Consulta: subjectFacets:"J24"
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Factors Influencing Job Choice among Agricultural Economics Professionals
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: McGraw,   Katherine; Popp,   Jennie S. Hughes; Dixon,   Bruce L.; Newton,   Doris J.
This article identifies factors that influence agricultural economics professionals’ job choice between academic and government employment. Respondents agreed that job responsibilities were the most important factor in choosing their current position. They also agreed that having a positive work environment, good salary, family time, adequate resources, and professional and social interaction were important job attributes. Proportionally more women than men regarded partner opportunities, nondiscrimination, time for child care, and supportive colleagues as very important attributes influencing their decisions. A binomial probit of respondents’ current job sector indicates significant job choice determinants include sector preference (academic or...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Academic and government agricultural economics professionals; Binomial probit; Job choice; Job preferences; Gender; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; C25; J24; J43; J45.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123779

Female Schooling, Non-Market Productivity, and Labor Market Participation in Nigeria
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
Economists have argued that increasing female schooling positively influences the labor supply of married women by inducing a faster rise in market productivity relative to non-market productivity. I use the Nigerian Labor Force Survey to investigate how own and husband’s schooling affect women’s labor market participation. I find that additional years of postsecondary education increases wage market participation probability by as much as 15.2%. A marginal increase in primary schooling has no effect on probability of wage employment, but could enhance participation rates in self-employment by about 5.40%. These effects are likely to be stronger when a woman is married to a more educated spouse. The results suggest that primary education is more productive...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nigeria; Female schooling; Women’s labor market participation; Non-market productivity; Labor and Human Capital; I21; J22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28451

Labor Market Participation of Chinese Agricultural Households
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Glauben,   Thomas; Herzfeld,   Thomas; Wang,   Xiaobing.
This work is devoted to the analysis of the different labor market participation regimes of Chinese farm households. Using household data over the period 1986-2000 from the province Zhejiang, we apply a multinomial logit model to empirically examine household, farm, and regional characteristics affecting the probability that farmers employ one of four alternative labor market regimes. Results suggest that labor market decisions are significantly related to several personal, farm, and village attitudes. In addition, we find the more market oriented policy reforms at the end of the 1980s stipulated that households participate in labor markets while the more anti-market reforms during the 1990s led to the opposite and encouraged autarky.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; Labor markets; Agricultural household; Participation; Multinomial logit; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; D13; J24; J43; Q12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24516

A back-door brain drain
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Byra,   Lukasz.
In this paper we study the impact of the international migration of unskilled workers on skill formation and the average skill level in the home country. We analyze what appears to be the least threatening scenario from the point of view of its effect on the supply of skills at home: namely, migration exclusively by unskilled workers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that even without the departure of skilled workers, the home country suffers reduced aggregate skill formation. Although as a response to a higher wage rate per unit of human capital in the new equilibrium skilled workers choose to accumulate more human capital than before the opening up to migration of unskilled workers, the number and share of skilled workers in the home country’s workforce...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Migration of unskilled workers; Human capital formation; Depletion of human capital; Labor and Human Capital; F22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122433

Non-farm income diversification of rural farm households in Central and Southeastern Europe: an application of fuzzy set theory
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fritzsch,   Jana; Buchenrieder,   Gertrud; Mollers,   Judith.
A fuzzy logic model for quantifying farm households’ potential for non-farm income diversification is developed and applied to 1,077 farm households in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia. About three quarters of households have a diversification potential, but not all households use it. An analysis of diversification potential and diversification behaviour shows that there are seven household types in the sample. Not all development options, i.e. farm development, farm exit, or starting non-farm employment, are equally suitable for all households thus fine targeting of policy measures according to the household type could be important for policy makers.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural development; Non-farm rural employment diversification; Fuzzy logic; Transition countries; Community/Rural/Urban Development; C65; D33; J24; Q12.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95321

Human Resources in China: The Birth Quota, Returns to Schooling, and Migration
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Rural elderly have 40% of the income of those in urban areas, spend a larger share of their income on food, are in worse health, work later into their lives, and depend more on their children, lacking pensions and public services. The birth quota since 1980 has particularly restricted the childbearing of rural less educated women, who now face retirement with fewer children for support. Inequality in China is also be traced to increasing returns to schooling , especially beyond secondary school. Government restrictions on rural-urban migration reduces national efficiency, adds to the urban-rural wage gap, and increases inequality.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human capital returns; Rural-urban migration; Elderly poverty; China; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; J14.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28437

Does Social Capital Mitigate Precariousness?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sabatini,   Fabio.
There is a surprising gap in the economic literature on social capital. First, we lack studies addressing the effects of social capital on those facets of development that can contribute in making growth more sustainable in the long run, like, for example, human development and social cohesion. Second, it is still unclear what type of networks may exert a positive effect on the different dimensions of development. In particular, the literature has not yet provided a rigorous assessment of the role of strong family ties, that are generally referred to as a form of bonding social capital causing backwardness. This paper carries out an empirical investigation into the relationship between the three types of social capital so far identified by the literature...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social capital; Human development; Labour market; Precariousness; Italy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Risk and Uncertainty; J24; O15; Z13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6358

Productive Benefits of Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Various household survey indicators of adult nutrition and health status are analyzed as determinants of individual wages. However, survey indicators of health status may be heterogeneous, or a combination of health human capital formed by investment behavior and variation due to genotype, random shocks, and measurement error, which are uncontrolled by behavior. Although there are no definitive methods for distinguishing between human capital and genetic variation in health outcomes, alternative mappings of health status, such as height, on community health services, parent socioeconomic characteristics, and ethnic categories may be suggestive. Instrumental variable estimates of health human capital and residual sources of variation in measured health...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Health human capital; Wage productivity; Brazil; Ghana; Cote D’Ivoire; Health Economics and Policy; I12; J24; O12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28532

