Consulta: subjectFacets:"Intellectual property"
Registros recuperados: 22
Data/hora: 09/06/2024 09:23:55

Protecting vegetable cultivars in Brazil: a chili pepper case-study research
Provedor de dados: 75
Autores: Pimenta,Samy; Rodrigues,Rosana; Sudré,Cláudia P; Moraes,João GT; Bento,Cíntia S; Medeiros,Artur M.
ABSTRACT: In all countries, members of the UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), of which Brazil is a signatory, to protect a new plant variety is necessary to carry out DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) tests. DUS testing forCapsicum spp. is based on 48 descriptors, which involve qualitative and quantitative traits, observed from germination to fruit harvest. This paper describes the performance of DUS tests on lines of chili peppers, which are candidates for protection; we discuss the main aspects related to operational difficulties, the relevance of some descriptors for the protection process and highlight the importance of protecting new plant varieties as national intellectual property. Four C. annuum...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum; Intellectual property; DUS test; Bacterial spot resistance; Agribusiness innovation.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362016000200161

Experience with Descriptors, Registration and Protection of vegetable cultivars: eggplant as a case study
Provedor de dados: 75
Autores: Carvalho,Sabrina IC; Reifschneider,Francisco JB; Ribeiro,Cláudia SC; Bianchetti,Luciano B; Fernandez,Francisco L.
ABSTRACT The Registro Nacional de Cultivares [RNC (National Register of Cultivars)] and the Serviço Nacional de Proteção de Cultivares [SNPC (National Service for Cultivar Protection)] were established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) in 1997. The registration of a cultivar in the RNC allows the production, processing and commercialization of seeds in the country. The right of commercial exploitation, assured by the protection of a cultivar in the SNPC, allows the allocation of resources to public and private breeding programs, and the subsequent launching of new cultivars. The authors’ experience with the theme and its relevance to the public and private sectors provided the base for this article, thus sharing the elements...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Solanum melongena; Intellectual property; Seeds; Morphological characterization; Genetic breeding.
Ano: 2018
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-05362018000200146

An analysis of the dispute European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Charlier,   Christophe; Ngo,   Mai-Anh.
The dispute "European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs" that opposes the European - Union to the United States and Australia, has been raised by the European regulation concerning the protection of geographical indications. This dispute has two important issues. First, the Panel demonstrated that the European regulation did not comply with national treatment promulgated by the TRIPS and the GATT 1994 Agreements. Second, the Panel affirmed the possibility of coexistence between GIs and identical prior trademarks. This article considers these two issues and depicts the position of the parties at the end of the dispute regarding GIs' protection. The first part of this article presents...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Geographical indications; Intellectual property; National treatment; TRIPS; Dispute settlement.; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10032

Evaluating the genetic progress of wheat in NSW, 1992-2009
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Redmond,   Thomas; Nolan,   Elizabeth; Martin,   Peter J.
Intellectual Property Regimes (IPRs) have been justified on the basis that they promote innovation, but it is not always clear that they do so. Empirical studies of IPRs in an Australian context have been limited. Plant variety protection is one form of IPR. The passing of the Australian Plant Breeder’s Rights Act of 1994 has been followed by significant commercialisation of the wheat breeding industry. The purpose of this paper is to consider whether this commercialisation has benefited wheat productivity through varietal improvement. We estimate a linear crop production function, using a random effects Hausman Taylor estimator to evaluate differences in genetic contributions to productivity between public and private wheat varieties commercially released...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Genetic change; Technical change; Innovation; Wheat breeding; Intellectual property; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100702

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moschini,   GianCarlo.
This paper analyzes the main economic issues of intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A retrospective view on the establishment of the TRIPS (trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights) Agreement, a still controversial accomplishment of the Uruguay Round of trade liberalization, is provided. The paper reviews the economic rationale for the harmonization of IPRs, drawing both on economic theory considerations as well as emerging empirical evidence. The logic of linking IPR protection and trade in the context of the WTO is also re-examined. Some specific attention is devoted to the implications of TRIPS for agricultural and biotechnology innovations. The impact that IPR protection can...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Copyrights; Cross-border externalities; Intellectual property; International trade; Patents; Trademarks; TRIPS; WTO; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18369

