Consulta: subjectFacets:"L14"
Registros recuperados: 51
Data/hora: 16/06/2024 19:39:06

The Insurance Role of Remittances on Household Credit Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richter,   Susan M.
The economic literature has highlighted how in the absence of income insurance risk averse households may voluntarily withdraw from credit markets, since contract terms may transfer too much risk to the household (Boucher, Carter, and Guirkinger, 2007). Therefore, households may forgo activities with higher expected income in favor of activities with less income variability across states of nature (Morduch, 1995). Recent literature has also evaluated how remittances provide households with insurance against income shocks (Yang and Choi, 2007; Rosenzweig and Stark, 1989) and how remittances may help households bypass financial intermediaries (Woodruff and Zenteno, 2001; Taylor, Rozelle, and de Brauw, 2003). There has been minimal attention, however, on how...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Financial Economics; Health Economics and Policy; F22; F24; L14; O1; 015.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6261

Contractual Arrangements of Traders in Chinese Wholesale Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yu,   Xiaohua; Abler,   David G.; Zeng,   Yinchu.
Using a survey data of 700 traders, this study scrutinizes contract choices and enforcement for agricultural traders in China. This study finds that market service and environment are very important for both contract choices and enforcement. Better market service and environment can increase the propensity of using contract and the probability of contract enforcement both for purchase and sales of products. Education and memberships of special associations are also important for contract choices and enforcement. Higher education and affiliation to special associations for traders can increase the propensity of contracts and reduce contract breaches. However, the formats of contracts, whether contracts are oral or written, are not important for contract...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural Contract; Trader; Wholesale Market; China; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization; International Development; Marketing; Risk and Uncertainty; L14; Q12; Q13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51399

Determinants of Meats Purchase Behavior by Ethnic Groups
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Garcia-Jimenez,   Carlos I.; Mishra,   Ashok K.
Farmers and food companies need to assess their production and marketing strategies for nurturing business opportunities that will arise from the simultaneous increase in population and income of Hispanics in the United States. Previous studies on demand for meat products have not received much attention on the determinants of meats purchase behavior by Hispanics in relation to other ethnic groups. This study investigates the impact of ethnicity and the determinants of meats purchase behavior in the U.S. by using single Probit equations. The analyzed data comes from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results indicate that ethnicity plays an important role in the purchase behavior of meat products, as well as household size and income.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Consumer behavior; Marketing; Food demand; Hispanic food; Hispanic food market; Latin foods; Comida latina; Alimentos; Ethnic foods; Agribusiness; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Industrial Organization; Marketing; D01; D03; D12; L14; L66; M31; M37.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61073

Determinantes dos arranjos contratuais1: O caso da transação produtor-processador de carne bovina no Uruguai
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mondelli,   Mario P.; Zylbersztajn,   Decio.
What are the determinants of the commercial channel choice in the beef producers-processors transactions? The question refers to the coordination and production control problem associated to changes in consumer’s awareness of specific attributes in food products. Two contractual arrangements coexist in this transaction: direct-contracting and broker-induced transactions Transaction Cost Economic offers helpful insights to understand the reason for the development and adaptations of different contractual arrangement moved by transaction cost economizing perspective. The empirical analysis is focused in the Uruguayan beef agro-industrial system. Analysis integrates (i) institutional and organizational changes in the beef industry; (ii) based on the analysis...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Vertical Coordination; Beef System; Contractual arrangement; Transaction Cost Economics; Agribusiness; D23; L14; Q13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61237

Slotting Allowances and Retail Product Variety under Oligopoly
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Innes,   Robert; Hamilton,   Stephen F.
Slotting fees are fixed charges paid by food manufacturers to retailers for access to the retail market. The role of the practice and its effects on market efficiency are highly controversial. To date, the literature has focused on the effect of the practice on retail prices; however, slotting allowances also have the potential to alter the range of products available to consumers. Our analysis reveals that the strategic use of slotting allowances by oligopoly firms leads to a superior allocation of product variety among retailers. Indeed, absent price effects, we show that slotting allowances lead to the socially optimal provision of product variety.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Slotting fees; Vertical contracts; Monopolization.; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; Marketing; L13; L14; L42; D43.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60948

What Motivates Farms to Associate? The Case of Two Competing Czech Agricultural Associations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bavorova,   Miroslava; Curtiss,   Jarmila.
The study investigates determinants of affiliation with the two strongest associations in Czech agriculture. These represent Agricultural Association grouping large-scale enterprises and Association of Private Farmers, respectively. Our objective is to analyze whether associations with different types of members (large-scale enterprises vs. private farmers) experience different motives for joining or lapsing. Moreover, we investigate if there are characteristics of the associations' members which positively correlate to membership. The results imply that political lobbying is the main entry incentive for both large-scale enterprises and individual farmers. Informal information exchange is a more significant motivation for private farmers than for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Associations; Agricultural enterprises; Czech agriculture; Selective incentives; Individual farms; Transition; Farm Management; D71; D72; D73; L14; L21; L22; C35.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25770

