Consulta: subjectFacets:"Q25"
Registros recuperados: 265
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Host Country Attractiveness for CDM Non-Sink Projects
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jung,   Martina.
In the present study, CDM host countries are classified according to their attractiveness for CDM non-sink projects. A cluster analysis is conducted based on three different factors determining host country attractiveness (mitigation potential, institutional CDM capacity and general investment climate) in order to elaborate a CDM host country classification. The results suggest that only a small proportion of potential host countries will attract most of the CDM investment. The CDM (non-sink) stars are China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Indonesia and Thailand. They are followed by attractive countries like Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago, Mongolia, Panama, and Chile. While most of the promising CDM host countries are located in Latin...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Clean development mechanism; Kyoto Protocol; Attractiveness; Cluster analysis; Farm Management; Q25; C49.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26328

How Do Public Disclosure Pollution Control Programs Work? Evidence from Indonesia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Afsah,   Shakeb; Blackman,   Allen; Ratunanda,   Damayanti.
Although a growing body of evidence suggests that publicly disclosing information about plants' environmental performance can motivate emissions reductions, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. To help fill this gap, this paper presents original data from a survey of plants participating in the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER), Indonesia's widely-acclaimed public disclosure program. These data suggest that a key means by which PROPER spurs abatement is improving factory managers' information about their own plants' emissions and abatement opportunities. This finding contrasts with the prevailing view in the literature that public disclosure enhances pressures to abate placed on firms by external agents such as community...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Public disclosure; Environment; Voluntary regulation; Informal regulation; Indonesia; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10515

Marginal Productivity Analysis of Global Inter-sectoral Water Demand
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Strzepek,   Kenneth M.; Juana,   James S.; Kirsten,   Johann F.
There is growing evidence that freshwater availability is declining, while competition among sectors for the withdrawal of this scarce resource is rapidly increasing,(Rosegrant et a, 2002). Therefore, the need to promote inter-sectoral water use efficiency from the demand-side management has necessitated a study to investigate the responsiveness of different productive sectors and sub-sectors to water prices. Extracting data from the GTAP and UNIDO databases and adopting the marginal productive approach by Wang and Lall (2002),and using the two-stage-least squares method, the translog production function is estimated, from which the output and price elasticities and the marginal value of water is computed for thirteen sectors. The results indicate that...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C21; C8; L6; L7; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25748

The Benefits of Air Pollutant Emissions Reductions in Maryland: Results from the Maryland Externalities Screening and Valuation Model
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Austin,   David H.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Burtraw,   Dallas; Stoessell,   Terrell.
This paper reports the results of policy simulations of environmental and human health externalities arising from the production of electricity. The primary purpose of this paper is to illustrate the Maryland Externalities Screening and Valuation Model, developed for the State of Maryland's Department of Natural Resources. A secondary purpose is to estimate likely Maryland benefits from Title IV emissions reductions at electric power generation facilities. Sources and scope of benefits, and the potential of policy to achieve specific environmental and human health goals, are suggested by the results. We find that expected health benefits from reductions in power plant emissions dominate the estimated benefits of improved recreational visibility and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integrated assessment; Health and environmental benefits; Valuation; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; I81; Q24; Q25; Q26; Q49.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10825

Incorporating Local Water Quality in Welfare Measures of Agri-environmental Policy: A Choice Modelling Approach Employing GIS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tait,   Peter R.; Baskaran,   Ramesh.
The spatial distribution of agro-environmental policy benefits has important implications for the efficient allocation of management effort. The practical convenience of relying on sample mean values of individual benefits for aggregation can come at the cost of biased aggregate estimates. The main objective of this paper is to test spatial hypotheses regarding respondents’ local water quality and quantity, and their willingness-to-pay for improvements in water quality attributes. This paper combines choice experiment and spatially related water quality data via a Geographical Information System (GIS) to develop a method that evaluates the influence of respondents’ local water quality on willingness-to-pay for river and stream conservation programs in...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water Quality; Choice Experiment; Geographical Information System; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q51; Q25; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116074

A spatial bio-economic modelling approach on the trade-offs between global bioenergy demand, agricultural intensification, expansion, and trade
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lotze-Campen,   Hermann; Popp,   Alexander; Beringer,   Tim; Muller,   Christoph; Lucht,   Wolfgang.
Increased future demands for food, fibre and fuels from biomass can only be met if the available land and water resources on a global scale are used and managed as efficiently as possible. The main routes for making the global agricultural system more productive are through intensification and technological change on currently used agricultural land, land expansion into currently non-agricultural areas, and international trade in agricultural commodities and processed goods. In order to analyse the trade-offs and synergies between these options, we present a global bio-economic modelling approach with a special focus on spatially explicit land and water constraints as well as technological change in agricultural production. For a given bioenergy demand...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Land use change; Spatial modelling; Technological change; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Land Economics/Use; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C61; F15; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51458

Valoracion de bienes ambientales complejos: una alternativa multicriterio
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio; Barreiro-Hurlé,   Jesús.
RESUMEN La valoración económica de bienes ambientales complejos presenta una serie de aspectos problemáticos. Este trabajo se centra en dos de ellos: la linealidad de los atributos en función de valor de estos bienes y la heterogeneidad en las funciones de utilidad de los individuos. Para ello se propone una metodología basada en la Teoría de la Utilidad Multiatributo que permite contrastar la importancia dada a estos aspectos. Dicha metodología se aplica a un espacio natural protegido en la provincia de Granada. De los resultados se puede concluir que la no-linealidad de los atributos y la heterogeneidad de las funciones de utilidad individuales son aspectos relevantes en la valoración de bienes ambientales.    ABSTRACT Economic valuation of comlex...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Complex environmental goods; Heterogeneity; Attribute non-lineartiy; Multiattribute utility; Valuation; Bienes ambientales complejos; Heterogeneidad; Linealidad de atributos; Utilidad multiatributo; Valoracion; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q18; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7055

Air Pollution Control Policy Options for Metro Manila
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Fischer,   Carolyn; Rolfe,   Kevin; Logarta,   Jose; Rufo,   Bing.
The Asian Development Bank has sponsored research on market-based instruments for managing pollution in Metro Manila, Philippines, where air quality is seriously degraded. This report offers three policy options for reducing particulate emissions and their precursors. For stationary sources, we recommend an emissions fee that creates efficient financial incentives to reduce emissions while raising revenues for monitoring and enforcement activities. For mobile sources, we propose a pilot diesel retrofit program using a low-cost technology that is effective at existing 2,000 ppm sulfur content. Second, we recommend a charge on the sulfur content of diesel fuel to encourage meeting and surpassing the 500 ppm standard to allow for more advanced particulate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Emissions tax; Philippines; Particulates; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q01.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10612

Allocation of CO2 Emissions Allowances in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Kahn,   Danny.
Cap-and-trade programs for air emissions have become the widely accepted, preferred approach to cost-effective pollution reduction. One of the important design questions in a trading program is how to initially distribute the emissions allowances. Under the Acid Rain program created by Title IV of the Clean Air Act, most emissions allowances were distributed to current emitters on the basis of a historic measure of electricity generation in an approach known as grandfathering. Recent proposals have suggested two alternative approaches: allocation according to a formula that is updated over time according to some performance metric in a recent year (the share of electricity generation or something else) and auctioning allowances to the highest bidders....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Mercury; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10650

The Enhanced I/M Program in Arizona: Costs, Effectiveness, and a Comparison with Pre-regulatory Estimates
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Ando,   Amy Whritenour.
Using data from 1995 and 1996, we estimate the cost of the Arizona Enhanced I/M Program and the emission reductions achieved. We begin by enumerating briefly the components of I/M costs and discuss their size and incidence. Then we describe the empirical information from Arizona and how we use it to construct cost estimates for both vehicle inspection and repair of failing vehicles. Inspection costs include the costs of operating the test stations and the costs motorists incur in time and money to get to the station and go through the testing process. We find that the inspection costs account for over two-thirds of the full costs of I/M, while costs associated with actual vehicle repair account for only one third. We conclude by comparing the empirical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: I/M cost-effectiveness; Vehicle emissions; Mobile sources; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10867

Delayed Action and Uncertain Targets. How Much Will Climate Policy Cost?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Despite the growing concern about actual on-going climate change, there is little consensus about the scale and timing of actions needed to stabilise the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Many countries are unwilling to implement effective mitigation strategies, at least in the short-term, and no agreement on an ambitious global stabilisation target has yet been reached. It is thus likely that some, if not all countries, will delay the adoption of effective climate policies. This delay will affect the cost of future policy measures that will be required to abate an even larger amount of emissions. What additional economic cost of mitigation measures will this delay imply? At the same time, the uncertainty surrounding the global stabilisation target to be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Delayed Action; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44219

Estimación del valor económico de la calidad del agua de un río mediante una doble aproximación: una aplicación de los principios económicos de la Directiva Marco del Agua
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: del Saz Salazar,   Salvador; Hernandez Sancho,   Francesc; Sala Garrido,   Ramon.
El principal objetivo de la Directiva Marco del Agua de la Unión Europea es logar un “buen estado” de las aguas europeas para el año 2015 mediante una combinación de diferentes medidas. En este estudio, dos métodos de preferencias declaradas, el método de valoración contingente y el método de ordenación contingente, han sido aplicados para obtener la valoración económica de una hipotética mejora de la calidad del agua de un río. La comparación de las dos metodologías muestra que las valoraciones obtenidas con el método de ordenación contingente son considerablemente mayores que las obtenidas con la valoración contingente. Por último, los valores estimados se agregan para obtener una aproximación cuantitativa a los beneficios sociales derivados de esta...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beneficios sociales; Calidad del agua; Directiva Marco del Agua; Ordenación contingente; Valoración contingente.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25; Q26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57280

Valoracion del agua de riego por el metodo de precios quasi-hedonicos: aplicacion al Guadalquivir
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Berbel,   Julio; Mesa,   Pascual.
La estimación del valor del agua puede hacerse mediante diferentes métodos, de los cuales este trabajo propone el método de precios "quasi-hedónicos". El agua se considera en este trabajo como una variable externa que impacta en el precio diferencial de la tierra, y cuyo valor estimamos para la Cuenca del Guadalquivir. Los resultados nos muestran un valor capital del agua en el rango 2,8 €/m3 a 4,2 €/m3 con un valor más frecuente de 3,46 €/m3, que según el tipo de capitalización empleado nos daría un valor medio de renta del agua entre 0,14 €/m3 (para r=4%) a 0,35 €/m3 (para r=10%).     ABSTRACT The valuation of natural resources is a tool used for improving allocation and management of water resources. This research proposes a quasi-hedonic approach as a...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Irrigated agriculture; Hedonic price; Environmental valuation; Water value; Agricultura de riego; Precios hedónicos; Valoracion ambiental; Valor del agua; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; C13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7059

