Consulta: subjectFacets:"O15"
Registros recuperados: 72
Data/hora: 09/06/2024 02:02:52

Female Schooling, Non-Market Productivity, and Labor Market Participation in Nigeria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
Economists have argued that increasing female schooling positively influences the labor supply of married women by inducing a faster rise in market productivity relative to non-market productivity. I use the Nigerian Labor Force Survey to investigate how own and husband’s schooling affect women’s labor market participation. I find that additional years of postsecondary education increases wage market participation probability by as much as 15.2%. A marginal increase in primary schooling has no effect on probability of wage employment, but could enhance participation rates in self-employment by about 5.40%. These effects are likely to be stronger when a woman is married to a more educated spouse. The results suggest that primary education is more productive...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nigeria; Female schooling; Women’s labor market participation; Non-market productivity; Labor and Human Capital; I21; J22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28451

Managing Migration through Quotas: An Option-theory Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moretto,   Michele; Vergalli,   Sergio.
Recent European Legislation on immigration has revealed a particular paradox on migration policies. On the one hand, the trend of recent legislation points to the increasing closure of frontiers (OECD 1999, 2001,2004), also by using immigration quotas. On the other hand, there is an increase of regularization, i.e., European policies are becoming less tight. Our aim here is to study these counterbalanced and opposite policies in European immigration legislation in a unified framework . To do this, we have used a real option approach to migration choice that assumes that the decision to migrate can be described as an irreversible investment decision where quotas represent an upper bound limit. Our results show that the paradox of counterbalancing...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Immigration; Real Option; Quota System; F22; J61; O15; R23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37818

Poverty and Distribution: Twenty Years Ago and Now
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kanbur,   Ravi.
This paper adopts the “Rip Van Winkle” stratagem, of asking what differences would be noticed, in the domain of poverty and distribution, by someone who fell asleep in 1987 (the year I published my paper on poverty in the IMF Staff Papers, and woke up only in 2007 (the year I visited the IMF to work on the present paper). I highlight, somewhat idiosyncratically, ten such differences under three broad headings: Facts and Empirics, Concepts and Theory, and Policies and Interventions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Poverty; Income Distribution; Development; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; D31; D63; I32; I38; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48918

The Right Amount of Trust
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Butler,   Jeffrey; Giuliano,   Paola; Guiso,   Luigi.
We investigate the relationship between individual trust and individual economic performance. We find that individual income is hump-shaped in a measure of intensity of trust beliefs. Heterogeneity of trust beliefs in the population, coupled with the tendency of individuals to extrapolate beliefs about others from their own levels of trustworthiness, could generate this non-monotonic relationship: highly trustworthy individuals tend to form overly optimistic beliefs, to assume too much social risk and to be cheated more often, ultimately performing less well than those with a belief close to the mean trustworthiness of the population. On the other hand, less trustworthy individuals form overly pessimistic beliefs and avoid being cheated, but give up...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trust; Trustworthiness; Economic Performance; Culture; False Consensus; Labor and Human Capital; A1; A12; D1; O15; Z1.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90947

A back-door brain drain
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Byra,   Lukasz.
In this paper we study the impact of the international migration of unskilled workers on skill formation and the average skill level in the home country. We analyze what appears to be the least threatening scenario from the point of view of its effect on the supply of skills at home: namely, migration exclusively by unskilled workers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that even without the departure of skilled workers, the home country suffers reduced aggregate skill formation. Although as a response to a higher wage rate per unit of human capital in the new equilibrium skilled workers choose to accumulate more human capital than before the opening up to migration of unskilled workers, the number and share of skilled workers in the home country’s workforce...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Migration of unskilled workers; Human capital formation; Depletion of human capital; Labor and Human Capital; F22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122433

Effects of Non-farm Employments on Poverty among Small Households in Developed Villages of Bangladesh: A Case of Comilla Sadar Upazila
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Malek,   Mohammad Abdul; Usami,   Koichi.
The study aims at estimating comprehensive effects of non-farm employments (NFEs) on poverty based on an intensive field survey conducted in 2008 on about 175 small landholding households in developed four villages of Comilla Sadar Upazila. We analyze participating factors of small household workers in NFEs and their effects on household production (farming and non-farm activities) and consumption (both food and non-food). For estimating consumption effects (poverty), we focus on food adequacy, income poverty and education poverty (as a part of human poverty). At each level of estimation, we depend on appropriate econometric regressions. Results find the significant positive role of overall NFEs on household NFAs rather faming. Remittance incomes do not...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Non-farm employments; Household economy; Production; Consumption; Income poverty; Education poverty; Bangladesh; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Land Economics/Use; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; J43; O15; Q12; Q17; R15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52811

Rural-Urban Migration and the Intergenerational Transmission of Wealth
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Enver,   Ayesha; Partridge,   Mark D.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/24/08.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Overlapping Generations Model; Rural-Urban Migration; Poverty Traps; Agglomeration Economies; Place-based Policies; Person-based Policies; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; R13; R58; O15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6475

Robust Estimates of Value of a Statistical Life for Developing Economies: An Application to Pollution and Mortality in Santiago
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bowland,   Brad J.; Beghin,   John C.
The value-of-statistical-life (VSL) approach is used by environmental economists to value mortality changes resulting from environmental improvement, such as decreased urban air pollution. Because of scarce data, VSL estimates are not available for developing countries. Using robust regression techniques, we conduct a meta-analysis of VSL studies in industrialized countries to derive a VSL prediction function for developing economies accounting for differences in risk, income, human capital levels, and other demographic characteristics of these economies. We apply our estimated VSL to assess the willingness-to-pay for reduction in mortality linked to air pollution in Santiago, Chile. We find willingness-to-pay estimates in the range of $519,000 to $675,000...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Meta-analysis; Mortality; Santiago; VSL; Willingness-to-pay; Environmental Economics and Policy; I12; Q25; O15.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18471

Local diversification of income sources versus migration: Complements or Substitutes? Evidence from rural families of the Senegalese Groundnut Basin
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sakho-Jimbira,   Maam Suwadu; Bignebat,   Celine.
Much has been written to show the importance of diversification for rural African households because of the considerable share of non-farm revenues in total income (Reardon, 1997; Reardon et al., 1998). The literature points out push and pull factors explaining that risk and adverse shocks which characterize farm activities urge rural population to diversify into more profitable non-farm activities. But less attention has been paid to the distinction between two diversification patterns, namely local diversification and migration, and their relationship. Drawing on the theoretical and empirical literature, we identify the advantages and drawbacks of local diversification versus migration decision in terms of expected pay-offs for the family and the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Diversification; Mutual insurance; Groundnut basin; Senegal; Consumer/Household Economics; O15; O55; D70; Q12.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7918

