Consulta: subjectFacets:"Incentives"
Registros recuperados: 45
Data/hora: 09/06/2024 14:37:14

Institutions for Managing Resilient Salmon (Oncorhynchus Spp.) Ecosystems: the Role of Incentives and Transaction Costs
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: Hanna, Susan S; Oregon State University; susan.hanna@oregonstate.edu.
Institutions are the mechanisms that integrate the human and ecological spheres. This paper discusses the institutional challenge of integrating salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) ecosystems and human systems in ways that effectively promote resilience. Salmon recovery in the Columbia River Basin demonstrates the challenge. Despite the comprehensive scope of Basin salmon management, it has a number of problems that illustrate the difficulties of designing institutions for ecosystem and human system resilience. The critical elements of salmon ecosystem management are incentives and transaction costs, and these comprise a large piece of missing institutional infrastructure. Once the focus is placed on incentives and costs, a number of different management strategies...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis
Palavras-chave: Columbia River Basin; Ecosystems; Human systems; Incentives; Institutions; Resilience; Salmon; Transaction costs.
Ano: 2008

A Revised Conceptual Framework for Payments for Environmental Services
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: Sommerville, Matthew M.; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London; m.sommerville06@imperial.ac.uk; Jones, Julia P. G.; School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Bangor; julia.jones@bangor.ac.uk; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London; e.j.milner-gulland@imperial.ac.uk.
Over the past decade, &amp;#8220;Payments for Environmental Services&amp;#8221; (PES) have received a great deal of attention as a natural-resource management approach. We propose a revised definition and framework for PES implementation that focuses on the use of positive incentives as the philosophy behind PES and conditionality as the method for influencing behaviors. We note the importance of additionality of PES interventions to justify their value in a wider context. Finally, we highlight the need to understand the local institutional context in terms of the characteristics of buyers, sellers, and their relationship for implementation to be effective. Our framework acts as a platform to begin examining how the variety of options for structuring PES...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Insight
Palavras-chave: Additionality; Conditional; Ecosystem services; Environmental management; Incentives; Institutions; Monitoring; Transactions.
Ano: 2009

Matching Social and Ecological Systems in Complex Ocean Fisheries
Provedor de dados: Ecology and Society
Autores: Wilson, James A.; University of Maine; Jwilson@maine.edu.
This paper considers ocean fisheries as complex adaptive systems and addresses the question of how human institutions might be best matched to their structure and function. Ocean ecosystems operate at multiple scales, but the management of fisheries tends to be aimed at a single species considered at a single broad scale. The paper argues that this mismatch of ecological and management scale makes it difficult to address the fine-scale aspects of ocean ecosystems, and leads to fishing rights and strategies that tend to erode the underlying structure of populations and the system itself. A successful transition to ecosystem-based management will require institutions better able to economize on the acquisition of feedback about the impact of human...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Synthesis
Palavras-chave: Resource governance; Fisheries; Complex adaptive systems; Scale; Fishing effort; Decentralization; Governance institutions; Incentives; Multiscale governance; Fishing rights; Ecosystem management; Ecosystem-based management; Polycentric networks.
Ano: 2006

Modeling Interdependent Participation Incentives: Dynamics of a Voluntary Livestock Disease Control Program
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wang,   Tong; Hennessy,   David A.
This paper models producers’ interdependent incentives to participate in a voluntary livestock disease control program. Under strategic complementarity among participation decisions, after a slow start momentum can build such that market premium for participation and participation rate increase sequentially. Non-participation, partial participation and full participation can all be Nash equilibria while participation cost heterogeneity will dispose the outcome toward incomplete participation. We find plausible conditions under which temporary government subsidies to the least cost-effective producers causes tipping toward full participation. Applying parameters from the literature on Johnes’ disease, we illustrate factors that may affect participation....
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Livestock disease; Momentum theorem; Strategic complementarity; Tipping; Voluntary program.; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122358

Patents and Other Intellectual Property Rights
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Moschini,   GianCarlo.
This article reviews intellectual property rights (IPRs), with some emphasis on the protection of agricultural and life sciences innovations. The main institutional features of IPRs are first discussed, along with a brief historical background and an articulation of the main rationale for the existence of such rights. This is followed by an overview of the principal economic issues related to IPRs. The main benefit/cost trade-offs of allowing patents and other IPRs are explained, and specific issues are then analyzed in some depth, including the scope of patent protection, the effects of patent races, and the problems arising when IPRs concern cumulative and/or complementary innovations. The economics of IPRs are further illustrated by considering...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Incentives; Innovation; Invention; Market failure; Monopoly; Property rights; Public good; Second best; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18466

CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES: CAN INCENTIVES WORK FOR PRIVATE LANDOWNERS?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Langpap,   Christian.
It has been argued that the traditional regulatory approach of the Endangered Species Act, based on land-use restrictions, has failed to protect endangered species on private land. In response, there has been a call for the use of incentives to complement this regulatory approach. This paper examines the potential of incentives programs to elicit conservation-oriented management choices from landowners. Data obtained from a survey of non-industrial private forest owners in Oregon and Washington is used to examine the effectiveness of various incentives. The results indicate that incentives, in particular compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest that conservation...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Endangered species; Incentives; Regulation; Endangered Species Act; Conservation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q220; Q230; Q280; K320.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21972

Where the rubber hits the road: Biodiversity conservation incentives in theory and practice
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Coggan,   Anthea; Whitten,   Stuart M.; Bennett,   Jeffrey W.
The lack of appropriate incentives through conventional markets is a major cause of deterioration of biodiversity on private land. In response, governments often intervene through changing the incentives faced by landholders. There are, however, potentially many ways that the incentives to private landholders could encourage improved conservation of native vegetation on private lands. These policies and incentives leverage change in different ways and are suited to differing opportunities and objectives and incur different costs. Our goal in this paper is to provide some guidance to support incentive selection and design decisions. We initially develop a framework for incentive decision, design and implementation. The framework is supported and illustrated...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Incentives; Private land; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10397

The Efficacy of TRIPS: Incentives, Capacity and Threats
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
There is a major split between developed and developing countries over the protection of the patents in pharmaceuticals in the TRIPS. This dispute is symptomatic of the difficulties of incorporating a non-trade issue into a trade organization. Incentives and threats are examined in the context of the TRIPS. It is concluded that developing countries have no direct incentives to protect intellectual property, that the threat of trade actions is unlikely to induce compliance and that the use of indirect incentives is discredited and will fail to achieve its objective over the long run. Successful protection of intellectual property in developing countries will require a way to provide them with a direct incentive to enforce such protection.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Incentives; Intellectual property; Knowledge economy; Threats; TRIPS; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23815

Enjoying a Good Port with a Clear Conscience: Geographic Indicators, Rent Seeking and Development
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
The European Union is attempting to have the protection of geographic indicators strengthened in the WTO. There may be sufficient rents and other benefits available to justify this strategy in the negotiations. To achieve its rent-seeking goals, however, the European Union needs allies at the negotiations. It has been courting developing countries by touting the benefits of geographic indicators for their products. For most products originating in developing countries, the opportunities for rents will first have to be created, a resource-intensive and problematic activity. Further, even if rents can be created in the short run, the forces of competition are likely to erode them. Scarce resources might be better utilized on other development strategies that...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographic indicators; Incentives; Rent seeking; Sustainable development; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23827

VOLUNTARY ACTION OF A FIRM ON ENVIROMENT MANAGEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT ON SRI LANKAN FOOD PROCESSING FIRMS’ RESPONSE TO THE PRIVATE AND REGULATORY INCENTIVES
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jayasinghe-Mudalige,   Udith K.; Udugama,   J.M.M.; Ikram,   S.M.M.
The effect of a set of private/market (i.e. financial implications, internal efficiency, market response) and public/non-market (i.e. government regulation, judiciary/legal system) incentives for a firm to act voluntarily on environmental quality is examined. It uses the levels of adoption of five solid waste management practices [SWMPs], namely: (1) 3R system; (2) Composting; (3) Good manufacturing practices; (4) Biogas unit, and (5) ISO 14000 by food processing sector in Sri Lanka in response to the prevalence of each incentive at the firm as the case. The data collected from 325 firms through in-depth interviews and site inspections and supported by a validated structured questionnaire were analyzed using the principles of Structural Equation Modeling....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environment management; Food processing sector in Sri Lanka; Incentives; Regulation; Solid waste management; Voluntary adoption; Farm Management.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100567