Families, Human Capital, and Small Business: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fairlie,   Robert W.; Robb,   Alicia.
Using data from the confidential and restricted-access Characteristics of Business Owners (CBO) Survey, we provide some suggestive evidence on the causes of intergenerational links in business ownership and the related issue of how having a family business background affects small business outcomes.  Estimates from the CBO indicate that more than half of all business owners had a self-employed family member prior to starting their business.  Conditional on having a self-employed family member, less than 50 percent of small business owners worked in that family member's business.  In contrast, estimates from regression models conditioning on business ownership indicate that having a self-employed family member plays only a minor role in determining small...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Business outcomes; Self-employment; Entrepreneurship; Families; Human capital; Labor and Human Capital; M13; J24.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28446

Production Offshoring and the Skill Composition of Italian Manufacturing Firms:  A Counterfactual Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Antonietti,   Roberto; Antonioli,   Davide.
This work explores the effects of cross-border relocation of production on the skill composition of Italian manufacturing firms. Its aim is to assess if the firms’ strategy to offshore production activities towards cheap labor countries determines a bias in the relative employment of skilled versus unskilled workers. Using a balanced panel of firm-based data across the period 1995-2003, we test this skill-bias hypothesis by means of a counterfactual experiment in which we employ a difference-in-differences propensity score matching estimator in order to control for selectivity bias without relying on a specific functional form of the relations of interest. In line with the literature, our results point to confirm a general, although weak, skill bias effect...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Production Offshoring; Skill Bias; Difference-in-Differences; Propensity; Labor and Human Capital; J24; F16; L24.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7436

Evidence of Returns to Schooling in Africa from Household Surveys: Monitoring and Restructuring the Market for Education
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Wage-differentials by education of men and women are examined from African household surveys to suggest private wage returns to schooling. It is commonly asserted that returns are highest at primary school levels and decrease at secondary and postsecondary levels, whereas private returns in six African countries are today highest at the secondary and post secondary levels, and rates are similar for women as for men. The large public subsidies for postsecondary education in Africa, therefore, are not needed to motivate students to enroll, and those who have in the past enrolled in these levels of education are disproportionately from the better-educated families. Higher education in Africa could be more efficient and more equitably distributed if the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Africa; Wage returns to schooling; Inequality; HIV; AIDS; Labor and Human Capital; 015; 055; J31; J24.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28481

Does Social Capital Create Trust? Evidence from a Community of Entrepreneurs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sabatini,   Fabio.
Which kind of social capital fosters the diffusion of development-oriented trust? This paper carries out an empirical investigation into the causal relationships connecting four types of social capital (i.e. bonding, bridging, linking, and corporate), and different forms of trust (knowledge-based trust, social trust, trust towards public services and political  institutions), in a community of entrepreneurs located in the Italian industrial district of the Tuscia. Our results suggest that the main factors fostering the diffusion of social trust among entrepreneurs are the perception that the local community is a safe place, and the establishment of corporate ties through professional associations. Trust in people is positively and significantly correlated...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trust; Social capital; Safety; Professional associations; Entrepreneurship; Corporate ties; Group and Interpersonal Processes; Social Perception and Cognition; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; J24; O15; Z13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52340

Impact of workers’ competence on their performance in the Malaysian private service sector
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ismail,   Rahmah; Zainal Abidin,   Syahida.
Malaysia has to address the challenges of globalization to become a developed nation by year 2020. Changing economy to one that is based on knowledge-economy and enhanced importance of the service sector needs a competitive workforce with high performance and capability.  This article analyses the impact of workers’ competence towards their performance in the private service sector.  The analysis is based on a sample of 1136 workers who are either executive, manager or professional from three service sub-sectors, namely, education, health and information and communication technology (ICT) in Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor collected in 2007/2008. In this analysis, Workers’ Performance Index (WPI) and Workers’ Competence Index...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Workers’ competence; Workers’ performance; Workers’ characteristics; Service sector.; Labor and Human Capital; J24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95956

Why would some migrants choose to engage in degrading work?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Fan,   C. Simon.
This paper develops a model of voluntary migration into degrading work. The essence of the model is a tension between two “bads:” that which arises from being relatively deprived at home, and that which arises from engaging in humiliating work away from home. Balancing between these two “bads” can give rise to an explicit, voluntary choice to engage in humiliating work. The paper identifies conditions under which a migrant will choose to engage in degrading work rather than being forced into it, to work abroad as a prostitute, say, rather than on a farm. The paper delineates the possible equilibria and finds that greater relative deprivation will make it more likely that the equilibrium outcome will be “engagement in prostitution.” It is shown that under...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Migrants; Relative deprivation; Degrading work; Humiliation; Multiple equilibria; Welfare assessment; Policy implications; Labor and Human Capital; Political Economy; F22; J24; J81.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/101648

Population Policies, Fertility, Women's Human Capital, and Child Quality
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of women, such as policies that subsidize the diffusion and use of best practice birth control technologies.  Evaluation of the consequences of such family planning programs almost never assess their long-run consequences, such as on labor supply, savings, or investment in the human capital of children, although they occasionally estimate the short-run association with the adoption of contraception or age-specific fertility.  The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider instrumental...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Consequences of Fertility Decline; Child Quality; Evaluation of Population Policies; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; O15.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10120