Institutional Impediments to Groundwater Trading: the case of the Gnangara groundwater system of Western Australia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Skurray,   James H.; Pandit,   Ram; Pannell,   David J.
The development of a market in groundwater usage rights can be inhibited by constraints arising from the institutional context. Such impediments may reduce the potential gains from trade and may generate high transaction costs for prospective traders.  We analyse the regulations and policies influencing groundwater transfers in a case-study area -- the Gnangara groundwater system around Perth, Western Australia -- and identify significant impediments to a groundwater market.  Property rights are found to be conditional, temporary, and vulnerable to amendment. Regulatory approval is required for all transfers. Facilitating infrastructure is lacking, and price information is unavailable. Management area boundaries reflect land ownership and use rather than...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q28; Q38; Q56; Q57; Q58; D02; R52; H41; H23; H11; D23; D47; D78; H44.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117825

Contracting for Environmental Property Rights: The Case of Vittel
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Depres,   Christophe; Grolleau,   Gilles; Mzoughi,   Naoufel.
Based on an authentic case of contracting for environmental property rights, our paper shows several implications of applying the Coase’s propositions. The case study adds empirical content to basic transaction costs concepts by analyzing the design and implementation of a contractual arrangement between a pollutee –a bottler of mineral water Vittel– and several polluting farmers. We analyze the bargaining between land and water rights owners and the bottler Vittel to determine how transaction cost issues (valuation disputes, bi-lateral monopoly conditions, and third-party effects) were overcome and how they succeeded in contracting for environmental property rights. We provide several comparisons of the Vittel case with other similar cases, leading to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Case study; Contracting; Environmental property rights; Environmental-related transactions; Private arrangement; Vittel; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; K23; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24729

Investment in Electricity Transmission and Ancillary Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bloyd,   Cary; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Burtraw,   Dallas.
Planning of the electricity transmission system generally focuses on the pros and cons of providing generation close to the source of the power demand versus remote generation linked via the transmission system. Recent electricity supply problems in the western United States have renewed interest in the role of transmission in assuring the reliability of electricity supply. Recently, the Western Governors' Association led the development of a planning exercise that examined the tradeoffs over the next 10 years between locating new natural gas powered generation close to the load centers versus new coal, wind, hydro, and geothermal generation in remote areas. Although the analysis concentrated on the direct system costs, the choice of new generation will...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Transmission; Air pollution; Ancillary benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q41.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10519

Utilizing Contingent Claims to Improve the Management of CAFOs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gramig,   Benjamin M.; Skees,   Jerry R.; Black,   J. Roy.
We propose a market-based approach to reducing the environmental risk posed by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).  The dual problems of hidden information and hidden action faced by policymakers are considered alongside the competing incentives faced by the CAFO manager in a multiple principal-agent setting.  A new approach that uses insurance-like contracts is introduced by use of the specific example of a swine operation with a lagoon-based manure management system.  Index-based contingent claims contracts in tandem with third-party auditing and waste hauling options are introduced as a complement to regulatory frameworks designed to reduce negative externalities from production.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Animal feeding operations; Asymmetric information; Environmental risk; Insurance; Public policy; Regulation; D82; G22; L51; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43346

Valoración económica de los beneficios ambientales de no mercado derivados de la mejora de la calidad del agua: una estimación en aplicación de la Directiva Marco del Agua al Guadalquivir
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Martin-Ortega,   Julia; Berbel,   Julio; Brouwer,   Roy.
Esta investigación responde a la necesidad de información económica relativa a los beneficios derivados de la implementación de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). Se plantea una definición práctica del concepto de beneficio ambiental y un escenario de valoración de los beneficios de la mejora de la calidad del agua que no tienen reflejo en el mercado. Esta valoración es necesaria, entre otros aspectos, para la evaluación de la desproporcionalidad de los costes de la DMA. La metodología se aplica a un caso práctico en el Guadalquivir en un ejercicio de valoración contingente y análisis estadístico mediante un modelo Heckman en dos etapas.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beneficios ambientales; Costes desproporcionados; Directiva Marco del Agua; Modelo Heckman; Valoración contingente; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25; Q51.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57281

The Role of Stakeholders' Perceptions in Addressing Water Quality Disputes in an Embattled Watershed
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Popp,   Jennie S. Hughes; Rodriguez,   German.
Preliminary results of a survey of agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders in the Lincoln Lake Watershed suggests discrepancies exists in different groups perceptions of water quality, the sources of water pollution, and the roles of local, county, state and federal officials in meeting water quality objectives.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53; Q59.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34808

Estimating Full IM240 Emissions from Partial Test Results: Evidence from Arizona
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ando,   Amy Whritenour; Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.
The expense and inconvenience of enhanced vehicle emissions testing using the full 240-second dynamometer test has led states to search for ways to shorten the test process. In fact, all states that currently use the IM240 allow some type of fast-pass, usually as early in the test as second 31, and Arizona allows vehicles to fast-fail after second 93. While these shorter tests save states millions of dollars in inspection lanes and driver costs, there is a loss in information since test results are no longer comparable across vehicles. This paper presents a methodology for estimating full 240 second results from partial-test results for three pollutants: HC, CO and NOx. Using random sample of vehicles in Arizona which received full 240 second tests, we use...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Inspection and maintenance; Mobile source; Fast pass; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10734

MCDM Farm System Analysis for Public Management of Irrigated Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio; Berbel,   Julio; Arriaza Balmón,   Manuel.
In this paper we present a methodology within the multi-criteria paradigm to assist policy decision-making on water management for irrigation. In order to predict farmers' response to policy changes a separate multi-attribute utility function for each homogeneous group, attained applying cluster analysis, is elicited. The results of several empirical applications of this methodology suggest an improvement of the ability to simulate farmers' decision-making process compared to other approaches. Once the utility functions are obtained the policy maker can evaluate the differential impacts on each cluster and the overall impacts in the area of study (i.e. a river basin) by aggregation. On the empirical side, the authors present some studies for different...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Multi-attribute utility theory; Water management; Irrigation; Policy analysis; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25; Q15; C61.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24676

The External Cost of European Crude Oil Imports
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bigano,   Andrea; Cassinelli,   Mariaester; Sferra,   Fabio; Guarrera,   Lisa; Karbuz,   Sohbet; Hafner,   Manfred; Markandya,   Anil; Navrud,   Stale.
This paper is the first to assess operational and probabilistic externalities of oil extraction and transportation to Europe on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of realistic future oil demand-supply scenarios, of the relative relevance of import routes, of the local specificities in terms of critical passages and different burdens and impacts along import routes. The resulting externalities appear reasonable both under the assumption of high future demand and under low demand. Estimates range from 2.32 Euro in 2030 in the low demand scenario to 2.60 Euro in 2010 in the high demand scenario per ton of imported oil.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Oil Transport; Externalities Oil Spills; Risk Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q32; Q25; Q41; R40.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50362

THE POTENTIAL FOR MARKETING PORK PRODUCTS WITH EMBEDDED ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES: RESULTS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hurley,   Sean P.; Kliebenstein,   James B.
Environmental issues such as air and water quality related to livestock production currently receive much attention.  Potential methods for environmental improvement range from regulation to market solutions.  This study looks at consumer willingness to pay for pork products with embedded environmental attributes.  Experimental auctions showed that over one-half of the participants (62%) paid a premium, that did not vary significantly between differing regions of the United States.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing; Q13; Q25.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21598

Best Management Practices to Enhance Water Quality: Who is Adopting Them?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ghazalian,   Pascal L.; Larue,   Bruno; West,   Gale E.
This study investigates the determinants affecting producers’ adoption of some Best Management Practices (BMPs). Priors about the signs of certain variables are explicitly accounted for by testing for inequality restrictions through importance sampling. Education, gender, age, and on-farm residence are found to have significant effects on the adoption of some BMPs. Farms with larger animal production are more apt to implement manure management practices, crop rotation, and riparian buffer strips. Also, farms with larger cultivated acres are more inclined to implement herbicide control practices, crop rotation, and riparian buffer strips. Belonging to an agro-environment club has a positive impact for most BMPs.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Adoption; Bayesian analysis; Best management practices; Priors; Runoff; Water quality; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Land Economics/Use; Livestock Production/Industries; Q12; Q25; C11.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56655

Cross-Border Environmental Management and the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
The considerable difficulties associated with cross-border environmental management are compounded when polluters are unlicensed micro-enterprises such as auto repair shops and traditional brick kilns; such "informal sector" firms are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Cd. Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led, binational initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Cd. Juarez's approximately 350 informal brick kilns. We draw three lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led cross-border initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public sector initiatives -- but they require...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: US-Mexican border; Informal sector; Environment; Brickmaking; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O54; L61; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10600

Do Consumers React to the Shape of Supply? Water Demand under Heterogeneous Price Structures
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Olmstead,   Sheila M.; Hanemann,   W. Michael; Stavins,   Robert N.
Urban water pricing provides an opportunity to examine whether consumers react to the shape of supply functions. We carry out an empirical analysis of the influence of price and price structure on residential water demand, using the most price-diverse, detailed, household-level water demand data yet available for this purpose. We adapt the Hausman model of labor supply under progressive income taxation to estimate water demand under non-linear prices. Ours is the first analysis to address both the simultaneous determination of marginal price and water demand under block pricing and the possibility of endogenous price structures in the cross section. In order to examine the possibility that consumers facing block prices are more price-responsive, all else...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-linear pricing; Water demand; Price elasticity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D12; Q21; Q25; Q28; L95.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10672

Estimating Co-benefits of Agricultural Climate Policy in New Zealand:  A Catchment-Level Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Daigneault,   Adam J.; Greenhalgh,   Suzie; Samarasinghe,   Oshadhi; Sinclair,   Robyn.
This paper uses an economic catchment model to assess changes in land use, enterprise distribution, greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient loading levels from a series of policies that introduce carbon prices or nutrient reduction caps on land-based production in the Hurunui Catchment in Canterbury, New Zealand. At $20/tCO2e, net revenue for the catchment is reduced by 7% from baseline levels while GHGs are reduced by 3%. At $40/ tCO2e, net revenue is reduced by 15% while GHGs are reduced by 21%. Nitrogen and phosphorous loading levels within the catchment were also reduced when landowners face a carbon price, thus providing other benefits to the environment. Additional scenarios in this paper assess the impacts from developing a large-scale irrigation...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture and Forestry Modeling; Land Use; Climate Policy; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Water Quantity; Water Quality; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q24; Q25; Q54.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103855

Robust Estimates of Value of a Statistical Life for Developing Economies: An Application to Pollution and Mortality in Santiago
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bowland,   Brad J.; Beghin,   John C.
The value-of-statistical-life (VSL) approach is used by environmental economists to value mortality changes resulting from environmental improvement, such as decreased urban air pollution. Because of scarce data, VSL estimates are not available for developing countries. Using robust regression techniques, we conduct a meta-analysis of VSL studies in industrialized countries to derive a VSL prediction function for developing economies accounting for differences in risk, income, human capital levels, and other demographic characteristics of these economies. We apply our estimated VSL to assess the willingness-to-pay for reduction in mortality linked to air pollution in Santiago, Chile. We find willingness-to-pay estimates in the range of $519,000 to $675,000...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Meta-analysis; Mortality; Santiago; VSL; Willingness-to-pay; Environmental Economics and Policy; I12; Q25; O15.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18471

