Consulta: subjectFacets:"O33"
Registros recuperados: 110
Data/hora: 03/06/2024 17:21:44

Technology Adoption and Off-Farm Household Income: The Case of Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fernandez-Cornejo,   Jorge; Hendricks,   Chad; Mishra,   Ashok K.
We model the interaction of off-farm work and adoption of agricultural technologies and the impact of adopting these technologies on farm household income from on farm and off-farm sources after controlling for such interaction, and estimate the model for the case of adoption of herbicide-tolerant (HT) soybeans using a nationwide survey of soybean farms for 2000.  We find that adoption of HT soybeans is positively and significantly related to off-farm household income for U.S. soybean farmers, after controlling for other factors.  In addition, while on-farm household income is not significantly related to adoption, total household income increases significantly with adoption.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural household model; Biotechnology; Herbicide tolerant soybeans; Off-farm income; Technology adoption; O33; Q12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43487

Scarcity and Growth in the New Millennium: Summary
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Simpson,   R. David; Toman,   Michael; Ayres,   Robert U.
In their 1963 classic Scarcity and Growth Howard Barnett and Chandler Morse argued that resource scarcity did not threaten economic growth. A second investigation in the late 1970s, Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, reached largely the same conclusion. The 25 years since that work was published have witnessed many developments. The message of Scarcity and Growth that depletion of market resources was not a problem has given way to a concern that "new scarcities" of environmental quality, global climate, and biological diversity are emerging. Resources for the Future recently assembled a distinguished group of international scholars to again address scarcity and growth. This paper describes their charge and summarizes their findings. Technological progress...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: History of economic thought; Technological change; Renewable resources and economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; B12; B20; N50; O13; O14; O33; O47; Q20; Q32.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10835

How Inefficient Really Are the Small-Scale Rice Farmers in Eastern India?: Examining the Effects of Microtopography on the Estimation of Technical Efficiency
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fuwa,   Nobuhiko; Edmonds,   Christopher M.; Banik,   Pabitra.
We focus on the impact of failing to control for differences in land types defined along toposequence on estimates of farm technical efficiency for small-scale rice farms in eastern India.  In contrast with the existing literature, we find that those farms may be considerably more technically efficient than they appear from more aggregated analysis without such control. Farms planted with modern rice varieties are technically efficient. Furthermore, farms planted with traditional rice varieties operate close to the production frontier on less productive lands (upland and mid-upland), but significant technical inefficiency exists on more productive lands (medium land and lowland).
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Technical efficiency; Stochastic frontier production function; Productivity; Rice; India; Farm Management; O13; O33; Q12; Q16.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19435

Diffusion of Bt Cotton in India: Impact of Seed Prices and Technological Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Arora,   Anchal; Bansal,   Sangeeta.
Recent studies in the literature examining impact of government seed price intervention on adoption of Bt cotton get different results depending on the specifics of the situation analyzed. According to one study, reduction in seed prices enables farmers to buy seeds at lower prices and this can result in surge of area sown under Bt cotton. The other view holds that seed price interventions have little impact on the adoption rates rather these interventions may adversely affect firms’ incentives to innovate. Which of the two views characterize adoption of Bt cotton in India? Using three variations of dynamic logistic model, this paper analyzes the impact of certain economic factors like seed prices, technological development, and cotton prices on the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Diffusion of technology; Bt cotton; Seed price interventions; Technological development.; Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; Land Economics/Use; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/104154

Technical Efficiency Effects of Technological Change: Another Perspective on GM Crops
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weaver,   Robert D.; Curtiss,   Jarmila; Brümmer,   Bernhard.
An important approach to reducing persistent technical inefficiency is through technical change. This paper considers the case of genetically modified crop production. A stochastic frontier approach is used to examine how a drastic change from non-GM to GM technology effects the position of the production frontier as well as the extent and nature of technical inefficiency. A one-step method is applied to consider firm-level effects on technical inefficiency. Using soybean production from the U.S. we find that GM technology improves productivity and reduces technical inefficiency though these effects vary across farm characteristics.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Technical efficiency; Technical change; Genetically-modified; Soybean; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D24; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24528

Monsanto's Adventures in Zulu Land: Output and Labour Effects of GM Maize and Minimum Tillage
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gouse,   Marnus; Piesse,   Jenifer; Thirtle,   Colin G.
The only commercial genetically modified (GM) subsistence food crop is white maize in South Africa, which was released in 2001/2. This paper reports on the performance of insect resistant (Bt) white maize grown by smallholders in Hlabisa, KwaZulu Natal, where the other development is minimum tillage. The results show that, contrary to many inflated claims, in the dry 2003/4 season, there was no significant difference between the yield per kg of seed for Bt and conventional maize, due to very low stalk borer infestation levels. Farmers who planted Bt maize in 2003/2004 were thus worse off as they paid more for seed and obtained no benefit. This is measured using efficiency scores from a stochastic frontier analysis. These results conflict with the yield per...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25309

Whether crop diversification is a desired strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rahman,   Sanzidur.
This study aimed at examining the merit of crop diversification as a strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh. Specifically, the existence of economies of diversification, scale economies and diversification efficiencies at the farm level were examined using a stochastic input-distance function approach. Results reveal strong evidence of diversification economies amongst most crop enterprises except the combination of modern rice and modern wheat enterprises. Ray economies of scale exist in Bangladeshi cropping system. Also, significant efficiency gains were made from diversification among cropping enterprises. The key policy implication is that crop diversification should be a desired strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh. Development of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Diversification economies; Diversification efficiencies; Stochastic input distance function; Crop diversification; Bangladesh; O33; Q18; C21.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36867

Measuring the Contribution of Genetic Characteristics as an Indicator of Innovation: The Case of Corn in the USA, 1990-2009
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nolan,   Elizabeth; Santos,   Paulo.
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regimes for plant breeding are generally justified on the basis that they encourage innovation. Introduction of IPR regimes for plant varieties in the United States has led to increased concentration, but it is less clear whether IPRs have promoted useful innovation, as measured by productivity of available corn hybrids. There are difficulties in finding a satisfactory measure of innovation in plant breeding, and in this paper we propose a procedure. Results from the annual corn hybrid trials conducted by 11 US universities over the 20 years from 1990 to 2009, at 365 separate locations in the 11 states, have been collated. This set of unbalanced panel data for grain corn hybrid trials has been used in a fixed effects...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Hybrid seed corn; GM traits; Varietal change; Fixed effects; Random effects; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O34.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61333

Smallholders' Cost Efficiency in Mozambique: Implications for Improved Maize Seed Adoption
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zavale,   Helder; Mabaya,   Edward T.; Christy,   Ralph D.
Maize is an important staple in Mozambique. It is also a dominant crop produced by smallholder farmers. However, the actual maize yields, currently estimated at 1.4 tons/ha, fall short of potential yields of 5-6.5 tons/ha. With population growth rate increasingly exceeding agricultural (and maize) productivity growth rate, the government of Mozambique faces a serious problem of food insecurity and poverty alleviation. This study examines cost inefficiency among smallholder maize farmers in Mozambique, and the impact of improved maize seed adoption on cost efficiency. A Translog functional form is used to estimate the frontier cost function. A cost-inefficiency function is used to examine the factors that determine cost inefficiency among farmers....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Stochastic frontier; Technology adoption; Selection bias; Mozambique; Crop Production/Industries; Q12; Q16; D13; O33.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25648

Market Impacts of Adopting Herbicide-Resistant Rice in the Southern United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fuller,   Frank H.; Annou,   Mamane Malam; Wailes,   Eric J.
Herbicide-resistant (HR) rice varieties offer U.S. rice producers a powerful tool for control of red rice infestations.  However, improved weed control can shorten crop rotations and boost yields, resulting in expanded rice production and lower domestic market prices.  Declining market returns diminish the benefits of HR rice adoption and substantially reduce net returns for nonadopters.  More competitive prices increase U.S. rice exports, causing a slight decline in world rice prices.  The dependence of the rice marketing loan program on world prices prevents loan deficiency payments from adequately offsetting producers’ market revenue losses.  U.S. consumers gain from lower rice prices.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Crop rotation; Herbicide resistant; Red rice; Rice; Simulation models; Technology adaptation; Q11; Q16; Q18; O33; C53.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37859

Do Exports Raise Productivity?  Plant-level Evidence from the Colombian Agri-food Industries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kandilov,   Ivan T.; Liu,   Xiangping.
Using detailed plant-level manufacturing Census data from the Colombian Agri-food industries, we show that exports raise plant-level productivity by about 15 to 20 percent.  However, the estimates reveal that efficiency in plants that become persistent exporters, i.e. plants that service foreign markets at least 30 percent of the time during our sample years 1981-1991, increases about 30 percent upon their entry into foreign markets, while productivity in plants that become only occasional exporters does not change at all.  Hence, the positive impact of exports on productivity for is driven by the large positive impact on persistent exporters.  To identify the effect of exports on plant-level productivity we employ the Levinsohn-Petrin (2003) measure of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Exports; Productivity; Difference-in-differences; Propensity score matching; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Q17; F12; Q12; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103632

A Dynamic Decision Model of Technology Adoption under Uncertainty: Case of Herbicide-Resistant Rice
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Annou,   Mamane Malam; Wailes,   Eric J.; Thomsen,   Michael R.
Herbicide-resistant (HR) rice technology is a potential tool for control of red rice in commercial rice production.  Using an ex ante mathematical programming framework, this research presents an empirical analysis of HR rice technology adoption under uncertainty.  The analysis accounts for stochastic germination of red rice and sheath blight to model a profit maximization problem of crop rotation among HR rice, regular rice, and soybeans.  The results demonstrate that risk attitudes and technology efficiency determine adoption rates and optimal rotation patterns.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Herbicide resistance; Mathematical programming; Profit maximization; Rice; Risk; Rotation; Technology; Adoption; Crop Production/Industries; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; Q18; O33; C61.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43724

Dynamics of Structural Transformation: Understanding the Key Factors That Drive Innovative Activities in Selected Asian and African Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Badibanga,   Thaddee Mutumba; Diao,   Xinshen; Roe,   Terry L.; Somwaru,   Agapi.
This paper develops a metric of structural transformation that can account for the production of new varieties of goods embodying advancements in technological know-how and design. Our measure captures the dynamics of an economy’s transformation and can be viewed as an extension of the static measure developed by Hausmann and Klinger (2006).  We apply this measure to four digit level sitc trade data of China, Malaysia and Ghana over the period 1962-2000.  The results show the rapid transformation of the Chinese economy is characterized by two important factors: the high proximity of its export basket to the three main industrial clusters – capital goods, consumer durable goods, and intermediate inputs, and the increase in the values of the new goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Structural Transformation; Discovery; Technological Change; International Development; F19; O14; O33; O40.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43890