An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chen,   Yanni; Huffman,   Wallace E.
This paper examines women’s and men’s decisions to participate in physical activity and to attain a healthy weight. These outcomes are hypothesized to be related to prices of food, drink and health care services and products, the respondent’s personal characteristics (such as education, reading food labels, adjusted family income, opportunity cost of time, occupation, marital status, race and ethnicity) and his or her BMI at age 25. These decisions are represented by a trivariate probit model that is fitted to data for adults in the NLSY79 panel with geocodes that have been augmented with local area food, drink and health care prices.  Separate analyses are undertaken for men and women due to basic physiological differences. Results include: Women and men...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Physical Activity; Obesity; Food Prices; Adult; United States; Consumer/Household Economics; Health Economics and Policy; Labor and Human Capital; I10; D10; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49291

Education, Reputation or Network? Evidence from Italy on Migrant Workers Employability
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mazzanti,   Massimiliano; Mancinelli,   Susanna; Ponti,   Giovanni; Piva,   Nora.
The strong adverse selection that immigrants face in hosting labour markets may induce them to adopt some behaviours or signals to modify employers’ beliefs. Relevant mechanisms for reaching this purpose are personal reputation; exploiting ethnic networks deeply-rooted in the hosting country; and high educational levels used as an indirect signal of productivity. On this last point, the immigrant status needs a stronger signal compared to that necessary for a local worker, and this may lead the immigrant to accept job qualifications which are lower than those achievable through the embodied educational level. This could explain the over education problem that characterizes many countries, Italy included. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Educational Qualifications; Migrant Networks; Immigrant Employability; Reputation; Segmented Labour Markets; Labor and Human Capital; D82; J24; I2; F22.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52344

Private Wage Returns to Schooling in Nigeria: 1996-1999
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
In the last two decades, primary and secondary school enrollment rates have declined in Nigeria while enrollment rates in post-secondary school have increased. This paper estimates from the General Household Survey for Nigeria the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self-employed workers. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2 to 4 percent, but are substantial at post-secondary education level, 10-15 percent. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in enrollments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling investment; Private wage returns; Efficiency; Equity; Nigeria; Labor and Human Capital; O15; I12; J24.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28489

Formando microempresarias: impacto de la capacitación empresarial en las instituciones de microfinanzas y sus socias
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karlan,   Dean S.; Valdivia,   Martin.
Los debates académicos y de políticas acerca de la actividad microempresarial se centran frecuentemente en las restricciones crediticias, asumiendo que los negocios se manejan de manera óptima dadas esas y otras restricciones. Los microempresarios, sin embargo, raramente tienen capacitación formal en gestión empresarial. Por su parte, un número creciente de instituciones de microfinanzas (IMF), en el Perú y el mundo, procura construir el capital humano de estos microempresarios para mejorar sus niveles de vida, contribuyendo a su misión de reducir la pobreza. Con ayuda de un diseño experimental, en este estudio medimos el impacto marginal de agregar un componente de capacitación en gestión empresarial a un programa de servicios financieros que atiende a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Microempresarios; Microfinanzas; Pequeñas empresas; Mujeres; Capacitacion; Small enterprises; Training; Women; Peru; Financial Economics; C93; D12; D13; D21; I21; J24; O12.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91358

Brain Drain in Rural America
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Waldorf,   Brigitte S.
The paper aims at understanding changes in the distribution and accumulation of intellectual capital by analyzing migrants' educational profiles across a sample of 303 U.S. counties.  The results suggest that newcomers are better educated than the resident population, and the education gap is most pronounced for newcomers from other states. The results further suggest that the educational status of newcomers "in-migrants" is positively related to the educational status of the resident population "stayers", thus implying a further agglomeration of human capital across space. However, for interstate migrants the effect is context-dependent, playing a greater role in urban than in rural settings.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Human Capital; Migration; Brain Drain; Community/Rural/Urban Development; J24; R23.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9866

Labor Supply Decisions of Rural Low-Income Mothers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mammen,   Sheila; Lass,   Daniel A.; Seiling,   Sharon B.
Labor force participation is crucial to the economic well-being of low-income rural families. This study identified the factors that influence two decisions that low-income rural mothers make regarding their employment: labor force entry and number of hours supplied to employment. The sample consisted of 412 rural low-income mothers who participated in a multi-state study. The logistic regression model correctly predicted 80 percent of their work participation decisions. Employed rural mothers appeared to be older, better educated, and less likely to suffer from depression compared to those not working. Additionally, they were more likely to have an employed partner, a driver's license, child care assistance, and Earned Income Tax Credit from the previous...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Rural Low-income Mothers; Labor Force Participation; Women's Labor Supply; Welfare Reform; Labor and Human Capital; D13; I38; J24; R29.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7381

Wage Rentals for Reproducible Human Capital: Evidence from Ghana and the Ivory Coast
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Education, child nutrition, adult health/nutrition, and labor mobility are critical factors in achieving recent sustained growth in factor productivity.  To compare the contribution of these four human capital inputs, as expanded specification of the wage function is estimated from household (LSMS) surveys of The Ivory Coast and Ghana.  Specification tests assess whether the human capital inputs are exogenous, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the wage function.  Smaller panels from the Ivory Coast imply the magnitude of measurement error in the human capital inputs and provide more efficient instruments to estimate the wage equation.  The conclusion emerges that weight-for-height and height are endogenous, particularly prone to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Endogenous human capital returns; Health; Migration; Schooling; Africa; Physical stature; Labor and Human Capital; J24; I12; O15; J31.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28533

Nonlinearity in the Return to Education
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Trostel,   Philip A.
This study estimates marginal rates of return to investment in schooling in 12 countries. Significant systematic nonlinearity in the marginal rate of return is found. In particular, the marginal rate of return is increasing significantly at low levels of education, and decreasing significantly at high levels of education. This may help explain why estimates of the return to schooling are often considerably higher when instrumenting for education.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Return to education; Nonlinearity; Instrumental variables; I20; J24.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37550

