Consulta: subjectFacets:"Foraging"
Registros recuperados: 43
Data/hora: 11/06/2024 13:22:26

Aspectos Ecológicos de Atta sexdens piriventris Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) no Município de Capinzal, Santa Catarina, Brasil
Provedor de dados: 25
Autores: Spier, Manuelly Sartori; Spier, Edson Fernando; Dalavéquia, Máira Aparecida; Favretto, Mario Arthur.
Resumo. Entre as espécies de formigas economicamente importantes, devido aos danos que muitas vezes causam à agricultura, as mais significativas são as formigas-cortadeiras por possuírem o hábito de cortar e transportar fragmentos vegetais diversos para os seus ninhos subterrâneos. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar alguns aspectos ecológicos de Atta sexdens piriventris Santschi no município de Capinzal, estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. O material de origem vegetal transportado pelas formigas apresentou como característica folhas verdes/frescas 57%, folhas secas 23%, pedaços de frutos 7%, sementes 7% e flores 3%. Já os de origem animal tiveram uma representação de 3%, e eram compostos por pedaços de insetos. A média de distância percorrida...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Forrageio; Myrmicinae; Ninhos; Substratos; Foraging; Nests; Substrates.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/2315/267

Can climate shape flight activity patterns of Plebeia remota Hymenoptera, Apidae)?
Provedor de dados: 76
Autores: Hilário,Sergio D.; Ribeiro,Márcia de F.; Imperatriz-Fonseca,Vera L.
Flight activity of foragers of four colonies of Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) was registered from December 1998 to December 1999, using an automated system (photocells and PLC system). The colonies originated from two different regions: Cunha, state of São Paulo, and Prudentópolis, state of Paraná, Brazil. Flight activity was influenced by different climatic factors in each season. In the summer, the intensity of the correlations between flight activity and climatic factors was smaller than in the other seasons. During the autumn and winter, solar radiation was the factor that most influenced flight activity, while in the spring, this activity was influenced mainly by temperature. Except in the summer, the various climatic factors similarly influenced...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Stingless bees; Foraging; Climatic factors; Seasonality; Geographic distribution.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212012000300004

Susceptibility of targets to the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus are proportional to their abundance in Atlantic Forest fragments?
Provedor de dados: 76
Autores: Zortéa,Marlon; Silva,Diego A.; Calaça,Analice M.
ABSTRACT Desmodus rotundus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) feeds preferably on mammal blood, including livestock animals, such as bovine cattle. In spite of using native preys in the wild, records of this feeding activity are scarce. In the present study, we investigated the foraging activity of D. rotundus based on video footage from camera traps in Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Goiás State, Brazil. Out of 23 mammal species recorded in the study area, four had interactions with Desmodus rotundus (Priodontes maximus, Tapirus terrestris, Mazama americana and Pecari tajacu). The records were obtained from early night to sunrise. There was a correlation between abundance of potential preys and the choice of the target by D. rotundus. Most of the bat-prey...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Chiroptera; Foraging; Mammals.
Ano: 2018
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212018000100237

Evaluation of the stomach contents of Eriphia gonagra from a rocky shore in the southeastern Brazilian coast
Provedor de dados: 76
Autores: Rodrigues,Larissa R.; Góes,João M. de; Silva,Thiago E. da; Teixeira,Gustavo M.; Andrade,Luciana S. de; Fransozo,Adilson.
ABSTRACT The rocky shores of Praia Grande, in Ubatuba (São Paulo, Brazil), are formed by rock and Sabellaridae polychaete sandy reefs. These microenvironments offer shelters and foraging areas for several marine organisms and attracts many tourists. The crab Eriphia gonagra (Fabricius, 1781) inhabits these structures and can be used as a bioindicator, since they may be affected by anthropogenic actions. This study evaluated the stomach contents and characterized the feeding habits of an E. gonagra population, inhabiting the rocky shores from Praia Grande, taking into account the sex, size, and microhabitat. Monthly samplings were performed in 1996 and 1997 and the crabs were manually captured on the rocky surface or into of the sand reefs. So, the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Phragmatopoma sp.; Foraging; Crustacea; Brachyura; Food selection.
Ano: 2020
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212020000100213

Influence of the microhabitat on the trap construction of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) larvae
Provedor de dados: 76
Autores: Lima,Tatiane N.
ABSTRACT Antlion larvae of Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) build their traps in a microenvironment with protection from the direct action of rain and other perturbations as well as microhabitats that are less protected from disturbances that can destroy the traps. Differences in microhabitats may affect the characteristics of the trap-building process due the high energy expenditure exerted in building and maintaining these traps, which led to the following question: Do antlion larvae of M. brasiliensis build larger traps in protected microhabitats? Considering the occurrence of M. brasiliensis larvae in two microhabitats and the measurements of the size of the larvae and their traps, the hypothesis was that larvae would occur in greater abundance and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Antlion; Disturbance; Foraging; Traps.
Ano: 2020
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212020000100215