Setting Permit Prices in a Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) System for Water Quality Management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Collentine,   Dennis.
The composite market design is a proposal for a Transferable Discharge Permit (TDP) system which specifically includes agricultural non-point source (NPS) dischargers and addresses both property rights and transaction cost problems. The first step to implementation of a composite market scheme is the estimation of a supply curve for abatement measures in the catchment area. Estimation is performed by combining costs with modeled loss reductions from selected Best Management Practices (BMPs) and then using this information to estimate the supply curve for abatement which in turn can then be used to set permit prices. The Ronnea catchment in southern Sweden is used as a pilot study area for making this type of estimate. Costs for existing measures that...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tradable permits; Catchment management; NPS; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24452

Adopción de tecnología de distribución y control del agua en las Comunidades de Regantes de la Región de Murcia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Alcon,   Francisco; De Miguel,   María Dolores; Burton,   Michael P.
RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se estudia el proceso de adopción de tecnología de distribución y control de agua que las Comunidades de Regantes de la Región de Murcia han llevado a cabo desde el año 1975 hasta 2005. Se analiza el tiempo que transcurre desde que se constituye la Comunidad de Regantes hasta que toma la decisión de adoptar utilizando Análisis de Duración. Se identifican como aceleradores del proceso de adopción la posesión de un pozo de apoyo, el empleo de un sistema tarifario variable en función del consumo, los efectos de las políticas de subvenciones a las obras de modernización y mejora de los regadíos y las sequías.  SUMMARY: The present paper analyses the process of adopting water management and control technology in the irrigation...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Análisis de duración; Comunidad de regantes; Función de riesgo; Tecnología de riego; Irrigation community; Hazard function; Irrigation technology; Duration analysis; Agribusiness; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; Q25; D71.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37190

The Benefits and Costs of Fish Consumption Advisories for Mercury
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jakus,   Paul M.; McGuinness,   Meghan; Krupnick,   Alan J.
Mercury contamination of the Chesapeake Bay is a concern to health authorities in the region. We evaluate the economic and health effects of postulated recreational and commercial fishing advisories for striped bass on the Maryland portion of the bay. Awareness of and response to the advisory is estimated using a meta-analysis of the literature. Three values are estimated: welfare losses to recreational anglers, welfare losses in the commercial striped bass fishery, and health benefits. An estimate of percentage of consumer surplus loss is applied to the value of all fishing days in the bay to estimate recreational welfare loss. Welfare losses to the commercial fishery are estimated based on a model of supply and demand. Health benefits are estimated using...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fisheries; Mercury; Advisories; Recreation; Health benefits; Consumer/Household Economics; I18; Q22; Q25; Q26.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10853

Strategic Choice of International Emissions Trading Scheme in an Open Economy with Perfect Competition
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boom,   Jan Tjeerd.
Emissions trading can be organized in several ways. In particular, private emissions trading can be organized as permit trading, or as credit trading. The schemes have a different impact on output with credit trading leading to a higher output level than permit trading. This paper analyzes what the optimal choice of emissions trading scheme is in a model with international trade and perfect competition in the product and emission quota market. Furthermore, I discuss whether it is optimal for the country to allow its firms to trade emissions internationally. The paper shows that countries want to use these schemes in different circumstances, depending on whether they import or export the good. Furthermore, it is shown that in several cases, countries...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Emissions trading; Credit trading; International trade; Perfect competition; Strategic behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; F10; L51; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24196

Valutazione tecnico-economica delle potenzialità di riutilizzo irriguo dei reflui depurati: il caso della Valpadana
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zucaro,   Raffaella; Rago,   C.; Vollaro,   Michele.
Gli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici (CC), sebbene soltanto vagamente ipotizzati qualche decennio fa, hanno cominciato a manifestarsi negli ultimi anni facendo emergere la vulnerabilità soprattutto del settore agricolo. Mentre le indicazioni politiche internazionali promuovono azioni congiunte di lungo periodo volte all’adozione di misure di mitigazione dei CC (riduzione dei gas serra), non sono ancora state chiaramente definite efficaci misure di adattamento di breve periodo, soprattutto per le problematiche connesse alla scarsità idrica. Questo lavoro contribuisce al dibattito in corso sulla politica di adattamento ai CC nel settore agricolo italiano nel contesto sia della pianificazione della Politica Agricola Comune nel periodo 2014-2020 sia...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cambiamento climatico; Scarsità idrica; Stabilità dei mercati agricoli; Analisi multicriteriale; Analisi costi-benefici; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q18; Q25; Q34; Q38; Q51; R52.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124115

Modelling Economic Impacts of Alternative International Climate Policy Architectures. A Quantitative and Comparative Assessment of Architectures for Agreement
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper provides a quantitative comparison of the main architectures for an agreement on climate policy. Possible successors to the Kyoto protocol are assessed according to four criteria: economic efficiency; environmental effectiveness; distributional implications; and their political acceptability which is measured in terms of feasibility and enforceability. The ultimate aim is to derive useful information for designing a future agreement on climate change control.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Integrated Modelling; International Agreements; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44535

Can virtual water 'trade' reduce water scarcity in semi-arid countries? The case of Spain
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Garrido,   Alberto; Novo,   Paula; Rodriguez Casado,   Roberto; Varela-Ortega,   Consuelo.
Agricultural trade is by far the largest vehicle to ‘move’ water virtually around the world. Observing that most countries import and export water embedded in the exchanged products, the objective of this study is to assess the virtual water ‘trade’ in Spain for the period 1997-2006. We differentiate between the green and blue components of virtual water from a hydrological and economic perspective. The combination of spatial and time dimensions offers a unique empirical setting to determine whether virtual water ‘trade’ can contribute to reduce water scarcity. The study reveals that Spain is a net ‘importer’ of virtual water. By far the largest virtual water ‘imports’ are linked to cereals and animal feed products whilst the virtual water ‘exports’ are...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Virtual water ‘trade’; Farm trade; Water scarcity; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q15; Q17; Q25; Q27; Q56.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51048

Irrigation Restriction and Biomass Market Interactions: The Case of the Alluvial Aquifer
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Popp,   Michael P.; Nalley,   Lawton Lanier; Vickery,   Gina B.
The U.S. Geological Survey has determined that irrigation in Arkansas’ Delta is unsustainable. This study examines how irrigation restrictions would affect county net returns to crop production. It also considers the effect of planting less water-intensive bioenergy crops—switchgrass and forage sorghum—in the event biofuel markets become a reality. Results suggest that sustainable irrigation restrictions without bioenergy crops would decrease producer returns by 28% in the region. Introducing these alternative crops would both reduce groundwater use and may restore state producer returns, albeit with significant spatial income redistribution to crop production throughout the state.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biomass crops; Ground water irrigation; Spatial income redistribution; Sustainability; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Financial Economics; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Q24; Q25; Q32; Q42; O13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57150

Economics of Forest Ecosystem Carbon Sinks: A Review
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Sohngen,   Brent.
Carbon terrestrial sinks are seen as a low-cost alternative to fuel switching and reduced fossil fuel use for lowering atmospheric CO2. In this study, we review issues related to the use of terrestrial forestry activities to create CO2 offset credits. To gain a deeper understanding of the confusing empirical studies of forest projects to create carbon credits under Kyoto, we employ meta-regression analysis to analyze conditions under which forest activities generate CO2-emission reduction offsets at competitive ‘prices’. In particular, we examine 68 studies of the costs of creating carbon offsets using forestry. Baseline estimates of costs of sequestering carbon are some US$3–$280 per tCO2, indicating that the costs of creating CO2-emission offset credits...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Kyoto Protocol; Meta-regression analysis; Carbon-uptake costs; Forest sinks; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; H43; C19.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37037

Development of private insurance schemes as a means to reduce water overexploitation during drought events. A case study in Campo de Cartagena (Segura River Basin, Spain)
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Perez Blanco,   Carlos Dionisio; Gomez Gomez,   Carlos Mario.
Water is a key input in the production of many goods and services and under certain conditions can become a critical limiting factor with significant impacts on regional development. This is the case of many agricultural European Mediterranean basins, where water deficit during drought events is partially covered by illegal abstractions, mostly from aquifers, which are tolerated by the authorities. Groundwater overexploitation for irrigation has created in these areas an unprecedented environmental catastrophe that threatens ecosystems sustainability, urban water supply and the current model of development. Market-based drought insurance systems have the potential to introduce the necessary incentives to reduce overexploitation during drought events and...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Drought insurance; Stochastic models; Groundwater; Agriculture; Risk and Uncertainty; Q15; Q18; Q25; Q51; Q58.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122453

Invasive Species Control over Space and Time:  Miconia calvescens on Oahu, Hawaii
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burnett,   Kimberly M.; Kaiser,   Brooks A.; Roumasset,   James A.
The optimal size and location of an invasive species population depend upon spatially differentiated biological growth, economic costs, and damages.  Although largely absent from most economic models, spatial considerations matter because the likelihood and magnitude of the invasion vary spatially and the threatened assets may be unevenly distributed across space.  We map the current and future populations of an invasive species, Miconia calvescens, on Oahu, Hawaii, and the potential damages to water quantity, quality, and endangered-species habitat, and weigh these against treatment costs.  We find that optimal densities vary from approximately 1% to 18% cover throughout the island.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Geographical Information Systems; Hawaii; Invasive species; Miconia calvescens; Oahu; Spatial analysis; Watershed; Q23; Q25; Q28; Q51; Q57.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37274

Transcending the Limitations of Environmental Economic Framing: Toward a Metaeconomics of Environmental Choice
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Czap,   Natalia V.; Czap,   Hans J.; Khachaturyan,   Marianna; Lynne,   Gary D.; Burbach,   Mark E.
This paper further tests dual interest theory and the metaeconomics approach to environmental choice, recognizing a possible role for empathy-sympathy (the basis for an internalized, shared other-interest) in tempering and conditioning the more fundamental tendency to pursue self-interest. To test, we focus on rivers flowing through agricultural areas carrying sediments, chemicals, and fertilizers which are making their way into downstream rivers and lakes. We use data from a framed experiment. Farmers decide on the usage of conservation technology to lessen impacts on the water quality in downstream areas, which is more costly. The results confirm our hypotheses, demonstrating that upstream farmers who practice conservation are tempering profit...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Dual-interest model; Metaeconomics; Empathy; Sympathy; Selfism; Environmental experiment; Behavioral economics; Water quality; Conservation tillage; Conservation policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; C9; D03; Q25; Q53; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102866

