Consulta: subjectFacets:"Market access"
Registros recuperados: 43
Data/hora: 09/06/2024 08:24:02

Disentangling the complex roles of markets on coral reefs in northwest Madagascar
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Maire, Eva; D'Agata, Stephanie; Aliaume, Catherine; Mouillot, David; Darling, Emily S.; Ramahery, Volanirina; Ranaivoson, Ravaka; Randriamanantsoa, Bemahafaly; Tianarisoa, Tantely F.; Santisy, Abdoul; Cinner, Joshua E.
Rapid degradation of the world’s coral reefs jeopardizes their ecological functioning and ultimately imperils the wellbeing of the millions of people with reef-dependent livelihoods. Ecosystem accessibility is the main driver of their conditions, with the most accessible ecosystems being most at risk of resource depletion. People’s socioeconomic conditions can change as they get further from urban centers and can profoundly influence people’s relationship with the environment. However, the mechanisms through which increasing accessibility from human societies affects natural resources are still unclear. A plausible mechanism through which markets influence the environment is through the socioeconomic changes that tend to accompany accessibility. We used...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Accessibility; Coral reef fisheries; Fish biomass; Market access; Social-ecological systems.
Ano: 2020
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00652/76440/77528.pdf

Selected Trade Agreements and Implications for U.S. Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wainio,   John; Gehlhar,   Mark J.; Dyck,   John H.
Since 2001, the United States has concluded negotiations with 13 countries, resulting in 8 trade agreements (TAs). Three additional agreements have been negotiated but not yet ratified by Congress, as of March 2011. Other countries have become increasingly active in negotiating their own trade pacts. This proliferation of TAs between key U.S. trading partners and competitors may have raised concerns among U.S. exporters, whose share in established markets could be eroded by such deals. In this study, ERS examines how recently concluded TAs between ASEAN (Southeast Asia) countries and China and Australia/New Zealand, as well as pending TAs between the United States and Korea, Colombia, and Panama, will likely affect U.S. agricultural trade. Model results...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Market access; Free trade agreements; Tariffs; Trade agreements; Trade creation; Trade diversion; Trade promotion agreements; GTAP model.; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102754

Market Access Asymmetry in Food Trade among Quad Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
This paper uses a gravity-like structure derived from a monopolistic competition model to measure market access among Canada, USA, Japan and EU – Quad countries – over the 1996-2001 period. We explore the overall asymmetry and 18 food industrial-level asymmetries of bilateral trade openness. Using actual bilateral estimates of tariffs and nontariff barriers, we investigate their role in explaining the trade reduction effect of national borders. A representative estimate of market access shows that higher asymmetries exist in USA, Canada and EU trade with Japan. Quite surprisingly, the last country is always more open than the reverse. Finally, we found that tariffs and NTBs explain a significant part of the border effects and that the NTB role is often...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market access; Food trade; Asymmetry; Gravity; QUAD countries; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24596

Trading out of Poverty: WTO Agreements and the West African Agriculture. A Report of the Food Security II Cooperative Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nouve,   Kofi; Staatz,   John M.; Schweikhardt,   David B.; Yade,   Mbaye.
This report is a brief survey of WTO agreements and their implications for the West African economies (including Chad). The study reviews the positions of West African countries on various WTO issues and compares these positions with positions expressed by major trade partners, particularly the Cairns Group, the European Union, Japan, Sub-Sahara Africa, and the United States.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; World trade organization; Poverty; West Africa; International trade; Market access; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 29; F0.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54573

Paving the Way for Development: The Impact of Road Infrastructure on Agricultural Production and Household Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ulimwengu,   John M.; Funes,   Jose; Headey,   Derek D.; You,   Liang.
Given its vast land resources and favorable water supply, the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) natural agricultural potential is immense. However, the economic potential of the sector is handicapped by one of the most dilapidated transport systems in the developing world (World Bank, 2006). Road investments are therefore a high priority in the government's investment plans, and those of its major donors. Whilst these are encouraging signs, very little is known about how the existing road network constrains agricultural and rural development, and how these new road investments would address these constraints. To inform this issue the present paper primarily employs GIS-based data to assess the impact of market access on agricultural and rural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Infrastructure; Market access; Road and river transport; Agricultural production; Poverty.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Food Security and Poverty; Production Economics.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49292