Linkage between fishers' foraging, market and fish stocks density: Examples from some North Sea fisheries
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Marchal, Paul; Poos, Jan-jaap; Quirijns, Floor.
This study has investigated some properties of fishermen's foraging, using Levy flights theory. The case studies examined were a selection of North Sea Dutch and French vessels, for which catch and effort data were collected on a haul-by-haul basis. Foraging behavior could reasonably be represented by a Levy flight process, characterized by an exponentiation factor mu, for both fleets. The properties of fishers' foraging were further investigated for the Dutch fleet using time series analysis. Optimal foraging was found with mu = 1.5, suggesting a slow recovery dynamics of the stocks being harvested. Efficient foraging led to high value per unit effort, while the knowledge of fishing grounds with high stock density is shown to increase foraging efficiency...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Haul by haul data; Foraging; Fishing effort; Levy flights; Fleet behavior.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2314.pdf

Spatial distribution of foraging in female Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella in relation to oceanographic variables: a scale-dependent approach using geographic information systems
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Guinet, Christophe; Dubroca, L; Lea, Ma; Goldsworthy, S; Cherel, Yan; Duhamel, Guy; Bonadonna, F; Donnay, Jp.
The distribution of foraging activity for female Antarctic fur seals was investigated at Cap Noir (49 degrees 07 'S, 70 degrees 45 'E), Kerguelen Island in February 1998. Eleven females were fitted with a satellite transmitter and time-depth recorder. The 2 data sets were combined in order to locate diving activity of the seals. The occurrence of fish in the diet of the seals was investigated by the identification of otoliths in 55 scats collected at the breeding colony during the study period. Oceanographic variables were measured simultaneously by direct sampling and satellite remote sensing. The mesopelagic fish community was sampled at 20 stations along 4 transects, where epipelagic trawls were conducted at night at 50 ni depth. We then investigated,...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Antarctic fur seal; Diet; Oceanographic conditions; Foraging; Geographic information system.
Ano: 2001
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00247/35843/34354.pdf

Behaviour and habitat utilisation of seven demersal fish species on the Bay of Biscay continental slope, NE Atlantic
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Uiblein, F; Lorance, Pascal; Latrouite, Daniel.
Much is known in very broad terms about the distribution of deep-sea fishes, but information on fine-scale habitat selection and behaviour in the largest living space on earth is still rare. Based on video sequences from 4 dives performed with the manned submersible 'Nautile' at depths between 400 and 2000 in in the Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic, we studied the behaviour of co-occurring slope-dwelling deep-sea fishes. Five different habitats were identified according to depth range or topographical and hydrological characteristics. For each fish species or genus that could be identified, estimates of absolute abundance were provided. The most frequently occurring species, round-nose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris, blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus,...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Submersible observations; Assemblage structure; Density; Locomotion; Vertical positioning; Foraging; Species specific; Behavioural flexibility.
Ano: 2003
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/10666/7591.pdf

Flying to the moon: Lunar cycle influences trip duration and nocturnal foraging behavior of the wedge-tailed shearwater Ardenna pacifica
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Ravache, Andreas; Bourgeois, Karen; Thibault, Martin; Dromzée, Sylvain; Weimerskirch, Henri; De Grissac, Sophie; Prudor, Aurélien; Lorrain, Anne; Menkes, Christophe; Allain, Valerie; Bustamante, Paco; Letourneur, Yves; Vidal, Eric.
Lunar phase and illumination are known to affect nocturnal behavior of many organisms, particularly through predator-prey interactions. Visual predators can benefit from higher light levels to increase their activity, while prey may decrease their activity to avoid predation. The lower number of nocturnal seabirds observed on colonies during full moon nights has been mostly interpreted as a predation avoidance strategy. However, it is also possible that shearwaters take advantage of the moon's illumination to feed also at night, and stay at sea to forage during full moon nights. We used miniaturized GPS-loggers to obtain 179 tracks from 99 wedge-tailed shearwaters breeding in New Caledonia, to investigate moonlight effects on individual behavior. Lunar...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Ardenna pacifica; Foraging; Lunar phase; Moon; GPS-tracking; Stable isotope analyses.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00607/71880/70608.pdf

Circadian behaviour of Tectus (Trochus) niloticus in the southwest Pacific inferred from accelerometry
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Jolivet, Aurelie; Chauvaud, Laurent; Thebault, Julien; Robson, Anthony A.; Dumas, Pascal; Amos, George; Lorrain, Anne.
Background : Behaviour and time spent active and inactive are key factors in animal ecology, with important consequences for bioenergetics. For the first time, here, we equipped the gastropod Tectus (= Trochus) niloticus with accelerometers to describe activity rhythms at two sites in the Southwest Pacific with different temperature regimes: New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Results : Based on a 24-hour cycle, T. niloticus activity began at dusk and gradually stopped during the night, before sunrise. This nocturnal behaviour was characterised by short (duration &lt;30 s), low intensity (acceleration &lt; 0.12 ɡ) movements and was probably associated with foraging behaviour. We assumed that activity ceased once the animal was satiated. Our analysis of two size...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Activity; Accelerometry; 24-hour periodicity; Tectus niloticus; Foraging; Migration.
Ano: 2015
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00295/40658/39640.pdf

