Consulta: subjectFacets:"F18"
Registros recuperados: 47
Data/hora: 08/06/2024 18:46:43

Economic Determinants of Invasion and Discovery of Nonindigenous Insects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hlasny,   Vladimir; Livingston,   Michael J.
Introductions of nonindigenous organisms into the United States have been linked to international trade. The individual contributions of imports, immigration, and international travel, however, are poorly understood because introduction dates are unavailable. We examine relationships between economic trends and discoveries of nonindegenous insects and use these relationships to infer the timing and determinants of introductions. We find that a few variables can explain much variation in species introductions and identifications. The most significant contributor to the introduction appears to be agricultural imports. Currently available proxies for academic effort are weak determinants of the probability that introduced species are identified.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Identifications; Insects; Introductions; Invasive species; Nonindegenous; Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; F18; N7; Q56.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45044

Second Best Environmental Policies under Uncertainty
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoniou,   Fabio; Hatzipanayotou,   Panos; Koundouri,   Phoebe.
We construct a strategic trade model of an international duopoly, whereby production by exporting firms generates a local pollutant. Governments use environmental policies, i.e., an emissions standard or a tax, to control pollution and for rent shifting purposes. Contrary to their firm, however, governments are unable to perfectly foresee the actual level of demand, the cost of abatement and the damage caused from pollution. Under these modes of uncertainty we derive sufficient conditions under which the governments optimally choose an emissions tax over an emissions standard.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Strategic Environmental Policy; Pollution; Choice of Policy Instrument; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; F12; F18; Q58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59375

The U.S. Proposed Carbon Tariffs, WTO Scrutiny and China’s Responses
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
With countries from around the world set to meet in Copenhagen to try to hammer out a post-2012 climate change agreement, no one would disagree that a U.S. commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions is essential to such a global pact. However, despite U.S. president Obama’s recent announcement to push for a commitment to cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 17% by 2020, in reality it is questionable whether U.S. Congress will agree to specific emissions cuts, although they are not ambitious at all from the perspectives of both the EU and developing countries, without the imposition of carbon tariffs on Chinese products to the U.S. market, even given China’s own recent announcement to voluntarily seek to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% over the same...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 Climate Negotiations; Border Carbon Adjustments; Carbon Tariffs; Emissions Allowance Requirements; Cap-And-Trade Regime; Lieberman-Warner Bill; Waxman-Markey Bill; World Trade Organization; Kyoto Protocol; China; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60682

The Excitement and Value of Discovering Tourism Economics: Clem Tisdell's Journey
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
Outlines how Clem Tisdell came to discover tourism economics and charts the basic route that he followed in developing that interest. This article is developed by first considering his early years (1939 to 1960), that is the period prior to his commencement of postgraduate studies at the Australian National University, then his postgraduate studies at the Australian National University (1961-1963), and his lecturing appointment at this university in the period 1964-1972. It was towards the end of this period that his research interests started to change significantly and provided a springboard for his later focus on tourism economics and the environment. It was during his appointment as Professor of Economics at the University of Newcastle (1972-1989) that...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: China; Ecological economics; Economic development; Environmental economics; India; Nature-based tourism; Sustainable tourism; Tourism economics; Wildlife conservation.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; F18; L83; O10; Q5.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90631

Unravelling the Worldwide Pollution Haven Effect
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grether,   Jean-Marie; Mathys,   Nicole A.; de Melo,   Jaime.
This paper tackles the “pollution haven” argument by estimating the pollution content of imports (PCI). The PCI is then decomposed into three components: (i) a “deep” component (i.e. traditional variables unrelated to the environmental debate); (ii) a factor endowment component and (iii) a “pollution haven” component reflecting the impact of differences in environmental policies. The estimation is carried out for 1987 for an extensive data set covering 10 pollutants, 48 countries and 79 ISIC 4-digit sectors. Decompositions based on cross-section econometric estimates suggest a significant pollution haven effect which increases the PCI of the North because of stricter environmental regulations in the North. At the same time, the factor endowment effect...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade and The Environment; Pollution Haven Effect; Factor Endowment Effect; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q56.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119097