Wind Power Development: Opportunities and Challenges
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Timilsina,   Govinda R.
In this study, the prospects of wind power at the global level are reviewed. Existing studies indicate that the earth’s wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1% of the global electricity demand is currently derived from wind power despite 40% annual growth in wind generating capacity over the last 25 years. More than 98% of total current wind power capacity is installed in the developed countries plus China and India. Existing studies estimate that wind power could supply 7% to 34% of global electricity needs by 2050. Wind power faces a large number of technical, financial, institutional, market and other barriers. To overcome these, many countries have employed various policy instruments, including capital...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wind energy; Renewable energy; Electricity grids; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q32; Q42; Q48.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45665

Análisis multicriterio de preferencias sociales en gestión hídrica bajo la Directiva Marco del Agua
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mesa,   Pascual; Martin-Ortega,   Julia; Berbel,   Julio.
Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la aplicación de la DMA en relación con la selección de medidas para el uso sostenible y socialmente aceptado del agua. Nuestro análisis está orientado a la obtención, mediante el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), de la valoración social de los criterios de gestión del agua en el Guadalquivir, analizando para ello la legitimidad de la ampliación del embalse de la Breña (Córdoba), además de la evaluación de otras posibles medidas de gestión del agua. Los resultados sugieren que el AHP constituye una herramienta adecuada para la implementación de la DMA, así como un complemento útil del análisis coste-eficacia.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Directiva Marco del Agua; Gestión hídrica; Método de Jerarquías Analíticas; Multicriterio.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57236

RURAL WATER SUPPLIERS AND EFFICIENCY - EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM EAST AND WEST GERMANY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sauer,   Johannes.
ABSTRACT This discussion paper attempts the investigation of inefficiency with respect to water suppliers in rural areas of East and West Germany. This is done by using a nonradial measure of input-specific allocative inefficiency based on the demand system derived from a flexible cost function for the variable inputs labour, energy and chemicals. Distributional dependency with respect to the composed error term is reduced. The cost structure is modelled by applying a modified symmetric generalized McFadden functional form and the imposition of concavity restrictions as required by economic theory. Data on 47 rural water suppliers was collected by a written survey in 2002/2003. The applied second order flexible functional form performs well in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Rural water supply; Flexible functional form; Input-specific allocative efficiency; Ländliche Wasserversorgung; Flexible funktionale Form; Inputspezifische allokative Effizienz; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C31; D24; Q25.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14866

Comparing Price and Non-price Approaches to Urban Water Conservation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Olmstead,   Sheila M.; Stavins,   Robert N.
Urban water conservation is typically achieved through prescriptive regulations, including the rationing of water for particular uses and requirements for the installation of particular technologies. A significant shift has occurred in pollution control regulations toward market-based policies in recent decades. We offer an analysis of the relative merits of market-based and prescriptive approaches to water conservation, where prices have rarely been used to allocate scarce supplies. The analysis emphasizes the emerging theoretical and empirical evidence that using prices to manage water demand is more cost-effective than implementing non-price conservation programs, similar to results for pollution control in earlier decades. Price-based approaches also...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Water Conservation; Market-based Approaches; Policy Instrument Choice; Water Price; Q25; Q28; Q58; L95.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42919

Flood risk – Prevention and Impact on Agricultural Lands
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wagner,   Klaus; Neuwirth,   Julia; Janetschek,   Hubert.
Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Multifunctionality; Sustainability; Flood Risk; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q24; Q25; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50942

Groundwater Management in the Presence of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation  Incentives for Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Baker,   Justin Scott; Murray,   Brian C.
This study explores the interactions of groundwater extraction, quality, and greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions within a productive agricultural region. Two conceptual models are proposed. In the first, GHG emissions are managed at the local level, and an efficient level of abatement is solved for endogenously to the system. Here, regional management of GHG emissions offers an alternative policy tool for managing quantity/quality by internalizing the costs of a common externality associated with both groundwater extraction and nitrogen fertilizer application. A simple numerical simulation is used to illustrate the potential groundwater co-benefits of managing agricultural GHG emissions within the system. The second model reflects the reality that GHG...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; GHG Mitigation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53; Q54.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49481

Planificacion multicriterio de explotaciones agrarias en areas tropicales protegidas. El caso de la zona protectora Guanare-Masparro (Venezuela)
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Flores,   Jose; Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal el desarrollo de una propuesta metodológica de planificación multicriterio con el fin de optimizar el uso de la tierra con fines agrarios en áreas protegidas tropicales. Para ello se han empleado las técnicas del Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP) y la programación compromiso (PC), considerado objetivos de carácter económico, ambiental y social. La aplicación empírica desarrollada se ha centrado en un área protegida de Venezuela con tradicional vocación agraria. Los resultados de la planificación evidencia la existencia de importantes conflictos entre los objetivos planteados, así como la necesidad de la intervención pública para lograr un desempeño del sector agrario en concordancia con las...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural planning; Protected areas; Analytic hierarchy process; Compromise programming; Venezuela; Agribusiness; Q25; Q15; C61.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8002

AD-DICE: An Implementation of Adaptation in the DICE Mode
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: de Bruin,   Kelly C.; Dellink,   Rob B.; Tol,   Richard S.J.
Integrated Assessment Models (IAMS) have helped us over the past decade to understand the interactions between the environment and the economy in the context of climate change. Although it has also long been recognized that adaptation is a powerful and necessary tool to combat the adverse effects of climate change, most IAMs have not explicitly included the option of adaptation in combating climate change. This paper adds to the IAM and climate change literature by explicitly including adaptation in an IAM, thereby making the trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation visible. Specifically, a theoretical framework is created and used to implement adaptation as a decision variable into the DICE model. We use our new AD-DICE model to derive the adaptation...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integrated Assessment Modelling; Adaptation; Climate Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9548

The Effect of Allowance Allocation on the Cost of Carbon Emission Trading
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Paul,   Anthony.
We investigate the cost-effectiveness and distributional effects of a revenue-raising auction, grandfathering, and a generation performance standard as alternative approaches for distributing carbon emission allowances in the electricity sector. We solve a detailed national electricity market model and find the auction is roughly one-half the societal cost of the other approaches. This result holds under a variety of assumptions about the future state of economic regulation and competition in the electricity sector. The differences in the cost of the approaches flow from the effect of each approach on electricity price. Grandfathering is the best for producers but it imposes a substantial cost on consumers. The generation performance standard yields the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon; Emission allowance trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Safety valve; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10536

Challenges and Opportunities for Water of the Rio Grande
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rister,   M. Edward; Sturdivant,   Allen W.; Lacewell,   Ronald D.; Michelsen,   Ari M.
The Rio Grande has headwaters in Colorado, flows through New Mexico, and serves as the United States.–Mexico border in Texas, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Snow melt in Colorado and northern New Mexico constitutes the water river supply for New Mexico and the El Paso region, whereas summer monsoonal flow from the Rio Conchos in Mexico and tributaries, including the Pecos River, provides the Rio Grande flow for southern Texas. The region is mostly semiarid with frequent long-term drought periods but is also characterized by a substantial irrigated agriculture sector and a rapidly growing population. International treaties and interstate compacts provide the rules for allocation of Rio Grande waters between the United States and Mexico and among...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Agricultural economics; Conservation; Irrigation; Natural resources; Renewable resources; Resources; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q5; Q15; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113529

DETECTING EVIDENCE OF NON-COMPLIANCE IN SELF-REPORTED POLLUTION EMISSIONS DATA: AN APPLICATION OF BENFORD'S LAW
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dumas,   Christopher F.; Devine,   John H.
The paper introduces Digital Frequency Analysis (DFA) based on Benford's Law as a new technique for detecting non-compliance in self-reported pollution emissions data. Public accounting firms are currently adopting DFA to detect fraud in financial data. We argue that DFA can be employed by environmental regulators to detect fraud in self-reported pollution emissions data. The theory of Benford's Law is reviewed, and statistical justifications for its potentially widespread applicability are presented. Several common DFA tests are described and applied to North Carolina air pollution emissions data in an empirical example.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Benford; Digital frequency analysis; Pollution monitoring; Pollution regulation; Enforcement; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21740

Economies of Scale and Technical Efficiency in Community Water Systems
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Harrington,   Winston; Pizer,   William A.; Gillingham,   Kenneth.
In this study we use datasets from the 1995 and 2000 Community Water Supply surveys to examine the production costs of water supply systems. We first estimate the economies of scale in water supply by estimating the total unit cost as well as individual component cost elasticities. For total unit cost elasticity, we find that a 1% increase in production reduces unit costs by a statistically significant 0.16%. For individual component cost elasticities, we find that higher economies of scale exist in capital costs, outside costs, other costs, and materials costs; labor costs and energy costs exhibit lower but still positive economies of scale. These economies of scale may reflect production economies or suggest that larger systems are better than smaller...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Small water systems; Water supply; Capacity development; Economies of scale; Community water systems; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10788

The Optimal Climate Policy Portfolio when Knowledge Spills Across Sectors
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper studies the implications for climate policy of the interactions between environmental and knowledge externalities. Using a numerical analysis performed with the hybrid integrated assessment model WITCH, extended to include mutual spillovers between the energy and the non-energy sector, we show that the combination between environmental and knowledge externalities provides a strong rationale for implementing a portfolio of policies for both emissions reduction and the internalisation of knowledge externalities. Moreover, we show that implementing technology policy as a substitute for stabilisation policy is likely to increase global emissions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Change; Development; Innovation; Spillovers; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28; O31; O41; Q54.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92912

The Paparazzi Take a Look at a Living Legend: The SO2 Cap-and-Trade Program for Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) presents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. This paper provides an overview of the origins, design, and performance of the U.S. acid rain program, and an analysis of its specific features and its adaptability as a model for addressing other pollution problems, such as control of NOX or CO2 emissions. The program also has resulted in innovation through changes in organizational technology, in the organization of markets, and through experimentation at individual boilers, much of which arguably would...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10665

Equal Emissions per Capita over Time - A Proposal to Combine Responsibility and Equity of Rights
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
After Future climate policy regimes may be based on the Kyoto-Protocol or on other policy instruments such as carbon-taxes. Any effective regime based on the Protocol requires the determination of the concrete contributions by each Party. This involves namely the time of contribution and the quantification of the contribution itself. By now many proposals exist for the two issues, as for example thresholds like GDP per capita for the question of timing or emissions per capita for an allocation of emission rights. Based on the two justice principle responsibility and equity of rights that form the basis for the so-called Brazilian Proposal and Contraction &amp; Convergence respectively, a new approach is developed: Future emission rights are allocated on...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Brazilian Proposal; CDM; Contraction &amp; Convergence; Equity; Post 2012 climate regime; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26240

CONSISTENCY AND OPTIMALITY IN A DYNAMIC GAME OF POLLUTION CONTROL I: COMPETITION
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
I model the interaction between a regulator and polluting firms as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firms create pollution, which results in a stock externality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures in a competitive industry. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under time consistent policies.   Forthcoming in Environmental and Resource Economics
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Regulation; Tax; Dynamic; Game; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; H32; D62.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28351