First links between self-feeding behaviour and personality traits in European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Ferrari, Sebastien; Benhaim, David; Colchen, Tatiana; Chatain, Beatrice; Begout, Marie-laure.
Most studies carried out with seabass under self-feeding conditions report an intriguing social structure that is built around the device and the food dispenser with three coexisting triggering categories: high-triggering (HT), low-triggering (LT) and zero-triggering (ZT) fish. However, neither sex nor feeding motivation or hierarchy can explain the establishment of this specialization. We characterised the personality of seabass with the commonly used restraint and open field tests and assessed the link between personality traits and individual triggering activity towards the self-feeder apparatus. We found no differences between triggering categories during the restraint test but high triggering fish were characterised as shyer than low- and...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Behaviour; Boldness; Foraging; Open field test; Restraint test; Teleost.
Ano: 2014
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00216/32742/31147.pdf

Foraging ecology during nesting influences body size in a pursuit-diving seabird
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Paredes, Rosana; Orben, Rachael A.; Roby, Daniel D.; Irons, David B.; Young, Rebecca; Renner, Heather; Tremblay, Yann; Will, Alexis; Harding, Ann M. A.; Kitaysky, Alexander S.
Causes and consequences of differences in seabird foraging strategies between breeding colonies are not well understood. We tested whether body size of a pursuit-diving seabird, the thick-billed murre Uria lomvia, differs between breeding colonies and, if so, how size differences can be understood in the context of differences in foraging behavior, habitat use, and breeding performance. We measured adult murres over 3 seasons (2008 to 2010) at 2 of the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul and St. George, located on the continental shelf of the Bering Sea at different distances from the shelf break. Body mass and size were positively associated with deep diving and negatively associated with long flights, suggesting morphology influences foraging and commuting...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Body size; Foraging; Diving; Marine habitats; Stress levels; Bering Sea; Murres; Seabirds.
Ano: 2015
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00626/73837/73678.pdf

Validation of Dive Foraging Indices Using Archived and Transmitted Acceleration Data: The Case of the Weddell Seal
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Heerah, Karine; Cox, Samantha; Blevin, Pierre; Guinet, Christophe; Charrassin, Jean-benoît.
Dive data collected from archival and satellite tags can provide valuable information on foraging activity via the characterization of movement patterns (e.g., wiggles, hunting time). However, a lack of validation limits interpretation of what these metrics truly represent in terms of behavior and how predators interact with prey. Head-mounted accelerometers have proven to be effective for detecting prey catch attempt (PrCA) behaviors, and thus can provide a more direct measure of foraging activity. However, device retrieval is typically required to access the high-resolution data they record, restricting use to animals returning to predictable locations. In this study, we present and validate data obtained from newly developed satellite-relay data tags,...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Satellite relayed data logger; Accelerometers; Diving behavior; Movement ecology; Foraging; Sea-ice; Biologging.
Ano: 2019
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00595/70687/68895.pdf

Acoustic behaviour of echolocating porpoises during prey capture
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: De Ruiter, Stacy; Bahr, Alexander; Blanchet, Marie-anne; Hansen, Sabina Fobian; Kristensen, Jakob Hojer; Madsen, Peter T.; Tyack, Peter L.; Wahlberg, Magnus.
Porpoise echolocation has been studied previously, mainly in target detection experiments using stationed animals and steel sphere targets, but little is known about the acoustic behaviour of free-swimming porpoises echolocating for prey. Here, we used small onboard sound and orientation recording tags to study the echolocation behaviour of free-swimming trained porpoises as they caught dead, freely drifting fish. We analysed porpoise echolocation behaviour leading up to and following prey capture events, including variability in echolocation in response to vision restriction, prey species, and individual porpoise tested. The porpoises produced echolocation clicks as they searched for the fish, followed by fast-repetition-rate clicks (echolocation buzzes)...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Echolocation; Porpoise; Foraging; Buzz; Biosonar; Phocoena.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/11111/8969.pdf

Impacts of climatic anomalies on provisioning strategies of a Southern Ocean predator
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Lea, Mary-anne; Guinet, Christophe; Cherel, Yves; Duhamel, Guy; Dubroca, Laurent; Pruvost, Patrice; Hindell, Mark.
The large temporal and spatial variability in marine productivity encountered by marine predators may negatively influence breeding success. The Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella (AFS), a marine predator in the Southern Ocean (SO) ecosystem with a circumpolar distribution, exhibits a short, 4 mo lactation coinciding with increased summer marine productivity. The diet of AFS, and the distance to significant and productive oceanographic features, such as the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), varies considerably between populations. We studied the foraging activity, foraging efficiency and the pup provisioning strategies of lactating AFS at a key breeding site in the southern Indian Ocean, the Kerguelen Archipelago. Foraging parameters were examined...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Antarctic fur seal; Polar front; Pinniped; ENSO; Foraging; Growth; Diving; Seabird; Myctophid; Maternal care.
Ano: 2006
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00247/35847/34356.pdf