Impact of MGNREGA on Input-use Pattern, Labour Productivity and Returns of Selected Crops in Gulbarga District, Karnataka
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Channaveer; Lokesha,   H.; Hugar,   L.B.; Deshmanya,   J.B.; Goudappa,   S.B.
The study has tried to capture the effect of MGNREGA by selecting two sets of villages in the Gulbarga district of Karnataka, one which have utilized 75 per cent of allocated funds and the other which have utilized less the 25 per cent of allocated funds under MGNREGA. The study is based on primary data obtained from 120 sample farmers belonging to five village panchayats. In redgram, a significant difference has been observed in use of machine power and labour use between fully and partially-implemented MGNREGA villages, but no difference has been recorded in the use of material inputs. Similarly, in the rabi jowar, there is a significant difference in labour use but not in the use of machine power and material inputs between two categories of villages....
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Impact of MGNREGA; Labour productivity; Crop returns; Agricultural and Food Policy; J43; J24; Input-use pattern.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119407

Effects on School Enrollment and Performance of a Conditional Transfers Program in Mexico
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dubois,   Pierre; de Janvry,   Alain; Sadoulet,   Elisabeth.
We study the effects of a conditional transfers program on school enrollment and performance in Mexico. We provide a theoretical framework for analyzing the dynamic educational decision and process including the endogeneity and uncertainty of performance (passing grades) and the effect of a conditional cash transfer program for children enrolled at school. Careful identification of the program impact on this model is studied. This framework is used to study the Mexican social program Progresa in which a randomized experiment has been implemented and allows us to identify the effect of the conditional cash transfer program on enrollment and performance at school. Using the rules of the conditional program, we can explain the different incentive effects...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Education demand; Schooling decisions; School performance; Dynamic decisions; Treatment effects; Transfer program; Randomized experiment; Mexico.; Labor and Human Capital; C14; C25; D91; H52; H53; I21; I28; J24.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25064

A Social Network Analysis of Occupational Segregation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Van der Leij,   Marco J.; Buhai,   I. Sebastian.
We develop a social network model of occupational segregation between different social groups, generated by the existence of positive inbreeding bias among individuals from the same group. If network referrals are important for job search, then expected homophily in the contact network structure induces different career choices for individuals from different social groups. This further translates into stable occupational segregation equilibria in the labor market. We derive the conditions for wage and unemployment inequality in the segregation equilibria and characterize first and second best social welfare optima. Surprisingly, we find that socially optimal policies involve segregation.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social Networks; Homophily; Inbreeding Bias; Occupational Segregation; Labor Market Inequality; Social Welfare; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; J24; J31; J70; Z13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6224

Why Foreign-Owned Firms are Different: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence for Austria
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pfaffermayr,   Michael; Bellak,   Christian.
This study examines performance gaps among foreign-owned and domestically-owned Austrian firms. In line with earlier findings our results suggest that the positive effects of participating in a foreign multinational's network can mainly be found in productivity and profitability. A further distinction between purely national firms and multinational enterprises (MNEs) reveals that both gaps derive from gains of MNE networks rather than from ownership per se. Regardless of ownership, MNEs are more similar than MNEs and purely national firms. Gaps concerning the investment propensity and growth are primarily explained by firm characteristics rather than foreign ownership. There is no evidence of an additional bonus resulting from closer cultural proximity of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Multinational Enterprises; Industry Studies; Organisation of Production Labour Productivity; Industrial Organization; F23; L6; L23; J24.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26372

Human Capital, Schooling and Health Returns
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
A consensus has been forged in the last decade that recent periods of sustained growth in total factor productivity and reduced poverty are closely associated with improvements in a population’s child nutrition, adult health, and schooling, particularly in low-income countries. Estimates of the productive returns from these three forms of human capital investment are nonetheless qualified by a number of limitations in our data and analytical methods. This paper reviews the problems that occupy researchers in this field and summarizes accumulating evidence of empirical regularities. Social experiments must be designed to assess how randomized policy interventions motivate families and individuals to invest in human capital, and then measure the changed wage...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Health; Productivity; Human capital; Schooling; Returns; Labor and Human Capital; J24; I12; I21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28475

Casting the naturalization of asylum seekers as an economic problem
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded.
The naturalization of asylum seekers is modeled as an economic problem. In choosing their level of investment in host-country-specific human capital, asylum seekers take into consideration the probability of their being naturalized. The government of the host country chooses the probability of naturalization that most encourages the acquisition of such human capital. That human capital, in turn, increases the asylum seekers’ productivity and earnings and, consequently, maximizes the government’s tax receipts if the asylum seekers are allowed to stay permanently. Conditions are presented under which the optimal level of investment in the host-country-specific human capital is positive, and rises in the probability of naturalization. The asylum seeker’s...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: The probability of naturalization; Investment in host-country-specific human capital; Economic behavior of asylum seekers; Economic behavior of the government of the host country; Stackelberg game; Financial Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Political Economy; A13; F20; J24; J41; J61.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/62160

On‐Farm and Off‐Farm Returns to Education among Farm Operators in Northern Ireland
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wallace,   Michael T.; Jack,   Claire G.
This paper estimates returns to education for a sample of farm operators in Northern Ireland. The analysis examines the relationship between education and on-farm and off-farm labour incomes. Human capital earnings functions are estimated to identify the marginal return to education measured as years of schooling as well as the qualification level attained. Extending to a structural model, the methodology controls for the endogeneity of education in the earnings function and potential selection bias associated with off-farm labour market participation. In off-farm employment, the analysis shows that returns to education are of the order of between 6% and 9% for each additional year of schooling. However, on-farm earnings were not found to be significantly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Human Capital; Time Allocation and Labor Supply; Agricultural Labor Markets; Wage Level; Labor and Human Capital; J24; J22; J43; J31.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108786