The Efficacy of TRIPS: Incentives, Capacity and Threats
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   William A.
There is a major split between developed and developing countries over the protection of the patents in pharmaceuticals in the TRIPS. This dispute is symptomatic of the difficulties of incorporating a non-trade issue into a trade organization. Incentives and threats are examined in the context of the TRIPS. It is concluded that developing countries have no direct incentives to protect intellectual property, that the threat of trade actions is unlikely to induce compliance and that the use of indirect incentives is discredited and will fail to achieve its objective over the long run. Successful protection of intellectual property in developing countries will require a way to provide them with a direct incentive to enforce such protection.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Enforcement; Incentives; Intellectual property; Knowledge economy; Threats; TRIPS; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23815

The Provisions on Geographical Indications in the TRIPS Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Geuze,   Matthijs.
This article provides an overview of the provisions on geographical indications contained in the TRIPS Agreement and how they came about in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, which took place from 1986 to 1994 and resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization. The article underscores the difficulties involved in arriving at international standards in this area of intellectual property by putting the TRIPS provisions on geographical indications in their historical perspective of more than 120 years of international negotiations and by explaining their compromise character in the context of the single undertaking of the Uruguay Round and the continuing discussions at the international level, notably under the Doha...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Geographical indications; Intellectual property; WIPO; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48792

PUBLIC BASIC RESEARCH AND DIFFUSION OF RESEARCH BENEFITS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Malla,   Stavroula; Gray,   Richard S.
The paper examine the economic impact of pricing and access to basic research IP. The analysis uses a Sallop circle model of a monopolistically competitive industry to examine the applied research output and firm entry. Under plausible conditions basic research IP spillovers will create rents for the applied research sector, which are dissipated through socially excess firm entry. Charging a price or restricting access to basic research IP could enhance social welfare.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Pricing; Intellectual property; Downstream effects; Basic research; Monopolistic competition; Rent dissipation; Toll goods; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9877

Welfare Impacts of Cross-Country Spillovers in Agricultural Research
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lence,   Sergio H.; Hayes,   Dermot J.
The welfare implications of intellectual property protection (IPP) for private sector agricultural research are analyzed, focusing on the realistic cases in which countries provide different IPP levels, technology spills over across countries, and the public sector is involved in research. A model is developed to determine who benefits from, and who should pay for, the associated research. The paper contains some interesting results on the implications of a harmonization of IPP policies through multilateral agreements or via technology that allows research firms to prevent the copying of plants and animals that express traits that have emerged from their research.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; GURTs; Intellectual property; Research spillover; Welfare analysis; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9375

The voracious appetites of public versus private property: a view of intellectual property and biodiversity from legal pluralism
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wiber,   Melanie G.
In an opening vignette to an otherwise insightful article, Carol M. Rose (2003) compares people who hold intellectual property rights to poor villagers in India. They put effort and time into developing small but productive properties, only to have the wild tiger or rogue elephant of the public domain trample them or eat them up. In extreme cases, IP "villages" are abandoned and left to "the jungle" of public property. But Rose neglects another part of the story, and that is that the villagers are also hungry, and while they do not directly consume tigers, they do consume the environment a tiger needs to survive. This paper argues, from the perspective of legal pluralism, that both private and public properties are voracious. In recent western...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Property; Intellectual property; Biodiversity; Natural resources; Legal pluralism; Institutions; Land Economics/Use; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50064

ACCESSING OTHER PEOPLE'S TECHNOLOGY: DO NON-PROFIT AGENCIES NEED IT? HOW TO OBTAIN IT
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nottenburg,   Carol; Pardey,   Philip G.; Wright,   Brian D.
As patents and other forms of intellectual property become more pervasive in the next generation of biotechnologies, designing policies and practices to ensure sufficient freedom to operate (i.e., the ability to practice or use an innovation) will be crucial for non-profit agencies in the developed and developing world, especially those intent on developing improved seed varieties and other technologies destined for commercial release. Are non-profits exempt from intellectual property claims? What constitutes infringement of a patent? How does a non-profit establish its freedom to operate? We address these issues in this paper and evaluate various options for accessing other people’s technologies. Options include cross- licensing agreements, research-only...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Research; Agricultural biotechnologies; Patents; Intellectual property; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16099