Dawn chorus variation in East-Asian tropical montane forest birds and its ecological and morphological correlates
Provedor de dados: 16
Autores: Chen, W.-M.; Lee , Y.-F.; Tsai, C.-F.; Yao, C.-T.; Chen, Y.-H.; Li, S.-H.; Kuo, Y.-M.
Many birds in breeding seasons engage in vigorous dawn singing that often turns to a prominent chorus. We examined dawn chorus variation of avian assemblages in a tropical montane forest in Taiwan and tested the hypothesis that onset sequence is affected by eye sizes, foraging heights, and diet of birds. Chorus onset and duration varied between sampling months, but generally peaked in the prime breeding season. Overall dawn chorus length increased with, but mean duration per species was negatively correlated with, species richness. The inter-correlation among trait variables in phylogenetic independent contrasts was calculated and examined. Both foraging height and relative eye size were selected as positively explanatory factors, but no dietary effects...
Tipo: Article / Letter to the editor
Palavras-chave: Breeding; Canopy; Diets; Eye size; Foraging; Perch; Taiwan; Tropical forests; Birds; 42.83; 42.62.
Ano: 2015
URL: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/578950

Differences in field behavior between native gastropods and the fastspreading invader Arion lusitanicus auct. non Mabille
Provedor de dados: 16
Autores: Kappes, H.; Stoll, S.; Haase, P.
Dispersal is a crucial process for population exchange and expansion, and traits that facilitate dispersal may be positively selected during biological invasions. Here, we performed a basic study on differences in behavior between the slug Arion lusitanicus auct. non Mabille, 1868 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), which is considered to be one of the 100 worst invasive species in Europe, and native gastropods. We assumed that the species is more active and less sensitive to otherwise aversive stimuli, and thus more likely to utilize novel environments. We quantified field densities and performed pitfall trap studies in 15 differently-structured habitats (urban, grassland, succession, riverine forest) in the floodplain of the LTER (Long Term Ecological Research)...
Tipo: Article / Letter to the editor
Palavras-chave: Behavioral ecology; Non-native organisms; Dietary conservatism; Foraging; Trap efficiency; 42.73.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/421027

Cost of territorial maintenance by Parodon nasus (Osteichthyes: Parodontidae) in a Neotropical stream
Provedor de dados: 83
Autores: Silva,Samuel Elias; Assunção,Wilhan R. C.; Duca,Charles; Penha,Jerry.
The combined demand over a certain resource may exceed its immediate supply, which can then lead to competition between individuals. This competition may result in territorial behavior. In this study we determine the density and spatial distribution, describe the interactions arising from territorial behavior and evaluate the costs of keeping the territories defended by adults of Parodon nasus. The study was conducted in Camarinha Stream located in the Serra das Araras Ecological Station, Porto Estrela, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The density was constant throughout the length of the stream, with a mean (± standard deviation) of 1.01 ind./m² (± 0.14). Our results show that the spatial distribution of individuals in the area ranged between uniform and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Spatial distribution; Territory size; Foraging; Resting time; Territory defense.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252009000400017

Technological and Economic Risk Analysis of laying hen breeding applying simulation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kovacs,   Sandor; Ertsey,   Imre; Balogh,   Peter.
In order to analyse risks and to choose from different decision-making strategies simulation models are often applied in several areas of animal breeding. We developed an improved Monte Carlo model for analysing laying hen breeding combined with Bayes’ statistics. On the basis of data from a company breeding broiler parents, our paper examines the technological and economic risks of breeding a laying-hen stock with a simulation program developed by our team. During modelling we take individual cost elements and the most significant factors (different forage costs, price of sold eggs, unsuitable eggs, installing day-old chicks and old animals) affecting returns into consideration. The results can be presented in tables and graphs for both sexes as well....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Monte Carlo; Risk analysis; Chicken production; Bayessian statistics; Foraging; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7798

Nest distribution and nesting habits of Xylocopa ordinaria Smith (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a restinga area in the northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Bernardino,André Sarlo; Gaglianone,Maria Cristina.
This paper aims to study the distribution of natural nests of Xylocopa ordinaria and characterize its nesting habits in the restinga of Grussai/Iquipari (RJ), supporting future studies on the pollinators management in the northern Rio de Janeiro state. The data obtained from Aug/2003 to Dec/2004, in an area of 11.6ha, were related to the nest distribution, substrate identification and dimensions, emergence, sex ratio, nest structure (n= 23 nests) and pollen content analysis of provisioning masses and feces. X. ordinaria nests were abundant and presented a clustered distribution. These bees do not present taxonomical affinity for nesting substrates, but preferences for wood availability and characteristics, being Pera glabrata the main substrate. X....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Behavior; Foraging; Native bees; Spatial distribution; Xylocopini.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262008000300017

Dynamics of the restoration of physical trails in the grass-cutting ant Atta capiguara (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Caldato,Nadia; Forti,Luiz Carlos; Camargo,Roberto da Silva; Lopes,Juliane Floriano Santos; Fourcassié,Vincent.
ABSTRACT Dynamics of the restoration of physical trails in the grass-cutting ant Atta capiguara. Leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta build long physical trails by cutting the vegetation growing on the soil surface and removing the small objects they find across their path. Little is known on the dynamics of trail construction in these ants. How much time do they need to build a trail? To answer this question we selected six trails belonging to two different nests of A. capiguara and removed on each trail a block of soil of 20 cm × 15 cm that included a portion of the physical trail. This block was then replaced by a new block of the same size that was removed in the pasture near the trail and that was uniformly covered by the same type of vegetation as...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Leaf-cutting ants; Foraging; Saúva; Social insects.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262016000100063

Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Medeiros,Jeniffer; Araújo,Arrilton; Araújo,Helder F. P.; Queiroz,João Paulo C.; Vasconcellos,Alexandre.
Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. We studied seasonal foraging patterns of the queenless ant D. quadriceps (Formicidae, Ponerinae) for 24 months in a Caatinga area of northeastern Brazil, an ecosystem characterized by strong climatic changes throughout the year, in order to determine if regulation of worker activity is based on environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) and/or food resources (potential prey: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Araneae, Chilopoda and Diplopoda). Foraging activity of D. quadriceps varied over the course of both years, with the highest frequency occurring from May to...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Ants; Environmental factors; Foraging; Neotropical region; Seasonality.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262012000100013

Daily activity of Dichotomius geminatus (Arrow, 1913) and Deltochilum verruciferum Felsche, 1911 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) facing carrion: from resource perception to feeding
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Salomão,Renato Portela; Martins Bezerra,Bruna; Iannuzzi,Luciana.
Abstract Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) interact with resources in different ways and are classified according to resource relocation guilds. Dichotomius geminatus (Coprini) and Deltochilum verruciferum (Canthonini) are two of the most abundant and ecologically important species of the semi-arid region of Brazil, and understanding their behaviour may facilitate the comprehension of strategies associated to competition for resources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavioural repertoire of D. geminatus (tunneler) and D. verruciferum (roller), in isolation and controlled setting in the Brazilian semi-arid biome, using carrion as a food resource. Our hypothesis was that, due to the distinct food relocation strategies presented by these...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Arena; Activity budget; Scarabaeidae; Semi-arid; Foraging.
Ano: 2017
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262017000400300

Note on predation of the brood of Mischocyttarus injucundus (de Saussure) by another social wasp in Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil, with new records of species for the Ferreira Penna Research Station (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae)
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Silveira,Orlando Tobias; Felizardo,Sherlem Patricia de Seixas; Santos,Suzy Melry Cardoso dos.
ABSTRACT Predation of the brood of Mischocyttarus injucundus by another polistine social wasp is reported from an Amazonian rainforest locality. This is the first report for the American tropics of naturally occurring predation by one social wasp on the brood of another. Three species are added to the list of the Ferreira Penna Research Station, raising known local richness to 81 species: Mischocyttarus filiformis (de Saussure, 1854), Mischocyttarus vaqueroi Zikán, 1949, and Parachartergus griseus (Fox, 1898).
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other
Palavras-chave: Epiponini; Interspecific predatory relation; Foraging; Hunting; Mischocyttarini.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262016000100114

First observation of alternative food usage (extrafloral nectar) by the assassin bug Atopozelus opsimus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Guillermo-Ferreira,Rhainer; Cardoso-Leite,Ricardo; Gandolfo,Rafael.
Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) are voracious insects that prey on other arthropods. Recent evidences have pointed out that these predators also feed on plant derived substances in rare opportunities. The present study describes the feeding behavior of the reduviid Atopozelus opsimus on extrafloral nectaries of Inga vera (Fabaceae) in a Neotropical savanna area. It was investigated if the insects feed more frequently of extrafloral nectar or prey, and if individuals of different stages of development vary according to feeding behavior. Notably, the results suggest that the diet of all instars and adults consist mainly of extrafloral nectar (N = 1013), in detriment of captured prey ingestion (N = 18). Also, there was no variation on feeding behavior and life...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Foraging; Heteroptera; Herbivory; Leguminosae; Predator.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262012000400014

Effect of Citrus floral extracts on the foraging behavior of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis (Dalla Torre)
Provedor de dados: 92
Autores: Grajales-Conesa,Julieta; Meléndez Ramírez,Virginia; Cruz-López,Leopoldo; Sánchez Guillén,Daniel.
Effect of Citrus floral extracts on the foraging behavior of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis (Dalla Torre). Stingless bees have an important role as pollinators of many wild and cultivated plant species in tropical regions. Little is known, however, about the interaction between floral fragrances and the foraging behavior of meliponine species. Thus we investigated the chemical composition of the extracts of citric (lemon and orange) flowers and their effects on the foraging behavior of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis. We found that each type of flower has its own specific blend of major compounds: limonene (62.9%) for lemon flowers, and farnesol (26.5%), (E)-nerolidol (20.8%), and linalool (12.7%) for orange flowers. In the foraging...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Citrus; Foraging; Flower volatiles; Scaptotrigona pectoralis; Stingless bee.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0085-56262012000100012

Effects of moonlight on the capturability of frugivorous phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) at different time scales
Provedor de dados: 103
Autores: Mello,Marco A. R.; Kalko,Elisabeth K. V.; Silva,Wesley R.
Some bat species seem to be lunar phobic, i.e., they avoid flying in bright areas or during bright periods of the night; however, the evidence is still controversial. We think that part of this controversy comes from pooling data on bat captures and moonlight intensity according to broad categories, such as moon phases, which conceal the high variability among nights. Therefore, we used detailed, long-term field data on three phyllostomid bat species, in order to test the hypothesis of lunar phobia at two different time scales: 1) among nights, by pooling data of different nights according to moon phases and testing for differences in the distribution of captures; and 2) within a night, by analyzing the relationship between capturability and moonlight...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Activity; Behavior; Foraging; Lunar phobia; Mist netting.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702013000400005