Essays on Regional Differences in Time Preferences and Attachment to Place
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yi,   Dale.
Data from a national telephone survey of working-aged adults in the continental US is combined with US Census 2000 data to explore the determinants of attachment to place and time preferences for jobs, natural amenities, and financial assets. Five regions in the US were delineated so that regional differences in the determinants of the dependent variables of interest could be parsed out. The regions are the Great Plains, Borderlands, Appalachia, the Plantation Belt, and the rest of the continental US.  The first essay that explores time preferences for jobs, natural amenities, and money. Each was embedded with a ten percent rate of return. In aggregate, the nation as a whole demonstrated that the discount rate for jobs, natural amenities, and financial...
Tipo: Thesis or Dissertation
Palavras-chave: Great Plains; Migration; Time preference; Survey; Community attachment; Social capital; Natural amenity; Economic development; Community; Census; Zip code; Policy; Native American; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R11; R23; R53; R58; Q51; Q52; O13; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56009

Does Social Capital Mitigate Precariousness?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sabatini,   Fabio.
There is a surprising gap in the economic literature on social capital. First, we lack studies addressing the effects of social capital on those facets of development that can contribute in making growth more sustainable in the long run, like, for example, human development and social cohesion. Second, it is still unclear what type of networks may exert a positive effect on the different dimensions of development. In particular, the literature has not yet provided a rigorous assessment of the role of strong family ties, that are generally referred to as a form of bonding social capital causing backwardness. This paper carries out an empirical investigation into the relationship between the three types of social capital so far identified by the literature...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social capital; Human development; Labour market; Precariousness; Italy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Labor and Human Capital; Risk and Uncertainty; J24; O15; Z13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6358

Household resources, household composition, and child nutritional outcomes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cameron,   Michael P.; Lim,   Steven.
In many developing countries the composition of rural households is influenced by the migration of adult household members to urban locations in search of employment. Children may be left in the care of their mother alone, or in the care of grandparents when both parents have migrated. Using representative data from rural Northeast Thailand, this paper investigates whether household composition has any effect on the nutritional outcomes of children. Our findings suggest that household types other than nuclear families result in some significantly worse child nutritional outcomes. One implication is that governments should target programs to protect the welfare of the children of migrants in origin communities.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Household composition; Children; Thailand; Consumer/Household Economics; I12; O15; O18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10371

Emigration and Wages: The EU Enlargement Experiment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elsner,   Benjamin.
This paper studies the impact of a large emigration wave on real wages in the source country. Following EU enlargement in 2004, a large share of the workforce of the Central and Eastern Europe emigrated to Western Europe. Using data from Lithuania for the calibration of a factor demand model I show that emigration had a significant short-run impact on real wages in the source country. In particular, emigration led to a change in the wage distribution between young and old workers. The wages of young workers increased by 6%, whereas the wages of old workers decreased by around 1%. On the contrary, I find no effect on the wage distribution between workers of different education levels.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Emigration; EU Enlargement; European Integration; Wage Distribution; Labor and Human Capital; F22; J31; O15; R23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119098

Paths to Success: The Relationship Between Human Development and Economic Growth
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boozer,   Michael A.; Ranis,   Gustav; Stewart,   Frances; Suri,   Tavneet.
This paper explores the two-way relationships between Economic Growth (EG) and Human Development (HD), building on an earlier work by Ranis, Stewart, and Ramirez (2000). Here, we show that HD is not only a product of EG but also an important input to it. The paper develops new empirical strategies to estimate the strength of the two-way chains connecting HD and EG. Building on existing growth literature, we explore the empirical determinants of positive growth trajectories running from HD to EG and find that HD plays an essential role in explaining growth trajectories. Our findings point to the empirical relevance of endogenous growth models in general, and threshold effect models in particular. We also develop a measure of the strength of the EG to HD...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human development; Economic growth; Threshold models; Labor and Human Capital; O15; O57; C23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28379

Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Janvry,   Alain; Sadoulet,   Elisabeth.
This paper explores a territorial approach to rural development in Latin America. It first reviews evidence that progress in rural social development has not been accompanied by reductions in income poverty and inequality. It then assesses qualitative changes that have occurred in rural incomes and the emergence of new opportunities for rural poverty reduction and draws implications for the potential of a territorial approach to rural development. Recent experiences with territorial approaches are briefly reviewed and lessons extracted for the implementation of such an approach. It concludes with a series of recommendations for implementation of a territorial approach to rural development.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Rural development; Rural poverty; Territorial approach; Inequality; Latin America; Community/Rural/Urban Development; O10; O13; O15; O18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/112593

How Fast Do Urban Migrants Change Their Diets?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Rapid urbanization is a major cause of structural change in food demand. In West Africa, urbanization is associated with a switch from coarse grains to rice and wheat, in Melanesia the switch is from root crops to rice and wheat, while in much of Asia the switch is away from cereals (and within cereals to wheat). Although reasons why urban diets differ from traditional rural diets are well known, the rate at which recent arrivals from the countryside switch their diet has not been estimated. Evidence on the speed of this dietary change can help to show whether studies of urban food demand need to control for cohort effects and may also help producers forecast the size of their future urban markets. This paper uses cross-sectional household survey data from...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food demand; Migration; Urbanization; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D12; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123806

Migration, Household Composition, and Child Welfare in Rural Northeast Thailand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cameron,   Michael P.; Lim,   Steven.
In many developing countries the composition of rural households is influenced by the migration of adult household members to urban locations in search of employment. Children may be left in the care of their mother alone, or in the care of grandparents when both parents have migrated. Using representative data from a household survey conducted in rural Northeast Thailand in 2003, this paper investigates whether household composition has any effect on the welfare of children, as measured by anthropometric measurements including height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height. Our findings suggest that household types other than nuclear families result in some significantly worse child nutritional outcomes. The implication is that governments should...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Household composition; Children; Thailand; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; I31; O15; O18.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98508