An Evaluation of U.S. Hog Producer Preferences Toward Autonomy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gillespie,   Jeffrey M.; Davis,   Christopher G.; Rahelizatovo,   Noro C.
Hog farmers’ preferences for autonomy are assessed through the use of eight questions dealing with their preferences for general decision making and with respect to specific management actions.  Farmers generally preferred to make a higher percentage of the decisions about their operations, especially older producers and those who operated farrowing units.  Farmers who placed lower values on autonomy finished hogs, were nearing retirement, valued social relationships with other farmers more highly, had higher off-farm income, or were larger farmers.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Autonomy; Contracting; Pork production; Utility; Q12; L14; D21.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43449

Analysis of the Constraints to the Development of a Domestic Improved Seed Potato Industry in Mali
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Diallo,   Marthe.
This paper outlines proposed research, using concepts of New Institutional Economics, to identify the factors constraining the emergence of a market for domestically produced improved seed potatoes in Mali.  It uses the Principal –Agent model to outline how to investigate the feasibility of developing a domestic seed potato industry in Mali by applying the concepts of efficient contract designs and other institutional arrangements. This research will contribute to the literature on: (a) contract and institutional design in the context of asymmetric information and uncertainty typical of agricultural markets in low-income countries and (b) design of improved seed production systems, particularly for clonal crops, in developing countries. The Malian potato...
Tipo: Thesis or Dissertation
Palavras-chave: Principal-agent model; Seed systems; Mali; Agricultural technology development; Input markets; Contracting; Potatoes; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D82; L14; Q13; Q16.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50351

The role of semi-subsistence farms and corporate farms in the modern supply chain: evidence of Ukrainian dairy industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mykhaylenko,   Maryna; Schaft,   Franziska.
This contribution aims to analyze the main factors determining the initiation of vertical coordination between processing enterprises and milk producers in Ukraine. In this regard special attention is paid to the role of uncertainty, asset specificity and resource availability. Furthermore, the impact of vertical coordination on quality improvement, trust development and strategic advantages achieved is analyzed. The survey results indicate that uncertainty is a major driver for the processing level to initiate vertical coordination schemes. Although vertical coordination appears to have positive impacts on both supplier groups, corporate farms tend to benefit more from vertical coordination schemes than semi-subsistence farms.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Vertical coordination; Transaction costs; Ukraine; Community/Rural/Urban Development; L14; Q12.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94901

Tractors on eBay and Farmers and Consumers Market Bulletin: An Analysis on the Determinants of Price and Price Differences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kostandini,   Genti; Mykerezi,   Elton; Holland,   Liz.
We investigate the determinants of price for tractor auctions on eBay and tractors that are listed in the Farmers and Consumers Market Bulletin (FCMB) in Georgia. Surprisingly, seller reputation is not an important factor while engine hours and the presence of air conditioning appear to influence price on eBay auctions. On average prices for tractors that sold on eBay are not different than those on FCMB. The analysis also suggests that farmers may benefit from the use of online venues.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Internet auctions; Farm machinery; Local listings.; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization; D82; L14.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56547

Quality Certification by Geographical Indications, Trademarks and Firm Reputation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Menapace,   Luisa; Moschini,   GianCarlo.
We study firm reputation as a mechanism to assure product quality in perfectly competitive markets in a context in which both certification and trademarks are available. Shapiro’s (1983) model of reputation is extended to reflect both collective and firm-specific reputations, and this framework is used to study certification and trademarks for food products with a regional identity, known as geographical indications (GIs). Our model yields two primary results. First, in markets with asymmetric information and moral hazard problems, credible certification schemes reduce the cost of establishing reputation and lead to welfare gains compared to a situation in which only private trademarks are available. Hence, certification improves the ability of reputation...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Asymmetric Information; Certification; Geographical Indications; Quality; Reputation; Environmental Economics and Policy; D23; D82; L14; L15; Q1.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61778

Past Performance Evaluation in Repeated Procurement: A Simple Model of Handicapping
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Albano,   Gian Luigi; Cesi,   Berardino.
When procurement contracts are awarded through competitive tendering participating firms commit ex ante to fulfil a set of contractual duties. However, selected contractors may find profitable to renege ex post on their promises by opportunistically delivering lower quality standards. In order to deter ex post moral hazard, buyers may use different strategies depending on the extent to which quality dimensions are contractible, that is, verifiable by contracting parties and by courts. We consider a stylized repeated procurement framework in which a buyer awards a contract over time to two firms with different efficiency levels. If the contractor does not deliver the agreed level of performance the buyer may handicap the same firm in future competitive...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Repeated Procurement; Handicapping; Relational Contracts; Stick and Carrot Strategy; Political Economy; C73; D82; D44; H57; K12; L14.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6370