Diet of Brachycephalus brunneus (Anura: Brachycephalidae): in the Atlantic Rainforest of Paraná, southern Brazil
Provedor de dados: 103
Autores: Fontoura,Pedro Luiz; Ribeiro,Luiz Fernando; Pie,Marcio Roberto.
Saddleback toads (Brachycephalidae: Brachycephalus) are a remarkable group of highly endemic species from the southern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. They are brightly colored, diurnal, minute frogs that live in the leaf litter of high-elevation cloud forests. Little is known about the natural history of these frogs, particularly their diet. In the present study we provide the first published account of a Brachycephalus species diet. Specimens of Brachycephalus brunneus Ribeiro, Alves, Haddad &amp;amp; Reis, 2005 (N = 20) were collected from two locations in the Serra do Mar mountain range in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. A total of 137 food items were recorded, with Acari being the most common item (62.4%). This prevalence is much higher than the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Acari; Feeding; Foraging; Litter frog.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702011000500019

Body mass index and glucose variations during the night in free-ranging Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Provedor de dados: 103
Autores: Azeredo,Luane Maria Melo; Ximenes,Monique Silva; Pereira,Kleytone Alves; Fracasso,Maria Paula Aguiar; Lopez,Luiz Carlos Serramo.
ABSTRACT Body condition is an important measure to estimate the energy reserve of an organism. Scientists frequently use body condition indices (BCIs) with morphometric measures but direct measurements, such as blood glucose, seem to be more reliable. We observed oscillations in the body condition and glucose indexes of individuals of Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) during 13 nights in the field. We assume that if glucose levels are proportional to feeding state and body condition is a measure of energy reserve, blood glucose and BCI should be positively correlated and both are expected to increase during the night as the bats leave their diurnal roost to feed. To test this, we examined the relationship between blood glucose levels, BCI and reproductive...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Body condition; Blood metabolites; Foraging.
Ano: 2019
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702019000100310

Daily and seasonal limits of time and temperature to activity of degus
Provedor de dados: 97
Autores: KENAGY,G.J.; NESPOLO,ROBERTO F.; VÁSQUEZ,RODRIGO A.; BOZINOVIC,FRANCISCO.
We present an analysis of behavioral flexibility in a day-active caviomorph rodent, the degu, Octodon degus, in response to temporal (daily and seasonal), spatial, and thermal heterogeneity of its environment. We quantified activity and foraging behavior in a population, together with thermal conditions, in an open habitat in the seasonally hot and arid matorral of central Chile. Summer activity was bimodal, with a gap of more than 8 h between the morning bout of 2.5 h of intensive foraging and the afternoon bout of 2 h. More than half of the 4.5 h of summer activity occurred in the shade of early morning or late afternoon when the sun was below the local skyline. Autumn and spring activity were also bimodal, but with greater proportions of activity under...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Foraging; Seasonality; Thermal ecology; Forrajeo.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-078X2002000300008

Genetic structure of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations estimated by RAPD
Provedor de dados: 63
Autores: Vieira,Eduardo Alano; Castro,Caroline Marques; Oliveira,Antônio Costa de; Carvalho,Fernando Irajá Félix de; Zimmer,Paulo Dejalma; Martins,Luís Fernando.
Annual ryegrass is a temperate climate annual foraging grass, grown mostly in the South of Brazil, especially in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Despite its importance, little is known about its genetic diversity, both within and among the populations cultivated. This knowledge is of fundamental importance for developing breeding and conservation strategies. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of four populations of annual ryegrass. Three of the populations were located in Rio Grande do Sul and the fourth in Uruguay. RAPD markers were used to study the genetic diversity and structure of these populations. Analysis of 375 individuals sampled from the populations, using six RAPD primers, generated a total of 82...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Foraging; Genetic diversity; Molecular markers.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162004000400009

Atividades de coleta e origem floral do pólen armazenado em colônias de Plebeia saiqui (Holmberg) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) no sul do Brasil
Provedor de dados: 104
Autores: Pick,Raquel A.; Blochtein,Betina.
Four colonies of Plebeia saiqui (Holmberg, 1903), of São Francisco de Paula, were studied during the period from October/1998 to October/1999. The counting of the bees was proceeded monthly, differentiated workers that came back with and without pollen in the corbicula. Grains of pollen of pots previously marked were collected monthly and identified. The percentage of the pollen types of the samples was estimated: 20% of Asteraceae, 17% Myrtaceae, 15% type Meliaceae and 10% Euphorbiaceae. The remaining corresponds to other pollen types of small representation, besides those the were no identified. The climatic influence on the pollen collection was analyzed being used simple and multiple regressions. It was verified that in the spring and in the summer the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Plebeia; Stingless bees; Pollen analysis; Foraging; Climatic influence.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-81752002000100025