Putting theory into practice: market failure and market based instrument design
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Whitten,   Stuart M.; Coggan,   Anthea; Reeson,   Andrew; Gorddard,   Russell J.
The use of market-based instruments (MBIs) to provide and protect ecosystem services has gained significant attention in Australia. Despite their popularity, MBIs are not appropriate for the provision of all ecosystem services. Rather, MBIs must be carefully designed given the ecosystem service outcomes desired, while meeting the needs of participants. In this paper we detail the importance of a robust theoretical structure to underpin the selection and design of an MBI. In particular, we demonstrate the role of identifying and analysing the nature of the market failures present, and their implications for instrument design. Our conclusions are illustrated using several regional MBI case studies.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market failure; Market based instrument; Incentives; Marketing.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10441

Using Incentives to Buy Land-Use Change in Agriculture for Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pannell,   David J.
In general, the use of incentive payments to landholders in environmental programs is poorly thought through. This article discusses situations where environmental incentive payments are more likely to be a cost-effective response by environmental funders. It is proposed that incentives can be used in two broad ways: to encourage trialling of new practices by landholders, or to compensate landholders for losses resulting from land-use changes. It appears that environmental funders often do not pay sufficient attention to the differences between these two approaches. The first approach only makes sense if the new practices are 'adoptable', and so are expected to remain attractive to landholders beyond the trialling phase. The importance of adoptability and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental subsidies; Incentives; Externalities; Adoption of innovations; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58; H23; H4.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25397

CROP DIVERSITY AS THE DERIVED OUTCOME OF FARMERS' 'SURVIVAL FIRST' MOTIVES IN ETHIOPIA: WHAT ROLE FOR ON-FARM CONSERVATION OF SORGHUM GENETIC RESOURCES?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wale,   Edilegnaw; Virchow,   Detlef.
Crop genetic resources are the building blocks of sustainable agricultural development due to their relevance not only as inputs for variety development but also as indigenous crop insurance mechanisms through traditional variety portfolio management. Their continuous survival is, however, threatened by natural and human driven factors. This threat has induced the need for designing conservation measures. Among the in situ and ex situ conservation options available to conserve crop genetic resources, on-farm conservation has recently attracted enormous attention. To make this option operational, placing incentives (that link conservation with utilization) and removal of perverse incentives are believed to be crucial so that landraces of no immediate...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: On-farm conservation; Sorghum genetic resources; Incentives; Poisson regression; Ethiopia; Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25882

The Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation Payments
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ferraro,   Paul J.; Simpson,   R. David.
Intact ecosystems provide important global services. Many valuable ecosystems are located in low-income countries in which citizens are not in a position to provide global public goods gratis. To address this problem, international conservation and development donors have been making substantial investments in habitat conservation. Among the more common conservation schemes are interventions aimed at encouraging commercial activities that produce ecosystem services as joint products. We argue that it would be more cost-effective to pay for conservation performance directly. We use a simple yet general model to establish three conclusions. First, the overall cost of conservation is least when direct payments are employed. Second, the donor will generally...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Conservation; Cost-effective; Incentives; Agricultural Finance; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10800

A Theory of Firm Decline
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gian Luca,   Clementi; Cooley,   Thomas; Di Giannatale,    Sonia.
We study the problem of an investor that buys an equity stake in an entrepreneurial venture, under the assumption that the former cannot monitor the latter’s operations. The dynamics implied by the optimal incentive scheme is rich and quite different from that induced by other models of repeated moral hazard. In particular, our framework generates a rationale for firm decline. As young firms accumulate capital, the claims of both investor (outside equity) and entrepreneur (inside equity) increase. At some juncture, however, even as the latter keeps on growing, invested capital and firm value start declining and so does the value of outside equity. The reason is that incentive provision is costlier the wealthier the entrepreneur (the greater is inside...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Principal Agent; Moral Hazard; Hidden Action; Incentives; Survival; Firm Dynamics; Financial Economics; D82; D86; D92; G32.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92788

The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jenkins,   Robin R.; Martinez,   Salvador A.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Podolsky,   Michael J.
This paper examines the impact of two popular solid waste programs on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the residential solid waste stream. We examine a unique, national, household-level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. We find that access to curbside recycling has a significant and substantial positive effect on the percentage recycled of all five materials and that the level of this effect varies across different materials. The length of the recycling program's life has a significant and positive effect on two of the five materials and a mandatory recycling requirement does not affect any materials. The level...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Solid waste; Recycling; Unit pricing; Incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H31.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10798