Intellectual Property Rights, Migration, and Diaspora
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Naghavi,   Alireza; Strozzi,   Chiara.
In this paper we study theoretically and empirically the role of the interaction between skilled migration and intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in determining innovation in developing countries (South). We show that although emigration from the South may directly result in the well-known concept of brain drain, it also causes a brain gain effect, the extent of which depends on the level of IPRs protection in the sending country. We argue this to come from a diaspora channel through which the knowledge acquired by emigrants abroad can flow back to the South and enhance the skills of the remaining workers there. By increasing the size of the innovation sector and the skill-intensity of emigration, IPRs protection makes it more likely for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Migration; Technology transfer; Brain gain; Diaspora; Labor and Human Capital; O34; F22; O33; J24; J61.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115817

Race, Gender, School Discipline, and Human Capital Effects
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jordan,   Jeffrey L.; Anil,   Bulent.
Noncognitive factors such as discipline (and its mirror, punishment in the form of discipline referrals) can affect school and labor market outcomes, human capital development, and thus the economic well–being of communities. It is well–known throughout the United States, but particularly in rural areas of the south that black males drop out of school more frequently than white males, face higher levels of unemployment, and are incarcerated at a disproportionate rate compared with their white cohorts. Also students in low–income homes were three times more likely to drop out than those from average–income homes and nine times more likely than students from high–income homes. This paper tests the hypothesis that the odds of a student being referred for...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Discipline; School drop outs; Student/teacher race and gender; Labor and Human Capital; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; I20; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53089

Threshold Effects and Regional Economic Growth - Evidence from West Germany
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Funke,   Michael; Niebuhr,   Annekatrin.
We study an overlapping generations model of human capital accumulation with threshold effects using regional data for West Germany. Our basic goal is to shed light on the growth of West German regions. The paper finds that the relative income distribution appears to be stratifying into a trimodal distribution. Thus, application of the threshold model to a real world case, here West Germany, shows that the model might help to explain regional growth patterns. Ausgangspunkt der Analyse ist ein Modell überlappender Generationen der Humankapitalakkumulation mit Schwellenwert-Effekten. Die empirische Überprüfung des Modells basiert auf einem regionalen Datensatz für Westdeutschland. Das zentrale Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, Erkenntnisse zum Wachstum...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regional Economic Growth; Human Capital; Germany; Labor and Human Capital; J24; O40; R11; C31.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26141

Productivity and Efficiency of Corporate and Individual Farms in Ukraine
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lerman,   Zvi; Sedik,   David J.
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the productivity of corporate and individual farms in Ukraine based primarily on cross-section data from a farm survey conducted by FAO in 2005. We calculate partial land and labor productivity, total factor productivity, and technical efficiency scores (using Stochastic Frontier Analysis) for farms of different organizational forms. Our results demonstrate with considerable confidence that, contrary to established convictions among the Ukrainian decision makers, the large corporate farms are not more productive than the smaller family farms. This finding is not restricted to Ukraine, as a similar result has been obtained by in Moldova, Russia, and the U.S. Policies encouraging a shift from large corporate farms...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Family farms; Corporate farms; Comparative performance; Technical efficiency; Total factor productivity; Agrarian reforms; Transition countries; Farm Management; Productivity Analysis; D24; J24; P27; P31; P32; Q12; Q15; R14.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9985

Earnings Effects of Household Investment in Health in Colombia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ribero,   Rocio.
This study considers the links between primary indicators of health and individual labor productivity in Colombia and explores how additional public expenditures on health may improve individuals’ health. Sample statistics show that illness occurs more frequently for women than for men, for less educated than for more educated, for rural than urban residents, and for older individuals. The well educated are considerably taller than those without schooling (6 cm. for males and 4 cm. for females). The empirical evidence confirms that health indicators are related to individual earnings in Colombia. A Mincerian log-earnings equation that includes health indicators as a form of human capital in addition to schooling is specified. When the morbidity variable is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Earnings; Height; Health indicators; Consumer/Household Economics; Health Economics and Policy; I12; J00; J24.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28474

HIGH SKILLED IMMIGRANT RECRUITMENT AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS: THE EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION POLICIES
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Duncan,   Natasha T.; Waldorf,   Brigitte S.
Since the turn of the twenty-first century, developed countries have engaged in a race for the best and the brightest. States have been lowering barriers to entry and actively recruiting talent from abroad as the premium on human capital has increased in today’s knowledge economies and as demographic problems due to aging and low fertility are becoming a reality. What is interesting is that formerly immigration-adverse, non-traditional immigration states are now opening their doors to this pool of highly skilled migrants. From permanent residency to temporary visas not requiring employer sponsorship, states attempt to sweeten their offers to global talent so the latter would come to their shores. Even more interestingly, notwithstanding the current global...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Immigration Policy; Economic Crisis; High Skilled Migrants; Non-linear Dynamic Model; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; J24; J11; J61.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58417

Market relations in education as the factor, which has impact on the quality of human capital
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pavlovska,   Valentina.
Market relations in Latvian economy increasingly develop in the field of education. Education becomes a special product and people must know how to sell and how to buy it. Graduates’ ability to fit labour market requirements is an important indicator of education quality. Consequently, the education product should meet labour market requirements. Market research data show that employers, education institutions and students have different visions of what the labour market requirements are.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Market relations in labour market; Demand and supply of education; Labour market; Quality; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; I2; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94606

TELEWORK ORGANIZATION MODEL AS METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT OF DISABLED PERSONS’ EMPLOYMENT QUALITY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bileviciene, Tatjana; Bileviciene, Egle.
Problem of employment for disabled persons is partly connected with permanent changes and technical achievements in labour market. Telework in particular circumstances creates for disabled persons positive opportunity of choice. Accomplished research of authors analyzes the employment quality factors and proves that implementation of telework model for disabled persons could improve quality of employment of such persons in comparison with recent system of profession rehabilitation and disabled persons employment.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Disabled persons; Telework; Quality of employment; Information technologies.; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; J24; J81; J83.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92385