AN INITIAL INVESTIGATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR HERMETIC PURDUE IMPROVED CROP STORAGE (PICS) BAGS TO IMPROVE INCOMES FOR MAIZE PRODUCERS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jones,   Michael; Alexander,   Corinne E.; Lowenberg-DeBoer,   James.
Pests like the larger grain borer (P. truncatus) and the maize weevil (S. zeamis) cause significant storage losses for African maize producers.  The value of storage protection to a market-oriented farmer is a function of price seasonality, value loss prevention, and their opportunity costs of capital.  Evidence suggests that hermetic technologies like Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags can be effective against these key maize storage pests, but sustainable technology transfer requires that it be profitable for producers. This analysis references dry weight loss figures from key life science articles and builds on previous value loss research to provide a geographic model for potential storage technology adoption.  PICS bag profitability with one and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural pests; Technology adoption; Maize; Larger grain borer; Hermetic storage; Storage economics; Agribusiness; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; Q13; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115554

Searching for the Profit in Pollution Prevention: Case Studies in the Corporate Evaluation of Environmental Opportunities
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James.
The concept of pollution prevention, or "P2," signifies a new, proactive environmental mindset that targets the causes, rather than the consequences, of polluting activity. While anecdotal evidence suggests that P2 opportunities exist and that many have been pursued, there is also the perception that the pace of P2 is far too slow. To explore that claim--and to shed light on barriers to P2 innovation--this paper presents case studies of industrial P2 projects that were in some way unsuccessful. While based on a very limited sample, the evidence contradicts the view that firms suffer from organizational weaknesses that make them unable to appreciate the financial benefits of P2 investments. Instead, the projects foundered because of significant unresolved...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution prevention; Financial evaluation; Environmental accounting; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; L65; O33.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10614

The place of technology transfer processes in the system of methods for researching the area of Science -Technology-Innovation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wisniewska,   Joanna.
The growing importance and scope of technology transfer processes undertaken all over the world settles the question of the necessity for their proper identification. The multi-aspect character and complexity of these phenomena create specific problems in conducting analytic work. Although technology transfer is an element of the Science-Technology-Innovation (STI) system, it does not have a proper place in the existing methodology system of this area. The aim of this article is to point out the necessity to create a proper, complex and comprehensive methodology for researching technology transfer processes, which would contribute to better understanding of the processes themselves and at the same time enable their proper development.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Science; Technology; Innovation; Technology transfer; Methodology; Research.; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94612

An Economic Assessment of Space Solar Power as a Source of Electricity for Space-Based Activities
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: MacAuley,   Molly K.; Davis,   James F.
We develop a conceptual model of the economic value of space solar power (SSP) as a source of power to in-space activities, such as spacecraft and space stations. We offer several estimates of the value based on interviews and published data, discuss technological innovations that may compete with or be complementary to SSP, and consider alternative institutional arrangements for government and the private sector to provide SSP.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Government policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O32; L98.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10794

Read the Label! Energy Star Appliance Awareness and Uptake Among U.S. Consumers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Murray,   Anthony G.; Mills,   Bradford F.
The Energy Star label program to promote the diffusion of energy efficient home appliances is arguably the most significant government effort to reduce U.S. residential energy consumption. Program effectiveness requires that consumers are aware of the labeling scheme and also change their purchase decisions based on label information.  This paper examines the factors associated with consumer awareness of the Energy Star label of recently purchased ‘white’ major appliances and the factors associated with the choice of Energy Star labeled appliances. The paper finds that household characteristics have a much stronger association with consumers awareness of labels than with the choice of Energy Star appliances. Renting the home, Hispanic ethnicity, being poor...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Energy Star; Household Energy Efficiency; Technology Adoption; Consumer/Household Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O33; Q40; Q48.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103328

Why Don't Lenders Finance High-Return Technological Change in Developing-Country Agriculture?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Most of the literature attributes credit constraints in small-farm developing-country agriculture to the variability of returns to investment in this sector. But the literature does not fully explain lenders. reluctance to finance investments in technologies that provide both higher average and less variable returns. To fill this gap, this article develops an information-theoretic credit market model with endogenous technology choice. The model demonstrates that lenders may refuse to finance any investment in a riskless high-return technology--regardless of the interest rate they are offered--when they are imperfectly informed about loan applicants, time preferences and, therefore, about their propensities to default intentionally in order to finance...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Asymmetric information; Credit; Developing country; Technology adoption; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O12; O16; O33; Q14; D82.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10886

Private Research and Public Goods: Implications of Biotechnology for Biodiversity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raney,   Terri; Pingali,   Prabhu L.
The pattern of crop genetic diversity has changed over the past two centuries with the modernization of agriculture, accelerating with the advent of the green revolution. Since the green revolution, the locus of agricultural research has shifted from the public to the private sector. The growing importance of the private sector in agricultural R&amp;D is changing the types of crop technologies that are developed and the ways they are delivered to farmers. The spread of transgenic crops will influence crop genetic diversity, but their implications for the availability of plant genetic resources and the resilience of agricultural ecosystems are not entirely clear. Transgenic crops may increase or decrease crop genetic diversity, depending on how they are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Biotechnology; Agricultural Research; Transgenic Crops; Green Revolution.; O13; O33; Q16; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23805

KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVER, LEARNING INCENTIVES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov; Zemel,   Amos.
Knowledge spillover implies that the social value of knowledge is higher than its private value and leads to insufficient private investment in human capital.  This paper examines implications for economic growth and offers a remedy.  An incentive mechanism that implements the socially optimal outcome is offered based on learning subsidy and flat income or consumption taxes (each levied at a different phase of the growth process).  The scheme is self-financed in that the tax proceeds cover exactly the subsidy payments at each point of time.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Endogenous growth; Human capital; Knowledge spillover; Learning incentives; Linear taxes; International Development; C61; H21; O33; O38; O41.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14991

UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS AND THE DESIGN OF BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yang,   Hui; Buccola,   Steven T.
The central objective of the present paper is to examine how university bioscientists select their research agendas, with special attention to biotechnology firms' influence on those agendas.  Among other issues, we will assess UIRs' potential effects on the private appropriability of the characteristics of bioengineered crop and animal varieties, and on the basicness and breadth of a scientist's research.  Factors that potentially would affect scientists' research agenda include the university's size, reputation, resources, culture, and total government funding; the scientist's academic position and communication network; and the market power, cultures, and specialties of the biotech firms with which the university has research relationships.  An...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O31; O32; O33.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21985

Distinguishing Different Industry Technologies and Localized Technical Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morrison Paul,   Catherine J.; Sauer,   Johannes.
This contribution is based on the notion that different technologies are present in an industry. These different technologies result in differential “drivers” of economic performance depending on the kind of technology used by the individual firm. In a first step different technologies are empirically distinguished. Subsequently, the associated production patterns are approximated and the respective change over time is estimated. A latent class modelling approach is used to distinguish different technologies for a representative sample of E.U. dairy producers as an industry exhibiting significant structural changes and differences in production systems in the past decades. The production technology is modelled and evaluated by using the flexible functional...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Heterogenous Technologies; Transformation Function; Localized Technical Change; Production Economics; Q12; O33; C35.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91749

The U.S. Seed Industry: An Exploration of Statistics Highlighting the Economic Activity of the U.S. Row Crop Seed Industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Roucan-Kane,   Maud; Gray,   Allan W.
This report presents relevant statistics that highlight the economic activity of the U.S. seed industry. The focus of this report is on the four main U.S. crops: corn, soybean, wheat, and cotton. The report contains three sections. The first is related to the U.S. seed market’s size based on seed sales and expenditures. The second section examines industry investment in research and development (R&amp;D) activity in terms of both budget and human resources. The final section illustrates the impact of the seed industry in terms of intellectual property development, improved productivity, and other benefits. This report focuses on using publicly available data to examine these three areas. In addition, the report presents the results of a survey conducted...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Seed industry; Field crops; Biotechnology; Herbicide-tolerant crops; Bt crops; Corn; Soybeans; Cotton; Wheat.; Agribusiness; L11; L16; L65; O33; O34; Q16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52549

Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Air pollution; Mexico; Brickmaking; Community pressure; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; O54; Q25; L61.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10478

How Large Are the Welfare Gains from Technological Innovation Induced by Environmental Policies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.; Fischer,   Carolyn.
This paper examines whether the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces future abatement costs are larger or smaller than the “Pigouvian” welfare gains from optimal pollution control. The relative welfare gains from innovation depend on three key factors ¾ the initially optimal level of abatement, the speed at which innovation reduces future abatement costs, and the discount rate. We calculate the welfare gains from innovation under a variety of different scenarios. Mostly they are less than the Pigouvian welfare gains. To be greater, innovation must reduce abatement costs substantially and quickly and the initially optimal abatement level must be fairly modest.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Welfare; Regulation; Endogenous; Technological; Change; R&amp;D; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q28; O32; O33.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10448

Technology Change: Sources and Impediments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranis,   Gustav; Irons,   Mallory; Huang,   Yanjing.
There is little doubt that technology change, both in terms of its process and quality dimensions, represents the principal driving force to explain comparative economic performance at both micro and macro levels.  This paper examines the sources of technology change and the impediments to the full realization of its opportunities, both abstractly and in the context of a comparison among six typologically diverse developing countries.  Among the external sources, we examine the roles of trade, foreign patents and FDI; among the internal sources we examine the roles of investment, domestic R&amp;D, domestic patents, S&amp;T personnel and secondary education alternatives.  Among impediments, we analyze certain public and private policy frameworks which tend...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Development; Technological Change; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O11; O14; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118647

TECHNOLOGIES AND LOCALIZED TECHNICAL CHANGE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morrison Paul,   Catherine J.; Sauer,   Johannes.
D2_3
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Heterogenous Technologies; Transformation Function; Localized Technical Change; Production Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q12; O33; C35.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93963