Regulating Industrial Water Pollution in the United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Harrington,   Winston.
The performance of the industrial point-source water pollution abatement program in the U.S. Clean Water Act is examined. I begin with a brief description of the statute and then turn to a description of the process used to develop the rules that govern effluent discharges. This is followed by a discussion of the outcomes resulting from efforts to apply these rules to industrial pollutant sources. Two types of outcomes are considered: administrative outcomes and outcomes in the water. Last, the issue of implementation is discussed: how the Clean Water Act may have affected the incentives governing the behavior of industrial dischargers, municipal waste treatment plant operators, and regulators. Surprisingly, there is some evidence that the Clean Water Act,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Effluent guidelines; Indirect dischargers; Water quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10608

Factors Influencing and Steps Leading to the Adoption of Best Management Practices by Louisiana Dairy Farmers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Paudel,   Krishna P.; Gauthier,   Wayne M.; Westra,   John V.; Hall,   Larry M.
A logistic regression procedure was used to assess the impact of socioeconomic attributes on the best management practices (BMPs) adoption decision by Louisiana dairy farmers relative to cost-share and fixed incentive payments. Analysis of the steps in the BMP adoption decision process indicated visits between producers and the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Natural Resource Conservation Service significantly increase likelihood of BMP adoption. Producer willingness-to-pay results indicate that marginal increases in dairy BMP adoption and associated improvement in environmental quality require increased technical and financial assistance.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Best management practices; Bootstrap; Cost-share; Manure; Steps in BMP adoption; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q16; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45519

Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Air pollution; Mexico; Brickmaking; Community pressure; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; O54; Q25; L61.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10478

Water Pollution Taxes: A Good Idea Doomed to Failure?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boyd,   James.
Water pollution taxes, or effluent fees, have long been advocated by environmental economists as a regulatory approach to cost effectively achieve water quality improvements. The article reviews the arguments in favor of taxes and traces the history of the idea in U.S. policy debates. Particular attention is given to the institutional challenges presented by a tax system and its application in watershed contexts where transport phenomena are important. The article also addresses the question of why effluent taxes are so rarely seen in practice.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water quality; Effluent fees; Market-based incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10611

Valuing Options in Water Markets: A Laboratory Investigation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hansen,   Kristiana; Kaplan,   Jonathan D.; Kroll,   Stephan.
Risk and reliability dominate water supply discussions in the arid western United States in light of increasing demand and finite, weather-dependant supply. Thus water agencies increasingly turn to contractual mechanisms such as dry-year options to manage supply risk in advance of need. Although a few water agencies across the West have implemented dry-year options, sufficient data for conventional econometric analysis do not yet exist. We thus utilize experimental economics to analyze the effect of annual dry-year options on water markets. We consider how market structure (competitive versus monopsony power) and option contract availability affect water price and allocation within a market and find that realized gains from trade are on average higher when...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D23; L22; Q25.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108722

MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS FOR REDUCING LEACHING OF NITRATES IN CROATIAN FARMING SYSTEMS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sumelius,   John; Grgic,   Zoran; Mesic,   Milan; Franic,   Ramona.
The aim of this paper is to identify optional ways of preventing NO3-levels from rising within Croatian farming systems, and the implications from the viewpoint of the manager.  More specifically, the purpose is to 1) Determine whether Croatian farmers exceed profit maximising levels of N-fertilizer use in maize cultivation, and its possible influence on NO3 –N-levels.  2) To estimate the marginal abatement cost (MAC), at the farm level, of reducing NO3 –N leaching through the following instruments: a tax on optimal N-doses, a product tax and an N-fertiliser quota and a requirement for all instruments to correspond to the same abatement level.  Based on.  N-response experiment from feld trial for maize N-response curves were estimated.  A sample of 20...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Marginal abatement cost; N-response; Nitrate Directive; Taxes; Effluent production function; Croatia.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25909

Nitrate Reduction Approaches
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burkart,   Christopher; Jha,   Manoj K.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94486

Do Environmental Services Buyers Prefer Differentiated Rates? A Case Study from the Colombian Andes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Moreno-Sanchez,   Rocio del Pilar; Maldonado,   Jorge Higinio; Wunder,   Sven; Borda,   Carlos Andres.
Flat user fees in payment for environmental services (PES) schemes promote administrative ease, and are sometimes perceived as egalitarian. However, when environmental service (ES) buyers are heterogeneous in their income and water consumption levels, this may not be optimal, as total payments become too low and services are under-supplied. This paper identifies ES buyer preferences and estimates their willingness to pay (WTP) differentiated fees in an ongoing PES initiative in an Andean watershed in Colombia. Small, flat user payments have recently been introduced to implement incipient watershed protection upstream. Environmental service users fall into two highly heterogeneous categories: smallholder peasants and owners of recreational houses. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: PES; WTP; Environmental services; Colombia; Watershed protection; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Demand and Price Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q56; Q25; Q5; Q51; C25; D10; D12; D61; D63.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91171

The likely regional impacts of an agricultural emissions policy in New Zealand: Preliminary analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sin,   Isabelle; Brunton,   Emma; Hendy,   Joanna; Kerr,   Suzi.
Hendy and Kerr (2005b) find that an emissions charge on agricultural methane and nitrous oxide of $25 per tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent would be likely to reduce New Zealand‘s net land-use related emissions for commitment period one in the order of 3%, with full accounting. The costs per farmer and as a percentage of profit would be very high. This paper considers the regional impacts of such a policy in New Zealand by allocating the emission charge across space according to the location of animals. We then combine our emissions charge information with data on the socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Obviously rural areas are heavily affected. In many respects, for example median income, ethnic mix, and percentage of working...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Land use; Social impacts; Methane; Nitrous oxide; Dairy; Sheep; Beef; Distribution of costs; Regional; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Livestock Production/Industries; Q25; Q28; R14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98506

Financing Structures for CDM Projects in India and Capacity Building Options for EU-Indo Collaboration
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Deodhar,   Vinay; Michaelowa,   Axel; Krey,   Matthias.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) enables industrialized countries to meet a part of their emission reduction requirements through purchase of emission reduction credits from projects in developing countries. Various studies have concluded that India is likely to be one of the major countries supplying such projects. However, in order that a large number of high-quality CDM projects is developed and result in Certified Emission Reductions as specified by the international CDM Executive Board, the institutional set up in the Indian finance sector has to be suitably geared up. So far, banks and financial institutions have not developed procedures for efficient financing of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Climate Policy; CDM; Financial Institutions; India; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26139

Controlling Ozone and Fine Particulates: Cost Benefit Analysis with Meteorological Variability
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Bergin,   Michelle S.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Russell,   Armistead G.
In this paper, we develop an integrated cost-benefit analysis framework for ozone and fine particulate control, accounting for variability and uncertainty. The framework includes air quality simulation, sensitivity analysis, stochastic multi-objective air quality management, and stochastic cost-benefit analysis. This paper has two major contributions. The first is the development of stochastic source-receptor (S-R) coefficient matrices for ozone and fine particulate matter using an advanced air quality simulation model (URM-1ATM) and an efficient sensitivity algorithm (DDM-3D). The second is a demonstration of this framework for alternative ozone and PM2.5 reduction policies. Alternative objectives of the stochastic air quality management model include...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ambient air; Ozone; Particulate matter; Risk management; Public policy; Cost-benefit analysis; Variability and uncertainty; Stochastic simulation; Stochastic multi-objective programming; Decision-making; National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Environmental Economics and Policy; C6; Q2; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10735

Agricultural land management strategies to reduce phosphorus loads in the Gippsland Lakes, Australia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Roberts,   Anna M.; Pannell,   David J.; Doole,   Graeme J.; Vigiak,   Olga.
A target to reduce phosphorus flows into the Gippsland Lakes in south-eastern Australia by 40 per cent to improve water quality has previously been established by stakeholders. An integrated analysis at the catchment scale is undertaken to assess the agricultural land management changes required to achieve this target, and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these changes. It appears technically feasible to achieve a 40 per cent reduction in P load entering the lakes, but the least-costly way of doing so would require around A$1 billion over 20 years, a dramatic increase in the current levels of funding provided for management. On the other hand, a 20 per cent P reduction could be achieved at much lower cost: around $80 million over 20 years and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit: cost analysis; Dairy; Diffuse source; Trade-offs; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q53; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102454

Practical Issues Concerning Temporary Carbon Credits in the CDM
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dutschke,   Michael; Schlamadinger,   Bernhard.
Afforestation and reforestation (AR) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism are able to create emission permits that can be accounted against the industrialized countries' commitments for limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion of how to treat credits from temporary carbon stocks is centering on the proposal for expiring emission credits from AR, which in the subsequent commitment period need to be replaced. While the basic methodological question is thus being solved, the practicalities arising from the solution have so far not been considered. The authors make new proposals on accounting modalities, define the tCER value as compared to a permanent CER, and forecast who will be the potential buyers...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Clean Development Mechanism; Forestry; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26241

Welfare and Distribution Effects of Water Pricing Policies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ruijs,   Arjan.
In this paper, distribution and welfare effects of changes in block price systems are evaluated. A method is discussed to determine, for a Marshallian demand function, equivalent variation in case of a block price system. The method is applied to analyze welfare and distribution effects of changing water prices in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Results show that there is a trade off between average welfare and income distribution. A pro-poor price system may result in lower average welfare than a flat price system, but in higher individual welfare for the poor. Moreover, there is a trade off between revenues for the water company and income distribution. Even though pro-poor price systems may not be as good for average welfare as flat price systems,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water demand; Welfare economics; Equivalent variation; Food Security and Poverty; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D63; Q25; Q56.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7441

The Benefits and Costs of Informal Sector Pollution Control: Mexican Brick Kilns
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Newbold,   Stephen C.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Cook,   Joseph H.
In developing countries, urban clusters of manufacturers which are "informal"-small-scale, unlicensed and virtually unregulated-can have severe environmental impacts. Yet pollution control efforts have traditionally focused on large industrial sources, in part because the problem is not well understood. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of four practical strategies for reducing emissions from traditional brick kilns in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. To our knowledge, it is the first such analysis of informal sources. We find very significant net benefits for three of the four control strategies. These results suggest that informal polluters should be a high priority for environmental regulators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Informal sector; Air pollution; US-Mexico Border; Brick kiln; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O17; O54; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10532

Using Alternative Regulatory Instruments to Control Fixed Point Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
Should developing countries eschew conventional command and control regulatory instruments that are increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on 'alternative' instruments based on economic incentives and community pressure? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to fixed point air pollution. The paper discusses the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of alternative instruments, reviews both industrialized country and developing country experiences with them, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that regulators in developing countries typically operate under severe financial and institutional constraints. Given these constraints, pure economic incentive instruments are generally not practical since they involve...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market based instruments; Economic incentives; Informal regulation; Developing country; Industrial air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; O13.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10689