Does Social Capital Create Trust? Evidence from a Community of Entrepreneurs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sabatini,   Fabio.
Which kind of social capital fosters the diffusion of development-oriented trust? This paper carries out an empirical investigation into the causal relationships connecting four types of social capital (i.e. bonding, bridging, linking, and corporate), and different forms of trust (knowledge-based trust, social trust, trust towards public services and political  institutions), in a community of entrepreneurs located in the Italian industrial district of the Tuscia. Our results suggest that the main factors fostering the diffusion of social trust among entrepreneurs are the perception that the local community is a safe place, and the establishment of corporate ties through professional associations. Trust in people is positively and significantly correlated...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trust; Social capital; Safety; Professional associations; Entrepreneurship; Corporate ties; Group and Interpersonal Processes; Social Perception and Cognition; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; J24; O15; Z13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52340

Two Statistical Problems in the Princeton Project on the European Fertility Transition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brown,   John C.; Guinnane,   Timothy W.
The Princeton Project on the Decline of Fertility in Europe (or European Fertility Project, hereafter EFP) was carried out at Princeton University's Office of Population Research in the 1960s and 1970s.  This project aimed to characterize the decline of fertility that took place in Europe during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  The project's summary statements argued that social and economic forces played little role in bringing about the fertility transition.  The statement stresses instead a process of innovation and diffusion.  A central feature of the EFP argument is a series of statistical exercises that purport to show that changes in economic and social conditions exerted little influence on fertility.  Two recent papers on Germany for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fertility transition; Labor and Human Capital; J13; N33; O15.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28392

Adjusting Household Structure: School Enrollment Impacts of Child Fostering in Burkina Faso
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Akresh,   Richard.
Researchers claim that children growing up away from their biological parents may be at a disadvantage and have lower human capital investment. This paper measures the impact of child fostering on school enrollment and uses household and child fixed effects regressions to address the endogeneity of fostering. Data collection by the author involved tracking and interviewing the sending and receiving household participating in of foster children with their non-fostered biological siblings. Foster children are equally likely as their host siblings to be enrolled after fostering and are 3.6 percent more likely to be enrolled than their biological siblings. Relative to children from non-fostering households, host siblings, biological siblings, and foster...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human capital investment; Child fostering; Household structure; Labor and Human Capital; J12; I20; O15; D10.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28521

China's Income Distribution over Time: Reasons for Rising Inequality
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wu,   Ximing; Perloff,   Jeffrey M.
We use a new method to estimate China's income distributions using publicly available interval summary statistics from China's largest national household survey. We examine rural, urban, and overall income distributions for each year from 1985-2001. By estimating the entire distributions, we can show how the distributions change directly as well as examine trends in traditional welfare indices such as the Gini. We find that inequality has increased substantially in both rural and urban areas. Using an inter-temporal decomposition of aggregate inequality, we determine that increases in inequality within the rural and urban sectors and the growing gap in rural and urban incomes have been equally responsible for the growth in overall inequality over the last...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; O15; O18; O53.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25036

Risk, Network Quality, and Family Structure: Child Fostering Decisions in Burkina Faso
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Akresh,   Richard.
Researchers often assume household structure is exogenous, but child fostering, the institution in which parents send their biological children to live with another family, is widespread in sub- Saharan Africa and provides evidence against this assumption. Using data I collected in Burkina Faso, I analyze a household's decision to adjust its size and composition through fostering. A household fosters children as a risk-coping mechanism in response to exogenous income shocks, if it has a good social network, and to satisfy labor demands within the household. Increases of one standard deviation in a household's agricultural shock, percentage of good network members, or number of older girls increase the probability of sending a child above the current...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Child fostering; Risk-coping; Social networks; Household structure; Consumer/Household Economics; O15; J12; D10.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28454

Population Policies, Fertility, Women's Human Capital, and Child Quality
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of women, such as policies that subsidize the diffusion and use of best practice birth control technologies.  Evaluation of the consequences of such family planning programs almost never assess their long-run consequences, such as on labor supply, savings, or investment in the human capital of children, although they occasionally estimate the short-run association with the adoption of contraception or age-specific fertility.  The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider instrumental...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Consequences of Fertility Decline; Child Quality; Evaluation of Population Policies; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J24; O15.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10120

Migration and Rural Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lucas,   Robert E.B.
The paper summarizes the key routes through which internal and international migration impact rural development and some of the evidence pertaining to these effects in low income countries. It concludes that, although the study of migration impacts on rural economies has come a long way from the early dual theories of development, some of the potentially more important aspects remain to be investigated systematically.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Migration; Rural development; Remittances; Rural poverty; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Labor and Human Capital; F22; O13; O15; O18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/112594

Health and Growth: Causality through Education
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huang,   Rui; Fulginiti,   Lilyan E.; Peterson,   E. Wesley F.
Replaced with revised version of paper 08/24/09.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: HIV/AIDS; Africa; Life expectancy; Growth; Overlapping generations; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; I18; I20; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51735

Human Development: Beyond the HDI
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav; Stewart,   Frances; Samman,   Emma.
This paper explores ways of enlarging the measurement and understanding of Human Development (HD) beyond the relatively reductionist Human Development Index. From the extensive literature on well-being, we derived eleven categories of HD. Within each category, we then identified a potential set of indicators which were measurable and reflect performance with respect to that category. In order to reduce the number of indicators representing each category, we included only one for any set highly rank order correlated with each other, as well as including indicators not correlated with any other indicator in that category. Our aim was to retain only indicators which are broadly independent of each other. We subsequently investigated the extent of correlation...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human development; Quality of life; Comparative country performance; Labor and Human Capital; I31; O15; O57.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28389

Private Wage Returns to Schooling in Nigeria: 1996-1999
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
In the last two decades, primary and secondary school enrollment rates have declined in Nigeria while enrollment rates in post-secondary school have increased. This paper estimates from the General Household Survey for Nigeria the private returns to schooling associated with levels of educational attainment for wage and self-employed workers. The estimates for both men and women are small at primary and secondary levels, 2 to 4 percent, but are substantial at post-secondary education level, 10-15 percent. These schooling return estimates may account for the recent trends in enrollments. Thus, increasing public investment to encourage increased attendance in basic education is not justifiable on grounds of private efficiency, unless investments to increase...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling investment; Private wage returns; Efficiency; Equity; Nigeria; Labor and Human Capital; O15; I12; J24.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28489