Romanian Maize - Distorted Prices and Producer Efficiency
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sauer,   Johannes; Balint,   Borbala.
This research aims at shedding empirical light on the relative efficiency of small-scale maize producers in Romania. Farmers in transition countries still face heavily distorted price systems resulting from imperfect market conditions and socioeconomic and institutional constraints. To capture such distortions we formulate a stochastic shadow-cost frontier model to investigate the systematic input-specific allocative inefficiency. We further adjust the underlying cost frontier by incorporating shadow price corrections and subsequently reveal evidence on farm specific technical inefficiency. Different models are estimated due to the imposition of curvature correctness and the effects on the individual efficiency estimates are shown. The empirical results...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Shadow Cost Frontier; Functional Consistency; Maize; Romania; Crop Production/Industries; C40; D24; O33.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25597

Cross-Border Intellectual Property Rights: Contract Enforcement and Absorptive Capacity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Naghavi,   Alireza; Tsai,   Yingyi.
Current version uploaded April 2013.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; TRIPS; Nash Bargaining; Contract Enforcement; Development; Absorptive Capacity; Monitoring; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; F13; F53; D78; L10; O33; C70.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122864

Adoption of Environmental Management Systems by Farmers: An Empirical Application to ISO 14001
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Grolleau,   Gilles; Thomas,   Alban.
This article undertakes an empirical investigation of the determinants of voluntary adoption of the ISO 14001 environmental management system by French farmers. The adoption model incorporates the expected profitability of implementing the standard and investigates the impact of prior knowledge on the probability of adopting. Two information measures are considered: a “reported information” indicator and an “estimated knowledge” score. The probit parameter estimates reveal that, while the expected profitability of implementing the standard is a significant determinant of adoption, real and perceive prior knowledge measures play a significant but potentially counterintuitive role.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental management system; ISO 14001; Management-based approach; Probit model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; O33; Q16; Q29.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6323

Technological Concentration of Innovation in Agribusiness
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alfranca,   Oscar.
The main objective of the paper is to examine and discuss the nature of technological relationships across agrifood sectors in order to understand better the pattern of technological changes in the Food and Beverage sector. We propose a new estimator to confirm the existence of linkages between technological sectors (the Technological Concentration Index). A central conclusion from this work is that the quality of data is a principal determinant in the measurement of technological flows, and that probably the use of raw patent data could introduce a distortion in the qualification of the consequences of technological spillovers.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24505

INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR HOUSEHOLDS WITH MALNUTRITION: AN ETHIOPIAN CASE STUDY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yigezu,   Yigezu A.; Sanders,   John H.
Many developing regions have excellent potential agricultural resources. However, historically population has become so concentrated on such small holdings that acute poverty and malnutrition now predominate. The food scientists’ response to the chronic nutritional problem has often been subsidized bio-fortification with nutritional supplements or more recently cultivars with higher nutrient levels. Where much of the population is in this inadequate nutrition category as in highland Ethiopia, the supplements are neither financially feasible nor sustainable. The cultivars can provide a few critical nutrients but are not a comprehensive solution. To improve nutrition, it is necessary to increase income so that an increased quality and quantitative diet can...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Adoption; Agricultural technologies; Striga resistance; Inorganic fertilizers; Tied-ridges; Marketing strategies; Inventory credit; Nutrition; Income; Capped-lexicographic utility.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Risk and Uncertainty; O13; O33; Q16; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36813

Modeling International Trends in Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emissions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stern,   David I.
This study uses a stochastic production frontier to model energy efficiency trends, in 85 countries over a 37 year period. No structure is imposed on technological change over time, although differences in technology level across the countries are modelled as a stochastic function of explanatory variables. These variables are selected by a literature survey and a theoretical model of energy-efficient technology choice.   An improvement in a country’s energy efficiency is measured as a reduction in energy intensity, while holding constant that economy’s mix of inputs and outputs. All other things remaining constant, the country using the least energy per unit output is on the global best-practice frontier. The model is used to derive decompositions of...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Energy; Efficiency; Carbon; Emissions; Technological change; Between estimator; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; O33; O47; Q43; Q54; Q55; Q56.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94950

Productividad total de los factores en la agricultura chilena: 1961-1996
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olavarria,   Jaime A.; Bravo-Ureta,   Boris E.; Cocchi,   Horacio.
Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es medir el cambio de la productividad en la agricultura chilena durante el período 1961-96. La Productividad Total de los Factores (PTF) fue calculada mediante índices Törnqvist.  Los datos utilizados para estimar estos índices incluyen precios y cantidades de 51 cultivos, de la mano de obra, de la tierra, del capital y de factores intermedios.  El análisis revela que mientras los productos crecieron un 2,69% anual, el uso de factores de producción bajó un 0,09%; por lo tanto, la PTF creció a una tasa promedio anual del 2,78% entre 1961 y 1996.  Se realizó además un análisis para siete períodos correspondientes a diferentes regímenes políticos. La PTF creció a un promedio anual de 1,83% con Alessandri (1961-64), 3,12%...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Total Factor Productivity; Törnqvist Index; Agriculture; Chile; Productivity Analysis; D24; O33.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28774

Does the structure of agricultural science and technology policy system matter in developing country agricultural productivity growth trends? Evidence from Kenya and Uganda
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mugunieri,   Godiah Lawrence; Obare,   Gideon A.; Omamo,   Steven Were.
Paper to be presented at the IAAE Conference
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural science and technology; Policy system; Developing countries; Food Security and Poverty; Productivity Analysis; C22; O12; O33.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50538

Technology Spillovers and Stability of International Climate Coalitions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nagashima,   Miyuki; Dellink,   Rob B.
Cooperation in international environmental agreements appears difficult to attain because of strong free-riding incentives. This paper explores how different technology spillover mechanisms among regions can influence the incentive structures to join and stabilise an international agreement. We use an applied modelling framework (STACO) that enables us to investigate stability of partial climate coalitions. Technology spillovers to coalition members increase their incentives to stay in the coalition and reduce abatement costs, which leads to larger global payoffs and a lower global CO2 stock. Several theories on the impact of technology spillovers are evaluated by simulating a range of alternative specifications. We find that while spillovers are a good...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change Modelling; International Environmental Agreements; Non-cooperative Game Theory; Technology Spillovers; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; O33; Q54.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7442

Growth and Technological Leadership in US Industries: A  Spatial Econometric Analysis at the State Level, 1963–-1997
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pede,   Valerien O.; Florax,   Raymond J.G.M.; de Groot,   Henri L.F.
For several decades, cross-country analyses have dominated the literature on economic growth. Recently, these analyses have been extended to include sectoral variation as well as spatial variation across sub-national regions. This paper investigates economic growth and potential determinants of the process of catch-up to technology leaders for several economic sectors, using data for the lower 48 US states from 1963 through 1997. We analyze the potential influence of factors such as human capital, and geographical distance to the technology leader. A spatially explicit growth model in which technological progress is endogenously determined is used to model productivity growth in nine US industries, ranging from mining to government, and including a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Regional economic growth; Convergence; Industry level; Technological leadership; Spatial econometrics; Industrial Organization; C21; I23; O33; R12.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9691

What Drives the International Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies? Empirical Evidence from Patent Data
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dechezlepretre,   Antoine; Glachant,   Matthieu; Meniere,   Yann.
Using patent data from 66 countries for the period 1990–2003, we characterize the factors which promote or hinder the international diffusion of climate-friendly technologies on a global scale. Regression results show that technology-specific capabilities of the recipient countries are determinant factors. In contrast, the general level of education is less important. We also show that restrictions to international trade—e.g., high tariff rates—and lax intellectual property regimes negatively influence the international diffusion of patented knowledge. A counter-intuitive result is that barriers to foreign direct investments can promote transfers. We discuss different possible interpretations.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Technology Diffusion; Technology Transfer; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O34; Q54.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59416

Testing for Complementarity and Substitutability among Multiple Technologies: The Case of U.S. Hog Farms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yu,   Li; Hurley,   Terrance M.; Kliebenstein,   James B.; Orazem,   Peter F.
We propose a strategy to identify the complementarity or substitutability among technology bundles. Under the assumption that alternative technologies are independent, we develop a hypothetical distribution of multiple technology adoptions. Differences between the observed distribution of technology choices and the hypothetical distribution can be subjected to statistical tests. Combinations of technologies that occur with greater frequency than would occur under independence are complementary technologies. Combinations that occur with less frequency are substitute technologies. This method is easily applied to simultaneous decisions regarding many technologies. We use the strategy to evaluate multiple technology adoptions on U.S. hog farms. We find that...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; L25; C12.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48530

Poverty status and the impact of social networks on smallholder technology adoption in rural Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Liverpool-Tasie,   Lenis Saweda O.; Winter-Nelson,   Alex.
Despite recent traces of economic growth, Ethiopia remains one of the poorest countries in the world. Though about 80% of its population is engaged in agriculture, agricultural productivity remains low and extremely vulnerable to climatic conditions.  The adoption and use of modern technologies is generally accepted as a potential vehicle out of poverty for many but  adoption rates in the country remain low with the nature of the adoption process largely unstudied (Spielman et al, 2007). This paper studies the impact of social networks in the technology adoption process in rural Ethiopia. In particular it tests for the presence of social learning effects. In addition to geographic networks, it considers the role played by other networks with more...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Social learning; Persistent poverty; Technology adoption; Ethiopia; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O31; O33; Q12; Q13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49357

A Financial Contracting Approach to the Role of Supermarkets in Farmers' Credit Access
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marcoul,   Philippe; Veyssiere,   Luc.
Replaced with revised version of paper 10/17/08.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Financial Contracting; Development; Financial Intermediation; Food Standards; Organization of Production; Supermarket; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; O17; O33; O50; Q12; Q13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6366

The Economics of Geological CO2 Storage and Leakage
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: van der Zwaan,   Bob; Gerlagh,   Reyer.
The economics of CO2 capture and storage in relation to the possibility of significant leakage of CO2 from geological reservoirs once this greenhouse gas has been stored artificially underground will be among the main determinants of whether CCS can significantly contribute to a deep cut in global CO2 emissions. This paper presents an analysis of the economic and climatic implications of the large-scale use of CCS for reaching a stringent climate change control target, when geological CO2 leakage is accounted for. The natural scientific uncertainties regarding the rates of possible leakage of CO2 from geological reservoirs are likely to remain large for a long time to come. We present a qualitative description, a concise analytical inspection, as well as a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction; Technological Innovation; CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS); Geological Leakage; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; D58; C61; O33; Q40.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6372

