Consulta: subjectFacets:"Q20"
Registros recuperados: 96
Data/hora: 01/06/2024 08:25:38

Scarcity and Growth in the New Millennium: Summary
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Simpson,   R. David; Toman,   Michael; Ayres,   Robert U.
In their 1963 classic Scarcity and Growth Howard Barnett and Chandler Morse argued that resource scarcity did not threaten economic growth. A second investigation in the late 1970s, Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, reached largely the same conclusion. The 25 years since that work was published have witnessed many developments. The message of Scarcity and Growth that depletion of market resources was not a problem has given way to a concern that "new scarcities" of environmental quality, global climate, and biological diversity are emerging. Resources for the Future recently assembled a distinguished group of international scholars to again address scarcity and growth. This paper describes their charge and summarizes their findings. Technological progress...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: History of economic thought; Technological change; Renewable resources and economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; B12; B20; N50; O13; O14; O33; O47; Q20; Q32.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10835

The Ghost of Extinction: Preservation Values and Minimum Viable Population in Wildlife Models
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Eiswerth,   Mark E.
The inclusion of a minimum viable population in bioeconomic modeling creates at least two complications that are not resolved by using a modified logistic growth function. The first complication can be dealt with by choosing a different depensational growth function. The second complication relates to the inclusion of the in situ benefits of wildlife into the analysis. Knowledge about the magnitude of the in situ benefits provides no guide for policy about conservation management. Simply knowing that people are willing to pay a large amount each year to protect a species says nothing about whether one should manage habitat to protect or enhance the species’ numbers, unless the species is in imminent danger of extinction. If willingness to pay is to be a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Marginal willingness to pay; Endangered species and extinction; Minimum viable population; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q24; C61.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9790

Safe Minimum Standards in Dynamic Resource Problems -- Conditions for Living on the Edge of Risk
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Margolis,   Michael; Naevdal,   Eric.
Safe Minimum Standards (SMSs) have been advocated as a policy rule for environmental problems where uncertainty about risks and consequences are thought to be profound. This paper explores the rationale for such a policy within a dynamic framework and derives conditions for when SMSs can be summarily dismissed as a policy choice and for when SMSs can be defended as an optimal policy based on standard economic criteria. We have determined that these conditions can be checked with quite limited information about damages and risks. In order to analyze the SMSs in a dynamic setting, we have developed a method for solving optimal control problems where the state space is divided into risky and non-risky subsets.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Safe minimum standards; Optimal control; Critical zone; Threshold effects; Mixed risk spaces; Risk and Uncertainty; C61; Q20; Q30.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10568

Expert Opinion versus Transaction Evidence: Using the Reilly Index to Measure Open Space Premiums in the Urban-Rural Fringe
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cotteleer,   Geerte; Stobbe,   Tracy; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
Due to economic and population growth farmland and to a lesser extend other undeveloped areas are under pressure in the urban-rural fringe in British Columbia, Canada. The objectives of this paper are to determine if residential property values near Victoria, BC include open-space premiums for farmland, parks or golf courses, and to determine if using assessed values instead of market prices of the property result in the same findings. We estimate a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model with two hedonic pricing equations, one with actual market values as the dependent variable and one with assessed property values, and compare the resulting estimates of shadow prices for open space amenities. Furthermore, we take account of spatial autocorrelation and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Hedonic pricing models; Spatial dependence; Assessed property values; Open space; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Land Economics/Use; R14; R52; C21; Q20; H23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37085

A Social Scientist's Perspective on the Potential Benefits of the Census of Marine Life
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sanchirico,   James N.
Over 300 natural scientists in 53 nations are taking part in the Census of Marine Life (CoML) to investigate what lived, what lives, and what will live in the oceans. The CoML is a scientific experiment that is exploring the limits of ocean science. The paper discusses the potential applications of CoML research and the mechanisms by which the potential benefits can be measured and preserved. I recommend developing and integrating policy advisory committees with the natural science activities to both maximize the benefits of the research and to avoid unintended consequences.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Marine policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10739

Accumulative Pollution, "Clean Technology," and Policy Design
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Withagen,   Cees; Toman,   Michael.
Environmental policymakers must address the adverse effects of a number of pollutants that accumulate in the environment. Goals for the regulation of these damages often involve holding long-term emissions below a level deemed to be "dangerous", or outright banning of offending products or processes along with subsidization of more "green" alternatives. This paper builds upon previous studies by Keeler, Spence, and Zeckhauser (1971) and Tahvonen and Withagen (1996) in addressing the optimal long-term management of an accumulative but assimilatable pollutant through policies that restrict more damaging production processes and thereby induce more benign alternatives. Using a simple general equilibrium approach, we consider the possibility that the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stock externalities; Nonconvexities; Sustainable development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; D62.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10748

THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION ON LAND DEVELOPMENT: A DYNAMIC AND STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
In a two-period model, economists such as K.J. Arrow, A.C. Fisher, and C. Henry, have shown that when development is both indivisible and irreversible, a developer who ignores the possibility of obtaining new information about the outcome of such development will invariably underestimate the benefits of preservation and hence favor development. In this note, I extend the AFH analysis in two directions. I model the land development problem in a dynamic framework, explicitly specifying an information production function. In such a setting, I then ask and answer the question concerning when development should take place.  Forthcoming in Journal of Environmental Management
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Development; Dynamic; Information; Uncertainty; Land Economics/Use; D82; Q20.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28356

Non-Market Valuation and the Household
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; van Houtven,   George.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the implications of the collective model of household behavior for the methods used to estimate the economic value of non-marketed environmental resources. The effects of public good and risk are considered, along with revealed and stated preference methods. To the extent the collective framework is adopted, then recover of individual preferences from household behavior requires distinguishing how preference and within household income allocations affect choices.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit estimation; Household behavior; Collective model; Consumer/Household Economics; Q20; H40.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10455

Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy as an Alternative to Natural Gas Powered Irrigation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Guerrero,   Bridget L.; Amosson,   Stephen H.; Marek,   Thomas H.; Johnson,   Jeffrey W.
High natural gas prices have agricultural producers searching for alternative energy sources for irrigation. The economic feasibility of electric and hybrid (electric/wind) systems are evaluated as alternatives to natural gas powered irrigation. Texas Panhandle and Southern Kansas farms are assessed with a quarter-mile sprinkler system, three crops, and two pumping lifts. Breakeven points identify the price at which conversion from a natural gas irrigation system to an electric or hybrid system is cost effective. Results indicate electricity is a more feasible energy source for irrigation and policy changes such as net metering are necessary to make hybrid systems viable.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Irrigation; Natural gas; Wind energy; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; International Development; Land Economics/Use; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q12; Q20; Q42.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90680

The Organization of Local Solid Waste and Recycling Markets: Public and Private Provision of Services
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Walls,   Margaret; MacAuley,   Molly K.; Anderson,   Soren T.
We study determinants of market organization of local public services by an empirical examination of one of the most visible municipal services, residential waste management. Using a multinomial logit model and data for 1,000 U.S. communities, we explore the effect of political influence, voter ideology, environmental constraints, production costs (i.e., "economies of density"), and contracting transaction costs on a community's choice of market arrangement for waste collection and recycling. We find that cost factors are a significant determinant of service delivery method. In contrast, few of the political variables are statistically significant. These results hold for our models of both waste and recycling, lending further evidence to the conclusion...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market organization; Solid waste management; State and local government; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; H70.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10892

Economics of Natural Resource Scarcity: The State of the Debate
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Krautkraemer,   Jeffrey A.
Whether economic growth can be sustained in a finite natural world is one of the earliest and most enduring questions in economic literature. Even with unprecedented growth in human population and resource consumption, humans have been quite adept at finding solutions to the problem of scarce natural resources, particularly in response to signals of increased scarcity. Because environmental resources generally are not generally traded on markets, however, scarcity signals for these resources may be inadequate, and appropriate policy responses are difficult to implement and manage. In the debate over the economic scarcity of natural resources, one significant change in recent years has been a greater focus on the ecosystem services and the resource...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Natural resource scarcity; Environmental amenities; Resource substitution; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q01; Q10; Q20; Q30; Q40; Q50.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10562

Responsibility and Sustainability in a Food Chain: A Priority Matrix Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Caracciolo,   Francesco; Gorgitano,   Maria Teresa; Lombardi,   Pasquale; Sanino,   Giuliana; Verneau,   Fabio.
This paper shows the results of empirical research conducted to assess the sustainability of a typical food supply chain, suggesting feasible solutions to satisfy inter-dimensional requisites of durable development. The analysis was conducted with reference to the supply chain of the San Marzano tomato (SMZ), a typical local food. The product is endowed with an origin certification label (PDO), meeting demand within high-value market niches. The SMZ is a flagship product in the Italian region of Campania and has benefited from several regionally funded interventions, such as genetic research and support for the application for EU certification of origin). Two key findings emerged from the research. First, the results allowed us to define a Stakeholder...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: PDO product; Sustainability assessment; Food chain management.; Agribusiness; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q01; Q20; Q50.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121950