Wage Rentals for Reproducible Human Capital: Evidence from Ghana and the Ivory Coast
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
Education, child nutrition, adult health/nutrition, and labor mobility are critical factors in achieving recent sustained growth in factor productivity.  To compare the contribution of these four human capital inputs, as expanded specification of the wage function is estimated from household (LSMS) surveys of The Ivory Coast and Ghana.  Specification tests assess whether the human capital inputs are exogenous, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the wage function.  Smaller panels from the Ivory Coast imply the magnitude of measurement error in the human capital inputs and provide more efficient instruments to estimate the wage equation.  The conclusion emerges that weight-for-height and height are endogenous, particularly prone to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Endogenous human capital returns; Health; Migration; Schooling; Africa; Physical stature; Labor and Human Capital; J24; I12; O15; J31.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28533

The Role of Non-Farm Incomes in Reducing Rural Poverty and Inequality in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Janvry,   Alain; Sadoulet,   Elisabeth; Zhu,   Nong.
China's record in reducing rural poverty has been nothing short of spectacular and should be a source of lessons for other countries. Rural poverty reduction is generally sought in the role of agriculture in contributing to farm incomes. However, non-farm employment in rural areas can also be a major contributor. Using detailed household survey data from Hubei province, we simulate the counterfactual of what rural households' incomes, poverty, and inequality would be in the absence of access to non-farm sources of income. Results show that, without non-farm employment, rural poverty would be much higher and deeper, and that income inequality would be higher as well. We find that education, proximity to town, neighborhood effects, and village effects are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-farm income; Inequality; Poverty; China; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Security and Poverty; D63; O15; Q12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25043

The New Model of Foreign Aid Drawn from the Experiences of Japan and the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav; Kosack,   Stephen; Togo,   Ken.
This paper compares Japan and the US as they provide different types of capital to the developing world, focusing especially on foreign aid and, to some extent, also on remittances and the role of NGOs. The main focus is on the quality of aid and on past conceptual differences and on an emerging convergence between these two major donors, with Japan having the potential advantage of being able to bring its own historical experience in development to bear.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Foreign Aid; Remittances; NGO; Japan; U.S.; International Development; O11; O15; O16; O23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118648

The impacts of mobile phone coverage expansion and personal networks on migration: evidence from Uganda
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Muto,   Megumi.
Personal networks can help rural workers find urban jobs. Moreover, when the information flow increases due to the mobile phone coverage expansion, the new information flow may strengthen the existing personal networks or bypass them, helping those who were previously outside the networks in the latter case. We examine the combined impact of mobile phone coverage expansion and personal networks by using panel data of 856 households in 94 communities in rural Uganda, where the number of communities covered by mobile phone coverage increased from 41 to 87 communities over a two-year period between first and second surveys in 2003 and 2005, respectively. We first find that, when the household head’s ethnicity belongs to a larger ethnic group in Kampala, an...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Africa; Networks; Information; Migrants; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; J21; J61; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51898

Nutrient Demand Elasticities with Noisy Measures of Household Resources
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Many studies suggest that changes in household economic resources (incomes and expenditure) have little effect on nutrient intakes and child malnutrition in developing countries. This paper examines the impact that errors-in-variables have on inferences about the importance of household incomes to the calorie and protein demands of households. Results are based on a new household survey from Papua New Guinea, with repeated observations on households during the year. These repeated observations allow regression estimates to be corrected for the differing reliabilities of the explanatory variables.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Errors-in-variables; Income; Nutrition; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; I32; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123807

Trade-off between Economic Revitalization and Social Capital: Application of Structural Equation Model in Japan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kunimitsu,   Yoji.
An income inequality has been expanded in Japan and some policy is highly needed to revitalize rural areas. This study aims to show causative factors on regional satisfaction level by the estimation of the structural equation model (SEM) with data of each town in Yamagata and Yamaguchi prefectures. Results demonstrate that (i) both the economic situations and social capital (represented by trust, altruistic moral and human network) positively affected the satisfaction level, but there is a trade-off between these effects, (ii) public facilities can increase satisfaction level as long as these facilities are built with consideration of residents' needs and quality, and (iii) the economic factor and social capital have indirect effects, affecting to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Direct and indirect effects; Evaluation for public facilities; Regional economic situations; Social capital; Trade-off effect; Community/Rural/Urban Development; O15; R11; R15; R53; R58.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56331

Insuring Rural China's Health? An Empirical Analysis of China's New Cooperative Medical System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   Linxiu; Wang,   H. Holly; Rozelle,   Scott; Yan,   Yuanyuan.
Although health is an important factor in economic development, millions of China's rural residents have no medical coverage. Nearly 10 percent of those that were sick in rural China consciously did not seek medical care, mostly because of financial constraints. More than 25% of rural residents are dissatisfied with their village's health system. In response to this deteriorating situation, a new cooperative medical system (NCMS) was initialized in rural China in 2003 by the government. However, after two years of trials, there has been no household-based, economic analysis of the program. This paper provides one of the first. Although where introduced, most rural residents voluntarily participate, there are many problems with the program. First, at least...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural Health; Insurance; Targeting; Design Problems; China; Health Economics and Policy; I11; O15; O53.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25586

Investigating affordability problems of utility services –   A theoretical study on the ratio measure
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gawel,   Erik; Bretschneider,   Wolfgang.
Unlike in developing countries, there tends to be no problem of access to water, electricity, and heating for private households in transition countries. However, transition countries have a considerable amount of low-income households, and the problem of affordability of these environmental-related utility services remains urgent. Welfare economics literature suggests to neglect affordability aspects by separating allocative from distributive impacts of pricing. In practice, this separation runs the risk of rendering impossible any sustainability-oriented price reform. An Institutional Economics approach takes competing objectives into account. From this viewpoint it appears to be worth investigating the affordability-concept.   Although the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Affordability; Transition Countries; Utility Services; Agricultural and Food Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Political Economy; D11; H41; L97; O15; Q56.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90795

Costly Posturing: Relative Status, Ceremonies and Early Child Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chen,   Xi; Zhang,   Xiaobo.
Though social spending facilitates risk‐pooling in the impoverished regions, too many resources devoted to social occasions may impose negative externalities and hinder efforts to alleviate poverty for households living close to subsistence. Conducting three waves census‐type panel survey in rural western China with well‐defined reference groups and detailed information on social occasions, gift exchanges, nutrients intake and health outcomes, we find that the squeeze effect originated from lavish ceremonies is associated with lower height‐for‐age zscore, higher probability of stunting and underweight in early child development. The lasting impact suggests that “catch up” is limited. The squeeze is stronger for the fetal period and towards the lower tail...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Relative Status; Squeeze Effect; Nutrients Intake; Stunting; Underweight; Gender; Agribusiness; D13; I32; O15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115517