Risk Belief, Producer Demand, and Valuation of Improved Irrigations: Results from Field Experiments in Mt. Kilimanjaro
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Muamba,   Francis; Kraybill,   David S.
This paper systematically estimates the potential benefit of introducing improved irrigation schemes in Mt. Kilimanjaro to help rain dependent farmers cope with the risks of climate change. The study uses Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to elicit farmers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for eliminating the risks of crop loss by accessing improved irrigation schemes. Data for the analysis were gathered using a double bounded survey from over 200 randomly-sampled farmers in 15 villages. The study makes a contribution to the applied welfare literature and should also be useful for policymakers in Africa. The policy contribution consists of valuation of improved irrigation in the presence of climate change risks. The applied welfare contribution consists of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Willingness to Pay; Climate Change; Irrigation; Risk Belief; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Q12; Q18; Q25; Q51; Q56.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61653

General Equilibrium Benefit Transfers for Spatial Externalities: Revisiting EPA's Prospective Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; Sieg,   Holger; Banzhaf,   H. Spencer; Walsh,   Randy.
Environmental policy analyses increasingly require the evaluation of benefits from large changes in spatially differentiated public goods. Such changes are likely to induce general equilibrium effects through changes in household expenditures and local migration, yet current practice "transfers" constant marginal values for even the largest changes. Moreover, it ignores important distributional effects of policy. This paper demonstrates that recently developed locational equilibrium models can provide transferable general equilibrium benefit measures. Our results suggest that taking account of the potential for adjustment and household heterogeneity is important. Applying benefits estimated from this method to the effect of the Clean Air Act amendments in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air quality; Clean air act; Non-market valuation; Tiebout model; Environmental Economics and Policy; H41; Q25; R13.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10820

Productive Water Uses at Household Level in Rural Kenya: Case Study of the Ukambani District
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Speelman,   Stijn; D'Haese,   Luc; Ochieng,   Cosmas M.O.; Vandermeulen,   Valerie.
As a result of the growing world population and enhanced by the rising of living standards, competition for water is growing and this causes increased pressure on water resources worldwide. This tendency gave rise to the development of the integrated water resources management approach (IWRM), acknowledging the need to manage water resources in a holistic and integrated way. The IWRM objective to optimize economic, social and environmental outcomes of water management, can however only be reached if impact of water uses is correctly assessed. Nevertheless, often multiple uses of water within sectors are insufficiently recognized in planning and management. One of these neglected uses is the productive water use by households. Nonetheless, this use is...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Productive water uses; Livelihood; Rural development; Kenya; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25325

An Assessment of the EPA's SO2 Emission Allowance Tracking System
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lile,   Ronald D.; Bohi,   Douglas R.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
On November 8, 1996, various Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials, scholars and industry representatives gathered at Resources for the Future (RFF) to examine the EPA's method for classifying private SO2 allowance transactions by the Allowance Tracking System (ATS). The one-day workshop at RFF was designed to evaluate how well the EPA's classification scheme within the ATS currently meets the needs of constituencies with a vested interest in the allowance trading system, and to determine if other classifications would be more beneficial. The EPA has limited its collection of information to that which is necessary to ensure compliance with environmental goals. In particular, the EPA has interpreted its mission to be one of minimal interference in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Regulated industries; Electric utilities; Emissions; Environmental Economics and Policy; D23; D49; H70; K23; L94; Q25.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10890

Institutional and Economic Dynamics of Water Users Cooperative (WUC) Societies in Cauvery Basin of Karnataka
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rohith,   B.K.; Chandrakanth,   Mysore G.
The economic and institutional dimensions of water users cooperative (WUC) societies have been analyzed with regards to performance, membership and transaction costs in forming organization in the Cauvery basin of Karnataka. Field data have been collected from presidents and members of 30 WUC societies in Tirumakudalu Narasipura taluk of Mysore, Karnataka. Using cluster analysis, these have been grouped into (i) well performing, (ii) moderately performing, and (iii) poorly performing WUC societies. To understand institutional and economic dimensions, the selected WUC societies have been grouped based on command area, membership and conjunctive use of water. The odds ratio determined using logit model has indicated that for every one chance of not willing...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water users cooperative society; Institutional economics; Water institutions; Cauvery Basin; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q13; Q15; Q25; K00.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118231

CDM Baseline Construction for Vietnam National Electricity Grid
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tuyen,   Tran Minh; Michaelowa,   Axel.
For projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a baseline has to be set to allow calculation of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved. An important obstacle to CDM project development is the lack of data for baseline definition; often project developers do not have access to data and therefore incur high transaction costs to collect them. The government of Vietnam has set up all necessary institutions for CDM, wants to promote CDM projects and thus is interested to reduce transaction costs. We calculate emission factors of the Vietnam electricity grid according to the rules defined by the CDM Executive Board for small scale projects and for large renewable electricity generation projects. The emission factors lie between 365 and 899 g...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CDM; Baseline; Electricity generation; Vietnam; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; D62; F18; Q25; Q41.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26393

Production Profitability of Ethanol from Alternative Feedstocks in the Texas Panhandle
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Almas,   Lal K.; Lust,   David G.; Brooks,   Kathleen R.; Girase,   J.R.
The potential of three feedstocks: grain sorghum, sweet sorghum, and switchgrass for ethanol production in the top 26 counties of the Texas Panhandle Region is analyzed using yield and production costs of feedstock, processing cost of feedstock, final demand for ethanol, farm to wholesale marketing margin, and the derived demand price of feedstock.   The calculated economic returns per acre of grain sorghum, sweet sorghum, and switchgrass are -$45.37, -$410.19, and -$150.17 respectively under irrigated condition and -$38.25, -$145.09, and -$29.04 respectively under dryland condition.   The evaluation in this study demonstrates that ethanol production from grain sorghum, sweet sorghum, and switchgrass in the Texas Panhandle Region is not economically...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Ethanol production; Texas Panhandle; Grain sorghum; Sweet sorghum; And Switchgrass; Feedstock; Crop Production/Industries; Production Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q16; Q25; Q27; And Q42.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119723

Impacts of Federal Policies and Programs on Wetlands
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Crosson,   Pierre; Frederick,   Kenneth D.
Human activities have resulted in the loss of about half of the original 221 million acres of wetlands in the conterminous 48 states. Federal laws, policies, and programs have had major impacts on the nation's wetland resources. Initially, they encouraged and subsidized the draining and filling of wetlands, the flooding of wetlands behind dams, and the diversion and alteration of streamflows to riparian wetlands. More recently, federal policies have been directed to conserving and preventing further net losses. The focus of this study is on the impacts of federal policies on riparian wetlands, i.e., those formed at the interface of rivers and streams and uplands and that require occasional flooding to maintain the health of their ecosystems. The study...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wetlands; Land use; Agricultural policy; Water policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; R14.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10579

Stakeholder involvement in water management using Object-oriented Bayesian networks and economic models in Spain.
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Carmona,   Gema; Varela-Ortega,   Consuelo; Bromley,   John.
The Upper Guadiana basin, in Spain, presents important conflicts between the agricultural sector and the environment due to their competence for water resources. The high development of irrigation has led to the over-exploitation of the aquifers, which are the main source of water in the area, and to the loss of wetlands of high ecological value. The River Basin Authority (RBA) has recently designed a new water management plan which included a group of measures aimed at reducing water consumption.  Our objective is the development, with the active participation of the stakeholders, of a decision support system composed of an economic model and an object-oriented Bayesian network, used to evaluate the trade-off between agricultural economy and the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bayesian networks; Groundwater management; Stakeholder participation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q56.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49897

Environmental Services Programs for the Chesapeake Bay
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shabman,   Leonard A.; Rose,   Bob; Stephenson,   Kurt.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem Services; Payment for Ecosystem Services; Water Quality; Chesapeake Bay; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q53; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117405

Bioeconomic modeling of wetlands and waterfowl in Western Canada: Accounting for amenity values
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Withey,   Patrick; Wong,   Linda.
This study extends an original bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention by bringing in amenity values related to the nonmarket (in situ) benefits of waterfowl plsi the ecosystem values of wetlands themselves. The model maximizes benefits to hunters as well as the amenity values of ducks and ecosystem benefits of wetlands, subject to the population dynamics. Results indicate that wetlands and duck harvests need to be increased relative to historical levels. Further, the socially optimal ratio of duck harvest to wetlands is larger than what has been observed historically. Including amenity values leads to a significant increase in the quantity of wetlands and duck harvests relative to models that focus only on hunting values.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomic modelling; Wetland protection; Wildlife management; Nonmarket values; Prairie pothole region; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q57; C61; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94936

How Attitudes of Important Stakeholder Groups Can Influence Effective Water Quality Management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Popp,   Jennie S. Hughes; Rodriguez,   German; Gbur,   Edward E.; Pennington,   John.
Preliminary results of a survey of  Lincoln Lake agricultural and non-agricultural  watershed residents as well as water quality regulators/specialists suggests discrepancies exists in different groups perceptions of water quality, the sources of water pollution, and the roles of local, county, state and federal officials in meeting water quality objectives.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53; Q59.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9994

Opinion publica sobre la multifuncionalidad del regadío: el caso de Castilla y Leon
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio; Gomez-Ramos,   Almudena.
This paper analyses the demands from the society of Castilla y León (Spain) regarding its agricultural sector through the valuation of the relevance of its productive and non-productive functions. Additionally, it assesses the level of social satisfaction concerning the performance of these functions by irrigated agriculture in this region. For this purpose primary data colleted through a survey has been used. Results obtained show that the average citizen does not perceive a higher utility from irrigated agriculture compared with the whole agricultural sector. For these agricultural systems the social function is the element of multifunctionality considered most relevant regarding the perceived social welfare.     Resumen Este trabajo analiza las demandas...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Multifunctionality; Social demand; Irrigated agriculture; Public perception; Castilla y Leon; Crop Production/Industries; Q25; Q15.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8001

El control de la contaminacion por nitratos en el regadio
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Martinez,   Yolanda Martinez; Karaj,   Skender Uku; Murillo,   Jose Albiac.
RESUMEN: En este artículo se analizan los efectos de algunas políticas de gestión del agua y de las técnicas de riego sobre el rendimiento de las actividades de cultivo y la contaminación del agua en la zona de regadío de Flumen-Monegros. El análisis se basa en la obtención de la respuesta del rendimiento de los cultivos al agua de riego y al abonado de nitrógeno. Las funciones de rendimiento se estiman mediante el programa de crecimiento de cultivos EPIC que incorpora información de las características locales de clima, suelo, manejo y sistema de riego de las actividades de cultivo. En los resultados se examina la relación entre los rendimientos y el uso del agua y del nitrógeno, y se cuantifica el coste para los agricultores de la reducción de la...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Nitrogen pollution; Water management; Water and nitrogen crop response functions.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q50.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28762