Microeconomics of Technology Adoption
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Foster,   Andrew D.; Rosenzweig,   Mark R.
There is an emerging consensus among macro-economists that differences in technology across countries accounts for the major differences in per-capita GDP and the wages of workers with similar skills across countries. Accounting for differences in technology levels across countries thus can go a long way towards understanding global inequality. One mechanism by which poorer countries can catch up with richer countries is through technological diffusion, the adoption by low-income countries of the advanced technologies produced in high-income countries. In this survey, we examine recent micro studies that focus on understanding the adoption process. If technological diffusion is a major channel by which poor countries can develop, it must be the case that...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology adoption review; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; Land Economics/Use; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O10; O13; O33.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56760

Rural Broadband Internet Access Supply and Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stenberg,   Peter L.; Morehart,   Mitchell J.
Internet use has grown rapidly over the last 15 years and so has its integration into the rural economy. Connecting to the Internet via high-speed technology such as DSL lines, cable, satellite, and wireless networks increases bandwidth and makes the Internet much more useful to businesses, households, and governments. Rural households are almost as likely as urban households to use the Internet.  Broadband Internet access in rural areas has been less prevalent than in much more densely populated areas of the country.  Evidence suggests that the difference may lie in the higher cost or less availability of broadband Internet access in rural areas.   The paucity of national geographically-specific data, however, presents a challenge in trying to analyze...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Broadband Internet access; Rural communities; Farm communities; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; O33; R0.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49361

Profitability of Hermetic Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) Bags for African Common Bean Producers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jones,   Michael; Alexander,   Corinne E.; Lowenberg-DeBoer,   James.
Bruchid species like Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera) cause significant storage losses for African common bean producers.  The value of storage protection to a market-oriented farmer is a function of price seasonality, value loss prevention, and their respective opportunity costs of capital.  Evidence suggests that hermetic technologies like Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags could be effective against key legume storage pests, but sustainable technology introduction requires that it be profitable for producers.   While PICS bag effectiveness against these specific common bean bruchid species is still under investigation, this analysis references dry weight loss figures from life science articles and builds...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural pests; Technology adoption; Phaseolus vulgaris; Hermetic storage; Storage economics; Agribusiness; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; Q13; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117708

On the interaction between risk-taking and risk-sharing under farm household wealth heterogeneity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Delpierre,   Matthieu; Verheyden,   Bertrand; Weynants,   Stephanie.
Empirical evidence on developing countries shows on the one hand that rich farm-households are more keen to adopt new technologies and are higher risk takers than poor households. On the other hand, however, they are shown to be less vulnerable to income shocks than poor farmers. This paper provides a rationale for these observations. Risk averse agents, heterogeneously endowed with wealth, non-cooperatively decide on their level of subscription to risk-sharing and on the degree of individual production risk they take. Rich households take more risks and subscribe more to risk-sharing. Although risk-sharing allows all households to cope with idiosyncratic shocks, the risk-taking behavior of rich households increases the covariate component of poor...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Risk-taking; Risk-sharing; Technology adoption; Farm household; International Development; Risk and Uncertainty; O12; O13; O17; O33.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122556

Economics of Groundwater Irrigation in Nepal:  Some Farm-Level Evidences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bhandari,   Humnath; Pandey,   Sushil.
This article examines the economics of groundwater irrigation and shallow tubewell (STW) ownership decision making, using farm-level data collected from 324 households in Nepal.  STW irrigation generated a significant positive effect on rice yield and farmers’ incomes.  Based on a probit model, the farm size, land fragmentation, access to electricity, and access to credit were found to significantly influence farmers’ decisions to own STWs.  Although the water market benefited poor farmers, it is too small and monopolistic.  Policy reforms needed to make groundwater accessible to the poor majority include effective credit programs, investments in rural electrification, and public sector support for promoting suitable pumping technologies
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Groundwater irrigation; Probit model; Shallow tubewell; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Food Security and Poverty; C25; O33.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43759

Green Revolution Technology Takes Root In Africa: The Promise and Challenge of the Ministry of Agriculture/SG2000 Experiment with Improved Cereals Technology in Ethiopia; Statistical Annex and Copies of Questionnaire
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Howard,   Julie A.; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Stepanek,   Julie; Crawford,   Eric W.; Demeke,   Mulat; Maredia,   Mywish K.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Agricultural inputs; Ethiopia; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 5; O33.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54579

ICT and Typical Products: An Analysis of Italian Farms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Platania,   Marco; Privitera,   Donatella.
The paper discusses the final results of research into the use and impact of ICT on a sample of firms in the Calabria region of southern Italy processing typical food products (salami, citrus fruits, oil, cheese) certified as PDO or PGI. The specific sample was chosen for two reasons: on the one hand to assess the compatibility of ICT in firms where production follows historic and territorial traditions, and on the other to test the hypothesis that the use of ICT in firms processing food products of certified quality should ideally present a greater, more significant impact. The results let us know some characteristics concerning with the introduction and usage of new technology in the examined farms.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Computer use; Typical Italian products; Intensity of innovation; Agricultural software use; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q12; Q16; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24648

Entwicklung eines Modells zur Projektion des Wirtschaftswachstums und der langfristigen Nachfrage nach Produktionsfaktoren in Deutschland: unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des informations- technologischen Innovationsprozesses
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Danckwerts,   Rudolf-Ferdinand; Grossmann,   Wolf Dieter; Henne,   Wolfgang.
Es wird das Konzept für ein makroökonomisches Strukturmodell mit integriertem Innovationsprozesskern zur Analyse und Projektion der Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Deutschland vorgestellt. Das geplante Modell soll explizit die Auswirkungen des immer bedeutsamer werdenden IuK-technologischen Innovationsprozesses auf das Wirtschaftswachstum erfassen. Das Modell besteht aus einem makroökonometrischen Teil zur Darstellung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und einem systemdynamischen Teil zur Erfassung des Innovationsprozesses auf mikroökonomischer Ebene. Als Modellteile sind zwei bereits existierende Modelle, das HWWA-Modell und das ISIS-Modell, nach ihrer Erweiterung und Anpassung vorgesehen. Die erforderlichen Modifizierungen, das Verfahren zur Kopplung der...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Zeitreihenmodelle; Dynamische Analyse; Prognose und Simulation; Neue Ökonomie; Technischer Wandel; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C32; C53; C61; E17; O33.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26166

Changing role of BRIC countries in technology-driven international division of labor
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gryczka,   Marcin.
In contemporary international division of labor the importance of ICT technologies and social capital is increasing, and allows the economy to be more competitive due to arising many connections to the global information networks. The major goal of this article was analyzing (mostly in descriptive manner) and comparing the recent trends in GDP growth and its composition and international trade of high-technology manufactures and services for developed and BRIC countries. The results of conducted statistical data analysis justify the conclusion that some developing economies, especially China and India, are in fact gaining on importance in international trade of high-tech products and knowledge-intensive business services, even having become more effective...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: International division of labor; Technological change; Creative economy.; Labor and Human Capital; O33.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95975

A New Measure of the Producer Welfare Effects of Technological Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bullock,   David S.
It is well recognized that the statistical reliability of the conventional method of estimating the effects of technological change on producer welfare is often quite poor.  I present a method that enhances the statistical reliability of such estimates.  I emphasize that when measuring the welfare effects of technological change, valuable information can be gleaned from data on input prices and quantities.  This type of data is often available, but the conventional measure typically does not take full advantage of its availability.  Letting T0 be some initial level of technology and T1 be a subsequent level, the conventional measure of producer welfare change due to a technology change is the change in the “triangle” area under the price and behind the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Technological change; Producer welfare; Applied welfare economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; O30; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103834

The Environment and Directed Technical Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Acemoglu,   Daron; Aghion,   Philippe; Bursztyn,   Leonardo; Hemous,   David.
This paper introduces endogenous and directed technical change in a growth model with environmental constraints. A unique final good is produced by combining inputs from two sectors. One of these sectors uses "dirty" machines and thus creates environmental degradation. Research can be directed to improving the technology of machines in either sector. We characterize dynamic tax policies that achieve sustainable growth or maximize intertemporal welfare. We show that: (i) in the case where the inputs are sufficiently substitutable, sustainable long-run growth can be achieved with temporary taxation of dirty innovation and production; (ii) optimal policy involves both “carbon taxes” and research subsidies, so that excessive use of carbon taxes is avoided;...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Exhaustible Resources; Directed Technological Change; Innovation; Environmental Economics and Policy; O30; O31; O33; C65.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92839

THEME OVERVIEW: BRINGING BROADBAND TO RURAL AMERICA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barnes,   James N.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Broadband; Internet; Regional Economic Development; Rural Regions; Community/Rural/Urban Development; R12; O33; O57; R11.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100801

Spatial Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Desmet,   Klaus; Rossi-Hansberg,   Esteban.
We present a theory of spatial development. A continuum of locations in a geographic area choose each period how much to innovate (if at all) in manufacturing and services. Locations can trade subject to transport costs and technology diffuses spatially across locations. The result is an endogenous growth theory that can shed light on the link between the evolution of economic activity over time and space. We apply the model to study the evolution of the U.S. economy in the last few decades and find that the model can generate the reduction in the employment share in manufacturing, the increase in service productivity in the second part of the 1990s, the increase in land rents in the same period, as well as several other spatial and temporal patterns.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Dynamic Spatial Models; Growth; Innovation; Land Rent Evolution; Structural Transformation; Technology Diffusion; Trade; Community/Rural/Urban Development; E32; O11; O18; O33; R12.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59852

How Large Are the Welfare Gains from Technological Innovation Induced by Environmental Policies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.; Fischer,   Carolyn.
This paper examines whether the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces future abatement costs are larger or smaller than the "Pigouvian" welfare gains from optimal pollution control. The relative welfare gains from innovation depend on three key factors - the initially optimal level of abatement, the speed at which innovation reduces future abatement costs, and the discount rate. We calculate the welfare gains from innovation under a variety of different scenarios. Mostly they are less than the Pigouvian welfare gains. To be greater, innovation must reduce abatement costs substantially and quickly and the initially optimal abatement level must be fairly modest.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Welfare; Regulation; Endogenous; Technological; Change; R&amp;D; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q28; O32; O33.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10621

PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN NIGERIA AND BENIN: DETERMINING THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR INFORMATION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Horna,   J. Daniela; Smale,   Melinda; von Oppen,   Matthias.
A typical private good is defined by its excludability and rivalry characteristics. Information might not generate rivalry among its users.  By contrast, excludability is certainly a characteristic of information and its delivery can generate incentives for private participation. This study examines farmers'’ preferences for seed of new rice varieties and their willingness to pay for related information in villages of Nigeria and Benin. Conjoint analysis is used to estimate the structure of farmers'’ preferences for rice seed given a set of alternatives. Farmers are considered to be maximizers of utility rather than profit, preferring one variety over another based on the utility they obtain from its attributes, which depends on their own social and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTP for information; Conjoint analysis; Rice attributes; Farmers'’ preferences; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; O3; O33; C35.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19401

Producing and Procuring Horticultural Crops with Chinese Characteristics: Why Small Farmers Are Thriving and Supermarkets Are Absent in Rural China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wang,   Honglin; Dong,   Xiaoxia; Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott; Reardon,   Thomas.
The supermarket revolution has arrived in China and is spreading as fast as or faster than anywhere in the world.  As the demand for vegetables, fruit, nuts and other high valued products have risen, urban retailers are finding new venues seized on niche and today have over $55 billion in sales, more than a third of the urban food market.  However, the experience of many developing countries suggests that there could be serious distributional impacts of the rising of supermarkets.  There is concern among policy makers and academics that poor, small farmers might be excluded from market.  The main goal of our paper is to understand what types of farmers have been able to participate in the horticultural revolution, how they interact with markets and how...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Horticulture; Modern Supply Chains; Farmer Impacts; Poverty; China; Crop Production/Industries; O33; O53; Q13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25762

Land Use, Production Growth, and the Institutional Environment of Smallholders: Evidence from Burkinabe Cotton Farmers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kaminski,   Jonathan; Thomas,   Alban.
The cotton boom in Burkina Faso consisted of a growth in cotton land shares together with an overall increase in total cultivated land. This paper examines the impact of institutional changes in the cotton sector on the evolution of smallholders’ land-use decisions. The empirical analysis is supported by a structural model that takes into account the specific institutional features of the Burkinabè cotton sector and builds upon household level data collected in rural Burkina Faso. We attribute most of the change in land use to the newly established institutional arrangements between producers and stakeholders, mechanization, and slackening of the food security constraint.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Burkina Faso; Cotton; Land Use; Commodity Reform; Institutional Arrangements; Farm Management; Financial Economics; N57; 013; O33; Q15; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93136

Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   Suzi; Newell,   Richard G.
The theory of environmental regulation suggests that economic instruments, such as taxes and tradable permits, create more effective technology adoption incentives than conventional regulatory standards. We explore this issue for an important industry undergoing technological responses to a dramatic decrease in allowed pollution levels - the petroleum industry's phasedown of lead in gasoline. Using a panel of refineries from 1971 to 1995, we provide some of the first direct evidence that alternative policies affect the pattern of adoption in expected ways. Importantly, we find that the tradable permit system used during the lead phasedown provided incentives for more efficient technology adoption decisions. Where environmentally appropriate, this suggests...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Adoption; Diffusion; Environment; Regulation; Lead; Gasoline; Tradable permit; Incentive-based policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C41; L71; O31; O33; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10834

Learning, Misallocation, and Technology Adoption: Evidence from New Malaria Therapy in Tanzania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Adhvaryu,   Achyuta.
I show that malaria misdiagnosis, common in resource-poor settings, decreases the expected effectiveness of an important new therapy–since only a fraction of treated individuals have malaria–and reduces the rate of learning via increased noise. Using pilot program data from Tanzania, I exploit variation in the location and timing of survey enumeration to construct reference groups composed of randomly chosen, geographically and temporally proximate acutely ill individuals. I show that learning is stronger and adoption rates are higher in villages with more misdiagnosis. Subsidizing diagnostic tools or improving initial targeting of new technologies may thus accelerate uptake through learning.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology adoption; Learning; Malaria; Tanzania; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; I15; O12; O33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115712

Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Producers in Kenya: A Case of Nyandarua North District
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nyagaka,   Daniel; Obare,   Gideon A.; Nguyo,   Wilson.
With declining Irish potato production trends in Kenya this paper identifies and analyses factors that influence the economic efficiency of smallholder Irish potato producers in Kenya by drawing on data from random sample of 130 smallholder farmers from Nyandarua North district. A dual stochastic parametric decomposition technique is used to disaggregate economic efficiency components and a two-limit Tobit model is used to derive efficiency indices as a function of a vector of socio-economic characteristics and institutional factors. Empirical results show decreasing returns to scale in production. The mean economic efficiency is 0.39 with a range of 0.12 - 0.66. Education, access to extension, access to credit and membership in a farmers association...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Productivity; Stochastic frontier functions; Kenya; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; Land Economics/Use; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D12; D24; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49917

Intellectual Property Rights, Migration, and Diaspora
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Naghavi,   Alireza; Strozzi,   Chiara.
In this paper we study theoretically and empirically the role of the interaction between skilled migration and intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in determining innovation in developing countries (South). We show that although emigration from the South may directly result in the well-known concept of brain drain, it also causes a brain gain effect, the extent of which depends on the level of IPRs protection in the sending country. We argue this to come from a diaspora channel through which the knowledge acquired by emigrants abroad can flow back to the South and enhance the skills of the remaining workers there. By increasing the size of the innovation sector and the skill-intensity of emigration, IPRs protection makes it more likely for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Migration; Technology transfer; Brain gain; Diaspora; Labor and Human Capital; O34; F22; O33; J24; J61.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115817

Brown Sunsets and Green Dawns in the Industrial Sector: Environmental Innovations, Firm Behavior and the European Emission Trading
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Borghesi,   Simone; Cainelli,   Giulio; Mazzanti,   Massimiliano.
We study the driving forces behind the adoption of environmental innovations (EI) in the Italian industry over 2006-2008 through analyses of the new wave of Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data that covered for the first time environmental innovation adoptions. We investigate whether the first phase of EU ETS has exerted some effects on environmental innovations by using a very large sample of italian manufcturing firms. Estimates show that external forces and complementarity with other management practices are particularly relevant to increase the adoption of relatively new and radical technologies: relationships with other firms and institutions, local public funding, group membership are the key factors. The role of ETS on EI seems instead to be weak:...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Innovation; Industrial Sectors; ETS; Innovation Drivers; CIS Data; Environmental Economics and Policy; C21; L2; O33; Q38; Q55.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121701

The 2008 WITCH Model: New Model Features and Baseline
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; De Cian,   Enrica; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
WITCH is an energy-economy-climate model developed by the climate change group at FEEM. The model has been extensively used in the past 3 years for the economic analysis of climate change policies. WITCH is a hybrid top-down economic model with a representation of the energy sector of medium complexity. Two distinguishing features of the WITCH model are the representation of endogenous technological change and the game–theoretic set-up. Technological change is driven by innovation and diffusion processes, both of which feature international spillovers.  World countries are grouped in 12 regions which interact with each other in a setting of strategic interdependence. This paper describes the updating of the base year data to 2005 and some new features: the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Hybrid Modelling; Integrated Assessment; Technological Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O41; Q43.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55284

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs), most notably those that enhance energy efficiency. In the medium term, the effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economics research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The most obvious lessons from this research are that widespread diffusion of CFTs may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology diffusion; Climate change; Developing countries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O38; Q25; Q28; O48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10574

Community Pressure and Clean Technology in the Informal Sector: An Econometric Analysis of the Adoption of Propane by Traditional Mexican Brickmakers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
In many developing countries the informal sector, comprised of low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises, is a major source of pollution. Environmental management in this sector is exceptionally challenging. Though clean technologies offer a means of mitigating the problem, to our knowledge there has been no rigorous empirical research on why informal (or even small-scale) firms do and do not adopt them. As a first step towards filling this gap, this paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the diffusion of propane among informal 'traditional' brickmakers in Cd. Juárez, Mexico--a leading source of air pollution owing to their reliance on cheap, highly polluting fuels such as used tires and scrap wood. The two key policy implications of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Community pressure; Clean technology; Informal sector; Technology adoption; Brickmaking; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; Q25; C25; L61.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10529

An impact evaluation of technology adoption by smallholders in Sichuan, China: the case of sweet potato-pig systems
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lapar,   Ma. Lucila A.; Ngoc Toan,   Nguyen; Zou,   Chengyi; Liu,   Jinyuan; Li,   Xianglin; Randolph,   Thomas F.
We employ propensity score matching (PSM) framework to examine the impact of sweet potato-based feed technology adoption on household-based pig production in Sichuan, China. An ex post survey in six villages was conducted in 2009, of which five villages were in project intervention sites (exposed area) and one village in the same township but not exposed to project intervention (non-exposed area). We randomly selected 111 households in the exposed areas from the list of households previously interviewed in a baseline survey and 53 households from non-exposed area. Matching estimators such as nearest neighbor matching (NNM), radius matching (RM) and kernel matching (KM) were used to estimate average treatment effects. Results indicate positive net benefit...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Technology adoption; Impact assessment; Crop-livestock systems; Livestock Production/Industries; Production Economics; O22; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100577

Romanian Maize - Distorted Prices and Producer Efficiency
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sauer,   Johannes; Balint,   Borbala.
This study tackles the decomposition of efficiency with respect to agricultural production in transition economies by using a case study on small scale maize farmers in Romania.  The underlying modelling assumption is that farmers in transition countries still face heavily distorted price systems.  To capture such distortions a stochastic shadow cost frontier model is formulated to investigate the systematic input specific allocative inefficiency.  We further adjust the underlying cost frontier by incorporating shadow price corrections and subsequently reveal evidence on farm specific technical inefficiency.  Different models are estimated due to the imposition of curvature correctness.  The empirical results confirm the underlying hypothesis of enduring...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Shadow cost frontier; Transitional agriculture; Functional consistency; Demand and Price Analysis; C40; D24; O33.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21410

