-Valença,L.P.; Neder,L.; Fernandes,R.M.F.; Araujo Jr.,D.; Machado,H.R.; Santos,A.C.; Leite,J.P.
We describe the relative frequency, clinical features, neuroimaging and pathological results, and outcome after pharmacological or surgical intervention for a series of pediatric patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) from an epilepsy center in Brazil. The medical records of children younger than 12 years with features strongly suggestive of TLE were reviewed from January 1999 to June 1999. Selected children were evaluated regarding clinical, EEG, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigation and divided into three groups according to MRI: group 1 (G1, N = 9), patients with hippocampal atrophy; group 2 (G2, N = 10), patients with normal MRI, and group 3 (G3, N = 12), patients with other specific temporal lesions. A review of 1732 records of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Temporal lobe epilepsy; Children; Etiology; Prognosis; Developing countries.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2006001000013