INCENTIVES AND STANDARDS IN AGENCY CONTRACTS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chambers,   Robert G.
This paper studies the structure of state-contingent contracts in the presence of moral hazard and multi-tasking.  Necessary and sufficient conditions for the presence of multi-tasking to lead to fixed payments instead of incentive schemes are identified.  It is shown that the primary determinant of whether multi-tasking leads to higher or lower powered incentives is the role that noncontractible outputs play in helping the agent deal with the production risk associated with the observable and contractible outputs.  When the noncontractible outputs are socially undesirable and risk substitutes, standards are never optimal.  If the noncontractible outputs are socially desirable, standards are never optimal if the noncontractible outputs play a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Multi-tasking; Agency; Risk complementarity; Risk substitutability; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; D82; L23; L50.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28605

Economic analysis of field afforestation and forest clearance for cultivation in Finland
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hyytiainen,   Kari; Leppanen,   J.; Pahkasalo,   T.
Rational land use decisions of private landowners are analysed in the framework of Common Agricultural Policy and other public support schemes effective in Finland in 2003. Net present values are computed for a marginal hectare of a typical Finnish farm. Three alternative land uses are considered: traditional cultivation of oats (Avena sativa L.), cultivation of reed canary grass (Phalaris Arundinacea L.) for energy production, and production of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) timber. Both arable land and forested land are considered as initial states. Experimental data from 38 afforested stands and distance-independent individual-tree stand growth model are used for computing discounted net returns from forestry. Statistics on market prices,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Common Agricultural Policy; Energy grass; Incentives; Land use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44178

Externalities, Decreasing Returns, and Common Ownership
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Simpson,   R. David.
Placing production units under common ownership is often suggested as a solution to the problem of externalities. This will not always be true when there are decreasing returns to scale. An atomistic industry could be more efficient than a monopoly in some instances. Even when the "optimal" industry configuration would involve a finite number of producers, no two may have appropriate incentives to combine. An omniscient and benign regulator can always assure a more efficient outcome than would result from the combination of private producers. Whether real-world regulators should be called upon, however, is less clear.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Mergers; Returns to scale; Incentives; Land Economics/Use; L23; Q24.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10457

Impact of Beef Quality on Market Signals Transmitted by Grid Pricing
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Johnson,   Heather C.; Ward,   Clement E.
Value-based marketing is shaping cattle production; however, market signals differ dramatically depending on carcass quality.  This study applies a two-stage coefficients of separate determination procedure to four regional fed cattle datasets sorted by grid value and by carcass quality attributes.  Weight is the strongest signal sent when higher valued cattle and better quality cattle are sold on a grid.  Quality characteristics send stronger signals when lower valued cattle and poorer quality cattle are sold on a grid.  Producers of lower quality cattle can potentially gain $52 to $149 per head by improving quality and $113 to $150 per head by adding weight.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beef; Cattle; Carcass; Quality; Coefficients of separate determination; Incentives; Market signals; Value-based marketing; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing; Q11; Q13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43750

Estimating the economic implications for grazing properties in the Mackay Whitsunday catchments of practice changes to more sustainable landscapes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: East,   Miriam.
In the Mackay Whitsunday region, the dominant grazing based operations are small intensive systems that heavily utilise soil, nutrient and chemical management practices. To improve water quality entering the Great Barrier Reef, graziers are being encouraged to adopt improved management practices. However, while there is good understanding of the management changes required to reach improved practice classification levels, there is poor understanding of the likely economic implications for a grazier seeking to move from a lower level classification to the higher level classifications. This paper provides analysis of the costs and benefits associated with adoption of intensive grazing best management practices to determine the effect on the profitability and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Grazing; Management practices; Incentives; Mackay Whitsunday; Farm Management.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59070

Rational Inefficiencies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bogetoft,   Peter; Hougaard,   Jens Leth.
In this paper, we suggest that inefficiency may be an indirect, on-the-job compensation to agents in an organization. We show how to use actual production data to reveal the trade-offs between different inefficiencies (slacks). Moreover, we discuss how to use this to improve productivity analysis as well as decision making and incentive provisions in organizations.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Preferences; Incentives; Bargaining; Planning; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24191