Power in the Heterogeneous Connections Model: The Emergence of Core-Periphery Networks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Persitz,   Dotan.
The heterogeneous connections model is a generalization of the homogeneous connections model of Jackson and Wolinsky (1996) in which the intrinsic value of each connection is set by a discrete, positive and symmetric function that depends solely on the types of the two end agents. Core periphery networks are defined as networks in which the agents' set can be partitioned into two subsets, one in which the members are completely connected among themselves and the other where there are no internal links. A two-type society is defined as "power based" if both types of agents prefer to connect to one of the types over the other, controlling for path length. An exhaustive analysis shows that core periphery networks, in which the "preferred" types are in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Network Formation; Heterogeneity; Pairwise Stability; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D85; L14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52338

Agricultural Organization in an Era of Traceability
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sykuta,   Michael E.
From production to retail, information systems have become increasingly important in the agrifood system.  Retailers use information systems to improve inventory management and increase efficiency in production and logistics.  Innovations in agribiotechnology and food safety issues highlighted by incidences related to Starlink corn and “mad cow disease” have raised consumer concerns about their food products.  In addition to food safety concerns, consumers are increasingly willing to pay premiums for nonobservable quality characteristics in their food products.  This paper outlines a framework for evaluating the implications of traceability for the organization of the agricultural system and highlights potential organizational responses to traceability...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agrifood system; Contracting; Organizational economics; Traceability; L14; L22; L23; Q13.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43512

Use of Coordination Fields in Food Economics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Toth,   Jozsef.
The coordination plays central role in the economics. The conventional economic theory looks at the market and enterprise (or hierarchy) as two different, separated manner of coordination of economic goods and services. However the modern organization theory, price theory and institutional economics show that different types (not only market and enterprise, but also several types of hybrid forms) of coordination (or governance structure) necessarily live together in the current economic system.   Based on my previous research on the field of regional clusters in the food industry I came to the conclusion that the cluster is one of the spheres where economic coordination can occur. At the same time I pointed out that the ways of coordination can be ordered...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Exchange; Coordination; Institutions; Governance structure; Agricultural and Food Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy; A11; D01; D02; L14.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90828

The Role of Market Power in Agricultural Contracts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cordero Salas,   Paula.
I study the economic consequences of shifting bargaining power in relational contracts through interventions such as the formation of a Bargaining Group (BG) for the side of sellers in a market where buyers traditionally hold significant market power. Existing theories of relational contracts predict that such a power transfer will have no impact on market efficiency. In contexts where enforcement institutions are weak, a standard assumption from existing theories of relational contracts - the existence of an enforceable base payment - may not hold. In this case, I show that a transfer of bargaining power can erode market efficiency in a dynamic relational contracting environment, which contradicts findings from existing models of relational contracting....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contracts; Incomplete enforcement; Bargaining group; Distribution; Institutions; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; D86; K12; L14; O12; Q13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49376

Centralized versus Individual: Governance of Farmer Professional  Cooperatives in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jia,   Xiangping; Hu,   Yamei; Hendrikse,   George W.J.; Huang,   Jikun.
Based on a national representative survey conducted in 2009, this study shows that the decision-making within Farmer Professional Cooperatives (FPCs) in China is decentralized to individual farmers. However, there is a trend that the decision rights of farming are decomposed to marketing, production and input procuring. While the rights for production and input procuring stay with family farmers, marketing rights tend to be collectivized. Compared to FPCs having external initiating sources, FPCs initiated by farmers are more inclined to introduce centralized decision-making. The governance structure of FPCs in transition China presents hybrid forms of both hierarchy and family farming.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Farmer; Cooperatives; Governance; China; Agricultural and Food Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy; L14; Q13; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90803

Fresh Produce Intermediaries in Away-from-Home Food Markets and Trade Practices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thornsbury,   Suzanne; Hinson,   Roger A.; Martinez,   Lourdes R.; Reaves,   Dixie Watts.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Marketing; L14; L20; L81.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94363

Rigidity in Packer-Feedlot Relationships
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hunnicutt,   Lynn; Bailey,   DeeVon; Crook,   Michelle.
Concentration in beef packing has risen dramatically in the past 25 years.  We develop measures used to describe feedlot-packer relations: (1) a statistic based on the proportion of its sales a feedlot makes to a given packer, and (2) a measure of the switching behavior of feedlots.  The measures are calculated using a confidential data set from the USDA Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration.  Relationships are found to be both exclusive and stable.  Causes for this rigidity are then examined using regression analysis.  Transaction costs are shown to help explain why this market differs from a perfectly competitive one.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beef packing; Market relationships; Transaction costs; Q13; L14; L66.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43453