Enforcement and Environmental Quality in a Decentralized Emission Trading System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: D'Amato,   Alessio; Valentini,   Edilio.
This paper addresses the issue of whether the powers of monitoring compliance and allocating tradeable emissions allowances within a federation of countries should be appointed to a unique federal regulator or decentralized to several local regulators. To this end, we develop a two stage game played by environmental regulator(s) and the polluting industries of two countries. Regulator(s) choose the amount of emission allowances to be issued and set the level of monitoring effort to achieve full compliance, while regulated firms choose actual emissions and the number of permits to be held. We identify various, possibly conflicting, spillovers among states in a decentralized setting. We show that cost advantage in favor of local regulators is not sufficient...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions Trading; Environmental Federalism; Enforcement; Monitoring Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; K42; Q53.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46654

The Pollution Haven Hypothesis: A Geographic Economy Model in a Comparative Study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kheder,   Sonia Ben; Zugravu,   Natalia.
Although based on theoretical foundations, the pollution haven hypothesis has never been clearly proven empirically. In this study, we re-examine this hypothesis by a fresh take on both its theoretical and empirical aspects. While applying a geographic economy model on French firm-level data, we confirm the hypothesis for the global sample. Through sensitivity analysis, we validate it for Central and Eastern European countries, emerging and high-income OECD countries, but not for the major part of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Finally, we show that the pollution haven hypothesis is confirmed in the strongest manner for emerging economies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: FDI; Environmental Regulation; Economic Geography; Pollution Haven Hypothesis; Environmental Economics and Policy; F12; F18; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44223

Import Demand Estimation and the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Asche,   Frank; Guttormsen,   Atle G.; Kristofersson,   Dadi; Roheim,   Cathy A.
A frequently encountered problem in import demand estimation is how to account for competition between imports and domestic production. Traditionally, use of the Armington model has been a way to handle this problem. This is a disaggregate model which distinguishes commodities by country of origin with import demand determined in a separable two-step procedure. The model appears frequently in analysis of international agricultural markets. However, the Armington model relies on a set of weak separability assumptions, which several authors have shown to be highly questionable. In this paper, a new aggregation theorem, the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem (GCCT), is applied to test whether imports can be treated as a separate group. An advantage with...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Armington; Separability; GCCT; Demand system; Sword fish; International Relations/Trade; F18; Q11; Q22.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19432

Global Demand for U.S. Environmental Goods and Services
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Avery,   Brock; Boadu,   Frederick O.
This paper reports import demand elasticities for environmental goods and services (EGS) for the world in aggregate and for six world regions. The paper involves a pooled cross-section and time-series estimation procedure and makes per capita demand for EGS a function of economic, political, and structural factors. The results show that per capita incomes, exchange rates, political and economic freedoms, and debt affect the demand for EGS. The results also show that demand for EGS is tied to the particular environmental problem facing a particular region. Exporters of EGS need to disaggregate world markets to better target products.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Demand elasticities; Environmental goods; International trade; F18; F14.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42895

Climate Change Meets Trade in Promoting Green Growth: Potential Conflicts and Synergies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
To date, border adjustment measures in the form of emissions allowance requirements (EAR) under the U.S. proposed cap-and-trade regime are the most concrete unilateral trade measure put forward to level the carbon playing field. If improperly implemented, such measures could disturb the world trade order and trigger a trade war. Because of these potentially far-reaching impacts, this paper focuses on this type of unilateral border adjustment, which requires importers to acquire and surrender emissions allowances corresponding to the embedded carbon contents in their goods from countries that have not taken climate actions comparable to that of home country. This discussion is mainly on the legality of unilateral EAR under the WTO rules. Given that the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Border carbon adjustments; Carbon tariffs; Emissions allowance requirements; Cap-and-trade regime; Lieberman-Warner bill; Waxman-Markey bill; World Trade Organization; Kyoto Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59475