On the formation of international migration policies when no country has an exclusive policy-setting say
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Casarico,   Alessandra; Devillanova,   Carlo; Uebelmesser,   Silke.
This paper identifies the migration policies that emerge when both the sending country and the receiving country wield power to set migration quotas, when controlling migration is costly, and when the decision how much human capital to acquire depends, among other things, on the migration policies. The paper analyzes the endogenous formation of bilateral agreements in the shape of transfers to support migration controls, and in the shape of joint arrangements regarding the migration policy and the cost-sharing of its implementation. The paper shows that in equilibrium both the sending country and the receiving country can participate in setting the migration policy, that bilateral agreements can arise as a welfare-improving mechanism, and that the sending...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human capital formation; International migration; Migration policies; Welfare analysis; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; F22; I30; J24; J61.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117431

PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SMALL AND LARGE FARMS IN MOLDOVA
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lerman,   Zvi; Sutton,   William R.
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the productivity of small and large farms in Moldova based primarily on cross-section data from three farm surveys conducted by the World Bank and USAID in 2000 and 2003. The survey data are supplemented where feasible with time series from official national-level statistics. We calculate partial land and labor productivity, total factor productivity, and technical efficiency scores (using Stochastic Frontier and Data Envelopment Analysis algorithms) for the two categories of small individual farms and large corporate farms. Our results demonstrate with considerable confidence that small individual farms in Moldova are more productive and more efficient than large corporate farms. This finding is not restricted...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Family farms; Corporate farms; Comparative performance; Technical efficiency; Total factor productivity; Agrarian reforms; Transition countries; Farm Management; D24; J24; P27; P31; P32; Q12; Q15; R14.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7133

The Prospect of Migration, Sticky Wages, and "Educated Unemployment"
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Fan,   C. Simon.
An increase in the probability of work abroad, where the returns to schooling are higher than at home, induces more individuals in a developing country to acquire education, which leads to an increase in the supply of educated workers in the domestic labor market. Where there is a sticky wage-rate, the demand for labor at home will be constant. With a rising supply and constant demand, the rate of unemployment of educated workers in the domestic labor market will increase. Thus, the prospect of employment abroad causes involuntary “educated unemployment” at home. A government that is concerned about “educated unemployment” and might therefore be expected to encourage unemployed educated people to migrate will nevertheless, under certain conditions, elect...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; E24; F22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98572

MIGRATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL IN ITALIAN AGRICULTURAL LABOUR MARKET: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ghelfi,   Rino; Rivaroli,   Sergio.
During the last years Italy, a country characterized by a long history of emigration, has seen a quickly growth of the phenomenon of immigration. Our Nation seems to be a “docking point” for new and substantial flow of immigrants mainly from Eastern Europe looking for new work opportunities. The profile of these people is usually characterized by high level of education as well as flexibility and adaptability. For the national economy in general, and for the agricultural sector in particular, this new migration flows represent an effective answer to the aversion for the agricultural job expressed by many potential autochthon workers. Which are the characteristics of extra-community agricultural labour? Which are the characteristics of migration flows...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural Labour Markets; Immigrant Workers; Human Capital; Skills; Agribusiness; Labor and Human Capital; J43; J61; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57508

Immigration, Offshoring and American Jobs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ottaviano,   Gianmarco I.P.; Peri,   Giovanni; Wright,   Greg C.
How many "American jobs" have U.S.-born workers lost due to immigration and offshoring? Or, alternatively, is it possible that immigration and offshoring, by promoting cost-savings and enhanced efficiency in firms, have spurred the creation of jobs for U.S. natives? We consider a multi-sector version of the Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) model with a continuum of tasks in each sector and we augment it to include immigrants with heterogeneous productivity in tasks. We use this model to jointly analyze the impact of a reduction in the costs of offshoring and of the costs of immigrating to the U.S. The model predicts that while cheaper offshoring reduces the share of natives among less skilled workers, cheaper immigration does not, but rather reduces the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Employment; Production tasks; Immigrants; Offshoring; Labor and Human Capital; F22; F23; J24; J61.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98462

Bounds on Quantile Treatment Effects of Job Corps on Participants' Wages
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blanco,   German; Flores,   Carlos A.; Flores-Lagunes,   Alfonso.
This paper assesses the effect of the U.S. Job Corps (JC), the nation's largest and most comprehensive job training program targeting disadvantaged youths, on wages. We employ partial identification techniques and construct informative nonparametric bounds for the causal effect of interest under weaker assumptions than those conventionally used for point identification of treatment effects in the presence of sample selection. In addition, we propose and estimate bounds on quantile treatment effects of the program on participants' wages. In general, we find convincing evidence of positive impacts of JC on participants' wages. Importantly, we find that estimated impacts on lower quantiles of the distribution are higher, with the highest impact being in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Job Corps; Nonparametric Bounds; Principal Stratification; Active Labor Market Programs.; Labor and Human Capital; Public Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; J24; J68; C14; C21.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103761

Endogenous Selection of Comparison Groups, Human Capital Formation, and Tax Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Hyll,   Walter; Wang,   Yong.
This paper considers a setting in which the acquisition of human capital entails a change of location in social space that causes individuals to revise their comparison groups. Skill levels are viewed as occupational groups, and moving up the skill ladder by acquiring additional human capital, which in itself is rewarding, leads to a shift in the individual’s inclination to compare himself with a different, and on average better-paid, comparison group, which in itself is penalizing. The paper sheds new light on the dynamics of human capital formation, and suggests novel policy interventions to encourage human capital formation in the aggregate and, at the same time, reduce inter-group income inequality.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human capital formation; Skill levels as occupational groups; Interpersonal comparisons; Relative deprivation; Tax policy; Subsidization; Labor and Human Capital; D11; H24; H30; J24.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99415