Coordinating to Eradicate Animal Disease, and the Role of Insurance Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hennessy,   David A.
Farmed animal production has traditionally been a dispersed sector. Biosecurity actions relevant to eradicating infectious diseases are generally non-contractible, and might involve inordinately high transactions costs if they were contractible. If an endemic disease is to be eradicated within a region, synchronized actions need to be taken to reduce incidence below a critical mass so that spread can be contained. Using a global game model of coordination under public and private information concerning the critical mass required, this paper characterizes the success probability in an eradication campaign. As is standard in global games, heterogeneity in private signals can support a unique equilibrium. Partly because of strategic interactions, concentrated...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biosecurity; Coordination failure; Disease insurance; Endemic disease; Global games; Market access; Public information; Veterinary public health; Livestock Production/Industries; D8; H4; Q1.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7702

Impacts of the Doha Round on Korea's Agricultural Tariff Profile
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lim,   Song-Soo.
The purpose of this paper is to simulate the proposed modality in market access and estimate its potential impacts on Korea's tariff profile. By accommodating a tiered formula for tariff reduction, the modality attempts to harmonize tariffs across products and countries. When no flexibility in tariff cuts is taken into account, Korea would face up to 68 percent reduction in tariffs in an average term (the baseline). The provision of sensitive products in which the tariff cuts are allowed to deviate from the tiered formula by two-thirds at a maximum is likely to bring about 11 percentage points of maximum tariff saving effects compared with the baseline case. Besides, Korea would be able to maximize savings in tariff reductions by 25 percentage points by...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Tariff; Tiered formula; Modality; Market access; Doha Round; Korea; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45677

Are poor, remote areas left behind in agricultural development: the case of Tanzania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Minot,   Nicholas.
In Tanzania, as in many other developing countries, the conventional wisdom is that economic reforms may have stimulated economic growth, but that the benefits of this growth have been uneven, favoring urban households and farmers with good market access. This idea, although quite plausible, has rarely been tested empirically. In this paper, we develop a new approach to measuring trends in poverty and apply it to Tanzania in order to explore the distributional aspects of economic growth and the relationship between rural poverty and market access. We find that, between 1991 and 2003, a period of extensive economic reforms, the overall rate of poverty fell about 9 percentage points. The degree of poverty reduction was similar between rural and urban areas,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tanzania; Poverty; Market access; Agricultural development; Rural areas; Economic reform; Measurement; Rural poverty; International Development; I32; O18; O55; Q13; R11.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59829

Extending Protection at the WTO to Products Other Than Wines and Spirits: Who Will Benefit?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vincent,   Michel.
The issue of extending geographic indicator protection to products other than wines and spirits has created wide divergences between demandeurs and opponent countries at the WTO. This article examines the economic impacts of the proposals submitted at the WTO by these two groups of countries, focusing mainly on market access, generic names and impacts for the consumer in North America. Results from our survey show that reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers in North America would be more important in improving market access for EU geographical indications (GIs) than would GI extension. In addition, it would appear that North American consumers may not benefit from extension of protection to products other than wines and spirits..
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Generic names; Geographical indications; Market access; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9383

Access of Eastern African Farmers to Domestic and International Markets: Opportunities and Constraints
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bahiigwa,   Godfrey.
This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges that Eastern African farmers face in accessing domestic, regional and international markets. With rising population and incomes, domestic markets offer great opportunities for farmers. However, because of structural, institutional and organizational constraints, small scale rural farmers may not benefit much from domestic urban markets unless they are organized and trained to meet the high quality product standards demanded by urban consumers and supermarkets. ECA countries stand to gain more by investing in commodities that are consumed within the region, than from traditional cash crops destined for international markets. Regional integration offers opportunities for larger markets and efficiency gains...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market access; Trade reforms; Regional integration; Economic growth; Eastern African farmers; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25270