Trade Costs and the Gains from Trade in Crop Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reimer,   Jeffrey J.; Li,   Man.
Forthcoming in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Geography; Grains; Trade costs; Trade liberalization; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Demand and Price Analysis; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q17; Q54; F18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61169

Border Enforcement and Firm Response in the Management of Invasive Species
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ameden,   Holly A.; Cash,   Sean B.; Zilberman,   David.
This analysis presents a theoretical model of firm response to border enforcement and evaluates both the intended and unintended effects under two enforcement regimes:  destruction versus treatment of contaminated shipments.  The results indicate that importers may respond to increased inspection by reducing shipments and decreasing due care.  In response to increased pest populations, firms may reduce shipments and increase due care, indicating that an enforcement response may not be necessary.  The analysis reveals the importance of the nature of the due-care technology, as well as the relationships underlying the probability of detection, in determining the effects of enforcement.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Border enforcement; Environmental regulation; Invasive species; Trade and environment; F18; L51; Q17; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37112

Existe un conflicto entre la globalizacion del turismo y los recursos naturales?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Font,   Antoni Riers; Parrilla,   Javier Capo; Tous,   Teresa Palmer.
La globalización, así como el turismo internacional, son dos de los fenómenos económicos más analizados en los últimos años, tanto por su creciente importancia como por sus visibles efectos sobre la economía. La notable expansión del turismo tiene como origen, en gran parte, las mismas causas que explican la globalización económica, de ahí que, a menudo, se hable de‘globalización turística’. Uno de los argumentos más utilizados por los detractores de la globalización es su elevado impacto en términos ambientales. En este sentido, resulta obligado reflexionar sobre la existencia de un potencial conflicto entre el, cada vez mayor, desarrollo turístico y la conservación de los recursos naturales. Una cuestión ésta que adquiere especial importancia en el caso...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Globalization; Tourism; Environmental Impacts; Management Tools of Natural Resources; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F18; H23; L83; Q34.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7994

Agricultural Trade Liberalisation and Strategic Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Glebe,   Thilo W.; Latacz-Lohmann,   Uwe.
We use an extended partial equilibrium trade model to derive optimal environmental policy responses to tariff reduction requirements and assess the impact of such policies on the welfare of trading partners. We find that countries which attribute preferential political weights to farmers' welfare have an incentive to implement environmental policies that deviate from the Pigouvian solution - even if production is not de facto linked to environmental externalities. We clarify the conditions under which trading partners do not gain from unilateral trade liberalisation if trade concessions are accompanied by strategic environmental policy changes. We postulate a role for the WTO in overseeing the process of domestic policy formulation.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade liberalisation; Strategic environmental policy; Multifunctionality; Agri-environmental policy; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; D60; F11; F18; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24609

Environmental Regulation and the Export Dynamics of Energy Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Costantini,   Valeria; Crespi,   Francesco.
The pollution haven hypothesis affirms that an open market regime will encourage the flow of low technology polluting industries toward developing countries, due to potential comparative advantages related to low environmental standards. In contrast, the hypothesis suggested by Porter and van der Linde claims for a competitive dynamic behaviour by innovating firms, allowing a global diffusion of environmental-friendly technologies. Environmental regulation may represent a relevant mechanism through which technological change is induced. In this way countries subject to more stringent environmental regulations may become net exporters of environmental technologies. This paper provides new evidence on the evolution of export flows of environmental...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Regulation; Trade and Environment; Energy Technologies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F21; Q43; Q55; Q56.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9550

Green industrial policy: trade and theory
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Stevenson,   Megan.
This paper studies the reality and the potential for green industrial policy. We provide a summary of the green industrial policies, broadly understood, for five countries. We then consider the relation between green industrial policies and trade disputes, emphasizing the Brazil-US dispute involving ethanol and the broader US-China dispute. The theory of public policy provides many lessons for green industrial policy. We select four of these lessons, involving the Green Paradox, the choice of quantities versus prices with endogenous investment, the coordination issues arising from emissions control, and the ability of green industrial policies to promote cooperation in reducing a global public bad like carbon emissions.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Green industrial policy; Trade conflicts; Green paradox; Asymmetric information; Coordination games; Participation games; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F13; F18; H21; H23.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123637