Feeding associations between capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus) (Mammalia, Hydrochaeridae) and birds in the Lami Biological Reserve, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 104
Autores: Tomazzoni,Ana C.; Pedó,Ezequiel; Hartz,Sandra M.
Feeding associations between capybaras Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) and some bird species were registered in the Lami Biological Reserve, southern Brazil, through observations in a set of transects established in the five major vegetation types of the study area: shrubby and herbaceous swamps, wet grasslands, sandy grasslands and forests. Data included: date and time, vegetation type, bird species, number of individuals (birds and capybaras), type of prey consumed, foraging strategy of the birds and the behavior of the capybaras in relation to the presence of birds. Five species of birds were registered: Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777), Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788), Machetornis rixosus (Vieillot, 1819), Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Bird-mammal interaction; Feeding behavior; Foraging.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-81752005000300031

Insights into the development of a juvenile harpy eagle’s hunting skills
Provedor de dados: 36
Autores: CAVALCANTE,Thiago; TUYAMA,Carlos Augusto; MOURTHE,Italo.
ABSTRACT The post-fledging period is of paramount importance for raptors, since this is when a juvenile develops its hunting skills and gains the abilities required in adulthood and independence through dispersal. Little is known however, about this stage in the lives of raptors such as harpy eagles, Harpia harpyja. Between March 2016 and July 2017, we recorded three predation attempts on groups of primates by a wild juvenile harpy eagle in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia, including the first predation of an adult squirrel monkey, Saimiri ustus. These sequential records give insights into the gradual development of hunting skills during the post-fledging period, similar to what has been reported for other birds of prey. We hypothesize that a link between...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report
Palavras-chave: Hunting behavior; Juvenile raptor; Predator-prey interaction; Foraging; Harpia harpyja.
Ano: 2019
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0044-59672019000200114

Dynamized high dilutions for management of the leafcutter ant Acromyrmex laticeps Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Provedor de dados: 1
Autores: Giesel, Alexandre; Boff, Mari Carissimi; Boff, Pedro.
High dilutions may have different biological effects due to the dynamization method and the dilution order used. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the foraging activity of the leafcutter ant Acromyrmex laticeps subjected to high dilution preparations originating from grinding worker ants and developing dilutions at the following dynamizations: 6, 12, and 30 CH (centesimal Hahnemannian dilution order), 5 LM (fifty millesimal Hahnemannian dilution order) and 35 K (Korsakovian dilution order). The preparations were applied daily for 10 days by spraying them on moving ants on tracks close to the anthill. The evaluations included counting the number of ants transporting vegetable fragments on the tracks before each application, after application, and 20 and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Foraging; Non-residual therapies; High dilutions; Nosodes.
Ano: 2017
URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/32848

Comportamento forrageiro da abelha africanizada Apis mellifera L. no decorrer do ano - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i2.9252
Provedor de dados: 2
Autores: Souza, Darclet Terezinha Malerbo; Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda; Silva, Flávio Augusto Santos; Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda.
O objetivo deste experimento foi estudar o comportamento forrageiro das abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera, no decorrer do ano. As coletas foram realizadas na área experimental do Centro Universitário Moura Lacerda, Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo. Uma vez por mês, durante 12 meses, era realizada uma avaliação da atividade de coleta dessas abelhas anotando-se, das 7h às 18h, 10 min. em cada horário, o número de abelhas que entrava na colmeia carregando pólen ou néctar, com cinco repetições por mês. As abelhas A. mellifera coletaram néctar durante todo o dia aumentando sua frequência até às 12h, e para pólen, essas abelhas preferiram o período da manhã, até as 11h. Concluiu-se que não houve diferença significativa tanto para coleta de néctar quanto...
Tipo: Pesquisa experimental
Palavras-chave: 5.04.01.00-9 Apis mellifera; Fatores climáticos; Forrageamento; Néctar; Pólen Ecologia dos Animais Domésticos e Etologia Apis mellifera; Climatic factors; Foraging; Nectar; Pollen.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAnimSci/article/view/9252

Effect of asymmetric competition on distance among Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Návas, 1914) (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) larvae
Provedor de dados: 3
Autores: Lima, Tatiane do Nascimento; Freire, Luciane Gomes; Lima, Dariany Cristina Aristides de.
In cases of asymmetric competition, larger individuals of many animal species have a greater probability of acquiring territory, gaining initial access to resources and finding a mate in comparison to smaller individuals. The competition among larvae of the antlion Myrmeleon brasiliensis (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) is observed in the search for space for the construction of traps, in the forage for prey, and in the occurrence of cannibalism. The body size of the larvae is proportional to the size of the traps and the success of predation. Thus, larger specimens are better competitors in terms of capturing preys (asymmetric competition). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of asymmetric competition in M. brasiliensis regarding the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Área 2.00.00.00-6 Sub-área 2.04.04.00-0 antlion; Foraging; Intra-specific competition; Traps. Comportamento Animal.
Ano: 2019
URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciBiolSci/article/view/45871