Pesticides Residues and Trade: the Apple of Discord?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Drogue,   Sophie; DeMaria,   Federica.
The impact of food safety standards on international trade has already been addressed. Generally, economists try to assess trade losses borne by exporters when importing countries impose stricter regulations. In this paper we assess the impact of the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) of pesticides on the trade of apples and pears. Rather than focusing on a particular pesticide we take into account the entire list of substances set out by the various regulations with the aim is to understand how the similarity (or dissimilarity) of these can affect trade. Most studies assess the impact of sanitary standard regulations introducing directly in the analysis the MLR put in force in the importing country. We assume that what can be crucial is the difference in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Pesticides; MRL; Apple; Pear; Market access; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114445

PROFILES OF TARIFFS IN GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL MARKETS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   Paul R.; Wainio,   John; Whitley,   Daniel B.; Bohman,   Mary.
High protection for agricultural commodities in the form of tariffs continues to be the major factor restricting world trade. The large differences in average tariffs across countries make it possible for farmers in one country to benefit from tariff protection while farmers in other countries lose income because of lower prices resulting from those tariffs. This report provides the first comprehensive analysis of agricultural tariffs and tariff-rate quotas (limits on imported goods) across a large number of countries and commodities and finds that high average tariffs create barriers to markets for U.S. and other farmers.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Market access; Megatariffs; Tariff profiles; Over-quota tariffs; In-quota tariffs; Tariff-rate quotas; World Trade Organization; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34055

Do Price Uncertainties Affect the Use of Policy Flexibilities? The Selection of Sensitive Products in WTO Agricultural Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Listorti,   Giulia; Kempen,   Markus; Girardin,   Jean; Kranzlein,   Tim.
In a context in which price uncertainty is likely to increase, expected market trends need to be taken carefully into account while negotiating international trade policy rules. This paper aims at analyzing what is their influence on the use of policy flexibilities in the context of WTO agricultural negotiations. In particular, within the market access pillar, we focus on the selection of sensitive products. Our model, TRIMAG (Tariff Reduction Impact Model for Agriculture), defined at the 8-digit level, optimizes the domestic agricultural value added subject to a maximum number of sensitive tariff lines, accounting for various future international price scenarios. Furthermore, we test the use of alternative options for the implementation of “tariff...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO agricultural negotiations; Market access; Sensitive products; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114381

The Impact of EU Enlargement on European Border Regions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niebuhr,   Annekatrin.
EU enlargement is supposed to entail profound impact on the location of economic activities in Europe. Although there is concern about the implications of enlargement for regional disparities in the EU, corresponding empirical results are still rare. The objective of this analysis is to provide empirical evidence on enlargement effects with a special focus on border regions in the EU27 since they are likely to play a critical role within the spatial dynamics initiated by integration. Departing from a three-region economic geography model we investigate whether changes in market access released by integration result in above-average integration benefits in border regions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integration; Market access; EU enlargement; Border regions; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; C21; F15; R12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26384

Trade-Related Policy and Canadian-U.S. Fed Cattle Transactions Basis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schulz,   Lee L.; Schroeder,   Ted C.; Ward,   Clement E.
Price differences among fed cattle prices in Canada and the United States (referred to here as fed cattle basis) are important for Canadian cattle feeders, but changing government regulations in Canada and the United States have made basis more variable. This article uses transaction data from Canadian feedlots to quantify fed cattle price differentials in light of new policy initiatives. Using transaction prices, we find that differing slaughter regulations, labeling laws, and policies affecting access to U.S. markets for Canadian cattle affect fed cattle basis.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Basis; Canada; Cattle prices; Government policy; International trade; Market access; Transaction prices; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117174

Research on the Legal Regulation of Market Access for Agricultural Products in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lin,   Ying; Ren,   Da-peng.
On the basis of defining the concept of market access for agricultural products, this paper analyzes the necessity of establishing market access system of agricultural products, proposes the conception of establishing market access system of agricultural products in China; sets up the frame of market access system of agricultural products; analyzes the rationality of the frame of market access system of agricultural products; poses the consideration of economic law regarding setup of market access system of agricultural products. This paper also puts forward the legislative suggestions for establishing market access system of agricultural products as follows: establish the frame of market access system of agricultural products taking quality access as...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural products; Market access; Quality safety of agricultural products; Legal system; China; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113473