Causes of Diversification in Agriculture Over Time: Evidence From Norwegian Farming Sector
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Culas,   Richard J.; Mahendrarajah,   Mahen.
Farm planning generally focuses on optimal diversification with respect to risk and uncertainties, where the risk-management strategies combine production, marketing, financial and environmental responses of the production of farm firm. In this study an empirical examination of farm diversification has been carried out from a sample of farms in Eastern Norway in which four measures of diversification (indices) were defined to incorporate the risk and uncertainties in relation to farm production (total) income. Using these four alternative measures of diversification and panel-data techniques, it has been shown that larger farms are more diversified, and when there is productive location and access to labour the farmers have a greater incentive to spread...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Farm diversification; Risk and uncertainty; Environmental management; Panel data; Agribusiness; C23; Q12; Q20.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24647

Increasing Demand For Quality In World Cotton Markets: How Has Zambia Performed?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tschirley,   David L.; Kabwe,   Stephen.
1. Changes in spinning technology have increased the premium on high quality lint in the world market and increased the discount for lint contaminated with non-vegetative matter 2. The inherent characteristics of most African lint, plus the fact that it is hand-picked, should give it a substantial premium in the world market. However, because so much African lint is highly contaminated by world standards, much of it trades at a discount to Index A. 3. Zambia has been the outstanding success among a sample of nine SSA countries in improving quality; this achievement is directly attributable to the efforts of Dunavant and Cargill, made possible by company culture and by the concentrated structure of Zambia's industry 4. Quality (and input supply) can be...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Cotton; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54632

Managing Forests for Sustainable Economic Development: Optimal Use and Conservation of Forests
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
The conservation of natural forests contributes significantly to the goal of achieving sustainable economic development. There is, however, growing concern that natural forests (which provide tangible and intangible economic benefits to humankind) are being lost at a rate which (combined with other factors) seriously threatens sustainable economic development because of the environmental and social impacts of such loss. There is little doubt that in order to achieve sustainable development, multifunctional forest ecosystems (as well as other important ecosystems) need to be managed appropriately. However, determining the socially optimal level of conservation and use of forests is a challenging task. From a human point of view, it is clearly not optimal to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Discount rates; Ecosystem services; Environmental conservation; Forests; Intergenerational equity; Multifunctionality; Resource economics; Sustainable development; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q23; Q56; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90465

Conservation Value
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
This paper outlines the significance of the concept of conservation value and discusses ways in which it is determined paying attention to views stemming from utilitarian ethics and from deontological ethics. The importance of user costs in relation to economic decisions about the conservation and use of natural resources is emphasised. Particular attention is given to competing views about the importance of conserving natural resources in order to achieve economic sustainability. This then lends to a discussion of the value of conserving natural resources in order to meet the moral obligations of present generations to future generations. Anthropogenic views of the value of conserving natural resources (for example, derived from utilitarian ethics) are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Anthropogenic values; Conservation value; Deontological ethics; Ecocentric values; Economic sustainability; Intergenerational equity; Natural resources; Neo-Malthusianism; Precautionary motive; Sustainability; Sustainable development; User costs; Utilitarian ethics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q01; Q20; Q30; Q50; Q51.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90879

The Certainty of Confronting Uncertainty in the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Effort
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hershner,   Carlton.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Restoration; TMDL; Chesapeake Bay; Adaptive Management; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q00; Q01; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117401

The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological Change
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Jaffe,   Adam B.; Stavins,   Robert N.
We develop a methodology for testing Hick's induced innovation hypothesis by estimating a product-characteristics model of energy-using consumer durables, augmenting the hypothesis to allow for the influence of government regulations. For the products we explored, the evidence suggests: (i) the rate of overall innovation was independent of energy prices and regulations, (ii) the direction of innovation was responsive to energy price changes for some products but not for others, (iii) energy price changes induced changes in the subset of technically feasible models that were offered for sale, (iv) this responsiveness increased substantially during the period after energy-efficiency product labeling was required, and (v) nonetheless, a sizeable portion of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Induced innovation; Energy efficiency; Technological change; Economic incentives; Regulation; Standards; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L51; O31; O38; Q40; Q20; Q48.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10521

On the Garden Path: An Economic Perspective on Prevention and Control Policies for an Invasive Species
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kaiser,   Brooks A.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q57.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94378

Sementes crioulas: o estado da arte no Rio Grande do Sul
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pelwing,   Andreia Becker; Frank,   Lucia Brandao; Barros,   Ingrid I. Bergman de.
This study investigated the state of the art of traditional, or landrace seeds in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. An ethnographic study was carried out by means of a non-statistical seed sampling in 13 farms from eight municipalities lying in the regions of the Greater Porto Alegre, Serra, Planalto Médio, Depressão Central and Serra do Sudeste. A broad diversity of ancient plants was observed. These species survive in the farms with the help of a seed bank. All in all, 39 plant species were characterized, distributed in 12 families, totaling 258 instances of landrace seeds grown in the farms visited. According to the farmers, the preference for landrace seeds is due chiefly to seed adaptability, better flavor and quality of the produce grown therefrom,...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Landrace seeds; Agrobiodiversity; Family agriculture; Sustainability; Agribusiness; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61244

Smallholder Household Maize Production and Marketing Behavior in Zambia: Implications for Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zulu,   Ballard; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Beaver,   Margaret.
CSO/MACO nationally-representative rural surveys provide important insights on smallholder crop marketing behavior from the 2001 and 2004 harvests. Only about 25 percent of smallholder farmers in Zambia sold maize in both seasons, and about 15-20 percent of smallholders sold fresh horticulture as well as groundnuts, with 11-13 percent selling cassava. From 6-10 percent of farmers produced and sold cotton. Overall, Zambian smallholder agriculture has become more diversified over the past decade, with maize, cassava, groundnuts, cotton, horticultural crops, and animal products all becoming important sources of cash revenue as well as production for home consumption (except, of course, cotton). Importantly in both seasons studied, horticulture crop sales are...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Maize; Production; Marketing; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54626

The Long-Run Effects of Environmental Reform in Open Economies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhao,   Jinhua; Sacheti,   Sandeep.
We compare the short-run and long-run effects of environmental reform and harmonization under autarky and free trade. When trade is driven by environmental distortions rather than real relative advantages, harmonization of environmental policies, even if achieved by lowering standards in one country, can improve short-run aggregate welfare. With the possibility of multiple steady states, long-run considerations favor a "race to the top" rather than a "race to the bottom" even when upward and downward harmonizations are equivalent in the short run. For a country trapped in a low (or bad) steady state, environmental reform may not move it to a high (or good) steady state under autarky. However, under trade, harmonization of policies may enable this country...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade and the environment; Environmental policy reform; International harmonization of environmental policies; Environmental dynamics and trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q20; F10; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25099

FARM CERTIFICATION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HACCP IN AGRICULTURE: A COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Galan,   Mari-Neatrice; Aubry,   Christine; Maze,   Armelle.
This article aims to highlight the methodological bases and principles, sometimes implicit, that have served as support for the development of a referential similar to the one retained as part of the French decree on "Agriculture Raisonnée",  namely the Quali'Terre  referential. We show that the innovations introduced by this referential are of various natures: i) a change of perspective by taking a position at the level of the farming system and not of a given parcel of land or production, ii) use of the HACCP  method for identification and most especially the prioritization of risks and the preventive measures to be implemented, iii) the introduction of the concept of continual improvement for the farmer. Even, if from an agronomic point of view, the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: HACCP; Methodology; Cost/benefit analysis; Farming system; Risk assessment.; Farm Management; Q16; Q20; M11; D21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/22094

Challenges and Opportunities for Water of the Rio Grande
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rister,   M. Edward; Sturdivant,   Allen W.; Lacewell,   Ronald D.; Michelsen,   Ari M.
The Rio Grande has headwaters in Colorado, flows through New Mexico, and serves as the United States.–Mexico border in Texas, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Snow melt in Colorado and northern New Mexico constitutes the water river supply for New Mexico and the El Paso region, whereas summer monsoonal flow from the Rio Conchos in Mexico and tributaries, including the Pecos River, provides the Rio Grande flow for southern Texas. The region is mostly semiarid with frequent long-term drought periods but is also characterized by a substantial irrigated agriculture sector and a rapidly growing population. International treaties and interstate compacts provide the rules for allocation of Rio Grande waters between the United States and Mexico and among...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Agricultural economics; Conservation; Irrigation; Natural resources; Renewable resources; Resources; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q5; Q15; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113529