Impacto del programa Juntos sobre nutrición temprana
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jaramillo,   Miguel; Sánchez,   Alan.
Desde fines del 2005, el programa Juntos brinda transferencias monetarias condicionadas a los hogares ubicados en los distritos pobres del Perú. En el año 2010, había alrededor de 420 mil hogares beneficiados. Si bien se evidencian mejoras en los indicadores nutricionales de los niños afiliados al programa, la pregunta de la investigación es: ¿hasta qué punto estas mejoras serían consecuencia de Juntos? Esta pregunta es válida dado que durante el periodo de estudio existe una tendencia clara hacia la reducción en los niveles de desnutrición crónica a nivel nacional. Según cifras oficiales, la desnutrición crónica disminuyó de 28.5% en 2007 a 23.2% en 2010.   Los resultados evidencian que Juntos habría favorecido a aquellos niños ubicados en los percentiles...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Evaluación de programas; Programas sociales; Nutrición; Salud infantil; Perú; Programme evaluation; Social programmes; Nutrition; Child health; Peru; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; H43; I12; I38; O15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120319

Effects of rural non-farm employment on economic vulnerability and income distribution of small farms in Croatia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mollers,   Judith; Buchenrieder,   Gertrud.
Replaced with revised version of paper 10/06/09.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural non-farm employment; Rural poverty; Croatia; Income distribution; Agribusiness; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Q12; P25; O15; O18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52863

The Decision to Migrate and Social Capital: Evidence from Albania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cattaneo,   Cristina.
The objective of this paper is to determine whether the participation in social organizations, which are commonly defined as a form of social capital, represents a complement or a substitute with respect to emigration. The nature of the relationship depends on the motivations behind the two choices, which induce the households to join a group and to invest in migration. To address this research question a bivariate probit model is employed, in that the decision to migrate and to join a social organization are estimated simultaneously. Both temporary and permanent emigration of the household are addressed. The results of the empirical estimation reveal that families participating in social organizations are more likely to send siblings abroad permanently,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Migration; Social Capital; Information Network; Labor and Human Capital; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55290

The Gender and Generational Consequences of the Demographic Transition and Population Policy: An Assessment of the Micro and Macro Linkages
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
The demographic transition changes the age composition of a population, affecting resource allocations at the household and aggregate level. If age profiles of income, consumption, savings and investments were stable and estimable for the entire population, they might suggest how the demographic transition would affects inputs to growth. However, existing macro and micro simulations are estimated from unrepresentative samples of wage earners that do not distinguish sex, schooling, etc. The “demographic dividend” is better evaluated through case studies of household surveys and long-run social experiments.  Matlab, Bangladesh, extended a family planning and maternal and child health program to half the villages in its district in 1977, and recorded...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fertility decline; Demographic transition; Intergenerational transfers; Gender; Consumer/Household Economics; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; J13; J21; J68; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54534

Employment Growth and Income Inequality: Accounting for Spatial and Sectoral Differences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pede,   Valerien O.; Florax,   Raymond J.G.M.; Partridge,   Mark D.
This paper revisits the inequality-growth relationship accounting for sectoral differences and focusing on US counties. For 8 two-digit industries of the NAICS classification, we estimated a conditional growth model where employment growth depends on regional income inequality and a number of control variables. Spatial econometrics techniques are used to account for spatial dependence. Results indicate that there is no association between employment growth and family income inequality for the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting sector and the Real Estate, Rental and Leasing sector. However, income inequality consistently shows a negative impact on employment growth in the construction sector, and results are mixed for other sectors such as:...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Employment growth; Inequality; Spatial dependence; Community/Rural/Urban Development; R0; R11; O15; D30.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49460

Peer Effects and Textbooks in Primary Education: Evidence from Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Frolich,   Markus; Michaelowa,   Katharina.
As opposed to many other school inputs, textbooks have frequently been demonstrated to significantly foster student achievement. Using the rich data set provided by the 'Program on the Analysis of Education Systems' (PASEC) for five francophone, sub-Saharan African countries, this paper goes beyond the estimation of direct effects of textbooks on students' learning and focuses on peer effects resulting from textbooks owned by students' classmates. Applying and extending nonparametric estimation methods from the treatment evaluation literature we separate the direct effect of textbooks from their peer effect. The latter clearly dominates but depends upon the initial level of textbook availability.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Primary education; Student achievement; Evaluation; Nonparametric estimation; Labor and Human Capital; C14; C21; O15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26262

Poverty and the Rural Non-Farm Economy in Oromia, Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: van den Berg,   Marrit; Kumbi,   Girma Earo.
The rural non-farm sector has gained increasing importance over the past decades. In much of Africa, this has had limited effect on the poor, who face entry barriers to non-farm activities. As a result, the nonfarm economy does not reduce poverty but increases inequality instead. Some, but not all, evidence for Ethiopia, however, contradicts this general pattern: the poor do participate in the nonfarm economy, but apparently this does not lift them out of poverty. The present paper analyses the relation between non-farm income and inequality in Oromia, the largest state of Ethiopia, where most households rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihood. The traditional development approach of providing technology and infrastructure to increase agricultural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; J23; J32; O15; Q12.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25689

Internal Mobility and International Migration in Albania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carletto,   Calogero; Davis,   Benjamin; Stampini,   Marco; Trento,   Stefano; Zezza,   Alberto.
Using evidence from two recent data sources – the 2002 Albania Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) and the 2001 Population Census of Albania – the paper documents the phenomena of internal and external migration in Albania, a country that in the past decade has experienced dramatic changes as it makes its transition to a more open market economy.  Albania is a country on the move, both internally and internationally. This mobility plays a key role in household-level strategies to cope with the economic hardship of transition and it is perhaps the single most important political, social, and economic phenomenon in post-communist Albania.  The order of magnitude of the observed flows is astonishing.  Almost one half of all Albanian households have had...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Migration; Albania; Migration Networks; Remittances; Coping Strategies.; Labor and Human Capital; F22; N34; O15; P2; R23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23797