Drivers and Modifiers of Lowland Use in West Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Erenstein,   Olaf.
Lowland development efforts in West Africa have a mixed record. The paper posits that this is due to the neglect of: (1) market opportunity as driving force for lowland use; and (2) the wider context within which lowlands are used as important modifier. The paper applies a regression-based decomposition framework to analyze the factors driving and modifying lowland use in West Africa. It uses community-level data from 1014 geo-referenced lowland units around four urban centers along an agro-ecological gradient in Cote d'Ivoire and Mali. Tobit models are used to explain the extent of lowland non-use (seasonal fallow), its diversity (in terms of rice and other crop cultivation) and its land use intensity (double cropping). Results highlight that proximity to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Urban - rural linkages; Market access; Agro-ecological gradient; West Africa; Lowland use; Peri-urban agriculture; O18; O3; Q15; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25288

Access to Dynamic Markets for Small Commercial Farmers: The Case of Potato Production in the Peruvian Andes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Escobal D'Angelo,   Javier; Torero,   Maximo.
The purpose of this study is twofold. On one hand, the objective is to assess the impact of new and more complex contracting schemes, as opposed to traditional marketing channels, on small farmers’ welfare. On the other hand, the study explores which may be the critical factors that determine the small farmers’ participation in these institutional arrangements. In this context, two critical factors are stressed. The first one has to do with access to credit and the second one is the size of the agricultural plot. In order to examine the decision of farmers to access the dynamic markets, the paper follows the study of Lapar et al (2003). The paper also follows impact evaluation techniques to identify the differences in the performance of farmers with access...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Potato production; Market access; Small farmers; Contract farming; Access to credit; Dynamic markets; Impact evaluation; Income growth; Transaction costs; Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58570

Does Africa Trade Less than it Should, and If So, Why?: The Role of Market Access and Domestic Factors
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bouet,   Antoine; Mishra,   Santosh; Roy,   Devesh.
This paper addresses the question of whether Africa is an undertrading continent. We answer this question using a much-improved data set for obtaining predicted trade and by employing methods that correct for bias in estimates of undertrading. Our results indicate that globally Africa is an underexporter in our preferred Heckman specification. This result is robust to the addition of various controls and the application of variants of the gravity model of trade. We also looked for explanations for Africa’s undertrading. We found that accounting for transport and communication infrastructure reduced the undertrading effect for Africa, and in some specifications of the gravity model, the under-trading effect vanished altogether. Results from a semiparametric...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Gravity model; Undertrading; Trade related infrastructure; Market access; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42320

Government responses to the world food crisis 2007-08: A political economy perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Maas,   Sarah; Matthews,   Alan.
This paper examines the performance of African agri-food exports to the EU market over the first decade of the new millennium. The EU is Africa’s single largest export market absorbing just half of all African agri-food exports. Countries are grouped according to the preferential trade regime they enjoy to enter the EU market: North African countries under EuroMed agreements; least developed African countries under the Everything but Arms arrangement; other African countries under the Cotonou Agreement; and South Africa under its Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement. Despite these preferences, Africa appears to be losing market share. A shift-share analysis confirms that, with the exception of the African Mediterranean countries, the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Africa; EU; Agricultural exports; Market access; Preference agreements; Food Security and Poverty; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114664

Aflatoxin Redux: Does European Aflatoxin Regulation Hurt Groundnut Exporters from Africa?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Xiong,   Bo; Beghin,   John C.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/02/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Aflatoxin; Maximum Residues Limit; Groundnut; Gravity equation; Africa; Market access; EU; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61314

Geographical Indications, Barriers to Market Access and Preferential Trade Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Viju,   Crina; Yeung,   May T.; Kerr,   William A.
Canada is currently negotiating a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union; the issue of Geographic Indications (GIs) is on the negotiating agenda and is expected to be one of the most contentious issues in the negotiations. While the exact nature of protection for GIs to be included in the agreement is not yet clear, there is a potential conflict over market access with the U.S. (and presumably the approximately 50 other countries that use trademarks instead of GIs to protect this type of intellectual property). This paper explores the wider issues surrounding differences in the protection of intellectual property and the effect on market access as well as the potential specific issues pertaining to the CETA for NAFTA...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Geographic Indications (GIs); Trademarks; Market access; FTAs; NAFTA; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122741