Prices Paid to Cotton Farmers: How Does Zambia Compare to its African Neighbors?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tschirley,   David L.; Kabwe,   Stephen.
1. Zambia has paid among the best nominal seed cotton prices to farmers in SSA since 1995.  2. By a more refined measure (share of FOT), during 1995-1999, Zambia paid prices comparable to those in Tanzania (a very competitive sector), and substantially higher than in Mozambique and WCA. However, from 2000-2005, Zambia's pricing performance fell, and exceeded only Zimbabwe and Mozambique in our sample  3. The recently announced reference price for 2008 of ZKW 1,200/kg of seed cotton was negotiated and jointly announced by ginners and farmers. It amounts to about 53% of FOT at current exchange rates and Index A prices; about equal to recent shares received by farmers in Zambia, but well below levels in WCA and Tanzania.  4. What “rules of the game” are...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Cotton; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54634

Integrated assessment of public investment in land-use change to protect environmental assets in Australia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pannell,   David J.; Roberts,   Anna M.; Park,   Geoff; Curatolo,   April; Marsh,   Sally P.; Alexander,   Jennifer.
This is a pre-publication version of: Pannell, D.J., Roberts, A.M., Park, G., Alexander, J., Curatolo, A. and Marsh, S. (2012). Integrated assessment of public investment in land-use change to protect environmental assets in Australia, Land Use Policy 29(2): 377-387.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q50.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102455

A RENEWAL THEORETIC APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD SETTING
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
The process of environmental regulation is usually a two-step one. In the first step, a standard for environmental quality is set. Then, in the second step, a regulatory mechanism is put in place to achieve the standard. In this paper I show how renewal theory can be used to set the quality standard optimally.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Regulation; Standard; Renewal; Theory; Environmental Economics and Policy; D81; Q20.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28354

The Political economy of environmental policy with overlapping generations
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Rezai,   Amon.
A two-sector OLG model illuminates previously unexamined intergenerational effects of a tax that protects an environmental stock. A traded asset capitalizes the economic returns to future tax-induced environmental improvements, benefiting the current asset owners, the old generation. Absent a transfer, the tax harms the young generation by decreasing their real wage. Future generations benefit from the tax-induced improvement in environmental stock. The principal  intergenerational conflict arising from public policy is between generations alive at the time society imposes the policy, not between generations alive at different times. A Pareto-improving policy can be implemented under various political economy settings.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Open-access resource; Two-sector overlapping generations; Resource tax; Generational conflict; Environmental policy; Dynamic bargaining; Markov perfection; Environmental Economics and Policy; E24; H23; Q20; Q52; Q54.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123718

Benefit Transfer as Preference Calibration
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; van Houtven,   George; Pattanayak,   Subhrendu K.
This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new approach to benefit transfer for the non-market valuation of environmental resources. It treats transfer as an identification problem that requires assessing whether available benefit estimates permit the parameters of a preference function to be identified. The transfer method proposed uses these identifying restrictions to calibrate preference parameters and bases the benefit estimates on that preference function. The approach is illustrated using travel cost, hedonic and contingent valuation estimates, as well as combinations of estimates. It has three potential advantages over conventional practice: (1) it allows multiple, potentially overlapping estimates of the benefits of an improvement in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit transfer; Calibration; Non-market valuation; Environmental Economics and Policy; D61; Q20; H40.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10607

Comparing the Effectiveness of Regulation and Pro-Social Emotions to Enhance Cooperation: Experimental Evidence from Fishing Communities in Colombia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lopez,   Maria Claudia; Murphy,   James J.; Spraggon,   John M.; Stranlund,   John K.
This paper presents the results from a series of framed field experiments conducted in fishing communities off the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The goal is to investigate the relative effectiveness of exogenous regulatory pressure and pro-social emotions in promoting cooperative behavior in a public goods context. The random public revelation of an individual’s contribution and its consequences for the rest of the group leads to significantly higher public good contributions and social welfare than regulatory pressure, even under regulations that are designed to motivate fully efficient contributions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Public goods; Field experiments; Pro-social emotions; Social dilemma; Regulation; Enforcement.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C93; H41; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53126

Urgent Need for Effective Public-Private Coordination in Zambia’s Cotton Sector. Deliberations on the Cotton Act.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tschirley,   David L.; Kabwe,   Stephen.
Cotton is an unquestioned success of Zambia’s turn towards a market economy. Yet the entry over the past two years of new players has put the sector under great stress and may have pushed it to a turning point. Now more than ever, effective “rules of the game” are urgently needed to protect Zambia’s remarkable cotton success story. Other countries in southern and eastern Africa have seen dramatic declines in input credit and extension to farmers, and in cotton quality, when competition among ginning firms intensified in the absence of suitable rules of the game. The focus in Zambia must be on establishing broadly accepted rules of the game that ensure honest competition that does not undermine input credit, extension, and cotton quality.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Cotton; Production; Marketing; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54627

Irreversible Abatement Investment Under Cost Uncertainties: Tradable Emission Permits and Emissions Charges
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zhao,   Jinhua.
A major concern with TEPs is that stochastic permit prices may reduce firm incentive to invest in abatement capital or technologies relative to other policies such as a fixed emissions charge. However, under effcient permit trading, the price uncertainty is caused by abatement cost uncertainties which affect investment under both permit and charge policies. We develop a rational expectations general equilibrium model of permit trading to show how cost uncertainty affects investment. Differences between the two policies can be decomposed into a general equilibrium effect and a price-vs-quantity effect. Except for the curvature of the payoff functions, uncertainties reduce both effects so that tradable permits in fact help maintain firms' investment...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18342

An Economic Analysis and Assessment of Impacts of Conservation Practices on Agro-Environmental Conditions in the Lower Bad River Basin of South Dakota
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Parvez,   Md Rezwanul; Janssen,   Larry; Stover,   Ronald; Reitsma,   Kurt D.; Smart,   Alexander.
In this poster, we report selected socio-economic findings from analysis of the Bad River Water Quality project (BRWQ) implemented in western South Dakota from 1990 through 2004. An overview of various BRWQ project phases are presented, along with analysis of cost of conservation practices applied and local landowners current assessment of the practices implemented from 1990 – 2004.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rangeland conservation; Cost-sharing; Conservation practices; Conservation assessment; Conservation programs; Resource economics; Bad River Water Quality project; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q20.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103718

Habitat Benefit Assessment and Decision-making: A Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boyd,   James; Sanchirico,   James N.; Shabman,   Leonard A.
Habitats and the services they provide are part of our nation's portfolio of natural capital assets. As for many components of this portfolio, it is difficult to assess the value of their services, and this complicates regulators' investment decisions, especially when the alternative use is measurable. The principal objective of this report is to suggest possible strategies for the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as it applies economic analyses and arguments in support of the agency's trustee responsibilities. Many approaches are possible, and as we discuss, the "right" strategy will depend on the questions asked, the resources available, and the agency's role in the consultation process. We discuss in detail bioeconomic modeling and ecosystem...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomic; Ecological indicators; Ecosystem services; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10904

Macro Economic Impacts of Installing Rice Husk Electricity Power Plants in Thailand
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kunimitsu,   Yoji; Ueda,   Tatsuki.
Macro economic impacts of rice-husk power plants (RHPP) in Thailand were analyzed by an Input/Output method. Results show that RHPP decreased sensitivity coefficients especially in the petroleum-sector, economic merits were realized in the agricultural-sector but total induced production effects were lowered, and induced imports by consumption were reduced with RHPP.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: I/O analysis; Sensitivity coefficient; Oil price; Biomass resource use; Crop Production/Industries; C67; O13; Q20; Q42; Q43.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/35257

Environmental and Trade Policies: Some Methodological Lessons
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; Espinosa,   Juan Andres.
This paper describes the results of using a new computable general equilibrium model for the European Union that incorporates local and transboundary externalities to evaluate the effects of trade policy reform. In contrast to all past theoretical and empirical research, this model includes the morbidity effects of three criteria air pollutants as nonseparable arguments of household preferences. The model is based on the Harrison-Rutherford Wooton model that identifies 11 regions, six aggregate commodities and three factor inputs. Three modifications were made to the model: (a) Stone Geary utility functions were used to characterize preferences for each consumer; (b) nine morbidity effects due to the three air pollutants were introduced as translating...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade and environmental policy; CGE models; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; H41.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10638