CDM Baseline Construction for Vietnam National Electricity Grid
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tuyen,   Tran Minh; Michaelowa,   Axel.
For projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects. The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CDM; Baseline; Electricity generation; Vietnam; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; D62; F18; Q25; Q41.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26393

Agricultural Trade and Freshwater Resources
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reimer,   Jeffrey J.
Approximately 75% of all water used by humans goes towards food production, much of which is traded internationally.  This study formally models how this works in the case of crop agriculture, making use of recent advances in international trade theory and new data on the productivity by which countries use water for crop agriculture.  The strength of the model lies in its ability to predict, when there is a shock to the system, how trade between pairs of specific countries changes for products that use water intensively.  In one application of the model, international trade in final products is shown to be a means for countries to deal with short- and long-run shocks to water resources that are too big for one country to handle by itself in isolation.  In...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Simulation; Trade liberalization; Water; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F11; F18; Q25; Q54.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123944

Property Rights, Mobile Capital, and Comparative Advantage
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.
Recent papers use sector-specific factor models with mobile labor to show that imperfect property rights can be a source of comparative advantage. In these model, weaker property rights to the specific factor in a sector attract the mobile factor and increase the country's comparative advantage for that sector. If capital in addition to labor is mobile, and if the benefits of capital are non-excludable or if the degree of property rights is endogenous, a deterioration of property rights has ambiguous effects on comparative advantage. The presence of a second mobile factor also makes the relation between the equilibrium wage-rental ratio and the degree of property rights ambiguous.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Imperfect property rights; Comparative advantage; General equilibrium.; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F02; F16; F18; D23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25113

ARGOS - Modelling the Economic, Environmental, and Social Implications for New Zealand from Different Scenarios Relating to the Demand and Supply of Organic Products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Saunders,   Caroline M.; Emanuelsson,   Martin.
This paper reports on some of the initial findings of the ARGOS (Agricultural Research Group on (Sustainability) programme, a 6 year quasi-experimental research project with the aim to model the economic, environmental, and social differences between organic, environmentally friendly and conventional systems of production. In the first section the paper reviews the development of organic markets, details the production costs and reports some preliminary results from ARGOS. The information is then used to develop potential future scenarios relating to the organic sector, which are assessed using the Lincoln Trade and Environment Model (LTEM), a partial equilibrium trade model that differentiates between organic and conventional production methods. This...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sustainability; New Zealand; Organic markets; ARGOS; Demand and Price Analysis; F18; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24724

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94620

Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colyer,   Dale.
Numbers of free trade ageements and those with environmental provisons have grownn rapidly. Enviomental measures include those to protect and enhance the environment, environmental cooperation and citizen particpation activties.  Many appear to have made important contributions to environmental activities although often constrained by limited funds.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Free trade; Trade agreements; Environment; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F18.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123723

Does Agricultural Trade Liberalization under FTA Reduce Pollution from Agriculture? : The Case of the Japan-Korea FTA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yamamoto,   Yasutaka; Sawauchi,   Daisuke; Masuda,   Kiyotaka.
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate over agricultural trade and environment by asking: Does agricultural trade liberalization under free trade agreement (FTA) reduce pollution from agriculture?  In order to contribute to answering the above research question, we measure the potential impact of environmental pollution from agriculture caused by agricultural trade liberalization under the Japan-Korea FTA (JKFTA), using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model and the OECD Nitrogen Balance Database.  The scenario we model assumes the complete removal of all import tariffs between Japan and Korea, not only in the agricultural sector but in non-agricultural sectors, as well.  The results show the JKFTA is likely to lead to an overall...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade and environment; Free trade agreement; Computable general equilibrium modeling; Agriculture; Japan; Korea; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C68; F14; F15; F18; Q17; Q56.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9969