Unpacking the Meaning of “Market Access”
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chamberlin,   Jordan; Jayne,   Thomas S.
Improving farmers’ access to markets is widely recognized as a major development challenge.  A review of the literature suggests that indicators of market access may bear little relationship to the specific processes of interest and hence provide misguided evidence of the impacts of improved market access. This paper attempts to “unpack” the dimensions of market access and, in the process, uses farm survey data from Kenya to investigate changes in multiple indicators during the post-liberalization period.  Findings show that market access conditions experienced by rural Kenyans exhibit considerable variation across time, space, and indicator type. We suggest ways in which structured hypothesizing and sensitivity analysis may strengthen empirical treatments...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market access; Remoteness; Smallholders; Africa; Kenya; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; Marketing; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C81; D01; D63; D83; H41; H54; R58; L99.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/110014

Flexible Trade Policies in Agriculture Sectors of Developing Countries: Proposing a Technical Approach for Sri Lanka
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Herath,   Anura.
After two decades of liberalized economic policies together with early accession to WTO, Sri Lanka could not achieve the exp ected fast economic growth. Agriculture growth in particular fell sharply. WTO Doha round expects a deeper liberalization. Instead, we will benefit more from being a friend of the "Development Box" and securing flexibility in tariff revisions. In asserting this, the paper analyzes impacts of liberalized policies on agriculture, stress the need for flexible trade policies and formulate a design for self designating Special Products (SP) and Special Safeguard Mechanisms (SSM). The past economic growth favoured mostly urbanised population. Sluggish rural agricultural growth, hurt with increased food imports, was the main cause of this...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sri Lanka; Trade liberalization; Market access; Special products; Special safeguard mechanisms; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25735

A graphical analysis of the functioning of tariff rate quotas: market access and welfare effects for exporting countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Laroche Dupraz,   Catherine; Matthews,   Alan.
This paper analyses the economics of tariff rate quotas assuming a large importing country and several different suppliers with differing levels of competitiveness. Eleven theoretical situations are distinguished according to the way the quota is allocated to exporters, the level of constraint imposed by the quota and the relative competitiveness of export suppliers. A graphical analysis is developed and the effects of tariff rate quotas on market access and welfare gains for exporters are discussed in the eleven cases.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tariff rate quotas; Quota rents; Market access; International Relations/Trade; F1.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7210

Jordan’s Accession to the WTO: Retrospective and Prospective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Malkawi,   Bashar H.
Jordan acceded to the WTO in 1999. In its accession Jordan agreed, for example, to reduce tariffs on imported products and open its services market; it also modified its intellectual property regime. Jordan enjoyed special and differential treatment in few areas and was not able to designate olive oil as a good eligible for special safeguards. The WTO agreements required fundamental changes in the domestic laws and regulations of Jordan. The article concludes by arguing that Jordan's accession to the WTO was a lengthy and costly process. Jordan agreed to an arduous package of legal and economic reforms. Given that Jordan agreed to greater commitments compared to the obligations of the original WTO members, the multilateral trading system witnessed an...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Accession; Free trade; Intellectual property; Jordan; Market access; WTO; Financial Economics; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57329

Linking Collective Action to Non-Timber Forest Product Market for Improved Local Livelihoods: Challenges and Opportunities
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Komarudin,   Heru; Siagian,   Yuliana L.
The paper draws on findings from research in South Sulawesi and Jambi Provinces, Indonesia, looking at the role of collective action in helping two local community groups enhance their bargaining power vis a vis other market players (such as collectors, small- and large-scale industries) and promote an increased demand for non-timber forest products. The first group has traditionally collected rattan (Calamus sp) from surrounding forests and was struggling to sell their products at a better price amid market uncertainties and the lack of supportive government policies. The second one was involved in the propagation of another high-value rattan species, widely known as Dragon Blood (Daemonorops sp), in anticipation of an increased market demand for this...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Collective action; Market access; Smallholder; Livelihood; NTFP; Action research; Indonesia; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44346