Pollen-ovule relation in Adesmia tristis and reflections on the seed–ovule ratio by interaction with pollinators in two vertical strata
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: FERREIRA,NADILSON R.; FRANKE,LUCIA B.; BLOCHTEIN,BETINA.
The vertical distribution of pollinators is an important component in the foraging pattern of plants strata, and it influences the reproductive system (pollen/ovule ratio) and seed/ovule ratio. Niches in two different strata from Adesmia tristis Vogel were evaluated in these aspects. This plant is an endemic shrub from the Campos de Cima da Serra in Southern Brazil. The studies were carried out from January 2010, to January 2011, at Pró-Mata/PUCRS (Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul) (29°27′-29°35′S and 50°08′-50°15′W), São Francisco de Paula, sate of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Breeding system of A. tristis is mandatory allogamy. The vertical profile in A. tristis has differentiated foraging niches among the most common pollinators. Bees of Megachile...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Allogamy; Bees; Foraging; Niches; Pollination deficit.
Ano: 2014
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652014000301327

Analysis of the effects of climate variables on Apis mellifera pollen foraging performance
Provedor de dados: 45
Autores: Mattos,I.M. de; Souza,J.; Soares,A.E.E.
ABSTRACT Pollination services performed by bees are essential for the reproduction of a great part of flowering plants. The pollen collected by Apis mellifera while performing pollination (bee pollen), has been incorporated into the human diet for its favorable nutritional components. Around 1,500 tons of bee pollen are produced annually worldwide, especially in Spain, China, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. Despite the importance of bee pollen within apiculture, little is known about the effects of climate variations on bee pollen collection and production. We monitored the pollen collection performance of 24 different honey bee colonies in different climate conditions within a period of one year. We then analyzed the statistical interaction among the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Africanized honey bees; Bee pollen; Climate; Foraging; Pollination.
Ano: 2018
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352018000401301

Microhabitat use and diet of Anotosaura vanzolinia(Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in a Caatinga area, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 49
Autores: Oliveira,Bruno Halluan Soares de; Pessanha,André Luiz Machado.
This study aimed to analyze the microhabitat use and diet of the lizard Gymnophthalmidae Anotosaura vanzolinia (Dixon 1974) in the Complexo Aluízio Campos (7° 16′ 34″ S, 35° 53′ 7″ W), an area of the Caatinga in the Campina Grande, Paraíba. We studied a total of 12 transects by active searching during the daytime. In each sample, habitat and microhabitat types occupied by the specimen were categorized, together with solar incidence and soil type. For all individuals, morphometric measurements were performed, as well as dissection for stomach content analysis. We collected a total of 46 individuals, with a snout-vent length ranging between 19 and 45 mm, collected over all habitats, with prevalence in soil and earthy litter microhabitats near rocky outcrops....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Fossorial lizards; Feeding ecology; Gymnophthalmid lizard; Foraging.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032013000300193

Occupancy of different types of forest habitats by tyrant flycatchers (Passeriformes: Tyrannidae)
Provedor de dados: 49
Autores: Rosa,Gabriel Lima Medina; Anjos,Luiz dos; Moura,Maurício Osvaldo.
The abundance distribution of the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae family) was evaluated in three main forest habitats of Mata dos Godoy State Park (PEMG), north of the state of Paraná. We conducted point counts and from the collected data we calculated the Index of Point Abundance (I. P. A.) of each species in the habitats of interior of mature forest (FLI), slope forest (FLE) and reforestation (REF). Among the 22 recorded species, eight occurred in all habitats, while other eight occurred in two habitats and six were exclusive of one habitat. Among the 16 recorded species in more than one habitat, 10 were more abundant in only one. On the contrary to our expectation and despite the clear habitat segregation among species, the abundance distribution was not...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Habitat; Foraging; Abundance; Distribution; Frugivory.
Ano: 2013
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032013000400190

A comparison of foraging between the South American and Cabot's Tern in southern Brazil
Provedor de dados: 49
Autores: Fracasso,Hélio Augusto Alves; Branco,Joaquim Olinto; Barbieri,Edison.
Despite being widely distributed in South America and having relatively large populations, little is known about the trophic ecology of the South American Tern (Sterna hirundinacea) and Cabot's Tern (Thalasseus acuflavidus). In Brazil, South American and Terns Cabot's breed in mixed colonies from the state of Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina. Here, we describe results of a study of the feeding ecology of these two species during the reproductive seasons of April to October of 2003, 2005 and 2006 from Cardos Island, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A total of 6248, 5140, and 4006 fishes were delivered to chicks or females by South American Terns; and 1157, 628 and 98 fish and or other prey items by Cabot's Terns during the breeding seasons of 2003, 2005, and 2006,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Cabot's Terns; South American Terns; Feeding ecology; Prey; Foraging.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032011000300016

Effect of ascorbic acid on food preference and consumption in captive capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
Provedor de dados: 52
Autores: Alvarez,Martín Roberto; Kravetz,Fernando Osvaldo.
The aim of this work was to study the short and long term influences of ascorbic acid on Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, if supplemented in their food. No differences regarding food intake were observed in the absence of vitamin C. On a daily basis, animals accustomed to food containing ascorbic acid prefered to continue eating the same food. Food preference in capybaras did not seem to depend on ascorbic acid availability; however, when accustomed to vitamin C, capybaras might recognize and select ascorbic acid in subsequent food. Mechanisms allowing capybaras to "evaluate" the nutritional quality of their food are discussed, as well as the adaptive value of this behavior in free ranging populations.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Vitamin C; Hydrochoeridae; Ecophysiology; Foraging; Nutrition; Feeding.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132009000300011