Economic Growth, Comparative Advantage, and Gender Differences in Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from the Birthweight Differences of Chinese Twins
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rosenzweig,   Mark R.; Zhang,   Junsen.
Data from two surveys of twins in China are used to contribute to an improved  understanding of the role of economic development in affecting gender differences in the trends in, levels of, and returns to schooling observed in China and in many developing countries in recent decades. In particular, we explore the hypothesis that these phenomena reflect differences in comparative advantage with respect to skill and brawn between men and women in the context of changes in incomes, returns to skill, and/or nutritional improvements that are the result of economic development and growth.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling; Gender; Twins; China; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Productivity Analysis; J24; J16; I15; I25; O15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121672

Farming Exit Decision by Age Group: Analysis of Tobacco Buyout Impact in Kentucky
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pushkarskaya,   Helen N.; Vedenov,   Dmitry V.
This article analyzes factors that affected the decision to exit tobacco production in the wake of the tobacco buyout program using the data collected through a survey of Kentucky tobacco farmers. Using the Heuristic logistic regression model, we find that the decision to exit tobacco growing was affected by efficiency considerations, availability of off-farm employment, and exit barriers. Availability of off-farm employment had the strongest effect on farmers younger than 46, while the effect of variables measuring efficiency and exit barriers seemed to be more uniform across age groups. Based on the results we suggest several policy interventions.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Age group; Industry exit; Tobacco buyout; Tobacco farming; Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Marketing; Production Economics; C25; D21; E24; J00; J11; J24; J43; Q18; R23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56653

A Composite Fuzzy Indicator for Assessing Farm Household Potential for Non-farm Income Diversification
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fritzsch,   Jana.
European politicians encourage the income diversification of rural households through various measures. Although being aware of farm households’ potential for non-farm income diversification seems important for finely-targeting such policy measures, no attempt has thus far been made to summarise the various determinants of income diversification in a single figure. This contribution aims to close this gap. A composite fuzzy indicator that measures farm household potential for non-farm income diversification is developed and applied to 1,053 farm households in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovenia. The indicator summarises the incentives of and capacities for non-farm income diversification on the individual household member level, and on the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Composite indicator; Fuzzy logic; Rural non-farm income diversification; Transition countries; Consumer/Household Economics; C65; J24; Q12; R23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114349

The Influence of Local Selling Decisions on Organic Farm Incomes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Park,   Timothy A.; Lohr,   Luanne.
Abstract: This paper examines the factors that influence earned income of organic farmers given their decisions to engage in local selling. The model explicitly accounts for the sorting of producers across different levels of commitment to local sales on the basis of both observable and unobservable heterogeneity. The significant selectivity coefficients confirm that when producers choose to market organic products primarily through local outlets, earnings are overestimated (biased upward) if the selectivity corrections are neglected. Positive selection effects are present for farmers most intensively involved in local sales, contributing to higher earnings on average for these producers.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Organic marketing; Local food; Selectivity bias; Ordered probit; Agribusiness; Marketing; L25; L81; J24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61029

THE MYSTERY OF MONOGAMY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gould,   Eric D.; Moav,   Omer; Simhon,   Avi.
This paper examines why developed countries are monogamous while rich men throughout history have tended to practice polygyny (multiple wives).  Wealth inequality naturally produces multiple wives for rich men in a standard model of the marriage market.  This paper argues that the sources of inequality, not just the level of inequality, determine the equilibrium degree of monogamy or polygamy.  In particular, when inequality is determined more by disparities in human capital versus non-labor income (such as land, capital, corruption), the outcome is more monogamous.  This explains why developed countries, where human capital is the main source of income and inequality, are monogamous while less-developed economies tend to be polygynous.  The results are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marriage; Monogamy; Polygyny; Human Capital; Inequality; J12; J24; O10; O40; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14992

Research Funding, Experience, and Seniority in Academia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nelson,   Paul A.; Monson,   Terry.
Research funding as a measure of faculty productivity has not been incorporated into previous studies of academic salary profiles. Here, we examine the effects of research funding, as well as publications, at a mid-sized, non-unionized, science and engineering-focused, American public university. Our conclusions are that research funding is more significant than publications in explaining salary differences for engineering and hard science faculty members; in contrast, only publications contribute to salary differences for faculty members in other disciplines. In addition, returns to seniority are generally nil or negative, which corroborate most other studies of this nature. Higher graduate and lower undergraduate student credit hour generation are...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Human capital; Specific human capital; Professional labor markets; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; J24; J41; J44.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50284

Determinants of Poverty among U.S. Farm Households
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: El-Osta,   Hisham S.; Morehart,   Mitchell J.
This research uses data from the 2004 Agricultural Resource Management Survey and probit regression to examine the determinants of poverty among U.S. farm households. The findings reveal, among others, the importance of a livelihood strategy that combines participation in government programs and off-farm work in lowering poverty rates. Findings also show the importance of educational attainment of the farm operator in mitigating poverty, but only when poverty is measured on a relative rather than an absolute basis. Policy recommendations are provided in the context of these findings.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Composite measure of economic well-being; Government programs; Off-farm work; Poverty; Agricultural Finance; Financial Economics; Labor and Human Capital; J23; J24; D3; I21; I32; C81.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45037