DEA based yardstick competition in natural resource management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bogetoft,   Peter; Nielsen,   Kurt.
In this paper, we discuss the pros and cons of using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate and enhance the efficiency of natural resource management. The need for a multidimensional production frontier approach is sketched, along with examples from other regulated multi-output industries, Also, reviews of the basic properties of DEA and DEA based yardstick competition are provided. Finally, we discuss the use of DEA based yardstick to evaluate bids in multi-dimensional procurement auctions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Regulation; Incentives; Performance evaluation; Yardstick competition; Data envelopment analysis (DEA); Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57928

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CO-REGULATORY APPROACHES TO FOOD SAFETY CONTROLS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hussein,   Mohamud; Fearne,   Andrew; Martinez,   Marian Garcia; Di Falco,   Salvatore.
Food safety controls are currently enforced in the UK by a variety of regulatory approaches that considerably differ in their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving social goals of safe food supply and improved consumer confidence. Aim of this study is to establish whether a coregulatory enforcement of these controls is more cost-effective than the traditional command-and- control enforcement modes. First of its kind, the study reviewed a vast theoretical literature on economics of food safety and incentives to develop a conceptual framework and appropriate methodology for comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of co-regulatory approaches to food hygiene controls in the UK meat industry. A panel data on costs and compliance of 710 meat firms operating...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Co-regulation; Food safety; Incentives; Panel data modelling; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; C23; K32; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91725

Professionalism, Latent Professionalism and Organizational Demands for Health Care Quality in a Developing Country
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Leonard,   Kenneth L.; Masatu,   Melkiory C.
Medicine is a professional pursuit, and even in developing countries professionalism should lead at least some practitioners to care for their patients despite the absence of direct incentives to do so. Even if practitioners do not behave as professionals, what is the extent of latent professionalism, in which socialization in the profession conditions health workers to respond to a demand for professionalism even if they do not normally act as professionals? How many health care workers in developing countries act as professionals all the time and what will happen if health services turn toward remuneration schemes in which health workers are paid by the output or outcome? We examine the behavior of 80 practitioners from Arusha region of Tanzania for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Quality; Health care; Professionalism; Tanzania; Health Economics and Policy; I1; O1; O2.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42883

Research: Are We Valuing the Right Stuff?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Brorsen,   B. Wade.
The incentives researchers face depend directly upon what we as a profession value. The impacts of research can be either disciplinary by adding to economic knowledge or real world by being useful to economic agents. Various measures of research impact such as publications, citations, and external funding are discussed, and the strengths and weaknesses of each measure are evaluated. Because of the difficulty of accurately measuring research impact, we must depend on internal incentives to motivate researchers to select topics with the most potential impact.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Methodology; Research impact; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50079

Czech Agricultural Associations and the Impact of Membership on Farm Efficiency
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bavorova,   Miroslava; Curtiss,   Jarmila; Jelinek,   Ladislav.
The study investigates the efficiency effect of affiliation with the two strongest associations in Czech agriculture. These represent large-scale enterprises and individual farmers, respectively. The efficiency analysis is supplemented by analyses of incentives for associations' membership and farm characteristics decisive for membership choice. The results imply that political lobbying is the main entry incentive. Commercially-oriented individual farms which employ external workers are more likely to choose association membership, as are agricultural enterprises that specialize in livestock production or preserve a high share of employee ownership. We find that association membership has a significant positive impact on farms' performance, especially...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Associations; Agricultural enterprises; Czech agriculture; Incentives; Individual farms; Technical efficiency; Stochastic frontier analysis; Transition; Farm Management.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24430

Conservation impediments and incentives – progressing the understanding of linkages between the adoption of conservation practices and the motivational orientation of graziers in the tropical savannas
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gregg,   Daniel; Greiner,   Romy.
The adoption of conservation practices is a complex matter – rural landholders consider a wide variety of factors and characteristics when deciding whether to adopt a conservation practice. To confound the issue, recent research has suggested that the goals of landholders affect the adoption of conservation practices by creating a subjective consideration of the relative importance of impediments and effectiveness of incentives in the adoption decision. In this research we describe an empirical link between graziers’ goals and their perceptions of the relative importance of impediments and the effectiveness of incentives in the adoption of conservation practices. The research was carried out in the tropical savannas region of Australia where pastoral...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Graziers; Goals; Conservation; Tropical savannas; Impediments; Incentives; Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49923