"Co-Operative Identity" -  A Theoretical Concept for Dynamic Analysis of Practical Co-Operation: The Dutch Case
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Szabo,   Gabor G.
The "concept of the co-operative identity" (consisting from the definition, aims and functions of cooperatives and the so-termed co-operative principles) serves as a general theoretical background for the economic analysis of agricultural co-operation. The development of Dutch dairy co-operatives is used as a case study example, which suitably illustrates and represents the processes taking place in the European Union. Some suggestions for further research on the co-operative identity according to each country and different branches and sectors in order to see the substance of co-operation from different economic and non-economic aspects are proposed.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Co-operative; Identity; Principles; Strategy; Agribusiness; Q13; L14; L22.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24453

Supply chain differentiation, contract agriculture, and farmers’ marketing preferences: the case of sweet pepper in Thailand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schipmann,   Christin; Qaim,   Matin.
There is an emerging body of literature analyzing how smallholder farmers in developing countries can be linked to modern supply chains. However, most of the available studies concentrate on farm and farmer characteristics, failing to capture details of institutional arrangements between farmers and traders. Moreover, farmers’ preferences have rarely been considered. Here, we address these gaps by analyzing different market channels for sweet pepper in Thailand. Using data from a survey and choice experiment with farmers, we find that there is a general preference for marketing options that do not involve a contract. Additional provision of inputs and credit can increase the attractiveness of contracts. Yet, the most important factor for farmers is to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Choice experiment; Contract design; Farmers’ stated preferences; Modern agricultural supply chains; Thailand; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; L14; O31; Q12; Q13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108349

Individual and Collective Reputation: Lessons from the Wine Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Castriota,   Stefano; Delmastro,   Marco.
The concept of reputation has been used in every field of economic research, given its capacity to affect the outcome of all economic and financial transactions. The theoretical debate on reputation is very rich, but the mechanisms of reputation building have not been explored enough from the empirical viewpoint. In this paper we investigate the determinants of firm reputation taking into consideration the interactions between individual and collective reputation. This paper is one of the first attempts to provide robust evidence on the determinants of firm reputation using a large set of controls applied to a database not affected by self-selection bias. In fact, we constructed a new database containing the universe of wineries located in four regions of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Reputation; Credibility; Asymmetric information; Quality standards; Industrial Organization; L14; L15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45504

BUCHBESPRECHUNG: BECKMANN, V. (2000): TRANSAKTIONSKOSTEN UND INSTITUTIONELLE WAHL IN DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT : ZWISCHEN MARKT, HIERARCHIE UND KOOPERATION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weingarten,   Peter.
This paper reviews the publication by BECKMANN, V. (2000): Transaktionskosten und institutionelle Wahl in der Landwirtschaft : Zwischen Markt, Hierarchie und Kooperation [Transaction costs and institutional choice in agriculture : Between market, hierarchy and co-operation].
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transaction cost; Institution; Farm organisation; Agriculture; Labour organisation; Farm Management; L14; Q12; C25.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14933

Linking small producers to supermarkets? The role of intermediaries on the fresh fruit and vegetable market in Turkey.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bignebat,   Celine; Koc,   A. Ali; Lemeilleur,   Sylvaine.
A wide range of the empirical studies shows to what extend the rise of supermarkets in developing countries deeply transform domestic marketing channels. In particular, the exclusion of small producers from the so-called dynamic marketing channels (that is remunerative ones) is at stake. Based on original data collected in Turkey in 2007 at the producer and the wholesale market levels, we show that the intermediaries are decisive in order to understand the impact of downstream restructuring (supermarkets) on upstream decisions (producers). The results show first that producers are not aware of the final buyer of their produce, as intermediaries hinder the visibility of the marketing channel, their choice is restricted to that of the first intermediary....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Small farmers; Fresh fruit and vegetables; Turkey; Agribusiness; Production Economics; Q13; L14; D24.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52856

Understanding Ornamental Plant Market Shares to Rewholesaler, Retailer, and Landscaper Channels
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hinson,   Roger A.; Paudel,   Krishna P.; Velastegui,   Marco.
Market channel alternatives that include garden centers, landscapers, mass merchandisers, and rewholesalers have contributed to the growth of ornamental crops sales in the United States. The impact of growers’ business characteristics on shares of sales to these channels by firm size was estimated using the two-limit Tobit model. Important explanatory variables were regions of the United States, sales of plant groups, kinds of contract sales, and channel diversity. There were important differences in behavior by grower size. Overall, the results indicate a stronger than expected role for the rewholesaler channel as a preferred channel for ornamental plant sales.
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Garden centers; Landscapers; Market channels; Mass merchandisers; Ornamental plants; Rewholesalers; Two-limit Tobit; Marketing; M31; L14.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123782