R&amp;D, Innovation and Growth: Evidence from Four Manufacturing Sectors in OECD Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ulku,   Hulya.
This paper provides an empirical analysis of the relationship between R&amp;D intensity, rate of innovation and the growth rate of output in four manufacturing sectors from 17 OECD countries. The findings suggest that the knowledge stock is the main determinant of innovation in all four manufacturing sectors and that R&amp;D intensity increases innovation in the chemicals and the electrical and electronics sector. In addition, the rate of innovation has a positive effect on the growth rate of output in all sectors except for the drugs and medical sector. These results lend strong support for the non-scale endogenous growth models.    *I am grateful to Adam Jaffe for his invaluable suggestions and comments.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-scale endogenous growth; R&amp;D; Patent; Innovation; Output growth; System GMM; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O14; O30; O31; O33; O41.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/30542

Effects of the CDM on Poverty Eradication and Global Climate Protection
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rubbelke,   Dirk T.G.; Rive,   Nathan.
In an impure public good model we analyze the effects of CDM transfers on poverty as well as on the global climate protection level. We construct an analytical model of a developing and an industrialized region, both of which independently seek to maximize their utility – a function of private consumption, domestic air quality, and global climate protection. They do so by distributing their finite expenditures across (1) the aggregate consumption good, (2) end-of-pipe pollution control technologies, and (3) greenhouse gas abatement. Based on our analytical findings, we develop two sets of simulations for China in which we vary the rate of the CDM transfer. The simulations differ by the assumption of China’s domestic air quality policy – the first assumes a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ancillary Benefits; CDM; Climate Policy; Impure Public Goods; Transfers; Abatement Technology; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty; Q54; H23; H41; O33.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46650

Estimation of Actual and potential adoption rates and determinants of a new technology not universally known in the population: The case of NERICA rice varieties in Guinea
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Diagne,   Aliou; Sogbossi,   Marie-Josee; Simtowe,   Franklin; Diawara,   Sekou; Diallo,   Abdoulaye Sadio; Barry,   Alpha Bacar.
The NERICA (New Rice for Africa) rice varieties, developed by the Africa Rice Center during the 1990s, are providing hopes for raising the productivity of upland rice farmers in Africa because of their reported high yield potential and adaptability to the African conditions. The varieties are new and not widely disseminated in farming communities and there is lot of interest in the donor community in knowing their potential for widespread adoption across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).  However, when a technology is new and the target population is not universally exposed it, the observed sample adoption rate and classical models of adoption widely used in adoption studies does not inform reliably on its potential adoption and constraint to it in the full...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: NERICA varieties; Technology Diffusion and adoption; Average Treatment Effect; Guinea; International Development; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C13; O33; Q12; Q16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51644

The Environment and Directed Technical Change: Comment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hourcade,   Jean-Charles; Pottier,   Antonin; Espagne,   Etienne.
This paper discusses the growth model with environmental constraints recently presented in (Acemoglu et al., 2011) which focuses on the redirection of technical change by climate policies with research subsidies and a carbon tax. First, Acemoglu et al.'s model and chosen parameters yield numerical results that do not support the conclusion that ambitious climate policies can be conducted “without sacrificing (much or any) long-run growth”. Second, they select unrealistic key parameters for carbon sinks and elasticity of substitution. We find that more realistic parameters lead to very different results. Third, the model leads to an unrealistic conclusion when used to analyse endogenous growth, suggesting specification problems.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Technological Change; Endogenous Growth; Climate; Energy Substitutability; Environmental Economics and Policy; O30; O33; Q43; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120046

Green Revolution Technology Takes Root in Africa  The Promise and Challenge of the Ministry of Agriculture/SG2000 Experiment with Improved Cereals Technology in Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Howard,   Julie A.; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Stepanek,   Julie; Crawford,   Eric W.; Demeke,   Mulat; Maredia,   Mywish K.
In 1993, the Sasakawa/Global 2000 Program (SG) and the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) began a joint program to demonstrate that substantial productivity increases could be achieved when farmers were given appropriate extension messages and agricultural inputs were delivered on time at reasonable prices. The program provided credit, inputs and extension assistance to participants willing to establish half-hectare demonstration plots on their own land. In 1995, the MOA/SG demonstration program reached more than 3,500 farmers. During the same year MOA launched the New Extension Program (NEP) based on SG principles but managed independently. By 1997, NEP was managing the bulk of the demonstration plots. Although the MOA/SG program is widely considered to be a...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Agricultural inputs; Ethiopia; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Downloads July 2008 - June 2009: 15; O33.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54667

STRENGTHENING RURAL AMERICA’S POSITION IN THE GLOBAL BROADBAND ADOPTION RACE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barnes,   James N.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Broadband; Rural America; Economic Development; Internet; Rural Regions; Agribusiness; R12; O33; O57; R11.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100896

Determinants of Food Industry Performance – Empirical Evidence Based on a Survey
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Furtan,   William Hartley; Sauer,   Johannes.
This paper empirically investigates the determinants of firms’ performance in the agri-food sector by using recent survey data for Denmark. Treating sales per employee as a proxy for value addition we estimate several bootstrapped regression models to draw conclusions on the marginal effects of potential performance determinants such as the form and nature of ownership, stage of the food chain and commodity sector, new product development, staff quality, firms’ competitive stance, and elements of firms’ strategy. To draw robust inferences we apply, besides the ordinary heteroscedasticity corrected Tobit ML-estimator, a nonparametric least absolute deviations estimator (LAD/CLAD) based on a quantile regression procedure. The results indicate that we cannot...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Value added; Innovation; Organizational type; Agribusiness; Q13; O31; O33.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6422

DISTORTED PRICES AND PRODUCER EFFICIENCY - ROMANIAN MAIZE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Balint,   Borbala; Sauer,   Johannes.
This research aims at shedding empirical light on the relative efficiency of small-scale maize producers in Romania. Farmers in transition countries still face heavily distorted price systems resulting from imperfect market conditions and socioeconomic and institutional constraints. To capture such distortions we formulate a stochastic shadow-cost frontier model to investigate the systematic input-specific allocative inefficiency. We further adjust the underlying cost frontier by incorporating shadow price corrections and subsequently reveal evidence on farm specific technical inefficiency. Different models are estimated due to the imposition of curvature correctness and the effects on the individual efficiency estimates are shown. The empirical results...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Shadow Cost Frontier; Functional Consistency; Maize; Romania; Crop Production/Industries; C40; D24; O33.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14958

Willingness to Pay for Information Programs about E-Commerce: Results from a Convenience Sample of Rural Louisiana Businesses
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Watson,   Susan; Nwoha,   Ogbonnaya John; Kennedy,   Gary A.; Rea,   Kenneth.
The probability of a business paying various amounts of money for an e-commerce presence ultimately depends on demographic features, experiences with e-commerce from a buyer’s and seller’s perspective, technological expertise, and knowledge of e-commerce opportunities and limitations.  Estimating functions to assign probabilities associated with the willingness to pay for an e-commerce presence will assist in forecasting regional likelihood of certain profiles paying various monetary amounts for an e-commerce presence.  In addition, if services are provided at no cost by a third party, value to a society will be maximized by selecting profiles with the highest willingness to pay.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: E-commerce; Internet; Rural businesses; Technology; Willingness to pay; A14; C25; D21; O13; O14; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43502

PROFIT EFFICIENCY AMONG BANGLADESHI RICE FARMERS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rahman,   Sanzidur.
Production inefficiency is usually analysed by its two components - technical efficiency and allocative efficiency. In this study we provide a direct measure of production efficiency of the Bangladeshi rice farmers using a stochastic profit frontier and inefficiency effects model. The data, which is for 1996, includes seven conventional inputs and several other background factors affecting production of modern or high yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice spread across 21 villages in three agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh. The results show that there are high levels of inefficiency in modern rice cultivation. The mean level of profit efficiency is 77% suggesting that an estimated 23% of the profit is lost due to a combination of both technical and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Stochastic profit frontier; Profit efficiency; Bangladesh; Crop Production/Industries; Productivity Analysis; O33; Q18; And C21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25898

Adoption of Genetically Modified Eggplant in India: An  Ex Ante Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kolady,   Deepthi; Lesser,   William H.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/28/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Genetically Modified Crops; Bt Eggplant; Adoption; India; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O13; O14; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19262

Compliance with international food safety standards as an outcome of a Nash bargaining process: a case study on Kenyan small scale green beans farms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nimenya,   Nicodeme; Frahan,   Bruno Henry de; Ndimira,   Pascal-Firmin.
This study provides a stylized model on “Exit, voice and loyalty” as alternative strategic responses taken by Kenyan green beans farmers in the context of new and more stringent international food safety standards. On the analytical side, we use the Nash bargaining theory where the exporter and a representative grower bargain over the product quality level and the premium producer price. The comparative statics analysis shows that the producer bargaining power unlike the compliance costs has, ceteris paribus, a positive effect on the equilibrium quality level while these exogenous variables have ambiguous effects on producer price at equilibrium. Empirical results from logit model estimation with survey data at farm-level in Kenya show that households with...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bargaining; Small-scale farm; Voice; Agribusiness; Consumer/Household Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D18; O17; O33; Q13; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53004

Innovation and Institutional Ownership
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Aghion,   Philippe; Van Reenen,   John; Zingales,   Luigi.
We find that institutional ownership in publicly traded companies is associated with more innovation (measured by cite-weighted patents). To explore the mechanism through which this link arises, we build a model that nests the lazy-manager hypothesis with career-concerns, where institutional owners increase managerial incentives to innovate by reducing the career risk of risky projects. The data supports the career concerns model. First, whereas the lazy manager hypothesis predicts a substitution effect between institutional ownership and product market competition (and managerial entrenchment generally), the career-concern model allows for complementarity. Empirically, we reject substitution effects. Second, CEOs are less likely to be fired in the face of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Career Concerns; Innovation; Institutional Ownership; Productivity and R&amp;D; Financial Economics; G20; G32; O31; O32; O33.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93414

Did Agricultural Technological Changes Affect China’s Regional Disparity?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Liu,   Xiaoyun; Wang,   Xiuqing; Mao,   Xuefeng; Luo,   Wanchun; Xin,   Xian.
China’s agricultural sector has developed very rapidly in the past 30 years and agricultural technological progress is deemed one of the most substantial factors leading to its rapid agricultural GDP growth. In this paper, we assess the impacts of agricultural technological changes on regional disparity using a general equilibrium model of multiple regions and multiple sectors. Our results suggest that agricultural technological changes significantly reduced China’s agricultural regional disparity and accounted for 40% reduction in agricultural regional disparity in terms of agricultural GDP per capita. Agricultural technological changes, however, led to an increase in China’s overall regional disparity and accounted for 6% increase in its overall regional...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural technological change; Regional disparity; General equilibrium model; Agricultural and Food Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; R13; O18; O33; C67.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50322