Mixed Tournaments, Common Shocks, and Disincentives: An Experimental Study
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wu,   Steven Y.; Roe,   Brian E.; Sporleder,   Thomas L.
Two well-known hypotheses from the literature on tournaments are that (1) tournaments can filter out common shocks thereby reducing agents’ risk exposure; and (2) disincentive effects can arise when a tournament scheme is administered on a group of mixed ability agents.  While handicapping and/or the creation of homogeneous groups have been suggested as mechanisms for mitigating disincentive effects, it is often impractical to use handicapping schemes and nearly impossible to create a completely homogeneous labor force.  Hence, contract administrators who intend to use tournaments to elicit effort must be able to assess the positive effects of tournaments (eliminate common shocks) against the negative effects (disincentive effects).  Using economic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Mixed tournaments; Incentives; Relative performance contracts; Experimental economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C91 D01; D81; D82; D86.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9703

Multilateral Trade Liberalisation and FDI: An Analytical Framework for the Implications for Trading Blocs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ghazalian,   Pascal L.; Cardwell,   Ryan T.
The proliferation of regional integration agreements (RIAs) over the past several years has led to significant changes in the global configuration of trade and investment activity. Multinational enterprises now face the prospect of multilateral trade liberalisation that could significantly affect the foreign direct investment (FDI) incentive structures that were established within the range of current RIAs. RIAs that provide preferential market access to member countries modify firms’ incentives to undertake FDI activities and can lead to various permutations of trade and investment creation and diversion. This article provides an analytical framework for understanding the implications of multilateral trade liberalisation for the incentive structures of...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Foreign direct investment; Incentives; Multilateral trade liberalisation; Regional integration agreements; Demand and Price Analysis; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90590

An Information Economic Rationale for Cooperatives
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boetoft,   Peter.
We consider how to organize the processing and marketing of an agricultural product when farming costs are known only by the individual farmers. We show that when marginal costs are un-correlated, the market for …nal goods is competitive, and the market for processing is non-competitive, the socially optimal production levels are sustained by a cooperative and a cooperative only. We show also that the cooperative form is particularly useful when the cost uncertainty is large and the net average revenue product is small.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Economics of cooperatives; Asymmetric information; Incentives; Rationing; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24476

PRIVATE R&amp;D INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURE: THE ROLE OF INCENTIVES AND INSTITUTIONS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Alfranca,   Oscar; Huffman,   Wallace E.
This paper presents econometric evidence of the effects of  economic incentives and institutions on national aggregate private agricultural R&amp;D investments.  A model is proposed and fitted to annual data for seven European Union countries, 1984-1995.  We find strong impacts of both incentives and institutions on private agricultural R&amp;D investment, and including institutional factors strengthens the story and in some cases changes greatly the results. In particular, we reject the hypothesis that quality of property rights does not matter.  We find that stronger contract enforcement, more efficient public bureaucracies, and stronger patent rights lead to larger aggregate private agricultural R&amp;D investment, other things equal.  Furthermore, we...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Private R&amp;D; Incentives; Institutions; Property rights; European Union; Agriculture; Spillovers; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18246

SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS IN HUNGARY AND EUROPE – SELF-DEFEATING INCENTIVES?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Szendro,   Gabor.
Substituting fossil fuels has been a prominent issue in the EU in recent years. Energy security, agricultural and environmental considerations have all played a part in the development of alternative fuels and in the creation of incentives promoting their use. The system, like big systems in general, cannot react to new developments quickly and it seems there are elements that we should seriously consider removing or replacing to avoid adverse effects. This paper will attempt to summarize the current issues and propose possible solutions in the form of seven recommendations to make the European incentive system more effective in the interest of sustainable rural development, an area that is of prime importance for Hungary....
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Sustainable biofuel production; Transport; Rural development; Externalities; Támogatások; Fenntartható bioüzemanyag-termelés; Kereskedelem; Vidékfejlesztés; Externáliák; Agricultural and Food Policy; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99207