Trade in Environmental Goods, with Focus on Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
Paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration mandates to the liberalization of environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with discussing what products to liberalize and how. Given that WTO Members are divided by this key issue, the paper explores options to move current negotiations on the liberalization of trade in environmental goods and...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Market Access; Doha Round; WTO; Renewable Energy Technologies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; P28; Q42; Q48; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119099

Carbon Leakage with International Technology Spillovers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gerlagh,   Reyer; Kuik,   Onno.
In this paper we study the effect of international technology spillovers on carbon leakage. We first develop and analyse two simple competing models for carbon leakage. The first model represents the pollution haven hypothesis. It focuses on the international competition between firms that produce energy-intensive goods. The second model highlights the role of a globally integrated carbon-energy market. We calculate formulas for the leakage rates in both models and, through meta-analysis, show that the second model captures best the major mechanisms reported in the CGE literature on carbon leakage. We extend this model with endogenous energy-saving technology and international technology spillovers. This feature is shown to decrease carbon leakage. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon-Leakage; Climate Policy; Induced Technological Change; Trade and Environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; O39; Q25; Q4.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9328

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FTAA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colyer,   Dale.
Paper presented at the 24th West Indies Agricultural Economics Conference, Granada, July 19-12, 2002.  Environmental issues have become important in trade agreement negotiations.  NAFTA explicitly includes environmental provisions and they are affecting ongoing WTO and FTAA negotiations.  The final role of the environment in the FTAA is uncertain, given opposition by most of the members.  The draft FTAA agreement does not contain a separate section on the environment, but a U.S. position paper indicates that environmental provisions are important and that U.S. negotiators will seek to incorporate environmental concerns into specific chapters such those on investment and agriculture.   The large number and varied economic and environmental conditions of the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: International trade; Trade agreements; Agricultural trade; Environment; Trade and environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F1; F13; F15; F18.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19107

Optimal agricultural policy and PSE measurement: an assessment and application to Norway
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David; Brunstad,   Rolf Jens; Gaasland,   Ivar; Vardal,   Erling.
The producer support estimate (the successor to the producer support equivalent) calculated by the OECD is widely used as an indicator of distortions created by agricultural policies. In this paper we demonstrate that changes in the relative (percentage) PSE are not an accurate indicator of the implications of policy reform for domestic welfare or for trade distortions. We demonstrate that it is important to consider the implications of changes in both the level and the form of support in evaluating the impact of policy reform. Using a model of Norwegian agriculture we show that reforms indicated towards the provision of public goods, while apparently leading to an increase in relative support, are actually superior to existing agricultural policies or to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Trade distortion; Domestic support; Producer subsidy estimate (PSE); Agricultural and Food Policy; C61; F13; F18; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36769

Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yue,   Chengyan; Beghin,   John C.; Jensen,   Helen H.
The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped tariff equivalent estimate to its determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, trade cost, and the reference data chosen). We use the approach to investigate the ongoing U.S.-Japan apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: SPS; WTO; Technical barriers; Japan; Trade cost; International Relations/Trade; F1; F18; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24765

Kyoto-Protokoll, Wettbewerb und WTO-Handelssystem
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Shin,   Soonjae.
Es wird häufig angenommen, dass nationale und grenzüberschreitende Klimapolitik, die aufgrund des Kyoto-Protokolls in den Industriestaaten eingeführt wird, durch die Einschränkung der Nutzung fossiler Energieträger ökonomische Kosten verursacht. Damit kann es zwischen den emissionsintensiven Industrien der Staaten, die Kyoto- Ziele umsetzen müssen, und denen der Staaten ohne eine solche Verpflichtung zu Wettbewerbsverzerrungen kommen. Langfristig kann jedoch technologischer Fortschritt die Klimaschutzkosten signifikant senken und dadurch die Wettbewerbsverzerrung mindern. Dennoch ist nicht auszuschließen, dass die kurzfristigen Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund einer differenzierten Einführung klimapolitischer Instrumente je nach Sektor durchaus...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Internationale Klimapolitik; Wettbewerb; Internationale Handelsregeln; Politische Koordination; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; K32; K33; O19.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26348