Fertility in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schultz,   T. Paul.
The associations between fertility and outcomes in the family and society have been treated as causal, but this is inaccurate if fertility is a choice coordinated by families with other life-cycle decisions, including labour supply of mothers and children, child human capital, and savings.  Estimating how exogenous changes in fertility that are uncorrelated with preferences or constraints affect others depends on our specifying a valid instrumental variable for fertility.  Twins have served as such an instrument and confirm that the cross-effects of fertility estimated on the basis of this instrument are smaller in absolute value than their associations.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fertility Determination; Malthus; Household Demands; Fertility Effects; Labor and Human Capital; D13; J13; N30; O15.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10119

Assessing the Impact of the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (B/C CRSP) Graduate Degree Training
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jamora,   Nelissa; Bernsten,   Richard H.; Maredia,   Mywish K.
The study evaluated the impacts of the graduate degree training (GDT) component of the B/C CRSP. In their enhanced capacity, trainees have been playing important roles in strengthening teaching and research capacity in bean and cowpea sectors, both in the U.S. and in host countries. The study recommends the continued commitment and increased financial support to GDT.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Impact assessment; B/C CRSP; Training; Graduate degree; Beans; Cowpeas; Crop Production/Industries; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; Q16; I23; O15; O19.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6918

Reasons for Remitting
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stark,   Oded.
This paper presents a set of reflections on what gives rise to remittances, which constitute a major part of the impact of migration on economic development in the migrants’ own countries. The collage of reasons presented serves to illustrate that remittance behavior is the outcome of an intricate interplay between the preferences and interests of migrants and their families.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Reasons for remitting; Consumer/Household Economics; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D31; F22; F24; J61; O12; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52800

Returns from Income Strategies in Rural Poland
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Falkowski,   Jan; Jakubowski,   Maciej; Strawinski,   Pawel.
In order to stabilize and improve their income situation, rural households are strongly encouraged to diversify their activities both in and outside the agricultural sector. Most often, however, this phenomenon takes on only moderate proportions. This paper addresses issues of rural households’ income diversification in the case of Poland. It investigates returns from rural households’ income strategies using propensity score matching methods and extensive datasets spanning 1998-2008. Results suggest that returns from combining farm and off-farm activities were lower than returns from specialization, namely, concentrating on farming or on off-farm activities. Generally, farming seems to be the most attractive option for rural households and income...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Income diversification; Rural areas; Propensity score matching; Poland; Community/Rural/Urban Development; D31; O15; Q12.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114364

Weather Risk and the Off-­Farm  Labor Supply of Agricultural Households in India
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ito,   Takahiro; Kurosaki,   Takashi.
As one of the measures to smooth income, this paper focuses on the diversification of labor allocation across activities. A key feature of this paper is that it pays particular attention to differences in the covariance between weather risk and agricultural wages and between weather risk and nonagricultural wages. We estimate a multivariate tobit model of labor allocation using household data from rural areas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. The regression results show that the share of the off­farm labor supply increases with the weather risk, and the increase is much larger in the case of nonagricultural wage work than in the case of agricultural wage work. Simulation results based on the regression estimates show that the sectoral difference is...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Covariate risk; Nonfarm employment; Selfemployment; Food security; India; Labor and Human Capital; Q12; O15; J22.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25774

Does Increase in Women's Income Relative to Men's Income Increase Food calorie Intake in Poor Households? Evidence from Nigeria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
This paper addresses an important but not widely investigated question of how calorie consumption in African low income households would respond to intra-household redistribution of income from men to women. Specifically, I use survey data on a sample of 480 households from semi-rural areas of south-western Nigeria to analyze the response of per capita calorie intake to changes in women’s share of household income, after controlling for per capita income and demographic characteristics at individual, household and community levels. I also examine the effect of marginal increases in household income on per-capita calorie intake conditional on the income distribution factor, women’s share of income. My results suggest that redistributing household income...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nigeria; Intra-Household Redistribution of Income; Women’s Income Share Elasticity; Calorie Consumption; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D13; I12; O15; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51374

The Prospect of Migration, Sticky Wages, and "Educated Unemployment"
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stark,   Oded; Fan,   C. Simon.
An increase in the probability of work abroad, where the returns to schooling are higher than at home, induces more individuals in a developing country to acquire education, which leads to an increase in the supply of educated workers in the domestic labor market. Where there is a sticky wage-rate, the demand for labor at home will be constant. With a rising supply and constant demand, the rate of unemployment of educated workers in the domestic labor market will increase. Thus, the prospect of employment abroad causes involuntary “educated unemployment” at home. A government that is concerned about “educated unemployment” and might therefore be expected to encourage unemployed educated people to migrate will nevertheless, under certain conditions, elect...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; E24; F22; J24; O15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98572

Country Patterns of Behavior on Broader Dimensions of Human Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav; Stewart,   Frances; Samman,   Emma.
This paper adopts a more expansive definition of Human Development than that encompassed by the Human Development Index in order to explore diverse country patterns of behavior in relation to these broadened dimensions. We proceed by first identifying the dimensions to be investigated and subsequently present the methodology adopted for clarifying country behavior with respect to these dimensions. Countries are shown to differ substantially in terms of their choices among the independent dimensions of well-being which may or may not be constrained by history or culture. We then group countries by level of per capita income, experience with internal conflict, region of the world, oil, wealth, distance from the equator, distance from the sea, in the search...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Human Development; Quality of Life; Happiness; Capabilities; Country Behavior; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; I31; O15; O57.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6877

Intra-Household Redistribution of Income and Calorie Consumption in South-Western Nigeria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aromolaran,   Adebayo B.
This study investigates how per capita calorie intake in low income households of rural southwestern Nigeria responds to changes in total household income and women’s share of household income. The study addresses two major questions. First, is calorie-income elasticity large enough to justify the use of income increases as a food/nutrition policy strategy for increasing calorie intake among low income households? Second, what is the potential effect of intra-household redistribution of income from men to women on per capita calorie consumption? My results show that calorie-income elasticity is small and close to zero, implying that income policies may not be the most effective way to achieve substantial improvements in calorie consumption. I also find...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nigeria; Intra-household redistribution of income; Women’s income share elasticity; Income elasticity; Calorie consumption; Consumer/Household Economics; D13; I12; O15; Q18.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28450