Collaterals, Bank Monitoring and Performance: the Case of Newly Established Wine Farmers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cadot,   Julien.
This research aims at identifying the incentives associated to collaterals in an asymmetric information context and when the bank is the main financial partner of the entrepreneurs, which is typically the case for most farms and especially in the wine sector. In one hand, collaterals may reduce the risk of overinvestment by entrepreneurs and so reduce the risk of repayment default. In the other hand, to contract collaterals may lead the bank to reduce the monitoring effort. In this paper we test these two hypotheses in taking into account the fact that entrepreneurs can benefit from a banking relationship or not. Our results confirm that collaterals’ incentives depend on the bank monitoring. Moreover, this emphasizes the uniqueness of land mortgages....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Collaterals; Incentives; Bank monitoring; Agricultural Finance; G32; G33; G35.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103414

Balancing Grower Protection Against Agency Concerns: An Economic Analysis of Contract Termination Damages
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lee,   Myoungki; Wu,   Steven Y.; Fan,   Maoyong.
This study examines legislation that would grant growers termination damages if their contracts are terminated. Our model suggests that, with no contracting frictions, damages would not reduce ex ante efficiency as processors can contract around damages through contract restructuring. Growers would earn less under continuation but would be protected if terminated, although overall expected profits would be unaffected. However, when contracting friction exist, then efficiency losses can occur as processors would be constrained in restructuring contractual incentives to deal with moral hazard. Growers' expected profits would increase while processors' profit would decrease.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Contract law; Contract regulation; Damages; Incentives; Principal-agent; Farm Management.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42461

The Advantage of Cooperatives under Asymmetric Cost Information
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bogetoft,   Peter; Jensen,   Peter Max Friis; Olsen,   Rene H.
We consider how to organize the processing and marketing of an agricultural product when farming costs are known only by the individual farmers.  We show that when marginal costs are un-correlated and the market for final goods is competitive, the socially optimal production levels may be sustained by a cooperative and a cooperative only.  We show also that the cooperative form is particularly useful when the uncertainty is large and the net revenue product is small.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economics of cooperatives; Asymmetric information; Incentives; Agribusiness.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24176

Ecosystem Services Beyond Valuation, Regulation and Philanthropy: Integrating Consumer Values into the Economy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Swallow,   Stephen K.; Smith,   Elizabeth C.; Uchida,   Emi; Anderson,   Christopher M.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Markets; Ecosystem Service Markets; Payment For Ecosystem Services; Incentives; Nature's Services; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q57; C93; H41.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94656

Towards an Analytical Framework for Assessing Property Rights to Natural Resources: A Case Study in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kundhlande,   Godfrey; Luckert,   Martin K.
A taxonomy for describing property rights to natural resources is described and applied in a Zimbabwean case study. The taxonomy allows: tenures to be systematically compared and contrasted; incentives for natural resource management to be identified; and the evolution of tenure to natural resources to be assessed. In the case study, we find: key differences between tenure types, all termed "communal"; a wide range of tenure arrangements that transcend concepts of "tree" and "land tenure"; information suggesting that the promotion of tree planting may work on some tenure types, but is likely to fail on others; and that the evolution of indigenous tenure to natural resources seems to have been somewhat immune from external changes in institutional systems....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Natural resources; Property rights framework/taxonomy; Tenure; Zimbabwe; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24115

Contract Production of Green Peas
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Olesen,   Henrik Ballebye.
This paper analyzes a contract between farmers and a large company in the Danish food industry, Danisco Foods. Production of green peas requires a very accurate coordination, which is obtained through centralized decision-making. The contract is based on a tournament system providing risk sharing between the farmers. General problems from the contract theory such as hold up, moral hazard, risk sharing and screening are analyzed. The paper illustrates the tradeoffs between these problems in design of contracts. By negotiating the contract through a pea-growers association, the farmers gain some bargaining power. Thus the farmers can ensure that Danisco Foods uses only one contract for all farmers. This paper analyzes the consequences of the farmers'...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contract theory; Coordination; Incentives; Risk sharing; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24200

Using Both Sociological and Economic Incentives to Reduce Moral Hazard
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Richter,   Francisca G.-C.; Diaz,   Edgar F. Pebe; Brorsen,   B. Wade; Currier,   Kevin.
Economists tend to focus on monetary incentives. In the model developed here, both sociological and economic incentives are used to diminish the apparent moral hazard problem existing in commodity grading. Training that promotes graders' response to sociological incentives is shown to increase expected benefits. The model suggests this training be increased up to the point where the marginal benefit due to training equals its marginal cost. It may be more economical to influence the grader's behavior by creating cognitive dissonance through training and rules rather than by using economic incentives alone.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Grading; Incentives; Moral hazard; Norms; Social sanctions; Institutional and Behavioral Economics.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31096