Explaining National Border Effects in the Quad Food Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
Starting from a theoretically consistent gravity model, this paper first provides estimates of bilateral 'border effects' in food trade among Quad countries (Canada, USA, Japan and EU) at the ISIC 4-digit level. Then, it investigates the underlying reasons of border effect, assessing the role played by policy barriers (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) with respect to barriers unrelated to trade policy, such as information related costs and cultural proximity. In contrast with several previous findings, we show that policy barriers are part of the story in explaining the strong trade reduction effect induced by national borders, and this is especially true when we control for the endogeneity of trade policy to imports, as suggested by political economy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Border effect; Food trade; Market access; Gravity; QUAD countries; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25467

Spatial Effects of European Integration: Do Border Regions Benefit Above Average?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niebuhr,   Annekatrin.
A basic result of new economic geography (NEG) models is that the proximity to consumer markets impacts wages and employment within regions. The ongoing process of European integration, being targeted on the reduction of barriers to trade and factor mobility, has presumably changed relative market access in Europe. The present paper aims at providing some evidence on spatial effects of integration released by declining border impediments and changing market potentials. The analysis departs from a three-region economic geography model. We focus on the impact of integration on European border regions and the question whether they realise above average integration benefits. The empirical analysis concerns integration effects in the EU15 regions arising from a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: New economic geography; Market access; European integration; Border regions; International Relations/Trade; C21; F15; R12.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26196

Geograpical Indications, Barriers to Market Access and Preferential Trade Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Viju,   Crina; Yeung,   May T.; Kerr,   William A.
Public policy makers in Canada should expect the US to object to the extension of protection to EU GIs in the CETA. The expected gains made in other areas of the CETA for agreeing to protect EU GIs need to be weighed carefully against the potential cost of trade actions through NAFTA. The NAFTA has relatively strong commitments pertaining to intellectual property, although they remain largely untested. In the case of geographical indicators, the NAFTA commitments are structured around the trademark system used by the US and Canada. Other aspects of the NAFTA, such as the investment provisions, may also be used to challenge the negative impact of Canada granting intellectual property protection to GIs.
Tipo: Technical Report
Palavras-chave: GIs; Market access; EU; PTA; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122743

The Competitiveness of the Beef Sector in Argentina and Canada
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cano Lamy,   Victoria; Recalde,   Maria Luisa; Barraud,   Ariel.
Food markets are becoming global and competition in all markets is intense, countries are working to improve market access through the current round of World Trade Organization negotiations and through regional agreements such as the Free Trade Area of the Americas. Trade is critical to Canada's agri-food sector. Canada is a major agricultural producer with a relatively small population. As a result, we export almost half of our farm products. Because of the magnitude of our exports, the success of the agri-food sector depends, in large part, on international markets.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food markets; Market access; World Trade Organization; Trade agri-food sector; International markets; Value Chain Roundtable Process; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53768

Market Access and Regional Disparities: New Economic Geography in Europe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Niebuhr,   Annekatrin.
New Economic Geography (NEG) has reached a theoretical consolidation while related empirical tests are still scarce. The present paper aims at providing some evidence on the validity of forces emphasised by NEG. The analysis starts from the nominal wage equation derived from the Krugman "core-periphery model" and focuses on one of the main propositions of NEG that access advantages raise factor prices. The paper investigates the significance of market access for regional wages and the geographic extent of demand linkages for a cross section of European regions, also taking into account the effects of national borders. The regression analysis covers the period between 1985 and 2000. The results are consistent with the implication of NEG that demand linkages...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: New economic geography; Market access; Europe; International Relations/Trade; C21; F12; R12.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26148