Global Fair Trade Innovations: Trends 1999-2011
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marconi,   Nicholas G.; DiMarcello,   Nicholas, III; Hooker,   Neal H.
The global Fair Trade market has experienced substantial growth over the past 13 years, as measured by both share and number of innovations. This has developed into a new worldwide market segment, and has helped improve the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This report compiles data from Mintel’s Global New Product Database (www.gnpd.com), which records food, beverage, health and beauty products launched throughout the world. The company archives extensive information about each product, permitting users to explore emerging marketing strategies. From 1999 through 2011, GNPD recorded 4,465 Fair Trade innovations. These products were sold in over 40 countries. This paper provides a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis of Fair Trade trends...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Fair Trade; Third party certifiers; Organic; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; F13; F16; F18.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123530

Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Saunders,   Caroline M.; Wreford,   Anita.
Links between trade and the environment have aroused considerable interest, both in terms of the impact of trade liberalisation on the environment, and also the impact of environmental policy on production and trade. A key environmental concern is global warming. The agricultural sector both contributes to, and will be affected by, climate change. Various mitigation strategies have been proposed for agriculture, including a limit on animal numbers, and restrictions on Nitrogen fertiliser application. The effects of these mitigation options on production, trade and emissions are analysed in this paper, using a partial equilibrium, agricultural multi-country, multi-commodity trade model, extended to include production systems and GHG emissions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural production system; Greenhouse gas emissions; Partial equilibrium trade model; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q17.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58273

Impacts of Border Carbon Adjustments on China’s Sectoral Emissions: Simulations with a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bao,   Qin; Tang,   Ling; Zhang,   ZhongXiang; Qiao,   Han; Wang,   Shouyang.
Carbon-based border tax adjustments (BTAs) have recently been proposed by some OECD countries to level the carbon playing field and target major emerging economies. This paper applies a multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate the impacts of the BTAs implemented by US and EU on China’s sectoral carbon emissions. The results indicate that BTAs will cut down export prices and transmit the effects to the whole economy, reducing sectoral output-demands from both supply side and demand side. On the supply side, sectors might substitute away from exporting toward domestic market, increasing sectoral supply; while on the demand side, the domestic income may be strikingly cut down due to the decrease in export price, decreasing...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Border Carbon Tax Adjustments; Computable General Equilibrium Model; Carbon Emissions; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; F18; Q43; Q48; Q52; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120044

The Environment, Trade and Innovation with Heterogeneous Firms: A Numerical Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cui,   Jingbo; Ji,   Yongjie.
We employ a two-sector heterogeneous firms model in the presence of endogenous innovation and environmental constraints. We perform simple numerical simulations concerning the implication of a stringent environmental policy and trade cost differences between dirty and clean inputs. Our objective is to highlight the effects of these policy proposals on the process innovation, trade pattern, and productivity dynamics.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cap and Trade; Heterogeneous Firms; Process Innovation; Trade Pattern; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F18; Q55; Q56; C63.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103478

Impact of Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions on US Cattle Industry and Trade Competitiveness
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kim,   Man-Keun; Pang,   Arwin.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cattle Export; Gravity Model; Greenhouse Gas Emission; Trade Competitiveness; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; F18; Q17; Q54.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103705

Derechos de emision temporales procedentes de actividades de forestacion y reforestacion en el EU ETS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bachiller Mendez,   Ignacio; Fernandez-Cavada,   Jose Luis; Martin Juez Labat,   Jaime.
Resumen En este trabajo se examina el marco regulatorio establecido por la Convención Marco sobre Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Kioto y sus Mecanismos de Flexibilidad, entre ellos el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) y el sistema europo de Comercio de Derechos de Emisión (EU ETS). Partiendo de este marco general se expone de qué modo se han incorporado las actividades de forestación y reforestación en el ámbito del MDL y su situación actual en el EU ETS. Se analizan los costes de transacción de este tipo de proyectos de MDL y el estado del mercado de derechos temporales que genera. Finalmente, a la vista de los elementos descritos, se formulan unas conclusiones con respecto a la conveniencia y expectativas del desarrollo futuro de este mercado....
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Temporary allowances; EU ETS; Afforestation; CDM; Reforestation; Derechos temporales; EU ETS; Forestacion; MDL; Reforestación; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F18; Q23; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7057