Dispute Settlement at the WTO: Impacts of a No Deal in the US-Brazil Cotton Dispute
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lakatos,   Csilla; Walmsley,   Terrie L.
On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the US in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this 8-year-long trade dispute.   In this paper,  we explore the economy wide impacts of a no deal with speciﬁc emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We ﬁnd that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the US. Most importantly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Dispute settlement; WTO; Intellectual property; Computable general equilibrium; International Relations/Trade; C68; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103380

DYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS OF PATENTING FOR CROP GENETIC RESOURCES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Koo,   Bonwoo; Wright,   Brian D.
"October 1999". Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34).
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Plant breeding -- Technological innovations; Plant genetic engineering -- Economic aspects; Intellectual property; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97507

The Nature and Function of Geographical Indications in Law
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ibele,   Erik W.
There are two basic types of legal regime for the protection of geographical indications (GIs). Some systems, notably that of the European Union, define and treat GIs as a distinct type of intellectual property. This approach is also reflected in the provisions concerning GIs in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Other legal systems, notably those of Australia, Canada and the United States, treat GIs as a subcategory of trademarks. Like trademarks, GIs function principally as a means of providing information to consumers. EU legislation and jurisprudence, however, define GIs more expansively than do trademark-based legal systems, and see GIs as in some ways superior to trademarks. The EU is attempting...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Geographical indications; Intellectual property; Origin Regulation; Trademarks; TRIPS; WTO; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48791

PUBLIC-PRIVATE AGREEMENTS FOR EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Johnson,   Marc A.
Land Grant Universities are partnering with private firms to fulfill the university mission. Public and private entities can come together in mutually beneficial activities, measured by fulfillment of each party's mission. Rules of engagement are discussed. Six actual agreements currently in operation between Kansas State University and private entities represent a range of types of public-private agreements.  The principal components of each agreement are described and the benefits to each party enumerated in the context of organizational missions.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Commercialization; Intellectual property; Joint venture; Land Grant Universities; Nonprofit corporation; Patent licensing; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14687

Jordan’s Accession to the WTO: Retrospective and Prospective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Malkawi,   Bashar H.
Jordan acceded to the WTO in 1999. In its accession Jordan agreed, for example, to reduce tariffs on imported products and open its services market; it also modified its intellectual property regime. Jordan enjoyed special and differential treatment in few areas and was not able to designate olive oil as a good eligible for special safeguards. The WTO agreements required fundamental changes in the domestic laws and regulations of Jordan. The article concludes by arguing that Jordan's accession to the WTO was a lengthy and costly process. Jordan agreed to an arduous package of legal and economic reforms. Given that Jordan agreed to greater commitments compared to the obligations of the original WTO members, the multilateral trading system witnessed an...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Accession; Free trade; Intellectual property; Jordan; Market access; WTO; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57329

CHINA'S REGULATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - DOES IT CONFORM TO THE WTO?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Loppacher,   Laura J.; Kerr,   William A.
The People's Republic of China has been working for over two decades to develop a domestic biotechnology industry. Even though China is a developing country, it is set to become a significant international player in the field of biotechnology. China's accession to the World Trade Organization in December of 2001 means that China's trade and regulatory regime should now reflect its WTO commitments. This paper outlines the development of the Chinese biotechnology industry and how it may evolve in the future. It assesses China's current approach to trade and regulation of biotechnology in relation to GATT rules on trade in goods and the TRIPS commitments pertaining to the protection of intellectual property. The conclusion is that China's trade and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; China; Intellectual property; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23938