Gender, Agricultural Commercialization, and Collective Action in Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Elisabeth; Qaim,   Matin.
With the commercialization of agriculture, women are increasingly disadvantaged because of persistent gender-disparities in access to productive resources. Farmer collective action that intends to improve smallholder access to markets and technology could potentially accelerate this trend. Here, we use survey data of small-scale banana producers in Kenya to investigate the gender implications of recently established farmer groups. Traditionally, banana has been a women’s crop in Kenya. Our results confirm that the groups contribute to increasing male control over banana. While male control over banana revenues does not affect household food security, it has a negative marginal effect on dietary quality. We demonstrate that the negative gender implications...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Gender; Collective action; Market access; Agricultural technology; Household food security and nutrition; Kenya; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D71; J16; O12; O13; O31; Q13.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121229

Development domains for Ethiopia: capturing the geographical context of smallholder development options
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chamberlin,   Jordan; Pender,   John L.; Yu,   Bingxin.
The choices that smallholder farmers are able to make are strongly conditioned by the geographic conditions in which they live. The importance of this fact for rural development strategy is not lost on policy makers. For example, the government of Ethiopia frequently frames policy discussions by broadly different geographical conditions of moisture availability, recognizing moisture reliable, drought prone and pastoralist areas. These conditions are seen as important criteria for determining the nature, extent and priority of development interventions for different parts of the country. There is considerable evidence, however, that other geographical factors also have important implications for rural development options. This paper uses agroecology, access...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Smallholders; Small farmers; Geographic conditions; Rural development strategies; Development policy; Agro-ecology; Market access; Livelihoods; Population density; International Development.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55410

Market Access and Rural Poverty in Tanzania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Minot,   Nicholas.
Economic reforms in Tanzania have resulted in low inflation and solid economic growth, but many observers question whether the standard of living of ordinary Tanzanians has improved. Furthermore, there is a strong suspicion that the benefits have been concentrated among the urban population and among rural households with good market access, leaving remote rural households behind. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to measuring poverty trends over time. First, the relationship between poverty and household characteristics is estimated using household budget survey data. Second, this relationship is applied to the same characteristics in Demographic and Health Surveys, four of which have been carried out in Tanzania. The results suggest that the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Poverty; Market access; Tanzania; Economic reforms; Food Security and Poverty; C0; I3; O1; Q13; R0.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25603

Defining a trade strategy for southern Mediterranean countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bouet,   Antoine.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the best trade approach for Southern Mediterranean countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Turkey) that helps them increase market access and develop trade policies which will facilitate the most efficient economic development. The study uses, the MacMap-HS6 database on market access and the Modeling International Relations under Applied General Equilibrium (MIRAGE) model of the global economy. While most South Mediterranean (SM) countries are very protectionist, they enjoy a fairly good access to world markets, either due to product specialization or to preferences granted by the European Union in the industrial sector. Today, these countries are simultaneously opting for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade strategy; Market access; Trade policies; Economic development; MIRAGE model; Multilateralism; Regional strategies; Free trade; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58568

Agricultural Trade Preferences and the Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wainio,   John; Shapouri,   Shahla; Trueblood,   Michael A.; Gibson,   Paul R.
Nonreciprocal trade preference programs originated in the 1970s under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) as an effort by high-income developed countries to provide tariff concessions for low-income countries. The goal of the programs was to increase export earnings, promote industrialization, and stimulate economic growth in the lower income countries. This study analyzes detailed trade and tariff data for the United States and the European Union (the two largest nonreciprocal preference donors) to determine the extent to which the programs have increased exports from beneficiary countries. For those products where the margins of preference are large and where beneficiaries have a comparative advantage and the capacity to expand production, these...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Tariff; Agricultural trade; Preferences; Least developed countries; Market access; World Trade Organization; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7258

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PRICES PRODUCERS RECEIVE FOR HOGS: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF KILLSHEET AND SURVEY DATA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lawrence,   John D.
This paper evaluates the results of a survey of Iowa pork producers, examining potential price discrimination by packers. Prices varied greatly across producers, and the examined variables explain just over half of the variation.  Factors under the producer's control were the most significant variables and accounted for the vast majority of the explainable difference in price among producers. Packer buying systems also accounted for some difference in producer prices.  Finally, variables related to operation size, while statistically significant, increased the explanatory values of the equation very little.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market access; Carcass merit; Hog marketing; Price determination; Price discrimination; Demand and Price Analysis; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18276