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94735

Technology Transfer in the Non-traded Sector as a Means to Combat Global Warming
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rubbelke,   Dirk T.G.; Mukherjee,   Vivekananda; Sanyal,   Tilak.
The paper considers a situation where two countries – the North and the South – use a non-traded polluting input to produce the goods for final consumption. The North is more efficient in both, production and abatement processes. The study compares the effects of the transfer of abatement technology by the North to the South under autarky with the free trade situation, assuming that the North pre-commits to an international protocol to keep the global pollution under a fixed level. The conditions under which either full or partial technology is transferred in autarky are determined. It is shown that under free trade no such transfer is possible. With trade even though the North wants a complete transfer of technology, the South refuses it.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: GHG Emissions; Mitigation; Technology Transfer; International Trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F18; F35; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44228

Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The climate-trade nexus gains increasing attention as governments are taking great efforts to forge a post-2012 climate change regime to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. This raises the issues of the scope of trade-related measures and of when and how they could be used. This paper discusses how far trade-related measures should be incorporated in that context. Drawing on an analogy to the Montreal Protocol and comparing developing country’s climate mitigation and adaptation needs with the funding available, the paper argues that such measures should initially be applied only among Annex I or II countries. To discipline the use of unilateral trade measures at the international level, the paper emphasizes a need to define comparable climate efforts. Moreover,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Post-2012 climate negotiations; Trade-related measures; Lieberman-Warner bill; WTO; Montreal Protocol; Developing countries; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54359

Unprotected Resources and Voracious World Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Margolis,   Michael; Shogren,   Jason F.
The Theory of the Second Best implies that any country with less-than-ideal resources can lose from international trade. Recently it has been suggested this means the South (poor countries) are better off suppressing trade with the North, especially trade in natural resource products, since the North has better developed rights to protect its natural resources. Here we show that the suppression of such trade may also impede the development of property rights in the South, but that even taking this into account, trade liberalization need not improve Southern welfare. We find that within a cone of world prices on the boundary of which lies the South's autarky price vector, welfare losses still occur even when local governments in the South make optimal...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade; Property rights; Natural resources; Environment; Second best; Institutional change; Development; International Relations/Trade; F02; F10; F18; K11; O10; O19.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10635

Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System After Doha
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.
The Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), held in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and a work programme (WP) for the WTO involving the negotiating agenda and steps for meeting the challenges facing the multilateral trading system. The paper evaluates the WP, in particular, whether it would redress the unfavourable balance between benefits and costs to developing countries DCs of the agreement that concluded the previous (Uruguay) round of MTN. It discusses the failure of the third session in Seattle to launch a new round in December 1999, and also documents the unfavourable balance. While concluding that with adequate preparation, the negotiators could...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: World Trade Organization (WTO); Multilateral trade negotiations; Developing countries; Antidumping; Trade Related Intellectual Property Services (TRIPS); Trade and labour standards; Trade and environment; Preferential trade agreements; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; F16; F18; O19; O34.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28496

Towards a certification of biomass: Feasibility of a certifications scheme of sustainability standards for trade and production of bioethanol in Brazil
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Delzeit,   Ruth; Bohle,   Hans-Georg; Holm-Muller,   Karin.
Bioenergy produced from biomass is increasingly used to substitute fossil energy sources. Trade of biomass is expected to increase in the following years due to disparities in production costs and potentials in countries and regions. In this paper the possibility of a certification scheme for minimizing negative socio-ecological impacts and for increasing a sustainable production of biomass is discussed, taking Brazilian bioethanol as an example. This case-study comes up with a first set of feasible sustainability standards for Brazilian bioethanol and discusses issues to be considered when developing sustainability standards. At the same time problematic aspects are identified. When incorporating opinions of different stakeholders, the setting of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Certification; Sustainability standards; Bioethanol; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F18; Q24.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57032