Conservation Auctions in Manitoba: A Summary of a Series of Workshops
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Packman,   Katherine; Boxall,   Peter C.
Currently, the effect of human impact on the environment is becoming increasingly apparent. The encroachment of human activity has inevitably resulted in the loss or impairment of ecological goods and services (EG&amp;S) around the globe as well as in our own backyard. EG&amp;S include features such as wildlife habitat, biodiversity, soil renewal, or nutrient cycling. The loss of such features has become a sobering reality for Manitobans in the face of the utrophication of Lake Winnipeg as a result of practices contributing to nutrient loading into the lake. Since EG&amp;S are very important to Manitobans, efforts are being made to explore different vehicles to encourage their provision. In order to address some of the environmental issues transpiring in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market based instruments; Conservation auction; Tender; Wetland restoration; Environmental Economics and Policy; D44; Q20; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91423

On Endogenous Growth: The Implications of Environmental Externalities
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Elbasha,   Elamin H.; Roe,   Terry L.
This paper uses an endogenous growth model to examine the interaction between trade, economic growth, and the environment. We find that whether trade enhances or retards growth depends on the relation between factor intensities of exportable, importable, and R&amp;D and the relative abundance of the factor R&amp;D uses more intensively. Depending on the intertemporal elasticity of substitution, the long-run rate of economic growth changes with environmental externalities. Concerns about the environment can explain a significant part of cross-country difference in growth rates. For the empirically reported range of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, countries which care more about the environment grow faster. The effects of trade on the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; F11; O31; O41; Q20.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7493

Biomass Supply for Biofuel Production: Estimates for the United States and Canada
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kumarappan,   Subbu; Joshi,   Satish V.; MacLean,   Heather.
Published in BioResources, Volume 4, Number 3, 2009, Pages 1070-1087.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biomass Supply; Resource Assessment; Lignocellulosic Biomass; Crop Production/Industries; Demand and Price Analysis; Production Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q42; Q11; Q2; Q20; Q29.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51427

Past, Present, and Future of Wetlands Credit Sales
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shabman,   Leonard A.; Scodari,   Paul F.
In this paper we review the evolution of the wetlands credit sales program developed to support the federal wetlands permit program. Then, we explain how the regulatory rules governing the overall permit program, as well as specific rules governing credit sales, have prevented the development of robust markets in credit buying and selling. Based on this review, we identify an alternative institutional structure that would apply marketlike principles to expand the quantity of and lower the prices of credits while ensuring that wetlands credit sales help move the nation toward its goal: no net loss of wetlands acres and functions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wetlands mitigation; Wetlands banking; Environmental markets; Clean Water Act; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10858

DEVELOPING A DEMAND REVEALING MARKET CRITERION FOR CONTINGENT VALUATION VALIDITY TESTS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rondeau,   Daniel; Poe,   Gregory L.; Schulze,   William D.
Past research suggests that contingent valuation overstates demand for public goods. These estimates of hypothetical bias are probably invalid since they rely on voluntary contributions mechanisms which fail to reveal demand. An improved mechanism is shown to reveal aggregate demand in controlled experiments. However, individual contributions deviate from induced value.  Key Words: contingent valuation, voluntary contributions, provision point, experiments JEL Codes: H41, C92, Q20
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contingent valuation; Voluntary contributions; Provision point; Experiments; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; H41; C92; Q20.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6856

Age, Health, and the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions: A Contingent Valuation Survey of Ontario Residents
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Alberini,   Anna; Cropper,   Maureen L.; Simon,   Nathalie B.; O'Brien,   Bernie; Goeree,   Ron; Heintzelman,   Martin.
Much of the justification for environmental rulemaking rests on estimates of the benefits to society of reduced mortality rates. This research aims to fill gaps in the literature that estimates the value of a statistical life (VSL) by designing and implementing a contingent valuation study for persons 40 to 75 years of age, and eliciting WTP for reductions in current and future risks of death. Targeting this age range also allows us to examine the impact of age on WTP and, by asking respondents to complete a detailed health questionnaire, to examine the impact of health status on WTP. This survey was self-administered by computer to 930 persons in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1999. The survey uses audio and visual aids to communicate baseline risks of death and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mortality risk valuation; Canada; Contingent valuation; Age; Health status; Risk and Uncertainty; I1; Q20; Q26.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10888

Determinants of Romanian Farmers' Participation in Agri-Environmental Programmes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Toma,   Luiza; Mathijs,   Erik.
The paper aims to identify the factors underlying farmers' propensity to participate in agri-environmental programmes in a Romanian rural region that confronts non-point source pollution. For this, we employ structural equation modelling with latent variables using data collected through an agri-environmental farm survey in 2001. The model includes one  'behavioural intention' latent variable ('propensity to participate in agri-environmental programmes') and five 'attitude' and 'socioeconomic' latent variables ('demo-social characteristics', 'economic characteristics', 'agri-environmental information access', 'environmental risk perception' and 'general environmental concern'). The results indicate 'environmental risk perception' as the strongest...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental programme; Structural equation modelling with latent variables; Environmental risk perception; Romania; Environmental Economics and Policy; C30; Q20; Q50.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24574

Fixed Instruments to Cope with Stock Externalities An Experimental Evaluation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Giordana,   Gaston A.; Willinger,   Marc.
We evaluate the effectiveness of non optimal and temporally inconsistent incentive policies for regulating the exploitation of a renewable common-pool resource. The corresponding game is an N-person discrete-time deterministic dynamic game of T periods fixed duration. Three policy instruments with parameters that remain constant for the whole horizon are evaluated: a pigouvian tax (flat tax), an ambient tax (ambient flat tax) and an instrument combining the two previous ones (mixed flat instrument). We test in the lab the predictions of the model solved for 3 distinct behavioural assumptions: (a) sub-game perfection, (b) myopic behaviour, and (c) joint payoff maximization. We find that subjects behave myopically in the unregulated situation, which agrees...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Policy Instruments; Renewable Common-pool Resources; Dynamic Externalities; Experimental Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D9; D62; H23; H26; H30; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9103

Estimate of the Potential Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton by Farmers in Southern Spain and its Economic Implications
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gomez-Barbero,   Manuel; Rodgriguez-Cerezo,   Emilio.
This paper analyses the potential adoption and economic on-farm impact of Bt cotton in the Andalusia region (southern Spain). Survey data have shown that, on average, 58% of the responding farmers know about genetically modified (GM) cotton. Another outcome of the survey is that 95% of the farmers declaring that they know about GM cotton would be willing to grow Bt cotton. In the main cotton-producing districts, farmers' attitudes are positive, and they would be willing to adopt the technology. In areas where the crop is more important, the farmers who are willing to adopt Bt cotton represent over 75% of the area under cotton. As regards the on-farm economic impact resulting from a potential adoption, the assessment is that savings on the cost of direct...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Cotton; Economic impact; Andalusia; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q16; Q20; Q12; O52.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24556

ARE ECO-LABELS VALUABLE? EVIDENCE FROM THE APPAREL INDUSTRY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nimon,   R. Wesley; Beghin,   John C.
Using U.S. apparel catalogue data, we estimate hedonic price functions to identify market valuation of environmental attributes of apparel goods. We identify a significant and robust premium for the organic fibers embodied in the apparel goods. We find an additional organic premium for baby items. However, we do not find evidence of a premium for environment-friendly dyes. We further investigate the pricing behavior of apparel suppliers for potential departure from competitive pricing of this environmental attribute and find no evidence different premium across firms, suggesting price-taking behavior in the environmental attribute space.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Eco-labels; Organic-cotton apparel; Natural dye; Hedonic price; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; L81; L67.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21016

The Ghost of Extinction: Preservation Values and Minimum Viable Population in Wildlife Models
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Eiswerth,   Mark E.
The inclusion of a minimum viable population in bioeconomic modeling creates at least two complications that are not resolved by using a modified logistic growth function. The first complication can be dealt with by choosing a different depensational growth function. The second complication relates to the inclusion of the in situ benefits of wildlife into the analysis. Knowledge about the magnitude of the in situ benefits provides no guide for policy about conservation management. Simply knowing that people are willing to pay a large amount each year to protect a species says nothing about whether one should manage habitat to protect or enhance the species’ numbers, unless the species is in imminent danger of extinction. If willingness to pay is to be a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marginal willingness to pay; Endangered species and extinction; Minimum viable population; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q24; C61.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37912

Network of Commons
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ylkilic,   Rahmi.
A tragedy of the commons appears when the users of a common resource have incentives to exploit it more than the socially efficient level. We analyze the situation when the tragedy of the commons is embedded in a network of users and sources. Users play a game of extractions, where they decide how much resource to draw from each source they are connected to. We show that if the value of the resource to the users is linear, then each resource exhibits an isolated problem. There exists a unique equilibrium. But when the users have concave values, the network structure matters. The exploitation at each source depends on the centrality of the links connecting the source to the users. The equilibrium is unique and we provide a formula which expresses the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tragedy of the Commons; Networks; Nash Equilibrium; Efficiency; Centrality Measures; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C62; C72; D85; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6221