Poverty and Employment in Timber-Dependent Counties
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berck,   Peter; Costello,   Christopher; Fortmann,   Louise; Hoffmann,   Sandra A.
One of the most controversial aspects of federal and state policies aimed at protecting old-growth ecosystems has been the potential impact of job losses on local economies. A fundamental question for historically timber-dependent communities is whether these policies will result in local economic stagnation and enduring pockets of poverty. In this paper, we examine the long-run impact of changes in timber-related employment on other types of employment and participation in major federal poverty programs. We use monthly, multi-county time series data to estimate a vector autoregressive model of the experience of northern California counties during the 1980s and 1990s. We find that employment base multiplier effects of timber employment on other types of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Forest policy; Poverty; Employment; Time series; Food Security and Poverty; Q23; O15; R11; R15.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10831

Female Household-Headship in Rural Bangladesh: Incidence, Determinants and Impact on Children's Schooling
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Joshi,   Shareen.
This paper uses data from Matlab, Bangladesh to examine the characteristics of female-headed households and estimate the impact of female-headship on children’'s schooling. Female householdheads in Matlab fall into two broad groups: widows and married women, most of whom are wives of migrants. These women differ from each other not only in their current socio-economic circumstances, but also in their backgrounds and circumstances prior to getting married. To identify the effects of female-headship on children’'s outcomes, I use a two-stage least squares strategy that controls for the possible endogeneity of both types of female-headship. Results indicate that children residing in households headed by married women have stronger schooling attainments than...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Female-headed Households; Widowhood; Migration; Schooling; Labor and Human Capital; J12; J13; J16; I21; O15.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28424

Regional Income Inequality and Economic Growth: A Spatial Econometrics Analysis for Provinces in the Philippines
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pede,   Valerien O.; Sparks,   Adam H.; McKinley,   Justin D.
This paper revisits the inequality-growth relationship using data at the sub-national (provincial) level in the Philippines over the period 1991- 2000. A conditional convergence growth model is considered where the growth of per capita income depends on inequality and other growth factors. The contribution of each province to the overall inequality obtained from the Theil index is considered. Results indicate that inequality has a positive and significant effect on per capita income growth. However, the magnitude of the inequality effect is not stable across regions. Geographically Weighted Regression estimates show that the magnitude of the inequality growth relationship varies over a range of 0.72 to 3.36. Other results are also noteworthy in this study....
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Clusters; Growth; Inequality; Spatial econometrics; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; R11; R12; O15; C21.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124402

Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers and Remittances on Credit Market Outcomes in Rural Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hernandez,   Emilio; Sam,   Abdoul G.; Gonzalez-Vega,   Claudio; Chen,   Joyce J.
The impact of public and private transfers on credit markets has not been sufficiently studied  and understanding any spill over effects caused by these transfers may be useful for policy makers. This  paper estimates the impact of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) and remittances received by poor  households in rural Nicaragua on their decision to request a loan. We find that, on average, CCTs did not  affect the request of credit while remittances increased it, controlling for potential endogeneity. We argue  the reduction in income risk provided by remittances changes borrowers’ expected marginal returns to a  loan and/or their creditworthiness, as perceived by lenders. The successful enforcement of the use of CCTs  on long-term investments seems to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: International Development; D14; F22; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49319

Economic Growth, Comparative Advantage, and Gender Differences in Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from the Birthweight Differences of Chinese Twins
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rosenzweig,   Mark R.; Zhang,   Junsen.
Data from two surveys of twins in China are used to contribute to an improved  understanding of the role of economic development in affecting gender differences in the trends in, levels of, and returns to schooling observed in China and in many developing countries in recent decades. In particular, we explore the hypothesis that these phenomena reflect differences in comparative advantage with respect to skill and brawn between men and women in the context of changes in incomes, returns to skill, and/or nutritional improvements that are the result of economic development and growth.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling; Gender; Twins; China; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Productivity Analysis; J24; J16; I15; I25; O15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121672

Local Communities in front of Big External Investors: An Opportunity or a Risk?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
In the current age of trade and financial openness, local economies in developing countries are becoming increasingly exposed to external investments. The objective of the proposed two-sector model with environmental externalities is to provide an insight into the interaction between external investors and local communities with a focus upon the different strategies and income sources available to each category. In this context, analysis suggests that environmental regulations and incentives offered in order to attract external capital investment (whether foreign or national) may have an un-uniform impact on the two typologies of actors.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Foreign Direct Investments; Environmental Negative Externalities; Structural Changes; Poverty Alleviation; International Development; F21; F43; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98093

Preliminary Impacts of a New Seasonal Work Program on Rural Household Incomes in the Pacific
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John; McKenzie,   David.
Seasonal work programs are increasingly advocated by international aid agencies as a way of enabling both developed and developing countries to benefit from migration. They are argued to provide workers with new skills and allow them to send remittances home, without the receiving country having to worry about long-term assimilation and the source country worrying about permanent loss of skills. However, formal evidence as to the development impact of seasonal worker programs is nonexistent. This paper provides the first such evaluation, studying New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) program which allows Pacific Island migrants to work in horticulture and viticulture in New Zealand for up to seven months per year. We use baseline and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Propensity score matching; Rural household incomes; Seasonal work programs; Labor and Human Capital; J61; O15.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50101

Rural Employment Diversification in India: Trends, Determinants and Implications on Poverty
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kumar,   Anjani; Kumar,   Sant; Singh,   Dhiraj Kumar; Shivjee.
This paper has studied rural employment diversification in India and across major states using NSSO data at household level for the period 1983 and 2009-10. Factors affecting rural employment diversification towards non-farm sector have also been studied. Analysis has shown that the non-farm sector has consistently grown over time and employed nearly one-third of the rural workforce in 2009-10, as compared to merely one-fifth in 1983 at all-India level. The similar trend is seen across major states as well, though the pace and pattern varied widely. In providing employment to rural workforce, increasing dominance of crop production, followed by animal husbandry was observed across major states during 2009-10. The share of fishery and forestry was...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Rural employment; Employment diversification; Crop sector; Agricultural and Food Policy; J21; J23; O15; O18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119386