Building public-private partnerships for agricultural innovation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hartwich,   Frank; Tola,   Jaime; Engler,   Alejandra; Gonzalez,   Carolina; Ghezan,   Graciela; Vazquez-Alvarado,   Jorge M.P.; Silva,   Jose Antonio; Espinoza Arellano,   Jose de Jesus; Gottret,   Maria Veronica.
Public-private partnerships are a new way of carrying out research and development (R&amp;D) in Latin America's agricultural sector. These partnerships spur innovation for agricultural development and have various advantages over other institutional arrangements fostering R&amp;D. This report summarizes the experiences of a research project that analyzed 125 public-private research partnerships (PPPs) in 12 Latin American countries. The analysis indicates that several types of partnerships have emerged in response to the various needs of the different partners. Nevertheless, public-private partnerships are not always the most appropriate mechanism by which to carry out R&amp;D and foster innovation in agriculture. Sometimes, it is more efficient to...
Tipo: Book
Palavras-chave: Agricultural Innovations; Latin American; Public-private sector cooperation; Agricultural Research; Intellectual property; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46707

PUBLIC SECTOR PLANT BREEDING IN A PRIVATIZING WORLD
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thirtle,   Colin G.; Srinivasan,   Chittur S.; Heisey,   Paul W.
Intellectual property protection, globalization, and pressure on public budgets in many industrialized countries have shifted the balance of plant breeding activity from the public to the private sector. Several economic factors influence the relative shares of public versus private sector plant breeding activity, with varying results over time, over country, and over crop. The private sector, for example, dominates corn breeding throughout the industrialized world, but public and private activities in wheat breeding differ widely in Western Europe, different regions of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Public sector involvement in plant breeding may have benefits to society that the private sector's activities may not, fostering greater sharing of...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Plant breeding; Economics; Public sector; Private sector; Research policy; Biotechnology; Intellectual property; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33775

The TRIPS Disagreement: Should GATT Traditions Have Been Abandoned?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gaisford,   James D.; Richardson,   R. Stephen.
The world standards for patents and copyrights established by the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) have been controversial from their inception. This article establishes parallels between cooperative increases in the duration of intellectual property protection and cooperative reductions in tariff protection. Whereas a country’s tariffs lead to unintended harm to other countries, its intellectual property protection generates unintended benefits. The long-established GATT principle of trade liberalization has traditionally achieved mutual gains for countries of all types through symmetric tariff rate cuts that result in different final rates. By contrast, the TRIPS agreement created the likelihood of losses for developing...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Copyrights; Innovation; Intellectual property; Patents; Trade-related intellectual property rights; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23839

Intellectual property rights related to the genetically modified glyphosate tolerant soybeans in Brazil
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: Rodrigues,Roberta L; Lage,Celso L. S; Vasconcellos,Alexandre G.
The present work analyzes the different modalities of protection of the intellectual creations in the biotechnology agricultural field. Regarding the Brazilian legislations related to the theme (the Industrial Property Law - no. 9. 279/96 and the Plant Variety Protection Law - no. 9. 456/97), and based in the international treaties signed by Brazil, the present work points to the inclusions of each of them, as well as to their interfaces using as reference the case study of glyphosate tolerant genetically modified soybean. For this case study, Monsanto's pipelines patents were searched and used to analyze the limits of patent protection in respect to others related to the Intellectual Property (IP) laws. Thus, it was possible to elucidate the complex...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; GMO; Intellectual property; Patent; Pipeline; Soybean.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652011000200029

Genetically modified crops in Chile
Provedor de dados: 118
Autores: Salazar,Erika; Montenegro,Gloria.
The economical, environmental and social impacts associated with genetically modified (GM) crops are supported by the increased use of GM species by farmers. This increase in the use of GM species has included a global increase in both the number of hectares with GM crops and the number of countries using this technology. However, the use of GM crops has some drawbacks, due to the environmental risks associated with some of the events and social risks related to intellectual property rights issues and the monopoly associated with this technology. An overview of the current status of the use of GM crops in relation to the production, benefits, associated risks, intellectual property rights, legislation and regulatory framework is presented, focusing in the...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified organisms; Regulatory framework; Intellectual property; Chile.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-16202009000300003