Designing Contracts for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cordero Salas,   Paula.
Reduction of carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) has been identified as a cost effective element of the post-Kyoto strategy to achieve long-term climate objectives. The success of REDD depends primarily on the design and implementation of a financial mechanism that provides land-holders sufficient incentives to participate in a REDD scheme. This paper proposes relational contracting as a more appropriate framework for analyzing proposed REDD incentive regimes rather than that of complete contracting enforcement because relational contracting relies upon mutual self-enforcement in a repeated transaction framework, which better suits the stylized facts of REDD. We characterize the optimal REDD relational contract and provide the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contracts; Incomplete enforcement; Carbon sequestration; Climate change; Institutions; Development.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Land Economics/Use; D86; K12; L14; O12; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61129

Contracting with Smallholders under Joint Liability
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kaminski,   Jonathan.
Replaced with revised version of paper Jan. 11, 2012
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contract farming; Moral hazard; Joint liability; Peer monitoring; Agricultural Finance; Consumer/Household Economics; Farm Management; Financial Economics; Public Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; D82; L14; 013; Q13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93128

Endogenous Matching and Contractual Choice between Agricultural Processors and Farmers in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Abler,   David G.; Yu,   Xiaohua; Chen,   Danhong.
Contracts are widely used by agricultural processors for purchasing inputs not only in developed countries but also in developing countries such as China. The total number of formal, written contracts between farmers and food processors is increasing rapidly in China, and the formal contracts that exist are becoming more complex. Contractual design in China is evolving from simple price-quantity contracts toward more complicated arrangements known as cooperation contracts or joint-stock cooperation contracts, designed to share risk and mitigate opportunistic behaviors by the contracting parties. Due to small farm sizes, the contracted amount in the typical contract in China is very small compared with Western countries, and each processor usually has a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; Contractual design; Endogenous matching; Farms; Food processing; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization; Q13; L14.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103805

Supplier Relations and the Market Context: A Theory of Handshakes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: McLaren,   John.
This paper provides an economic theory of the degree of formality in industrial procurement. The argument is based on a tension between two procurement goals: imposing cost discipline on the supplier, and creating the conditions for cooperative innovation. In this model, a contract can solve the cost discipline problem, but only by discouraging cooperation; a less formal arrangement provides cooperation but poor discipline. The attractiveness of contracts is smaller, the less vertically integrated the industry, because a thick market for inputs provides its own discipline incentives even without a contract. Thus, in highly integrated industries, contracts are used, while in less integrated industries business is done on handshakes. This theory of the role...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Japan-US comparisons; Subcontracting; Cooperative innovation; Industrial Organization; L14; L22.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28407

Naive Learning in Social Networks: Convergence, Influence and Wisdom of Crowds
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jackson,   Matthew O.; Golub,   Benjamin; Jackson,   Matthew O.
We study learning and influence in a setting where agents communicate according to an arbitrary social network and naively update their beliefs by repeatedly taking weighted averages of their neighbors' opinions. A focus is on conditions under which beliefs of all agents in large societies converge to the truth, despite their naive updating. We show that this happens if and only if the influence of the most influential agent in the society is vanishing as the society grows. Using simple examples, we identify two main obstructions which can prevent this. By ruling out these obstructions, we provide general structural conditions on the social network that are sufficient for convergence to truth. In addition, we show how social influence changes when some...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social Networks; Learning; Diffusion; Bounded Rationality; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D85; D83; A14; L14; Z13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9101

Plant Species Protection Contracts: Modelling Contract Choice for Specialised Dairy Farms and Mixed Dairy Pig Fattening Farms in the Netherlands
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Peerlings,   Jack H.M.; Polman,   Nico B.P.
Proposals of the European Commission stress the future importance of agri-environmental payments within the rural development policy of the European Union. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss a model for choice for plant species protection contracts in the Netherlands. The model includes transaction costs, time and the possibility of lock-in situations related to contract choice. The approach discussed is flexible because it makes it possible to introduce all kinds of technical and institutional restrictions (differences in contract design).
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental contracts; Contract choice; Environmental Economics and Policy; C61; L14; Q12; Q24.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24728

The Impact of Integration Strategies on Food Business Firm Value
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dorsey,   Sarah; Boland,   Michael A.
The objective of this study is to analyze whether a discount or premium exists for coordination strategies in food processing, wholesale grocery, retail supermarkets, and restaurants. Significant premiums are found for food processor and restaurant vertical integration or diversification strategies. Significant discounts are found for food wholesaler and retail supermarket integration or diversification strategies. Food processors are found to be integrating toward retail supermarkets during this time period.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Food; Institutional economics; Integration; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Q13; L66; L14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56642

How Local Governments Structure Contracts with Private Firms: Economic Theory and Evidence on Solid Waste and Recycling Contracts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Walls,   Margaret.
Solid waste management services are contracted out to private firms in many U.S. communities. Household waste collection, transport, and disposal are relatively straightforward services to define within the terms of a contract. The addition of recycling, however, significantly complicates matters. How should contracts be structured to provide incentives for recycling? Who should own key facilities, such as recyclable materials processing facilities? Should a separate contract for processing and sale of materials be used, or should these services be provided by government employees or purely private markets? These questions are addressed in this study using the principal-agent framework and the theory of incomplete contracts in economics. I explain stylized...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Incentive contracts; Asset specificity; Principal-agent models; Waste collection; Recycling; Environmental Economics and Policy; L33; L14; Q2.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10707