Evaluating existing policy flexibilities in WTO agricultural negotiations: different criteria for the selection of sensitive products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Listorti,   Giulia; Kempen,   Markus; Girardin,   Jean; Kranzlein,   Tim.
Within WTO agricultural negotiations, this paper deals with alternative criteria for the selection of sensitive products. Existing methodologies mostly rely on the analysis of tariffs and trade flows. On the contrary, assessments of the economic impacts on specific groups of stakeholders, namely the domestic agricultural sector, are missing or conducted at a high level of product aggregation. We hence develop a methodology that considers the effects of the selection of sensitive products on domestic agricultural prices. Our model, TRIMAG (Tariff Reduction Impact Model for Agriculture), defined at the 8-digit level, optimizes the domestic agricultural value added subject to a maximum number of sensitive tariff lines. The existing methodologies are applied...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO agricultural negotiations; Market access; Sensitive products; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98986

Commodity-based Trade and Market Access for Developing Country Livestock Products: The Case of Beef Exports from Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rich,   Karl M.; Perry,   Brian D.; Kaitibie,   Simeon.
While Ethiopia is Africa’s largest livestock producer, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) barriers and animal diseases have traditionally constrained market access. A system dynamics model examined the feasibility of a proposed SPS certification system under a number of scenarios. Model results indicate that the system may not be viable for beef exports to Middle Eastern markets. However, the binding constraint is high domestic input costs rather than the costs of SPS compliance. Sensitivity analyses reveal that while investments in feed efficiency and animal productivity would enhance Ethiopia’s export competitiveness, the competitive nature of international beef markets may still prevent market access.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: SPS; Livestock; Market access; System dynamics; Ethiopia; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing; Q10; Q13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53794

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT USING INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD AND GIS DATA FROM SMALLHOLDER KENYAN FARMS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Staal,   Steven J.; Romney,   D.; Baltenweck,   Isabelle; Waithaka,   Michael M.; Muriuki,   H.; Njoroge,   L.
Although soil fertility is recognized as a primary constraint to agricultural production in developing countries, use of fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa is declining.  Smallholder farmers still rely heavily on livestock manure for soil fertility management.  To explore the determinants of soil fertility management practices, including both the use of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer, data are used from a sample of 3,330 geo-referenced farm households across Central and Western Kenya.  A bivariate probit model is applied to jointly examine the use of the two technologies.  Particular attention is given to measures of location related to market access and agroclimate, which in the adoption literature have typically been addressed using crude proxies....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Spatial analysis; Soil fertility; Market access; Technology adoption.; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Q12; Q16.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25903

Collective Action for Small-Scale Producers of Agricultural Biodiversity Products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kruijssen,   Froukje; Keizer,   Menno; Giuliani,   Alessandra.
The role of well-functioning markets for development is now widely recognized, however the challenge remains to make these markets benefit the poor and the environment. Increasing attention is being given to the potential role markets can play for agrobiodiversity conservation through product diversification and increasing competitiveness in niche and novelty markets. Bioversity International has undertaken several studies that explore the use of market-based approaches to on-farm agrobiodiversity management and livelihood improvement. Case studies have been developed on a range of species, varieties and derived products, including underutilized species and commodities in several regions of the world. This paper explores how the theory of collective action...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural biodiversity; Market chain; Market access; Livelihoods; Collective action; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50002

Agricultural Market Access: A Moving Target in the WTO Negotiations?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brockmeier,   Martina; Pelikan,   Janine.
This paper analyses the economic effects of different magnitudes of tariff cuts, different tariff cutting formulas, the implications of tariff capping as well as different numbers and width of tariff bands in the market access pillar of the Doha Round agricultural negotiations. The simulations are conducted with an extended version of the GTAP model and an extended version of the GTAP data base (6.0) including bound and applied rates. The results reveal that the EU-27 experiences a negative change of its trade balance in the highly protected beef and sugar sectors. The relative increase of EU beef and sugar imports is mainly evoked by the magnitude of tariff cuts and, to a lesser extent, by the kind of formula used to implement the tariff cuts. In...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market access; WTO negotiations; Bound and applied tariffs; CGE modeling; Agricultural trade policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25428