Marion Clawson's Contribution to Forestry
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.
Marion Clawson passed away in April 1998 at the age of 92. He was a giant in the field of resource and environmental economics who devoted the last decade and one-half of his professional career to forest and forest related issues. He produced over 30 professional books and hundreds of papers. This paper presents a broad overview of his career as an economist, with a focus on his work in and influence on forestry and forest policy. From the early 1970s through to his last professional book in 1983, and his final professional contributions in the mid 1990s, Clawson devoted most of his professional efforts to forest issues. His influence on forests and forest policy was substantial, especially in the context of public policy toward America's publicly owned...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marion Clawson; Forest; Economics; Resources; Policy; Timber; Recreation; History; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; B31; Q10; Q20; Q23; Q24; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10755

The Benefits of a Rules-Based Maize Marketing Policy: Results of an Experimental Study of Zambia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Abbink,   Klaus; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Moller,   Lars C.
• Strategic interaction between market players affects the performance of grain markets and the risk of food crises. Strategic dilemmas can arise if traders don’t trust government announcements on future maize purchases or if the government does not trust stock estimates provided by the private sector. • Government “pre-commitment” (announcing in advance how and when it will operate in the market and then behaving in a consistent manner) is found to produce superior welfare outcomes to “discretionary intervention” whereby the government operates in an unpredictable and ad hoc manner in markets. Situations of food shortage and over-supply were much more frequent under a discretionary policy environment because of the risk of poor coordination between the...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Maize; Marketing; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54636

Numerical Analysis of Non-Constant Discounting with an Application to Renewable Resource Management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fujii,   Tomoki; Karp,   Larry S.
The possibility of non-constant discounting is important in environmental and resource management problems where current decisions affect welfare in the far-distant future, as with climate change. The difficulty of analyzing models with non-constant discounting limits their application. We describe and provide software to implement an algorithm to numerically obtain a Markov Perfect Equilibrium for an optimal control problem with non-constant discounting. The software is available online. We illustrate the approach by studying welfare and observational equivalence for a particular renewable resource management problem.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-constant discounting; Numerical methods; Non-renewable resources; Observational equivalence; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C63; Q20.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7199

IRREVERSIBLE ABATEMENT INVESTMENT UNDER COST UNCERTAINTIES: TRADABLE EMISSION PERMITS AND EMISSIONS CHARGES
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zhao,   Jinhua.
A major concern with TEPs is that stochastic permit prices may discourage abatement investment relative to other policies such as a fixed emissions charge. However, the price uncertainty is fundamentally caused by abatement cost uncertainties, which affect  investment under both policies. We develop a rational expectations general equilibrium model of permit trading to show how uncertainty reduces investment. Differences between the two policies can be decomposed into a general equilibrium effect and a price-vs-quantity effect. Except for the curvature of the payoff functions, uncertainties reduce both effects: tradable permits in fact helps maintain firms' investment incentives under uncertainty.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21816

The Benefits of Improved Environmental Accounting: An Economic Framework to Identify Priorities
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boyd,   James.
Improved environmental accounting is increasingly seen by corporate managers and environmental advocates alike as a necessary complement to improved environmental decision-making within the private sector. This paper develops an economic approach to the evaluation of environmental accounting's benefits and derives the value, and determinants, of improved accounting information in several production and capital budgeting contexts. Using concepts from managerial economics, finance, and organizational theory, the analysis identifies the types of environmental accounting improvement that are most likely to yield significant financial and environmental benefits.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental accounting; Capital investment; Corporate decision-making; Environmental Economics and Policy; M41; Q20; G31.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10609

The Impact of El Nino on Northeastern Forests: A Case Study on Maple Syrup Production
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bergeron,   Nancy; Sedjo,   Roger A.
El Nino events are likely to affect maple syrup production since it is very sensitive to weather patterns. A statistically significant direct correlation has not been found in our preliminary analysis, however. This may be because many other factors affect production and because weather anomalies also occur in non-El Nino years. Few defensive activities are available to maple syrup producers to alleviate the negative impacts of weather anomalies on their production. Hence, the value of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts to them is likely to be low, even if a clear correlation between productivity and ENSO events was eventually found. Overall, small welfare impacts of El Nino weather events are expected from their impact on the maple syrup...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: El Nino; Forests; Maple syrup; Economic welfare effects; Dieback; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D61; Q10; Q20; Q23; N5.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10671

Input Credit Provision for Cotton Production: Learning from African Neighbors and Meeting Zambia’s Challenges
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kabwe,   Stephen; Tschirley,   David L.
1. Smallholder farmers in Africa require reliable access to purchased production inputs and credit to take advantage of export opportunities from production of cotton. 2. Unregulated and poorly coordinated markets for cotton, production inputs and credit have too often failed to deliver sustainable production finance to farmers for cotton production resulting in a variety of different approaches to these problems among African countries. 3. Among the countries studied, approaches have varied from State monopolies to private markets with several large firms managing to achieve temporary duopolies. 4. Zambia has been relatively successful in dealing with the input-credit needs of cotton farmers for periods of time but the system has been unsustainable,...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Cotton; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54635

Assessing Sustainability: Some Conceptual and Empirical Challenges
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Toman,   Michael; Lile,   Ronald D.; King,   Dennis M.
In this paper we address two related conceptual and practical challenges in assessing "sustainability." The first is the criteria to be used, in particular the relationship between sustainability and measures of economic well-being and the use of monetary versus nonmonetary indicators. The second is the problem of determining which physical scales to use for sustainability assessments when there are multiple and overlapping "communities" or stakeholder groups. While neither set of challenges admits a definitive solution, there has been progress on the first set of issues - in particular, through the development of multicriteria assessment strategies and stakeholder involvement processes. In contrast, the problem of how to assess sustainability in practice...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sustainable development; Integrated assessment; Environmental indicators; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; R19; D57.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10756

Preliminary Results of a Survey of Farm Animal Biodiversity Conservation Actions in Europe Under the Framework of Agenda 2000
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Signorello,   Giovanni; Pappalardo,   Gioacchino.
In this paper we report on preliminary results of a research aimed to examine the content of farm animal biodiversity conservation actions currently under implementation in the European Union in the framework of EU Agenda 2000. In particular, we surveyed sixty-three Rural Development Plans (RDPs) set up in twelve countries in application of EEC regulations 1257/99 and 1750/99. Our analysis focused on endangered breeds of six major livestock species included in the RDPs. This analysis, which is based on the comparison with the indicator's status of the DAD-IS FAO database, allowed to identify priorities in conservation efforts in each country, and estimate the level of expected public expenditure needed to ensure the moving of breeds from at-risk (of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Farm animal biodiversity; Agenda 2000; Rural Development Plans.; Livestock Production/Industries; Q18; Q20.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24889

A Binary Logit Estimation of Factors Affecting Adoption of GPS Guidance Systems by Cotton Producers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Banerjee,   Swagata (Ban); Martin,   Steven W.; Roberts,   Roland K.; Larkin,   Sherry L.; Larson,   James A.; Paxton,   Kenneth W.; English,   Burton C.; Marra,   Michele C.; Reeves,   Jeanne M.
Binary logit analysis was used to identify the factors influencing adoption of Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance systems by cotton farmers in 11 Mid-south and Southeastern states. Results indicate that adoption was more likely by those who had already adopted other precision-farming practices and had used computers for farm management. In addition, younger and more affluent farmers were more likely to adopt. Farmers with larger farms and with relatively high yields were also more likely to adopt. Education was not a significant factor in a farmer’s decision to adopt GPS guidance systems.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Binary logit; Cotton; GPS guidance system; Marginal effect; Precision farming; Technology adoption; Agribusiness; Crop Production/Industries; Q2; Q16; Q19; Q20; Q24.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45530

Use of Penalties and Rewards in Agri-Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Yano,   Yuki; Blandford,   David.
Achieving high compliance rates in incentive-based agri-environmental schemes is an important issue. This paper explores the use of a mixed penalty-reward approach under heterogeneous compliance costs. Specifically, we examine the use of a “compliance reward” under asymmetric information and output price uncertainty. Using a budget-neutral approach, three possible sources of financing are considered: 1. funds obtained by reducing monitoring effort; 2. the proceeds of fines collected from participating farmers who are inspected and found not to be in compliance; and 3. money saved by reducing the number of farmers enrolled. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each source of funding and analyze them numerically for both risk-neutral and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental policy; Moral hazard; Penalties; Payments for compliance; Q12; Q20; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36873