Landlord Satisfaction with Arkansas Agricultural Land Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rainey,   Ronald L.; Dixon,   Bruce L.; Parsch,   Lucas D.; Ahrendsen,   Bruce L.; Bierlen,   Ralph W.
Landlord satisfaction levels with agricultural land-leasing agreements are examined with a 1998 sample of Arkansas landowners. Ordered probit models are estimated identifying which factors significantly affect satisfaction levels.  Results indicate that the type of lease is not a significant determinant of landlord satisfaction levels.  Proportion of landlord’s income from leasing, tenant educational background, social capital variables, presence of irrigation equipment, and perceptions about the FAIR Act were found to significantly affect lease satisfaction in at least one of the three satisfaction models estimated.  A comparison with an earlier study of Arkansas tenants indicates landlords have generally higher satisfaction levels.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cropland contracts; Landlord satisfaction; Leasing; Probit models; L14; Q12; Q24.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43156

The Sixth Framework Program as an Affiliation Network: Representation and Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Billand,   Pascal; Frachisse,   David; Massard,   Nadine.
In this paper, we compare two different representations of Framework Programs as affiliation network: “One-mode networks”' and “Two-mode networks”'. The aim of this article is to show that the choice of the representation has an impact on the analysis of the networks and on the results of the analysis. In order to support our proposals, we present two forms of representation and different indicators used in the analysis. We study the network of the 6th  Framework Program using the two forms of representation. In particular, we show that the identification of the central nodes is sensitive to the chosen representation. Furthermore, the nodes forming the core of the network vary according to the representation. These differences of results are important as...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Affiliation Network; Innovation Policies; Centrality; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; 031; 038; L14.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6217

Building trust in agri-food chains: the mediating role of effective communication
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Christian.
Using recent survey data (n = 1,430) on trust levels in agri-food supplier-buyer relationships in six different European countries, two commodity chains (meat and cereals) and two chain stages (farmer-processor and processor-retailer), main determinants of trust are identified and discussed.  The structural equation modelling estimation results indicate that trust can be significantly improved by effective communication and by a positive collaboration experience.  The existence of personal bonds does not seem to play a direct role in the retailer-processor relationship but is important when dealing with farmers.  In both chain stages a positive collaboration experience as well the existence of personal bonds also indirectly enhance trust by promoting...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trust; Agri-food Chains; Europe; Agribusiness; Marketing; Q13; L14; L66.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50106

Under-connected and Over-connected Networks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Buechel,   Berno; Hellmann,   Tim.
Since the seminal contribution of Jackson &amp; Wolinsky 1996 [A Strategic Model of Social and Economic Networks, JET 71, 44-74] it has been widely acknowledged that the formation of social networks exhibits a general conflict between individual strategic behavior and collective outcome. What has not been studied systematically are the sources of inefficiency. We approach this omission by analyzing the role of positive and negative externalities of link formation. This yields general results that relate situations of positive externalities with stable networks that cannot be “too dense” in a well-defined sense, while situations with negative externalities tend to induce “too dense” networks.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Networks; Network Formation; Connections; Game Theory; Externalities; Spillovers; Stability; Efficiency; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D85; C72; L14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50728

Is Certification a Promising Way to Ensure Sustainable Resource Use? An Analysis Based on the Concept of 'Self-Enforcing Contracts'
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lippert,   Christian.
In the past decade several certification schemes have been developed in order to promote sustainable resource use, especially in foreign countries where it is impossible to rely on direct enforcement of process standards. Based on the concept of 'Self-Enforcing Contracts' a model is developed simulating the simultaneous market equilibrium for certified natural resource units and physically identical units produced without observing certain environmental standards. The model along with some empirical evidence from tropical forestry yields that very likely certification will fall short in ensuring sustainable resource use. Basic natural resource management has to be primarily steered by governments and administrations, not by market forces.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Renewable resources and conservation; Demand and supply; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q21; B52; D62; K42; L14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24563

Protection of Intellectual Property while Outsourcing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sen Gupta,   Rajorshi; Love,   H. Alan.
Food and Beverage companies need to share their Intellectual Property (IP) when they outsource production and/or R&amp;D to contract agents. IP sharing can facilitate misappropriation and the contractor may eventually start competing with the client. We design an incentive compatible contract that can protect company IP. A two-pronged strategy is proposed: Companies should share less know-how and give high incentive payments to deter IP misappropriation. Strategies like product differentiation may be highly useful to deter piracy.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Protection; Outsourcing; Product Differentiation; R&amp;D; Agribusiness; Industrial Organization; Risk and Uncertainty; L14; L21; L23; L66; 031; 032; 034.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103856