Distinguishing Different Industry Technologies and Localized Technical Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sauer,   Johannes; Morrison Paul,   Catherine J.
When different technologies are present in an industry, assuming a homogeneous technology will lead to misleading implications about technical change and inefficient policy recommendations. In this paper a latent class modelling approach and flexible estimation of the production structure is used to distinguish different technologies for a representative sample of E.U. dairy producers, as an industry exhibiting significant structural changes and differences in production systems in the past decades. The model uses a transformation function to recognize multiple outputs; separate technological classes based on multiple characteristics, a flexible generalized linear functional form, a variety of inputs, and random effects to capture firm heterogeneity; and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Heterogenous Technologies; Transformation Function; Localized Technical Change; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q12; O33; C35.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99834

The Solaria Syndrome: Social Capital in a Growing Hyper-technological Economy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Sabatini,   Fabio; Sodini,   Mauro.
We develop a dynamic model to analyze the sources and the evolution of social participation and social capital in a growing economy characterized by exogenous technical progress. Starting from the assumption that the well-being of agents basically depends on material and relational goods, we show that the best-case scenarios hold when technology and social capital both support just one of the two productions at the expenses of the other. However, trajectories are possible where technology and social interaction balance one another in fostering the growth of both the social and the private sector of the economy. Along such tracks, technology may play a crucial role in supporting a “socially sustainable” economic growth.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Economic Growth; Relational Goods; Social Participation; Social Capital; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; J22; O41; Z13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93415

Dynamics of Structural Transformation: An Empirical Characterization in the Case of China, Malaysia, and Ghana
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Badibanga,   Thaddee Mutumba; Diao,   Xinshen; Roe,   Terry L.; Somwaru,   Agapi.
The paper develops a metric of structural transformation that can account for the production of new varieties of goods embodying advancements in technological know-how and design. Our measure captures the dynamics of an economy’s transformation and can be viewed as an extension of Hausmann and Klinger’s static measure. We apply our measure to four-digit-level SITC trade data of China, Malaysia, and Ghana over the period 1962–2000. The results show that two important factors characterize the rapid transformation of the Chinese economy: the high proximity of its export basket to three main industrial clusters—capital goods, consumer durable goods, and intermediate inputs—and the increase in the values of the new goods belonging to those three clusters....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Structural transformation; Discovery; Technological change; International Development; F19; O14; O33; O40.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50004

Estimating the Implicit Value of Crop Stubble as a Barrier to Technology Adoption in Morocco
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Magnan,   Nicholas; Larson,   Douglas M.
For mixed cereal-livestock farmers, cereal production provides a bundle of goods. Grain is consumed by the household or sold at market, and crop residues are used as livestock feed. The straw component of crop residue can be bought and sold at market and therefore has a well-established local market price. Crop stubble, the portion of the crop residue left on the ground, is generally not traded and therefore has no market price. Some agricultural technologies require farmers to forgo using crop stubble as feed, and cultivation of high value crops entails sacrificing residue production altogether. In this paper we apply a structural econometric model to household data from Morocco to estimate the implicit value of crop stubble. We use a sample splitting...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Mixed cereal-livestock systems; Non-market valuation; Land use; Technology adoption; No-till; International Development; Land Economics/Use; Livestock Production/Industries; O33; Q12; Q24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60858

Using Spatial Analysis to Study the Values of Variable Rate Technology and Information
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bullock,   David S.; Lowenberg-DeBoer,   James.
We present a review of the last few years' literature on the economic feasibility of variable rate technology in agriculture.  Much of the research on this topic has involved the estimation of site-specific yield response functions.  Data used for such estimations most often inherently lend themselves to spatial analysis.  We discuss the different types of spatial analyses that may be appropriate in estimating various types yield response functions.  Then, we present a taxonomy for the discussion of the economics of precision agriculture technology and information.  We argue that precision agriculture technology and information must be studied together since they are by nature economic complements. We contend that longer-term, multi-location agronomic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Precision agriculture; Spatial econometrics; Variable rate technology; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C31; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25393

Cross-Border Securities Clearing and Settlement Infrastructure in the European Union as a Prerequisite to Financial Markets Integration: Challenges and Perspectives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Carvalho,   Cynthia Hirata.
The importance of an efficient securities clearing and settlement system lies on the safer transfer of ownership of assets against payment. Such a system must be developed in a way to minimize the risks involved on securities transactions, and it must still offer lower costs, which do not hinder the intention to acquire or dispose securities. The cross-border securities clearing and settlement transactions within Europe, especially equities transactions, are still much higher and riskier than if cleared and settled domestically. The fragmented structure of local securities depositories is hindering the integration of financial markets in Europe, because investors are not stimulated to enjoy opportunities cross-border. Thus a smoothly functioning integrated...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Securities settlement systems; Settlement designs; Models for consolidation of depository institutions; Costs of cross-border securities transactions; Financial integration; Financial Economics; F30; G21; O33.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26138

Effects of Carbon Policies and Technology Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: MacAuley,   Molly K.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang.
We develop and estimate an index-based measure of expected consumer welfare under various carbon emissions control policies in the electricity generation sector. This approach estimates welfare effects by a somewhat less data intensive methodology than econometric approaches or more complex modeling. We include anticipated technological change in the production of renewable and nonrenewable power generation during the next two decades. We estimate welfare improvements from 2000 to 2020 as renewable energy technologies continue to be improved and gradually adopted, compared with a counterfactual scenario allowing for continual improvement of nonrenewable generation technology. We formally incorporate uncertainty. We evaluate the model under alternative...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon emissions control; Electricity generation; Technological change; Consumer welfare; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q40; Q42; O33.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10620

Obstacles to a Doubly Green Revolution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Increasingly, conventional wisdom dictates that agrarian policy in developing countries should foster a "doubly green revolution" that both protects the environment and boosts output. Like the first green revolution, such a transformation will entail convincing millions of farmers to adopt new practices and, as a result, will confront well-documented barriers to technological change in developing-country agriculture. It will also face a number of new obstacles, including a divergence between the interests of policymakers and farmers, a policy environment biased in favor of input-intensive agriculture, and the fact that many environmentally friendly technologies entail relatively high set-up costs. At least in the short run, institutional constraints will...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Developing country; Green revolution; Environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O33; Q2; Q16; Q18.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10476

Information Programs for Technology Adoption: The Case of Energy-Efficiency Audits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Soren T.; Newell,   Richard G.
We analyze technology adoption decisions of manufacturers in response to energy audits provided by Department of Energy Industrial Assessment Centers. Using fixed effects logit estimation to control for unobserved plant characteristics, we find that plants respond as expected to financial costs and benefits, though there are unmeasured project-related factors that also influence investment decisions. Revealed behavior of plants suggests that most require a payback of 15 months or less as their investment threshold, corresponding to an 80% or greater hurdle rate. This is consistent with survey results for stated investment thresholds, suggesting that these programs do not lower hurdle rates, as some suggest. Plants reject about half of recommended projects;...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Energy efficiency; Information; Technology adoption; Energy audits; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q41; Q48; O33; O38.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10916

Adoption of Variability Detection and Variable Rate Application Technologies by Cotton Farmers in Southern United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nair,   Shyam; Wang,   Chenggang; Segarra,   Eduardo; Belasco,   Eric J.; Velandia,   Margarita M.; Reeves,   Jeanne M.
A nested logit model was used to analyze the 2009 Southern Cotton Precision Farming Survey to study the impact of farmer and farm characteristics on the adoption of Variability Detection Technologies (VDT) and the adoption of Variability Rate application Technology (VRT) conditioned on the type of the VDT chosen.  The results showed that the farm size and exposure to extension activities are important factors affecting the choice of VDTs.  The farmers adopting both soil and plant based VDTs are more likely to adopt VRT.  The probability of adoption of VRTs was lower for Texas cotton farmers irrespective of the type of VDT adopted.  In general, younger, more educated farmers who use computers for farming operations are more likely to adopt VRT when they...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Precision Agriculture; Technology Adoption; Cotton; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; Q16.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103567

Human Capital, Complex Technologies, Firm Size and Wages: A Test of the O-Ring Production Hypotheses
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yu,   Li; Orazem,   Peter F.
Kremer’s O-Ring production theory (QJE, 1993) describes a process in which a single mistake in any one of several tasks in firm’s production process can lead to catastrophic failure of the product’s value. This paper tests the predictions of the O-Ring theory in the context of a single market for a relatively homogeneous product: hog production. Consistent with the theory, the most skilled workers concentrate in the largest and most technologically advanced farms and are paid more. As with observed skills, workers with the greatest endowments of unobserved skills also sort themselves into the largest and most technology intensive farms.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; Production Economics; Farm Management; L11; O33; J43.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44873

Effects of Bt Cotton in India During the First Five Years of Adoption
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sadashivappa,   Prakash; Qaim,   Matin.
While previous research has analyzed the impacts of Bt cotton in India, most available studies are based on one or two years of data only. We analyze the technology’s performance over the first five years of adoption, using panel data with three rounds of observations. On average, Bt adopting farmers realize pesticide reductions of about 40%, and yield advantages of 30-40%. Profit gains are in a magnitude of US $60 per acre. These benefits have been sustainable over time. Farmers’ satisfaction is reflected in a high willingness to pay for Bt seeds. Nonetheless, in 2006 Indian state governments decided to establish price caps at levels much lower than what companies had charged before. This intervention has further increased farmers’ profits, but the impact...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Bt cotton; Genetically modified crops; Farm survey; India; Seed markets; Technology adoption; Willingness to pay (WTP); Environmental Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O32; O33; Q16; Q55; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49947

Markets, Contracts, or Integration? The Adoption, Diffusion, and Evolution of Organizational Form
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sykuta,   Michael E.; Klein,   Peter G.; James,   Harvey S., Jr.
The rise of contract farming and vertical integration is one of the most important changes in modern agriculture. Yet the adoption and diffusion of these new forms of organization has varied widely across regions, commodities, or farm types, however. Transaction cost theories and the like are not fully effective at explaining the variation of adoption rates of different organizational forms, in part because of their inherent static nature. In order to explain the adoption, diffusion and evolution of organizational form, a more dynamic framework is required. This paper lays out such a framework for understanding the evolution of organizational practices in U.S. agriculture by drawing on existing theories of economic organization, the diffusion of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contracting; Vertical integration; Organizational innovation; Diffusion; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; L14; L22; Q13; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19390