Voluntary Cleanups and Redevelopment Potential: Lessons from Baltimore, Maryland
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Guignet,   Dennis; Alberini,   Anna.
Policy has increasingly shifted towards economic incentives and liability attenuation for promoting cleanup and redevelopment of contaminated sites, but little is known about the effectiveness of such policies. An example of such legislation is State Voluntary Cleanup Programs (VCPs), which were established in the US in the 1990s and to date have been implemented in almost every state. We examine Baltimore properties that participated in the Maryland VCP from its inception in 1997 to the end of 2006. Specifically, we examine what type of properties tend to participate in these programs, how these properties compare to other eligible but non-participating sites, and what is the redevelopment potential of VCP properties and implications towards open space...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brownfields; Contaminated Sites; Voluntary Cleanup Programs; Incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; R14; Q58; K32.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46548

Creating Incentives for Micro-Credit Agents to Lend to the Poor
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Aubert,   Cecile; de Janvry,   Alain; Sadoulet,   Elisabeth.
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have introduced incentive pay schemes for their credit agents to induce information acquisition on borrowers. Bonuses linked to repayment are efficient for profit-oriented MFIs but insufficient for nonprofit MFIs trying to reach very poor borrowers, when repayment and wealth are positively correlated. We show that no incentive scheme is consistent with this (non-verifiable) objective: Random audits on the share of very poor borrowers selected by the agent become necessary. Under the optimal contract, non-profit MFIs generally maximize the number of poor borrowers it services by crosssubsidization between very poor and less poor borrowers.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Micro-credit; Pro-poor; Objectives; Incentives; Financial Economics; Food Security and Poverty; O16; D82; L31.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25024

FINANCE, ORGANIZATION, AND IMPACTS OF U.S. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: FUTURE PROSPECTS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huffman,   Wallace E.
The objective of this paper is to review key conceptual issues in the finance, management, and economic impact analysis of agricultural research of the U.S. and other western developed countries, to critique evidence on the impacts of R&amp;D, to summarize new developments and emerging trends in agricultural science policy, and to speculate about the likely effect of these trends during the 21st century on impacts of R&amp;D.  The conceptual review emphasizes refinements in the theory of public goods associated with a class of impure public goods.  Some overall conclusions are presented for U.S. agricultural research policy of the 21st century. Note: Figure 1 not included in file-- contact author for more information.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Science policy; Agriculture; Research; Funding; Organization; Impact analysis; Incentives; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18267

Agriculture in a Water-Scarce World
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gilmour,   Brad; Jotanovic,   Aleksandar; Gurung,   Rajendra Kumar; Polcyn,   Tania; Deng,   Hugh.
With a relatively small population and 7% of the world's available freshwater resources, Canada is well placed for a world of water scarcity where the real value of water in its many uses becomes more and more apparent.  However, action is necessary to ensure that Canada continues to benefit from the social, economic and environmental goods and services derived from water resources. Experience and analysis suggests that policy and incentives play critical roles in the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. In particular, properly valuing water in all its forms and uses appears to be critical.   Analysis abroad has underlined the benefits of clearly delineating the roles of regulators, resource managers, infrastructure operators and service...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Water; Governance; Scarcity; Incentives; Sustainability; Valuation; Accountability; Transparency; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46689

Retrospective Examination of Demand-Side Energy Efficiency Policies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gillingham,   Kenneth; Newell,   Richard G.; Palmer,   Karen L.
Energy efficiency policies are a primary avenue for reducing carbon emissions, with potential additional benefits from improved air quality and energy security. We review literature on a broad range of existing non-transportation energy efficiency policies covering appliance standards, financial incentives, information and voluntary programs, and government energy use (building and professional codes are not included). Estimates indicate these programs are likely to have collectively saved up to 4 quads of energy annually, with appliance standards and utility demand-side management likely making up at least half these savings. Energy Star, Climate Challenge, and 1605b voluntary emissions reductions may also contribute significantly to aggregate energy...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Energy efficiency policy; Appliance standards; Information; Incentives; Voluntary programs; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q48; Q41.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10477