Too Connected to Fail: The Effect of Alliance Network Structure on Farm Survival
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kirwan,   Barrett E.; Martens,   Andrea.
Exogenous, unobserved factors often confound the effects of alliance networks.  More capable farmers might be less likely to exit and more likely to have a large number of alliances.  In this case the negative correlation between alliance network size and exit likelihood is due to the unobserved confounder--farmer ability--not the effect of network size on exit likelihood. Recognizing the endogeneity of alliance network size when determining a farm’s survival likelihood, we employ an empirical model that accounts for the bias caused by unobserved effects. We account for time-invariant unobserved effects with individual fixed effects.  We control for county-level confounding factors with a time-varying county effect. Finally, we address unobserved,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Networks; Alliances; Agriculture; Policy; Organizational structure; Industrial organization; Finance; Entrepreneurship; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Farm Management; Financial Economics; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Risk and Uncertainty; L1; L14; L26; Q1; Q14; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103573

Bargaining Power in Relational Contracts: An Experimental Study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cordero Salas,   Paula.
This paper provides experimental evidence of the economic impact from shifting bargaining power in relational contracts. I implement an experimental design that adjusts the bargaining power of sellers (agents) and the enforceability of the contract. I find that the vast majority of contracts take the form of efficiency wage contracts instead of contingent performance contracts when enforcement is partially incomplete and sellers have more bargaining power than buyers. The total contracted and actual compensation increase with the bargaining power of the sellers. However, sellers' profits are found to increase only if a part of the total payment is third-party enforceable. In this case, observed surplus and efficiency are lower than predictions. When no...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contracts; Incomplete enforcement; Bargaining; Experiments; Distribution; Institutions; Industrial Organization; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; D86; K12; L14; O12; Q13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103579

Vertical Restraints and Horizontal Control
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hamilton,   Stephen F.; Innes,   Robert.
This paper considers vertical restraints in a multi-market retail setting in which each retailer sells the complete line of manufactured goods.  Vertical restraints by one manufacturer on the retailers of its product serve as an instrument to exert horizontal control over the retail price of a rival manufactured good.  Applications are developed for supermarket retailing, where the manufacturer of a national brand sold at both supermarkets can employ vertical restraints to control the pricing of the retailer’'s competing private labels, and for the personal computer industry, where the manufacturer of an essential computer component can use vertical restraints to control the pricing of complementary components bundled with the essential component by...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contracting; Vertical restraints; Monopolization.; Marketing; L13; L14; L42; D43.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21424

Governance of the Agri-food Chains as a Vector of Credibility for Quality Signalization in Europe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raynaud,   Emmanuel; Sauvee,   Loic; Valceschini,   Egizio.
For many agricultural products, the quality of the final products strongly depends on different stages of the productive chain. This stresses the importance of relationships between quality signal owners and suppliers in the vertical chain. Based on a New Institutional Economics analysis, the goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to design a framework to study the links between quality signaling, coordination in the supply chains and the institutional environment, (ii) to conduct a comparative analysis to identify, compare and explain the modes of organization implemented for the governance of different quality signs. The general hypothesis is that, in order to assure the credibility of a quality signal, there must be an efficient alignment between quality...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Alignment; Credibility; Governance structures; Quality signals; Agribusiness; L14; L15; L22.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24917

Markets, Contracts, or Integration? The Adoption, Diffusion, and Evolution of Organizational Form
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sykuta,   Michael E.; Klein,   Peter G.; James,   Harvey S., Jr.
The rise of contract farming and vertical integration is one of the most important changes in modern agriculture. Yet the adoption and diffusion of these new forms of organization has varied widely across regions, commodities, or farm types, however. Transaction cost theories and the like are not fully effective at explaining the variation of adoption rates of different organizational forms, in part because of their inherent static nature. In order to explain the adoption, diffusion and evolution of organizational form, a more dynamic framework is required. This paper lays out such a framework for understanding the evolution of organizational practices in U.S. agriculture by drawing on existing theories of economic organization, the diffusion of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contracting; Vertical integration; Organizational innovation; Diffusion; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; L14; L22; Q13; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19390

The Impact of Long-Term Generation Contracts on Valuation of Electricity Generating Assets under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wilson,   Nathan E.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative is an effort by nine states to constrain carbon dioxide emissions from the electric power sector using a cap-and-trade program. This paper assesses the importance of long-term electricity contracts under the program. We find that 12.2% of generation will be accounted for by long-term contracts in 2010, affecting select nuclear, hydroelectric, and cogeneration units. The contracts will have a negligible effect on the wholesale marginal cost of electricity and a small effect on retail price. States may want to consider contracts on a case-by-case basis when making decisions about the initial distribution of emission allowances, but they should account for effects on the portfolio of plants owned at the firm level, not...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate; State policy; Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative; Long-term contracts; Electricity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54; Q58; L14; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10556