A META-ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE STUDIES
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cavlovic,   Therese A.; Baker,   Kenneth H.; Berrens,   Robert P.; Gawande,   Kishore.
An understanding of the empirical relationship between income and environmental quality is evolving through recent studies investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The EKC represents an inverted-U relationship between income and environmental degradation. However, studies may employ different methods, evaluate different environmental indicators, and use different data, resulting in a broad spectrum of findings and leading to sometimes conflicting interpretations. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the results of existing EKC findings by conducting a statistical meta-analysis, and to predict new income turning points (ITP). Results indicate how both methodological choices and pollutant types affect ITPs.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31330

Alternative Approaches for Moderating Food Insecurity and Price Volatility in Zambia.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dorosh,   Paul A.; Dradri,   Simon; Haggblade,   Steven.
• Maize production varies widely from year to year, given Zambia’s heavy dependence on rainfed cultivation. Thus consumers face wide swings in availability of their primary food staple. • Typical public responses include increased food aid inflows, government commercial imports and stock releases, and tight controls on private sector trade. While intended to improve domestic supply, these public responses can inadvertently exacerbate price instability and food insecurity for Zambian consumers. • Two key private sector responses – private cross-border maize trade and consumer substitution of alternate food staples (such as cassava) for maize - can also help to moderate food consumption volatility. • Together, private imports and increased cassava...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Food Security and Poverty; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54630

One-and-One-Half Bound Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cooper,   Joseph C.; Hanemann,   W. Michael; Signorello,   Giovanni.
To reduce the potential for response bias on the follow-up bid in multiple-bound discrete choice CVM questions while maintaining much of the efficiency gains of the multiple-bound approach, we introduce the one-and-one-half-bound (OOHB) approach. Despite the fact that the OOHB model uses less information than the double-bound (DB) approach, efficiency gains in moving from single-bound to OOHB capture a large portion of the gain associated with moving from single-bound to DB. In an analysis of survey data, our OOHB estimates demonstrated higher consistency with respect to the follow-up data than the DB estimates and were more efficient as well.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q26; C15; C25.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25003

International Environmental Agreements under Uncertainty: Does the Veil of Uncertainty Help?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Finus,   Michael; Pintassilgo,   Pedro.
Na and Shin (1998) showed that the veil of uncertainty can be conducive to the success of self-enforcing international environmental agreements. Later papers confirmed this negative conclusion about the role of learning. In the light of intensified research efforts worldwide to reduce uncertainty about the environmental impact of emissions and the cost of reducing them, this conclusion is intriguing. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we analyze whether the result carries over to a more general setting without restriction on the number of players and which considers not only no and full learning but also partial learning. Second, we test whether the conclusion also holds if there is uncertainty about abatement costs instead of uncertainty about...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transnational Cooperation; Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements; Uncertainty; Learning; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; D62; D81; H41; Q20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91655

The Survival of the Conformist: Social Pressure and Renewable Resource Management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tavoni,   Alessandro; Schluter,   Maja; Levin,   Simon.
This paper examines the role of pro-social behavior as a mechanism for the establishment and maintenance of cooperation in resource use under variable social and environmental conditions. By coupling resource stock dynamics with social dynamics concerning compliance to a social norm prescribing non-excessive resource extraction in a common pool resource (CPR), we show that when reputational considerations matter and a sufficient level of social stigma affects the violators of a norm, sustainable outcomes are achieved. We find large parameter regions where norm-observing and norm-violating types coexist, and analyze to what extent such coexistence depends on the environment.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cooperation; Social Norm; Ostracism; Common Pool Resource; Evolutionary Game Theory; Replicator Equation; Agent-based Simulation; Coupled Socio-resource Dynamics; Environmental Economics and Policy; C73; Q20; D70.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96843

Smallholder Income Diversification in Zambia: The Way Out of Poverty?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bigsten,   Arne; Tengstam,   Sven.
1) One can achieve poverty reduction in rural areas of Zambia by both growth and inequality reduction, but growth must be the main driver; 2) Rural income growth does not come from agriculture alone so options to diversify income are very important and should be pursued; 3) But careful attention is required to focus on improved endowments and reduced constraints facing households trying to improve agriculture directly as well as trying to improve possibilities of income diversification away from agriculture; and 4) Land per labourer, education, and location (market access and infrastructure) are key dimensions to understand and figure out how to improve.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Small holder; Poverty; Income; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54637

The Greening of Development Economics: A Survey
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Mathis,   Mitchell; Nelson,   Peter.
Although ignored for decades, environmental issues now attract considerable attention in the literature on economic development. This paper describes research on environmental issues in seven topic areas that historically have been at the heart of development economics: the role of the state, economic growth, trade and industrialization, relations between rich and poor countries, structural adjustment and stabilization, population change, and the objectives and strategies of development.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Development; Economics; Literature review; International Development; B20; N01; O1; O13; Q20.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10662

Nonpoint Source Pollution Taxes and Excessive Tax Burden
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.
If a regulator is unable to measure firms' individual emissions, an ambient tax can be used to achieve the socially desired level of pollution. With this tax, each firm pays a unit tax on aggregate emissions. In order for the tax to be effective, firms must recognize that their decisions affect aggregate emissions. When firms behave strategically with respect to the tax-setting regulator, under plausible circumstances their tax burden is lower under an ambient tax, relative to the tax which charges firms on the basis of individual emissions. Firms may prefer the case where the regulator is unable to observe individual firm emissions, even if this asymmetric information causes the regulator to tax each firm on the basis of aggregate emissions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ambient tax; Nonpoint source pollution; Moral hazard; Asymmetric information; Differential games; Environmental Economics and Policy; D82; H20; H40; Q20.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25100

“The Voracity Effect” and Climate Change: The Impact of Clean Technologies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Benchekroun,   Hassan; Chaudhuri,   Amrita Ray.
We show that a technological breakthrough that reduces CO2 emissions per output can exacerbate the climate change problem: countries may respond by raising their emissions resulting in an increase of the stock of pollution that may reduce welfare. Using parameter values based on empirical evidence we obtain that any 'new technology' that reduces the emissions of CO2 per dollar of GDP by less than 76% from their current level is welfare reducing. Developing clean technologies as well as transferring “cleaner” technologies to developing countries make a global post-Kyoto agreement over the control of emissions all the more urgent.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transboundary Pollution; Renewable Resource; Climate Change; Clean Technologies; Differential Games; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q54; Q55; Q58; C73.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99642

What's Nature Done for You Lately: Measuring the Value of Ecosystem Services
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Polasky,   Stephen.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem services; Ecological production function; Non-market valuation; Public goods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q57; Q20; Q51; Q15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94654

Marketing Policy Options for Consumer Price Mitigation Actions in the 2008/09 Maize Marketing Season in Zambia.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chapoto,   Antony; Haggblade,   Steven; Shawa,   Julius J.; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Weber,   Michael T.
1) Maize prices are rising rapidly in 2008 and are fast approaching import parity levels. 2) Maize traders, millers and farmers all agree that Zambia will likely require imports by early 2009 in order to avoid domestic maize supply shortages. 3) Official food balance sheets appear to have underestimated the demand for maize this year. They may also have slightly overestimated the size of the 2007/08 maize crop. Hence the slow government recognition of the need for maize imports. 4) As of late September 2008, neither the Government of Zambia (GRZ) nor the private sector have arranged to import maize from South Africa. Trade sources suggest informal imports from Tanzania are helping to relieve the likely shortfall. 5) Zambian policy makers face a delicate...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Maize; Marketing; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54638

The Chesapeake Bay and the Control of NOx Emissions: A Policy Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Austin,   David H.; Cannon,   Matthew; Stoessell,   Terrell; Morton,   Brian.
Nitrogen oxide emissions not only affect air quality but have recently been found to be an important source of nitrate pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. This analysis examines the costs, emissions, source specific and location-specific allocations of NOx emissions reductions and the ancillary ozone related health benefits under a range of policy scenarios. The paper includes analysis of three separate policies. The first is a detailed analysis of the effect on nitrate loadings to the Bay of command and control policies specified in the Clean Air Act and as part of the OTAG process. The second is a comparison of alternative scenarios for reducing NOx emissions that meet nitrate loading goals, with or without concern for reducing ozone concentrations and the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Chesapeake Bay; Cost effectiveness; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10576

Turning up the heat on African agriculture: The impact of climate change on Cameroon’s agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Molua,   Ernest L.
This paper examines the effect of changes in climatic averages on agricultural production at the national level in Cameroon. The empirical results reveal that Cameroon’s agriculture is influenced by climate variables. The economic value of the projected output in 2050 ranges from USD3.5 billion (41% less than the 1961–2001 mean value at 2.5oC increase in temperature and 8.5% increase in precipitation) to US$ 7.1 billion (18.5% greater than the 1961–2001 mean, for a 1.5°C increase in temperature and a 15% increase in precipitation). A 3.5% increase in temperature associated with a 4.5% increase in precipitation in the absence of irrigation facilities would be detrimental to Cameroon’s agriculture, leading to a loss of almost 46.7% in output value. This...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cameroon; Agriculture; Climate variation; Global warming; Econometric methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O3; Q10; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56967