Multi-Period Emissions Trading in the Electricity Sector - Winners and Losers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
Emission trading has become recently more and more import in environmental regulation. In the context of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the directive on a Europewide trading scheme for large immobile sources may be perceived as one of the most important milestones in recent years. Prior to its start, however, a number of very specific design features have to be agreed upon. In the political discussion, the question of how to allocate emission rights is considered as one of the most important issues. So far, a distribution (almost) free of charge is the option of choice. An aspect that has interestingly attracted little attention in the past is the question of how to allocate emission rights over time. This may for example be done on the basis of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abatement costs; Allocation of GHG allowances; Benchmark; Compliance costs; Electricity sector; Multi-period emission trading; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H25; L20; L52; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26314

On the Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the International Climate Regime
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bode,   Sven; Jung,   Martina.
As GHG emissions did not decline as anticipated early of the 1990ties Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) recently gained more and more attention as a climate change mitigation option. However, CO2 suppressed in geological reservoirs is likely to lead to future releases of the CO2 stored. This "non-permanence" must be considered if an environmentally sound policy is desired. Against this background, the present article analyses a potential integration of CCS in the international climate regime. It is based on existing rules and modalities regarding non-permanence of sequestration in the Land use, Land-use change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector. Interestingly, the experience from LULUCF has almost completely been neglected during the discussion on CCS. We argue...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage; Permanence; Sequestration; LULUCF; Climate Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q38; Q48.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26279

Modeling Linkages Between Climate Policy and Land Use: An Overview
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van der Werf,   Edwin; Peterson,   Sonja.
Agriculture and forestry play an important role in emitting and storing greenhouse gases. For an efficient and cost-effective climate policy it is therefore important to explicitly include land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) in economy-climate models. This paper gives an overview and assessment of existing approaches to include land use, land-use change, and forestry into climate-economy models or to link economy-climate models to land-use models.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Climate Policy; Modeling; Land Use; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q23; Q24; Q25; Q42.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9545

Economic regional impacts of water transfers: the role of factor mobility in a case study of the agricultural sector in the Balearic Islands
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tirado,   Dolores; Lozano,   Javier; Gomez Gomez,   Carlos Mario.
Using a CGE model for the Balearic Islands, we simulate the effects of an agricultural water market in the farming sector facing reductions in the water endowment. The market lessens the negative effects on farming communities of short-term water restrictions associated with cyclical droughts. However, in scenarios of permanent reductions, such as those envisaged by global warming predictions or those that result from the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, a water market may aggravate the negative effects of water shortage. Therefore, the paper shows that generalizations cannot be made about the effects of water markets on farming communities.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; Q1; Q25; R13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99095

Heterogeneous Responses to Water Conservation Programs: The Case of Residential Users in Los Angeles
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hanemann,   W. Michael; Nauges,   Celine.
We propose a detailed analysis of heterogeneity in households’ responses to water conservation programs (price increase, voluntary and mandatory conservation) during periods of water shortage. Using a unique dataset covering water consumption of all residential users in Los Angeles (California) during the drought (1988-1992), we show that households generally were responsive to the conservation measures but that the magnitude of households’ responses varies depending on the instrument and on households’ characteristics, in particular the size of their lot. Price elasticity is estimated between –0.29 and –0.47 in the high season (June-October), and between 0 and –0.19 in the low season (November-May). Results suggest that the voluntary conservation program...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water conservation; Residential use; Heterogeneity in behavior; Panel data; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C23; D12; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7158

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) - Liability for Non-Permanence under the UNFCCC
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bode,   Sven; Jung,   Martina.
Prior to CoP 10, our discussion paper "On the Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the International Climate Regime" argued that carbon capture and storage (CCS) was similar to carbon sequestration in the area of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). This was criticized by several readers who observed that treating CCS as a removal activity (sink) would not be compatible with the UNFCCC sink definition, what we already had mentioned in the paper. The present paper is based on the UNFCCC definition and analyses how CCS could be integrated into the climate regime. As CO2 may re-enter the atmosphere after injection into geological reservoirs, the question of long-term liability has to be considered. Apart from this aspect, additional...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage; CDM; Climate Change; UNFCCC; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q40.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26131

Agricultural Trade and Freshwater Resources
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Reimer,   Jeffrey J.
Approximately 75% of all water used by humans goes towards food production, much of which is traded internationally.  This study formally models how this works in the case of crop agriculture, making use of recent advances in international trade theory and new data on the productivity by which countries use water for crop agriculture.  The strength of the model lies in its ability to predict, when there is a shock to the system, how trade between pairs of specific countries changes for products that use water intensively.  In one application of the model, international trade in final products is shown to be a means for countries to deal with short- and long-run shocks to water resources that are too big for one country to handle by itself in isolation.  In...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Simulation; Trade liberalization; Water; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F11; F18; Q25; Q54.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123944

Farm-Level Risk Management Using Irrigation and Weather Derivatives
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lin,   Shanshan; Mullen,   Jeffrey D.; Hoogenboom,   Gerrit.
An agronomic crop growth model—the Decision Support System for Agro-Technology Transfer—and a constant relative risk aversion utility function are used to examine corn irrigation strategies in Mitchell County, Georgia. Precipitation contracts are designed to help farmers manage risk. Three conclusions originate from the findings. First, the optimal irrigation strategy can greatly increase producers’ certainty-equivalent revenue. Second, changes in water pricing policy would have a limited impact on the amount of water used. And third, across levels of risk preference, the precipitation contracts are not effective in increasing certainty-equivalent revenue or reducing cumulative water use.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Irrigation risk management; Water pricing policy; Weather derivative contract; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; D8; G22; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46986

Market Power in Tradable Emission Markets: A Laboratory Testbed for Emission Trading in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cason,   Timothy N.; Gangadharan,   Lata; Duke,   Charlotte.
In theory, competitive emission permit markets minimise total abatement cost for any emission ceiling. Permit markets are often imperfectly competitive, however, if they are thin and dominated by large firms. The dominant firm(s) could exercise market power and increase other firms’ costs of pollution control, while reducing their own emission control costs. This paper reports a testbed laboratory experiment to examine whether a dominant firm can exercise market power in a permit market organised using the double auction trading institution. Our parameters approximate the abatement costs of sources in a proposed tradable emissions market for the reduction of nitrogen in the Port Phillip Watershed in Victoria, Australia. We vary across treatments the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market Power; Emission Permits; Experiments; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; C91; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57841

Discussion: Water Scarcity–Future Uses and Implications for Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Willis,   David B.
The three articles presented at this invited session examine the evolution of water policy planning and the implementation of regulatory tools to achieve water conservation objectives. Two articles focus on Texas water issues and the third focuses on the Georgia planning experience. Each article clearly illustrates the value of sharing advances in hydrologic and economic modeling with local community stakeholder groups to facilitate the credible development of regional water management plans. Moreover, each article hints that stronger regulatory tools may be needed to achieve long-run policy objectives.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conservation; Regulation; Water policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113530

Does geography matter in nutrient abatement? Bioeconomic model of heteregoneus farm nutrient loads
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Helin,   Janne.
Economists often rely on stylised models for analysis of environmental policies. This study demonstrates that abstracting from soil and topography can have profound effect on marginal abatement costs of nutrient loads. By extending earlier bioeconomic models to represent heterogeneous soils and slopes, it is possible to show that targeting the abatement methods on high load risk areas allows low cost reduction. Ignoring the heterogeneity can lead to significant overestimates of the abatement costs and hence to misleading policy recommendations. The results hold even for relatively Flat areas, such as the watershed of River Kalajoki, for which the model was applied to.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Non-point source water pollution; Abatement costs; Heterogeneity; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q52.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51693

Land Use Policy: Lessons from Water Quality Markets
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Abdalla,   Charles W.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94684

Nonparametric approach for measuring the productivity change and assessing the water use efficiency in the irrigated areas of Tunisia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chemak,   Fraj.
In order to cope with the water scarcity, Tunisia has to manage efficiently the demand of the economic and social sectors mainly that of the agricultural irrigated activities. Within this context our investigation aims to analyze the technical efficiency, the water use efficiency and the dynamic of the productivity of the irrigated areas in the Sidi Bouzid region. Hence, farm surveys, regarding the cropping years 2003 and 2007, were carried out. We have assessed the technology performance using the Data Envelopment Analysis approach and we have computed the Malmquist index in order to characterize the productivity change. Our empirical findings showed that the technical efficiency of the farms has increased by 17% during this period leading to an...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Irrigated Area; Technical Efficiency; Water Use Efficiency; Productivity Change; Data Envelopment Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C14; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97046

Banking Permits: Economic Efficiency and Distributional Effects
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele.
Most analyses of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms focus on the cost effectiveness of “where” flexibility (e.g. by showing that mitigation costs are lower in a global permit market than in regional markets or in permit markets confined to Annex 1 countries). Less attention has been devoted to “when” flexibility, i.e. to the benefits of allowing emission permit traders to bank their permits for future use. In the model presented in this paper, banking of carbon allowances in a global permit market is fully endogenised, i.e. agents may decide to bank permits by taking into account their present and future needs and the present and future decisions of all the other agents. It is therefore possible to identify under what conditions traders find it optimal to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission Trading; Banking; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6362

Theme Overview: Agriculture and Water Quality in the Cornbelt: Overview of Issues and Approaches
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Helmers,   Matthew J.; Isenhart,   Thomas M.; Kling,   Catherine L.; Moorman,   Thomas B.; Simpkins,   William W.; Tomer,   Mark D.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94482

Measuring the Potential of Unilateral CDM - A Pilot Study -
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jahn,   Michael; Michaelowa,   Axel; Raubenheimer,   Stefan; Liptow,   Holger.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was originally seen as an instrument with a bilateral character where an entity from an industrialised country invests in a project in a developing country (DC). Also, multilateral funds were envisaged that would bundle investments to spread project risks. The sluggish implementation of incentives for industrialised country companies to embark on CDM projects and low carbon prices led to a preference of just buying Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) instead of investing in projects. Thus a third option has gained prominence - the unilateral option where the project development is planned and financed within the DC. We propose that a project should be called "pure unilateral" if it involves no foreign direct...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Clean Development Mechanism; Unilateral; Institutions; Project participants; Financing; Risk premium; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26400

What Has Kyoto Wrought? The Real Architecture of International Tradable Permit Markets
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hahn,   Robert W.; Stavins,   Robert N.
We investigate a central issue in the climate change debate associated with the Kyoto Protocol: the likely performance of international greenhouse gas trading mechanisms. Virtually all design studies and many projections of the costs of meeting the Kyoto targets have assumed that an international trading program can be established that minimizes the costs of meeting overall goals. This conclusion rests on several simplifying assumptions. We focus on one important issue that has received little, if any, attention: the interaction between an international trading regime and a heterogeneous set of domestic greenhouse policy instruments. This is an important issue because the Protocol explicitly provides for domestic sovereignty regarding instrument choice,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Tradable permits; International policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10747