The importance and role of trust in agricultural marketing co-operatives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Szabo,   Gabor G.
Marketing co-operatives can strengthen countervailing power of producers and help to co-ordinate (agricultural) supply chains. According to many authors, one of the means of increasing the competitiveness of co-ops can be traced back to trust and informal connections existing between the members and the cooperative (management), as well as among the members. Using New Institutional Economics’ theories and the “co-operative identity” concept as theoretical background, this review paper analyses the importance of trust, as well as the role of the co-operative principles as formal-legal securities of trust (development) in agricultural marketing co-operatives.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Co-operation; Co-operative identity; Principles; Trust; Vertical co-ordination; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Marketing; Q13; L14; L22.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93119

Loss Aversion and Reference Points in Contracts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Just,   David R.; Wu,   Steven Y.
Loss aversion has become the dominant alternative to expected utility theory for modeling choice under uncertainty. The setting of the base payment in contracts provides an interesting application of referenced based decision theory. The impact of loss aversion on contract structure depends critically on whether reservation opportunities (outside options) are evaluated with respect to the reference point implied in the contract.  We show that when reservation opportunities are independent of the reference point, reward contracts are optimal.  However, when reservation opportunities are evaluated against the reference point, then penalty contracts are more efficient.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Risk and Uncertainty; L14; D81; D21; D82.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28727

Avaliação de contratos: uma abordagem utilizando a Análise Fatorial de Correspondência
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Freire Junior,   Weimar da Rocha; Carvalheiro,   Elizangela Mara; Staduto,   Jefferson Andronio Ramundo; Opazo,   Miguel Angel Uribe.
This study, in the light of transaction cost theory, has assessed the contractual relationships, eliciting the contracts in the Brazilian agribusiness. By using the transaction attributes in their main vectors of the features in which give the possibility to design the government structure of the lower cost. The contracts present a government structure, which when they are widely considered to represent a variety of agreement among the economic agents. On this system, the analysis to be developed is going to adopt a statistic multivariate method, which is going to assess nine contracts mostly consonant with the agribusiness (five contracts on sales, three on franchising and one on agriculture joint venture). These relationships facilitate to emphasize...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Contract; Transaction costs economy; Multivariate analysis.; Agribusiness; Q13; L14.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61246

Contract farming and smallholder incentives to produce high quality: experimental evidence from the Vietnamese dairy sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Saenger,   Christoph; Qaim,   Matin; Torero,   Maximo; Viceisza,   Angelino.
In emerging markets for high-value food products in developing countries, processing companies search for efficient ways to source raw material of consistent quality. One widely embraced approach is contract farming. But relatively little is known about the appropriate design of contracts, especially in a small farm context. We use the example of the Vietnamese dairy sector to analyze the effectiveness of existing contracts between a processor and smallholder farmers in terms of incentivizing the production of high quality milk. A framed field experiment is conducted to evaluate the impact of two incentive instruments, a price penalty for low quality and a bonus for consistent high quality milk, on farmers’ investment in quality-improving inputs....
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Community/rural/urban development; Institutional and behavioral economics; Demand and price analysis; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Demand and Price Analysis; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; C93; D22; L14; O13; Q12; Q13.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122614

The Organizational Evolution of Markets for Wood Products in the Southern United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dunn,   Michael A.; Barnes,   James N.
This paper represents the first case study attempt to develop a transaction cost conceptual model to describe industry evolution of the paper and lumber industries in the Southern United States around the late 1800s and early 1900s. We use transaction cost theory to explain the co-evolution of markets for wood products noting that variation in the level and type of investments made in physical and human capital assets needed to manage paper and lumber miller operations had a significant influence on the use of wood dealer systems compared to more vertically organized business arrangements. We identify some testable hypotheses and areas of future research.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Industry Evolution; Contracting; Property Rights; Vertical Integration; Forest Products; Industrial Organization; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; L14; L24; L73; J24.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6746

An Economic Model for Bioprospecting Contracts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ding,   Helen; Nunes,   Paulo A.L.D.; Onofri,   Laura.
This paper explores the use of a micro-economic model to analyse the provisions and parties of bioprospecting contracts. It focuses on the pharmaceutical industry as the representative biodiversity buyer, presenting an original theoretical framework that explains the main contract characteristics or stylised facts. Against this background, it considers the main contractors involved in these private contracts, i.e. biodiversity sellers and biodiversity buyers, analysing both the magnitude and distribution of the respective payoffs. Particular attention is devoted to the different, mixed impacts of bioprospecting contracts and patenting on social welfare. The positive welfare impacts delivered by bioprospecting contracts are associated with the potential...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bioprospecting Contract; Genetic Resource; Biodiversity Buyer; Biodiversity Seller; Patenting; Welfare Analysis; Benefit Sharing; Productivity Analysis; D21; D23; D61; L14; Q57.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7450