How Fast Do Urban Migrants Change Their Diets?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gibson,   John.
Rapid urbanization is a major cause of structural change in food demand. In West Africa, urbanization is associated with a switch from coarse grains to rice and wheat, in Melanesia the switch is from root crops to rice and wheat, while in much of Asia the switch is away from cereals (and within cereals to wheat). Although reasons why urban diets differ from traditional rural diets are well known, the rate at which recent arrivals from the countryside switch their diet has not been estimated. Evidence on the speed of this dietary change can help to show whether studies of urban food demand need to control for cohort effects and may also help producers forecast the size of their future urban markets. This paper uses cross-sectional household survey data from...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food demand; Migration; Urbanization; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D12; O15.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123806

Migrant Labor Markets and the Welfare of Rural Households in the Developing World: Evidence from China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Brauw,   Alan; Giles,   John.
In this paper, we examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. We find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with out-migration, and increase more for poorer households. We also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. We do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Migrant Networks; Consumption; Poverty; Wealth; Rural China; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Labor and Human Capital; O12; O15; J22; J24.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6085

Structural Change, Environment and Well-being: Interactions Between Production and Consumption Choices of the Rich and the Poor in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
Replaced with revised version of paper 01/16/09.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Production; Consumption Choices; Welfare; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37671

Child Labor
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Udry,   Christopher R.
Child labor exists because it is the best response people can find in intolerable circumstances. Poverty and child labor are mutually reinforcing: because their parents are poor, children must work and not attend school, and then grow up poor. Child labor has two important special features. First, when financial markets are imperfect, the separation in time between the immediate benefits and long-delayed costs of sending children to work lead to too much child labor. Second, the costs and benefits of child labor are borne by different people. Targeted subsidies for school attendance are very effective in reducing child labor because they successfully address both of these problems.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Child labor; Human capital; Household economics; Labor and Human Capital; J24; O15.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28393

Migration and Land Rental as Risk Response in Rural China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ward,   Patrick S.; Shively,   Gerald E.
Households in developing countries take various actions to smooth income or consumption as a means of managing or responding to risk. One of the principal means of smoothing income is through the diversification of income sources, including non-farm employment and rural-urban migration.  An important consumption smoothing strategy involves the accumulation and depletion of assets.  We examine migration and land rental market participation as responses to risk in rural China.  Using a longitudinal data set comprised of households in nine provinces in China from 1991 through 2006, we are able to test for the effect of various manifestations of underlying idiosyncratic and covariate income risk on household responses.  We find that covariate risks increase...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: China; Risk; Consumption smoothing; Income smoothing; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Risk and Uncertainty; O15; R23; Q15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103379

Human Development and Economic Growth
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav.
Recent literature has contrasted Human Development, described as the ultimate goal of the development process, with economic growth, described as an imperfect proxy for more general welfare, or as a means toward enhanced human development. This debate has broadened the definitions and goals of development but still needs to define the important interrelations between human development (HD) and economic growth (EG). To the extent that greater freedom and capabilities improve economic performance, human development will have an important effect on growth. Similarly, to the extent that increased incomes will increase the range of choices and capabilities enjoyed by households and governments, economic growth will enhance human development. This paper analyzes...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economic growth; Human development; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; O15; O11.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28375

Technology and Human Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav.
Human development, in combination with technology, yields economic growth which, in turn, is necessary to generate further advances in human development.  This paper focuses on the first channel above and finds the relationship significant.  Secondly, the paper tries to investigate what affects technology change, as represented by TFP.  We examine the influence of openness, FDI, patents and R&amp;D in a 22 country sample and also contrast Asian and Latin American experience.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Human Development; International Development; F00; F16; J24; O10; O15; O30; O31; O32.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118649

Microeconomic Approaches to Development: Schooling, Learning, and Growth
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rosenzweig,   Mark R.
I illustrate the variety of approaches to development issues microeconomists employ, focusing on studies that illuminate and quantify the major mechanisms posited by growth theorists who highlight the role of education in fostering growth. I begin with a basic issue: what are the returns to schooling? I discuss microeconomic studies that estimate schooling returns  using alternative approaches to estimating wage equations, which require assumptions that are unlikely to be met in low-income countries, looking at inferences based on how education interacts with policy and technological changes in the labor and marriage markets. I then review research addressing whether schooling facilitates learning, or merely imparts knowledge, and whether there is social...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling; Development; Growth; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; O11; O15; O33; J24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59442

A Development Visions Approach of Designing Rural Strategies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rusali,   Mirela.
The paper aims to present possible development visions for the rural areas in a candidate country to access the EU. The proposed objective is to provide a decision-making tool useful in strategic planning process, by designing models of integrated rural development, applicable at country or regional levels. The scenarios method was used to conceive alternatives for rural development and design scenario matrices, focusing on the institutional and socio-economic modules of analysis. The paper proposes a trend scenario, based on the potentials and constraints identified in the analysis phase, and 3 goal scenarios, based on distinctly different sets of goals or development visions. The expected outcome consists in development of the potential for economic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural development; Economic diversification; Community/Rural/Urban Development; O18; O15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24617

Teacher Job Satisfaction, Student Achievement, and the Cost of Primary Education in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Michaelowa,   Katharina.
Low teacher motivation and its detrimental effect on student achievement are central problems of many education systems in Africa.  Using standardized data for student achievement in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal, this paper analyzes the empirical links between various policy measures,  teacher  job satisfaction and primary education outcomes. It appears that there is only very limited evidence for the effectiveness of intensively debated  and costly measures such as increasing teachers salaries, reducing  class size, and increasing academic  qualification requirements. Other, more simple measures such as improved equipment with textbooks are both more effective and less costly. It also appears that teacher job satisfaction...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Teacher job satisfaction; Student achievement; Africa; Labor and Human Capital; I21; O15; O20.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26273

Working-Age Adult Mortality and Primary School Attendance in Rural Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yamano,   Takashi; Jayne,   Thomas S.
The rapid increase in adult mortality due to the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa raises great concern about potential intergenerational effects on children. This article estimates the impact of AIDS-related adult mortality on primary school attendance in rural Kenya using a panel of 1,266 households surveyed in 1997, 2000, and 2002. The paper distinguishes between effects on boys’ and girls’ education to understand potential gender differences resulting from adult mortality. We also estimate how adult mortality affects child schooling before as well as after the death occurs. The paper also estimates the importance of households’ initial asset levels in influencing the relationship between adult mortality and child school attendance. We find that all...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: HIV/AIDS; Kenya; Education; Health Economics and Policy; Labor and Human Capital; O12; O15; J10; Q12.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55159