Tradable Permits vs Ecological Dumping
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoniou,   Fabio; Hatzipanayotou,   Panos; Koundouri,   Phoebe.
In this paper we examine an alternative policy scenario, where governments allow polluting firms to trade permits in a strategic environmental policy model. We demonstrate, among other things, that with no market power in the permits market, governments of the exporting firms do not have an incentive to under-regulate pollution in order to become more competitive. This strategic effect is reversed and leads to a welfare level closer to the cooperative one and strictly higher to that when permits are non-tradable. Allowing for market power in the permits market, the incentive to under-regulate pollution re-appears regardless of whether permits are tradable or not. With tradable permits, however, the incentive to under-regulate pollution is comparatively...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Strategic Environmental Policy; Tradable Permits; Race to the top; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q58; F12; F18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59374

Intraindustry Trade and the Environment: Is There a Selection Effect?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aralas,   Sarma B.; Hoehn,   John P.
Replaced with revised version of paper 08/06/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environment; Trade; Monopolistic Competition; Selection effect; Environmental quality; Panel data; OECD; Pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q56; Q51; Q53; Q58; F12; F18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61367

From “May Contain” to “Does Contain”:  The price and trade effects of strict information requirements for GM maize under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bouet,   Antoine; Gruere,   Guillaume P.; Leroy,   Laetitia.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/22/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified food; International Trade; Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q17; Q18; F18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61533

Who Should Bear the Cost of China’s Carbon Emissions Embodied in Goods for Exports?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
China’s capital-intensive, export-oriented, spectacular economic growth since launching its open-door policy and economic reforms in late 1978 not only has created jobs and has lifted millions of the Chinese people out of poverty, but also has given rise to unprecedented environmental pollution and CO2 emissions. While estimates of the embedded CO2 emissions in China’s trade differ, both single country studies for China and global studies show a hefty chunk of China’s CO2 emissions embedded in trade. This portion of CO2 emissions had helped to turn China into the world’s largest carbon emitter, and is further widening its gap with the second largest emitter. This raises the issue of who should be responsible for this portion of emissions and bearing the...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon Emissions Embodied In Trade; Consumption-Based Accounting; Production-Based Accounting; Processing Trade; Carbon Tariffs; Energy Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; P28; Q42; Q43; Q48; Q53; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118958

Russlands Ratifikation des Kyoto-Protokolls - ein kritisches Pladoyer
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schwerd,   Joachim.
At the beginning of December 2003 the ninth conference of the parties (COP) of the UN framework convention on climate change (Rio declaration 1992) will take place. This meeting is crucial as it depends only on Russia's ratification to get the Kyoto protocol started soon. This paper reflects the current state of the protocol and highlights the particular features of COP 9, e.g. the double ratification hurdle, which - as a technical speciality of the protocol - was suitable to strengthen Russia's position in these negotiations up to now. It will be discussed, why Russia shall comply with the protocol for its own sake, too. Only one of the flexible Kyoto instruments is considered hereby: emissions trading. Two arguments are used for making the point, that it...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Kyoto protocol; Emissions trading; Dynamic efficiency; Russia; Environmental Economics and Policy; B52; D78; D90; F18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26184

Assessing the European Union emissions trading directive
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Convery,   Frank J.; Redmond,   Luke; Dunne,   Louise; Ryan,   Lisa B.
The Emissions Trading scheme now (January 2003) in prospect in the European Union is likely to be the first trans-national greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world.  With the participation of the European Economic Area [EEA] countries and with the forthcoming EU enlargement,  30 countries could be involved in this scheme by 2012. Under European Union law, the European Commission is responsible for making proposals, which are then decided upon by the Council of Ministers  - on a 'qualified majority' basis in this case -  representing the 15 Member State governments, and the European Parliament. In the case of this Directive, the Commission prepared its initial proposals, which have then been scrutinised by the European Parliament and the Council...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Emissions trade; Directive; Europe; International Relations/Trade; F18; N54; Q56.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28794