Family Background, School Quality, Ability and Student Achievement in Rural China –Identification Using Famine-Generated Instruments
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chen,   Qihui.
This paper investigates the determinants of academic achievement in basic education (grade 1-9) for a sample of children (aged 9-12 in 2000) from rural China. A set of instrumental variable generated by the Great Famine in China, 1958-1961, is used to instrument an error-ridden measure of child innate ability, the cognitive ability score of each sampled child. Empirical results indicate strong effects of family background variables such as household income and parental education. Father’s education has significantly positive effect on academic achievements for both boys and girls, while mother’s education only matters for girls. Consistent with the common findings in the literature, most of school quality variables do not have significantly positive...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Student achievement; School quality; Ability; Famine in China 1958-1961; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Public Economics; J24; I21; D13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49429

Intersectoral Adjustment and Policy Intervention: the Importance of General Equilibrium Effects
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Paul,   Thierry.
We model adjustment costs in a general equilibrium setting using a "transport sector". This sector provides services needed to re-allocate a factor of production across two other sectors. A market imperfection in the transport sector causes adjustment to occur too slowly in the absence of government intervention. The government has a restricted menu of second best policies to remedy this imperfection. Given this restricted menu, the optimal policy choice depends on the government's ability to make commitments. The key to these results is our replacement of the black box of adjustment costs with an explicit model of these costs.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Adjustment costs; Dynamic policies; Time-inconsistency; Markov perfection; Disadvantageous policy; Industrial Organization; F13; J20; J24.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25114

Migrant Labor Markets and the Welfare of Rural Households in the Developing World: Evidence from China
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: de Brauw,   Alan; Giles,   John.
In this paper, we examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. We find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with out-migration, and increase more for poorer households. We also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. We do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Migrant Networks; Consumption; Poverty; Wealth; Rural China; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; O12; O15; J22; J24.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6085

Child Labor
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Udry,   Christopher R.
Child labor exists because it is the best response people can find in intolerable circumstances. Poverty and child labor are mutually reinforcing: because their parents are poor, children must work and not attend school, and then grow up poor. Child labor has two important special features. First, when financial markets are imperfect, the separation in time between the immediate benefits and long-delayed costs of sending children to work lead to too much child labor. Second, the costs and benefits of child labor are borne by different people. Targeted subsidies for school attendance are very effective in reducing child labor because they successfully address both of these problems.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Child labor; Human capital; Household economics; Labor and Human Capital; J24; O15.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28393

Technology and Human Development
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav.
Human development, in combination with technology, yields economic growth which, in turn, is necessary to generate further advances in human development.  This paper focuses on the first channel above and finds the relationship significant.  Secondly, the paper tries to investigate what affects technology change, as represented by TFP.  We examine the influence of openness, FDI, patents and R&amp;D in a 22 country sample and also contrast Asian and Latin American experience.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Human Development; International Development; F00; F16; J24; O10; O15; O30; O31; O32.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118649

Microeconomic Approaches to Development: Schooling, Learning, and Growth
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rosenzweig,   Mark R.
I illustrate the variety of approaches to development issues microeconomists employ, focusing on studies that illuminate and quantify the major mechanisms posited by growth theorists who highlight the role of education in fostering growth. I begin with a basic issue: what are the returns to schooling? I discuss microeconomic studies that estimate schooling returns  using alternative approaches to estimating wage equations, which require assumptions that are unlikely to be met in low-income countries, looking at inferences based on how education interacts with policy and technological changes in the labor and marriage markets. I then review research addressing whether schooling facilitates learning, or merely imparts knowledge, and whether there is social...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling; Development; Growth; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; O11; O15; O33; J24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59442

An Economic Analysis of the Impact of Food Prices and Other Factors on Adult Lifestyles: Choices of Physical Activity and Healthy Weight
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chen,   Yanni; Huffman,   Wallace E.
This paper examines women’s and men’s decisions to participate in physical activity and to attain a healthy weight. These outcomes are hypothesized to be related to prices of food, drink and health care services and products, the respondent’s personal characteristics (such as education, reading food labels (signaling a concern for good health), adjusted family income, opportunity cost of time, occupation, marital status, race and ethnicity) and his or her BMI at age 25. These decisions are represented by a trivariate probit model that is fitted to data for adults in the NLSY79 panel with geocodes that have been augmented with local area food, drink and health care prices. Separate analyses are undertaken for men and women due to basic physiological...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Physical activity; Obesity; Food prices; Adults; Developed country; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I10; D10; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49987

Rural Out-Migration, Income, and Poverty: Are Those Who Move Truly Better Off?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Marre,   Alexander W.
Are working-age rural migrants to urban areas really better off?  This paper uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1979 to 1997 to answer this question.  It builds on literature by Fisher (2005, 2007) on the role of unmeasured characteristics in influencing rural residential choice and economic outcomes.  Recursive bivariate probit models of migration and household poverty and two-stage least squares models of migration and household income are estimated for three periods: 1979 to 1985, 1985 to 1991, and 1991 to 1997.  The models used in this study suggest that the relationship between rural out-migration and poverty is mixed, while there appears to be no discernable effect of rural out-migration on income in the short-run.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nonmetropolitan-metropolitan migration; Rural development; Rural poverty; Nonmetropolitan poverty; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Labor and Human Capital; R23; I32; J24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49346

The Organizational Evolution of Markets for Wood Products in the Southern United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dunn,   Michael A.; Barnes,   James N.
This paper represents the first case study attempt to develop a transaction cost conceptual model to describe industry evolution of the paper and lumber industries in the Southern United States around the late 1800s and early 1900s. We use transaction cost theory to explain the co-evolution of markets for wood products noting that variation in the level and type of investments made in physical and human capital assets needed to manage paper and lumber miller operations had a significant influence on the use of wood dealer systems compared to more vertically organized business arrangements. We identify some testable hypotheses and areas of future research.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Industry Evolution; Contracting; Property Rights; Vertical Integration; Forest Products; Industrial Organization; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; L14; L24; L73; J24.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6746