Impact of climate policy on the Basque country.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gonzalez,   Mikel; Dellink,   Rob B.
In this paper analyze the economic effects of CO2 emission reductions in the Basque Country (Spain) using an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model with specific attention to environment-energy-economy interactions. Environmental policy is implemented through a system of tradable pollution permits that the government auctions. The costs of different levels of CO2 abatement are discussed, focusing on the variations of macroeconomic, sectoral and environment-energy variables. Results show that the costs for achieving the Kyoto targets can remain limited if the appropriate combination of changes in fuel-mix and restructuring of the economy is induced.      Impacto económico del control del cambio climático en el País Vasco  Resumen En este trabajo analizamos...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Applied General Equilibrium; Climate change; Tradable pollution permits; Basque Country; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; H21; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7993

Security of Widows’ Access to Land in the Era of HIV/AIDS: Panel Survey Evidence from Zambia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chapoto,   Antony; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Mason,   Nicole M.
1. The percentage of households that are headed by widows in rural Zambia increased from 9.4 % to 12.3% between 2001 and 2004. 2. Within 1 to 3 years after the death of their husbands, widow-headed households, on average, controlled 35 percent less land than what they had prior to their husband’s death. 3. To some extent, older widows are protected against loss of land compared to younger widows. 4. Women in relatively wealthy households are particularly vulnerable to losing land after the death of their husbands. 5. Widows whose family has kinship ties to the village authorities are less likely to face a severe decline in landholding size after the death of their husbands. 6. Widows in patrilineal and matrilineal villages are equally likely to lose their...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; HIV/AIDS; Land; Health Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54628

Bioeconomic Model of Community Incentives for Wildlife Management Before and After CAMPFIRE
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Muchapondwa,   Edwin; Sterner,   Thomas.
This paper formulates a bioeconomic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Two agents influence the wildlife stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, and a local community chooses to either aid or discourage outside poachers. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact design of the benefit shares, the size of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomic; CAMPFIRE; Community; Poaching; Wildlife; Benefit sharing; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H41; Q20.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10717

Local Communities in front of Big External Investors: An Opportunity or a Risk?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
In the current age of trade and financial openness, local economies in developing countries are becoming increasingly exposed to external investments. The objective of the proposed two-sector model with environmental externalities is to provide an insight into the interaction between external investors and local communities with a focus upon the different strategies and income sources available to each category. In this context, analysis suggests that environmental regulations and incentives offered in order to attract external capital investment (whether foreign or national) may have an un-uniform impact on the two typologies of actors.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Foreign Direct Investments; Environmental Negative Externalities; Structural Changes; Poverty Alleviation; International Development; F21; F43; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98093

HIV/AIDS and Agrarian Livelihoods in Zambia: a Test of the New Variant Famine Hypothesis.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mason,   Nicole M.; Chapoto,   Antony; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Myers,   Robert J.
1. Consistent with the New Variant Famine (NVF) hypothesis, the negative impact of drought on crop output and output per hectare is further exacerbated where HIV prevalence rates are relatively high, particularly in the low- and medium rainfall zones of the country (agro-ecological regions I and II). 2. HIV prevalence rates and AIDS-related mortality rates in Zambia are highest in the lowest rainfall and most drought-prone zone of the country (agro-ecological region I). 3. Only for districts in agro-ecological region I do we find evidence of a robust negative effect of HIV/AIDS on agrarian livelihood indicators. Relatively stable food production zones and/or areas with relatively low HIV prevalence rates appear to be less vulnerable to the adverse effects...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; HIV/AIDS; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54629

Are Eco-Labels Valuable? Evidence from the Apparel Industry
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nimon,   R. Wesley; Beghin,   John C.
Using U.S. apparel catalogue data, we estimate hedonic price functions to identify market valuation of environmental attributes of apparel goods. We identify a significant and robust premium for the organic fibers embodied in the apparel goods. We also find a discount for the "no-dye" label. We do not, however, find any evidence of a premium for environment-friendly dyes. We further investigate the pricing behavior of apparel suppliers for potential heterogenous pricing of the organic-fiber attribute and find no evidence of different premia across firms.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Eco-labels; Organic-cotton apparel; Dyes; Hedonic price; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; L81; L67.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18417

Ecosystem Services Beyond Valuation, Regulation and Philanthropy: Integrating Consumer Values into the Economy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Swallow,   Stephen K.; Smith,   Elizabeth C.; Uchida,   Emi; Anderson,   Christopher M.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Markets; Ecosystem Service Markets; Payment For Ecosystem Services; Incentives; Nature's Services; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q57; C93; H41.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94656

Environmental Innovations, Local Networks and Internationalization
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cainelli,   Giulio; Mazzanti,   Massimiliano; Montresor,   Sandro.
This paper investigates the drivers of the environmental innovations (EI) introduced by firms in local production systems (LPS). The role of firm network relationships, agglomeration economies and internationalization strategies is analysed for a sample of 555 firms in the Emilia-Romagna region, North-East of Italy. Cooperating with ‘qualified’ local actors – i.e. universities and suppliers – is the most important driver of EI for most firms, along with their training policies and IT innovations. The role of agglomeration economies is less clear and seems to depend on the EI propensity of more locally oriented firms playing in district areas, which might even turn agglomeration into dis-economies. Networking effects and agglomeration economies are instead...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Eco-Innovation; Foreign Ownership; Networking; District; Agglomeration Economics; Local Production Systems; Environmental Economics and Policy; C21; L60; O13; O30; Q20; Q58; F23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/101298

Heterogeneity among agent types and second-best management for non-market ecological services
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fenichel,   Eli P.
Second-best management affects different agent types differently, and heterogeneity among agents may create instances when only second best management is feasible.  Capital-theoretic bioeconomic modeling often has imposed representative agent assumptions that may not capture this heterogeneity.  Interactions between agent heterogeneity and second-best management have received little attention.  Such heterogeneity is particularly important when management actions do not directly affect extensive margin decisions.  We employ a microparameter model in a dynamic bioeconomic model to incorporate agent heterogeneity and intensive and extensive margin decisions for a nonmarket good, recreational fishing.  The model yields qualitatively different management...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Entry-exit; Microparameter; Bioeconomics; Recreational fishing; Landing limits; Optimal control; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q20; Q22; Q26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48995

Land Conversion, Interspecific Competition, and Bioinvasion in a Tropical Ecosystem
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Barbier,   Edward B.
This paper investigates the relationships among land-use change, biological invasion, and interspecific competition in a tropical ecosystem by linking a behavioral model of land conversion by agriculture and an ecological model of interspecific competition between a native species and an exotic invader.  The model is used to examine how relative farm prices and access to forest areas influence land clearing and thus the ability of the invasive species to eliminate the native species.  Simulations show that only a 20% rise in relative prices and a 2.75% increase in forest access are necessary for this outcome to occur.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biological invasion; Interspecific competition; Land clearing; Tropical ecosystem; Tropical forest; O13; Q20; Q24.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37275

Definitions of Biodiversity and Measures of Its Value
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Simpson,   R. David.
The destruction of natural habitats has prompted concerns about the loss of biological diversity. Regrettably, however, there is no consensus among either biologists or economists on the most meaningful measures of biodiversity. Fundamentally different definitions are useful in asking fundamentally different questions. Considerable attention has been given to the value of diversity in search models. A measure of "aggregate variability" is appropriate to such models. Values derived from search models tend to be well behaved; they exhibit diminishing returns in diversity. In contrast, a definition of diversity as "relative abundance" is more appropriate to more complex objective functions. Values derived in these models are not necessarily well behaved. The...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biological diversity; Biodiversity; Diversity index; Abundance; Search; Variability; Consistency; Contingent valuation; Diminishing returns; Increasing returns; Environmental Economics and Policy; D43; D83; Q20.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10551

AN AGENDA FOR THE STUDY OF LAND USE, WILDERNESS DESIGNATION, AND RESOURCE REGULATION IN THE AMERICAN WEST
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
Atemporal and intertemporal use of public lands, the determination of optimal levels of wilderness designation and habitat preservation, and the appropriate regulation of natural resources have all been "hot button" issues in the American West for quite some time now. In this paper, I propose and describe a research agenda which promises to yield interesting and useful new policy insights into these fractious resource issues.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Land use; Wilderness; Regulation; Research; Agenda; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; B41; Q20; Q25.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28360