Strategic Resource Dependence
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gerlagh,   Reyer; Liski,   Matti.
We consider a situation where an exhaustible-resource seller faces demand from a buyer who has a perfect substitute but there is a time-to-build delay for the substitute. We  that find in this simple framework the basic implications of the Hotelling model (1931) are reversed: over time the stock declines but supplies increase up to the point where the buyer decides to switch. Under such a threat of demand change, the supply does not reflect the true current resource scarcity but leads to increased future scarcity, felt during the transition to the substitute supplies. The analysis suggests a perspective on costs of oil dependence.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Dynamic Bilateral Monopoly; Markov-Perfect Equilibrium; Depletable Resources; Energy; Alternative Fuels; Oil Dependence; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D4; D9; O33; Q40.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44222

At Home and Abroad: An Empirical Analysis of Innovation and Diffusion in Energy-Efficient Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Verdolini,   Elena; Galeotti,   Marzio.
This paper contributes to the induced innovation literature by extending the analysis of supply and demand determinants of innovation in energy-efficient technologies to account for international knowledge flows and spillovers. In the first part of the paper we select a sample of 38 innovating countries and we study how knowledge related to energy-efficient technologies flows across geographical and technological space. We demonstrate that higher geographical and technological distances are associated with a lower probability of knowledge flow. In the second part of the paper, we use our previous estimates to construct stocks of internal and external knowledge for a panel of 17 countries and present an econometric analysis of the supply and demand...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Technology Diffusion; Knowledge Spillovers; Energy-Efficient Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O33; Q55; C13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56216

Adoption of Conservation-Tillage Methods and Genetically Modified Cotton
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Roberts,   Roland K.; English,   Burton C.; Gao,   Qi; Larson,   James A.
Adoption of herbicide-tolerant cotton and conservation tillage may be simultaneously related.  Bayes' theorem and a two-equation logit model were used to test the simultaneity hypothesis.  Evidence for Tennessee suggests that adoption of these technologies reduced residual herbicide use and soil erosion more than if adoption of these technologies were independent.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bayes' theorem; Conservation tillage; Cotton; Genetically modified crops; Herbicide tolerant crops; Simultaneous logit model; Technology adoption; Crop Production/Industries; Q12; Q16; Q24; O33.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/35293

Technological Change, Fuel Efficiency and Carbon Intensity in Electricity Generation: A Cross-Country Empirical Study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Verdolini,   Elena; Johnstone,   Nick; Hascic,   Ivan.
This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of energy efficiency in fossil fuel electricity generation across 28 OECD countries over the period 1981-2006, with particular attention to the role played by technological development and the availability of energy efficient technologies in the market. This contribution is novel in three respects: first, empirically assess the effects of different determinants of energy efficiency, which include the input mix in electricity generation, the capacity ratio at which power plants are run, as well as the characteristics of the production technology. Second, we focus on the role of technological availability: using patent data for carefully selected innovations in fossil-fuel technologies, we build...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation; Energy Efficiency; Carbon Intensity; Technological Change; Patents; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q40; O33; O13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120043

Learning-by-Doing and the Choice of Technology: The Role of Patience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Lee,   In Ho.
If agents learn-by-doing and are myopic, less advanced firms might adopt new technologies while more advanced firms stick with the old technology. This kind of overtaking can also occur if agents are forward looking and have high discount rates. However, overtaking never occurs if agents are sufficiently patient. A finite discount rate increases the set of states at which agents adopt new technologies, so more patient agents tend to upgrade their technology more frequently.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Learning-by-doing; Overtaking; Leapfrogging; Technology adoption; Economic growth; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; D92; O14; O33.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25108

An Integrated Assessment of Climate Change, Air Pollution, and Energy Security Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bollen,   Johannes; Hers,   Sebastiaan; van der Zwaan,   Bob.
This article presents an integrated assessment of climate change, air pollution, and energy security policy. Basis of our analysis is the MERGE model, designed to study the interaction between the global economy, energy use, and the impacts of climate change. For our purposes we expanded MERGE with expressions that quantify damages incurred to regional economies as a result of air pollution and lack of energy security. One of the main findings of our cost-benefit analysis is that energy security policy alone does not decrease the use of oil: global oil consumption is only delayed by several decades and oil reserves are still practically depleted before the end of the 21st century. If, on the other hand, energy security policy is integrated with optimal...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Air Pollution; Energy Security; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; D58; C61; O33; Q40.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55332

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN CHINA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huang,   Jikun; Hu,   Ruifa; van Meijl,   Hans; van Tongeren,   Frank W.
China has made a major investment in biotechnology research.  Genetically modified (GM) cotton is widely adopted and the list of GM technologies in trials is impressive.  At the same time there is an active debate on when China should commercialize its GM food crops.  The overall goal of this paper is to provide an economy-wide assessment of these issues under various scenarios.  Based on a unique data from empirical micro-level study and field trial in China and a modified GTAP model, our results indicate that the development of biotechnology has an important impact on China's production, trade and welfare.  Welfare gains far outweigh the public biotechnology research expenditures.  Most gains occur inside China.  Policy makers should put less weight on...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Economic impacts; Biotechnology; Genetically modified crops; China; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C68; D58; F13; O33; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25883

Governing the Co-existence of GM Crops: Ex-Ante Regulation and Ex-Post Liability under Uncertainty and Irreversibility
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beckmann,   Volker; Soregaroli,   Claudio; Wesseler,   Justus.
The future institutional environment for the co-existence of genetically modified (GM) crops, conventional crops and organic crops in Europe combines measures of ex-ante regulation and ex-post liability rules. Against this background we ask the following two questions: How does ex-ante regulation and ex-post liability under irreversibility and uncertainty affect the adoption of GM crops? What are the implications for regional agglomeration of GM and non-GM crops? Ex-ante regulations and ex-post liabilities for using GM crops will induce additional costs. These costs are modelled in a classical way. The model is advanced by including irreversibility and uncertainty and taking into account transaction costs of negotiating possible solutions with neighbouring...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Co-existence; GM crops; Liability law; Public regulation; Technology adoption; Agricultural and Food Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; K13; O33; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18845

Microeconomic Approaches to Development: Schooling, Learning, and Growth
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rosenzweig,   Mark R.
I illustrate the variety of approaches to development issues microeconomists employ, focusing on studies that illuminate and quantify the major mechanisms posited by growth theorists who highlight the role of education in fostering growth. I begin with a basic issue: what are the returns to schooling? I discuss microeconomic studies that estimate schooling returns  using alternative approaches to estimating wage equations, which require assumptions that are unlikely to be met in low-income countries, looking at inferences based on how education interacts with policy and technological changes in the labor and marriage markets. I then review research addressing whether schooling facilitates learning, or merely imparts knowledge, and whether there is social...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Schooling; Development; Growth; International Development; Labor and Human Capital; O11; O15; O33; J24.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59442

DETERMINANTS OF FOOD INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE –  SURVEY DATA AND REGRESSIONS FOR DENMARK
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Furtan,   William Hartley; Sauer,   Johannes.
This  paper  investigates  empirically  the  determinants  of  firms’  performance  in  the  agrifood  sector by using recent survey data for Denmark. Treating sales per employee as a proxy for  value  added  we  estimate  several  bootstrapped  regression  models  to  draw  conclusions  on  the  marginal effects of potential performance determinants such as the form and nature of ownership,  stage  of  the  food  chain  and  commodity  sector,  new  product  development,  staff  quality,  firms’  competitive stance, and elements of firms’ strategy. To draw robust inferences we apply, besides  the  ordinary  heteroscedasticity  corrected  Tobit  ML-estimator,  a  nonparametric  least  absolute  deviations estimator (LAD/CLAD) based on a quantile regression...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Value added; Innovation; Organizational type; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q13; O31; O33.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36851

Human Capital, Innovation, and Climate Policy: An Integrated Assessment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; De Cian,   Enrica; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper looks at the interplay between human capital and innovation in the presence of climate and educational policies. Using recent empirical estimates, human capital and general purpose R&amp;D are introduced in an integrated assessment model that has been extensively applied to study climate change mitigation. Our results suggest that climate policy stimulates general purpose as well as clean energy R&amp;D but reduces the incentive to invest in human capital formation. Human capital increases the productivity of labour and the complementarity between labour and energy drives its pollution-using effect (direct effect). When human capital is an essential input in the production of generic and energy dedicated  knowledge, the crowding out induced by...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Innovation; Human capital; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O41; Q43.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122861

The Sophistication and Diversification of the African Agricultural Sector: A Product Space Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Badibanga,   Thaddee Mutumba; Ulimwengu,   John M.
We use the concept of the product space to analyze the key features of the transformation process in Africa with a focus on the agricultural sector. Between 1962 and 2008, we find that both specialization and diversification occur for the overall economy and across sectors. Our findings also confirm that the transformation of the African economy is driven primarily by the increasing specialization of nonagricultural exports. However, the transformation process is still moving more slowly than that of an emerging economy such as Brazil. The index of specialization of agricultural exports grew at a modest annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1962 and 2008, compared to 5.0 percent for nonagricultural exports and 4.1 percent for the overall economy. Although...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Structural transformation; Diversification; Sophistication; Growth; Export; Africa; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F19; O14; O33; O40.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124498

Neoclassical Growth, Environment and Technological Change: The Environmental Kuznets Curve
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rubio,   S.J.; Garcia,   J.R.; Hueso,   J.L.
The paper investigates socially optimal patterns of economic growth and environmental quality in a neoclassical growth model with endogenous technological progress. In the model, the environmental quality affects positively not only to utility but also to production. However, cleaner technologies can be used in the economy whether a part of the output is used in environmentally oriented R&amp;D. In this framework, if the initial level of capital is low then the shadow price of a cleaner technology is low relative to the cost of developing it given by the marginal utility of consumption and it is not worth investing in R&amp;D. Thus, there will be a first stage of growth based only on the accumulation of capital with a decreasing environmental quality until...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Neoclassical Growth Model; Endogenous Technological Progress; External Effects; Environmental Kuznets Curve; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O41; Q55; Q56.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56221