Farm Yields and Returns to Farmers From Seed Cotton: Does Zambia Measure Up?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kabwe,   Stephen; Tschirley,   David L.
1. Farm yields are one key indicator of the productivity of a cotton sector, and an important determinant of returns to farmers (and thus of cotton’s ability to reduce poverty) 2. Zambia’s relatively good performance on input credit provision means that it has been able to raise yields since reforms in 1994; yet the rate of increase has been slow, and yields remain well below those found in countries of West and Central Africa. 3. Average returns to farmers do not appear to be any higher in Zambia, with good performance on input credit provision, than in Tanzania, where input use and yields are low. 4. Zambia’s concentrated structure gives it the potential to substantially increase farm productivity, and for cotton to make but relatively little of this...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Zambia; Cotton; Crop Production/Industries; Q20.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54633

Does the Value of a Statistical Life Vary with Age and Health Status? Evidence from the United States and Canada
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Alberini,   Anna; Cropper,   Maureen L.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Simon,   Nathalie B.
Much of the justification for environmental rulemaking rests on estimates of the benefits to society of reduced mortality rates. Yet the literature providing estimates of the willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions measures the value that healthy, prime-aged adults place on reducing their risk of dying, whereas the majority of statistical lives saved by environmental programs, according to epidemiological studies, appear to be the lives of older people and people with chronically impaired health. This paper provides an empirical assessment of the effects of age and baseline health on WTP for mortality risk reductions by reporting the results of two contingent valuation surveys designed to test the above hypotheses. One survey was...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Willingness to pay; Mortality; Contingent valuation; Age; Health status; Health Economics and Policy; D61; D62; Q20; Q26.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10769

Structural Change, Environment and Well-being: Interactions Between Production and Consumption Choices of the Rich and the Poor in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Russu,   Paolo; Ticci,   Elisa.
Replaced with revised version of paper 01/16/09.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Production; Consumption Choices; Welfare; D62; O11; O13; O15; O41; Q20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37671

Total Factor Productivity Growth when Factors of Production Generate Environmental Externalities
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Vouvaki,   Dimitra; Xepapadeas,   Anastasios.
Total factor productivity growth (TFPG) has been traditionally associated with technological change. We show that when a factor of production, such as energy, generates an environmental externality in the form of CO2 emissions which is not internalized because of lack of environmental policy, then TFPG estimates could be biased. This is because the contribution of environment as a factor of production is not accounted for in the growth accounting framework. Empirical estimates confirm this hypothesis and suggest that part of what is regarded as technology’s contribution to growth could be attributed to the use of environment in output production.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Total Factor Productivity; Sources of Growth; Environmental Externalities; Energy; Environmental Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; O47; Q20; Q43.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50405

The Economics of Sustainability: A Review of Journal Articles
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pezzey,   John C.V.; Toman,   Michael.
Concern about sustainability helped to launch a new agenda for development and environmental economics and challenged many of the fundamental goals and assumptions of the conventional, neoclassical economics of growth and development. We review 25 years' of refereed journal articles on the economics of sustainability, with emphasis on analyses that involve concern for intergenerational equity in the long-term decision-making of a society; recognition of the role of finite environmental resources in long-term decision-making; and recognizable, if perhaps unconventional, use of economic concepts, such as instantaneous utility, cost, or intertemporal welfare. Taken as a whole, the articles reviewed here indicate that several areas must be addressed in future...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economic efficiency; Intergenerational equity; Social optimality; Sustainable development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; D60; D90.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10683

Potential for Carbon Forest Plantations in Marginal Timber Forests: The Case of Patagonia, Argentina
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.
With the advent of the Kyoto Protocol and its recognition of the use of forestry activities and carbon sinks as acceptable tools for addressing the issue of the build-up of atmospheric carbon, the potential role of planted forests as a vehicle for carbon sequestration has taken on a new significance. Additionally, the emergence of tradable emission permits and now tradable carbon offsets provides a vehicle for financially capturing the benefits of carbon emission reductions and carbon offsetting activities. In a world where carbon sequestration has monetary value, investments in planted forests can be made with an eye to revenues to (at least two) joint outputs: timber and the carbon sequestration services. The first section of this paper examines the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Forest plantations; Carbon offsets; Present value; Kyoto Protocol; Argentina; Developing countries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q20; Q23.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10661

Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pizer,   William A.; Kopp,   Raymond J.
Decisions concerning environmental protection hinge on estimates of economic burden. Over the past 30 years, economists have developed and applied various tools to measure this burden. In this paper, developed as a chapter for the Handbook of Environmental Economics, we present a taxonomy of costs along with methods for measuring those costs. At the broadest level, we distinguish between partial and general equilibrium costs. Partial equilibrium costs represent the burden directly borne by the regulated entity (firms, households, government), including both pecuniary and nonpecuniary expenses, when prices are held constant. General equilibrium costs reflect the net burden once all good and factor markets have equilibrated. In addition to partial...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social cost; Cost-benefit; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; H41; L50; D58.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10762

Influencia social y sostenibilidad en el uso de recursos renovables
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Almudi,   Isabel; Choliz,   Julio Sanchez.
En este trabajo presentamos un modelo en el que las actividades extractivas referidas a un recurso natural renovable, si son abusivas, generan algún tipo de reacción social que modifica las preferencias sociales. Esta modificación es tenida en cuenta por el planificador a la hora de decidir cual es la asignación intertemporal óptima entre consumo y stock del recurso. Bajo estas nuevas condiciones, nos preguntamos cómo cambia el stock del recurso natural en el estado estacionario y qué puede decirse acerca de la posibilidad de sobreexplotación en comparación con los modelos tradicionales en los que no se considera reacción social. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que bajo estas nuevas condiciones el stock del estado estacionario aumenta y el comportamiento...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Renewable Resources; Sustainability; Environmental Information; Overuse; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q50; Q20; C61.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8003

The Effects of Environmental Regulation On Technology Diffusion: The Case of Chlorine Manufacturing
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Snyder,   Lori D.; Miller,   Nolan; Stavins,   Robert N.
We use a hazard model to estimate the effect of environmental regulation on the diffusion of membrane cell production technology in the chlorine manufacturing industry. We estimate the effect of regulation on both the adoption of the membrane technology at existing plants and on the exit of existing plants using older technologies. We find that environmental regulation did affect the diffusion of the cleaner technology in the chlorine industry. However, it did so not by encouraging the adoption of membrane cells by existing facilities, but by reducing the demand for chlorine and hence encouraging the shutdown of facilities using the environmentally inferior options.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulation; Technological change; Environment; Hazard model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; L50; L65.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10554

Household Behavior Under Market Failures: How Natural Resource Management in Agriculture Promotes Livestock Production in the Sahel
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dutilly-Diane,   Celine; Sadoulet,   Elisabeth; de Janvry,   Alain.
Improved water harvesting and soil erosion control using the remarkably simple practice of contour stone bunding is shown to increase grain yields by 41% in low rainfall regions of Burkina Faso. Empirical results show that yield increases in food crops help foodbuying farm households import substitute in food consumption, reduce livestock production, and increase seasonal migration which is more compatible with seasonal agriculture than with the yearlong livestock activity. Self-sufficient households, by contrast, can take advantage of higher yields to free resources from food production and allocate these to expand their livestock economy, thus benefiting more from the region's comparative advantage. We also show that greater effectiveness in cooperation...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Farm household model; Natural resource management; Sahel; Consumer/Household Economics; Livestock Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; 055; Q12; Q20.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25061

Time and the Valuation of Environmental Resources
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry.
This paper considers the modeling strategies that have been used to incorporate time in revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental resources. After reviewing a subset of the economic models for describing time as an input to household production; time in creating habits and persistence in demand for particular services of environmental resources, and time as offering an opportunity for future consumption, the overview suggests that time has been used as a complement in production or consumption to marketed goods in each of these frameworks. The paper suggests two possible alternatives. This structure along with further restrictions to preferences or technology implies that there are other strategies for using revealed preference data...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Time; Revealed preference; Complementarity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q26; H40.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10485

Sustainable Rural Development in Environmentally Protected Areas of Hungary and Austria: The Role of CAP payments
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Katona-Kovacs,   Judit; Dax,   Thomas.
Although there are steps in the direction that the application of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) instruments in different regions has to take account of the territorial dimension, these have to be further improved. This aspect attains particular relevance in ecologically sensitive areas. The aim of the paper is to examine the role of CAP instruments in two National Parks from the aspect of sustainable rural development. The two selected National Parks are both very famous protected areas in Hungary and Austria, situated in very different landscapes and representing different types of national parks. The territorial distribution of the CAP Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 payments are analysed against the specific local role and the regional and national contexts....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: National Parks; CAP; Territorial dimension; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Q20; Q01.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44438