Research Frontiers in the Economics of Climate Change
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Toman,   Michael.
Academic and policy debates over climate change risks and policies have stimulated economic research in a variety of fields. In this article I briefly discuss eight overlapping areas of current research in which further effort particularly is warranted. These areas include decision criteria for policy; risk assessment and adaptation; uncertainty and learning; abatement cost and the innovation and diffusion of technology; and the credibility of policies and international agreements. Further analysis in these areas not only will advance academic understanding but also will provide insights of considerable importance to policymakers.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Sustainable development; Integrated assessment; Environmental uncertainty; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10507

MARKET-BASED SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: DISCUSSION
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Woodward,   Richard T.
There is rapidly growing interest in the use of market-based (MB) instruments in environmental policy. The papers in this session discuss three relatively new areas for such policies: groundwater contamination, nonpoint source surface-water pollution and carbon sequestration. The papers point out the potential for MB policies in these areas, but significant challenges remain. This comment highlights challenges related to five issues: monitoring and enforcement, trading ratios, baselines, transaction costs, and risk and uncertainty. All these issues must be addressed before MB policies can take the full step from economic theory to regulatory reality.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Global warming; Carbon sequestration; Groundwater contamination; Nonpoint pollution; Effluent trading; Tradable emissions permits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q28; Q25.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15501

On the Theory and Practice of Water Regulation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov.
We study water regulation for a schematic water economy representing a wide range of real world situations. A water policy has inter- and intra-temporal components. The first determines the limits on extractions from the naturally replenished sources, given the stochastic nature of recharge processes associated with uncertain precipitation. The intra-temporal regulation is concerned mainly with the allocating of the extracted and produced water among the end-users. The prices that implement the optimal intra-temporal allocation are derived. Regulation issues associated with cost recovery and asymmetric information are discussed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Scarcity; Pricing; Optimal allocation; Water economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; D82; Q11; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47503

The Effect on Asset Values of the Allocation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Paul,   Anthony.
Paradoxically, owners of existing generation assets may be better off paying for carbon dioxide emission allowances than having them distributed for free. This analysis shows that it takes just 7.5% of the revenue raised under an auction to preserve the asset values of existing generators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon dioxide; Emission allowance trading; Allocation; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Outputbased allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10705

Offsetting with Salinity Credits: An Alternative to Irrigation Zoning
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Spencer,   Thomas; Ancev,   Tihomir.
Irrigation induced salinity is a serious problem in many countries around the world. In Australia, this type of salinity is most pronounced in the valley of the River Murray in South Australia. Location of irrigation enterprises has been identified as a key factor that needs to be taken into account by policies aimed at mitigating salinity. This article compares and contrasts two such policies: an irrigation zoning policy, where new irrigation enterprises are only allowed in low salinity impact zones, and an offsetting with salinity credits policy, where new irrigation enterprises can locate in high salinity impact zones, provided they offset their salinity impact with salinity credits. Key findings are that the offsetting policy will be both less costly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Irrigation; Least-cost; Offsets; Salinity; Land Economics/Use; Q15; Q18; Q25; Q50.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25517

The Effect of Climate Change on Land Use and Wetlands Conservation in Western Canada: An Application of Positive Mathematical Programming
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Withey,   Patrick; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
This study examines the impact of climate change on land use in the Prairie Pothole Region of Western Canada, with particular emphasis on how climate change will impact wetlands. A multi-region Positive Mathematical Programming model calibrates land use in the area to observed acreage in 2006. Policy simulations for both climate effects as well as the effects of biofuel policies determine how climate change will affect land use and wetlands. Given that the model calibrates to observed acreage, the policies provide a realistic view of how land use might change from current levels, given the effects of climate change. Results indicate that climate change could decrease wetlands in this area by as much as 50 percent. The effect will be very different...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Positive mathematical programming; Wetlands conservation; Land use change; Climate change; Biofuels; Prairie pothole region; Environmental Economics and Policy; C02; C63; Q15; Q54; Q57; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/107095

Innovation Under the Tradable Sulfur Dioxide Emission Permits Program in the U.S. Electricity Sector
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas.
The 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) instituted a national program in tradable sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission permits, referred to as "emission allowances," in the U.S. electricity sector. This paper provides a survey and assessment of the SO2 allowance trading program with a focus on the role of innovation. Over the last decade the cost of compliance has fallen dramatically compared with most expectations, and today the total cost of the program is 40-140% lower than projections (depending on the timing of those projections and the counter-factual baseline considered). Marginal costs of reductions are less than one-half the cost considered in most analyses at the time the program was introduced. Innovation accounts for a large portion of these...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Incentive-based regulation; SO2 trading; Clean Air Act Amendments; Environmental Economics and Policy; O31; Q25.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10599

ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE CARBON SINK SERVICES OF TROPICAL SECONDARY FORESTS AND ITS MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ramirez,   Octavio A.; Carpio,   Carlos E.; Ortiz,   Rosalba; Finnegan,   Brian.
This paper explores the economic feasibility secondary forest regeneration and conservation as an alternative to help address global warming. Detailed measurements of tropical secondary forests through time, in different ecological zones of Costa Rica, are used for estimating carbon storage models. The paper addresses key issues in the international discussion about cross- and within-country compensation for carbon storage services and illustrates a method to compute/predict their economic value through time under a variety of scenarios. The procedure is applicable to other developing countries where secondary forest growth is increasingly important.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tropical Forests; Carbon Sequestration; Global Warming; Activities Implemented Jointly.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21776

Water Policy and Sustainability of Irrigated Farming Systems in Italy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bartolini,   Fabio; Bazzani,   Guido Maria; Gallerani,   Vittorio; Raggi,   Meri; Viaggi,   Davide.
The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Italy in the context of CAP reform and Water Framework Directive. The work combines scenario analysis, multicriteria mathematical programming simulation models and economic, social and environmental indicators. Five irrigated farming systems were considered: cereals, rice, fruit, vegetables and citrus. The results show the diversity of Italian irrigated farming systems and the trade-off between socio-economic and environmental performance. This highlights the need for a differentiated application of the Water Framework Directive, balancing water conservation and rural development objectives.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water framework directive; Irrigation; Economic models; Sustainability indicators; Scenarios; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q1; Q2; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24518

Risk Perceptions of Arsenic in Tap Water and Consumption of Bottled Water
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Jakus,   Paul M.; Shaw,   W. Douglass; Nguyen,   To N.; Walker,   Mark.
The demand for bottled water has increased rapidly over the past decade, but bottled water is extremely costly compared to tap water.  The convenience of bottled water surely matters to consumers, but are others factors at work?  This manuscript examines whether purchases of bottled water are associated with the perceived risk of tap water.  All of the past studies on bottled water consumption have used simple scale measures of perceived risk that do not correspond to risk measures used by risk analysts.  We elicit a probability-based measure of risk and find that as perceived risks rise, expenditures for bottled water rise.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Q25; Q53; I12.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49221

Water sharing for the environment and agriculture in the Broken catchment
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Farquharson,   Robert J.; Ramilan,   Thiagarajah; Stewardson,   Michael; Beverly,   Craig; Vietz,   Geoff; George,    Brendan; Dassanyake,   K.; Sammonds,   M.
The Commonwealth of Australia Water Act 2007 changed the priority for water use in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) to first ensure environmentally sustainable levels of extraction and then to maximise net economic returns to the community from water use. The Murray- Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) is expected to deliver a draft Basin Plan in 2011 providing a framework for future water planning. The Plan will include Sustainable Diversion Limits (SDLs) which define water diversions for consumption while maintaining environmental assets and ecosystem functions. The 2009 MDBA Concept Statement acknowledged that in some areas less information is available to determine the SDLs. The 2010 MDBA Guide to the Basin Plan proposed SDLs reducing the current long-term...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water sharing; Environment; Agriculture; Murray-Darling Basin; Broken catchment; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100547

How Does Climate Policy Affect Technical Change? An Analysis of the Direction and Pace of Technical Progress in a Climate-Economy Model
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper analyses whether and how a climate policy designed to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is likely to change the direction and pace of technical progress. The analysis is performed using an upgraded version of WITCH, a dynamic integrated regional model of the world economy. In this version, a non-energy R&amp;D Sector, which enhances the productivity of the capital-labor aggregate, has been added to the energy R&amp;D sector included in the original WITCH model. We find that, as a consequence of climate policy, R&amp;D is re-directed towards energy knowledge. Nonetheless, total R&amp;D investments decrease, due to a more than proportional contraction of non-energy R&amp;D. Indeed, when non-energy and energy inputs are weakly...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; R&amp;D Investments; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50357

Alternative Paths toward a Low Carbon World
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Stabilization Costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90948

Economic analysis of spatial preferences heterogeneity of water quality
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Martin-Ortega,   Julia; Brouwer,   Roy; Berbel,   Julio.
The main objective of this study is to account for spatial preference variability in the economic valuation of water quality improvements in the river basin context. This is expected to be particularly relevant for the implementation of the European WFD, as it will involve spatially differentiated perceptions of the benefits of water quality changes. A choice experiment is developed based on maps to elicit welfare measures for water quality improvements across sub-basins in the Guadalquivir River Basin in Spain. Variation is introduced simultaneously in the spatial distribution of goods and services and their beneficiaries, for the accounting of spatial preference heterogeneity (i.e. people’s different valuation of changes in environmental good provision...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water economics; Valuation; Choice Experiment; Spatial Heterogeneity; Water Quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q51; Q25; H41.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50626

Analysis of the Adoption of Irrigation Technologies Under Uncertain Water Availability
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Escribano,   Maria Jesus; Calatrava-Leyva,   Javier.
This paper analyses the adoption process of water-conserving irrigation technologies by a risk averse farmer in a context of uncertain water availability. Firstly, it is analytically shown that the increase in water efficiency that the new technology allows results in a decrease in the cost of the effective irrigation water applied, as well as in an increase in both effective water applied and crop production. It is also concluded that the optimal amount of irrigation water applied depends on individual risk preferences of the producer, on the variance and asymmetry of the cost of water applied, and on the elasticity of the marginal productivity of the effective water applied. Lastly, it is theoretically shown that an increase in the level of uncertainty...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Irrigation technology; Adoption; Risk; Water availability; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q12; D81.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24672

THE CONSUMPTION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND WATER RESOURCES’ QUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Roljevic,   Svetlana; Nikolic,   Aleksandra; Tepavac,   Rajko.
Professional paper
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Water resources; Mineral fertilizers; Nitrates; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123965

Third Party Effects and Asymmetric Externalities in Groundwater Extraction: The Case of Cherokee Strip in Butte County, California
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Msangi,   Siwa; Howitt,   Richard E.
While water markets have been shown to be beneficial to users, the transfers made through sales can have serious third-party impacts, as has been addressed in the water resources literature. Potential asymmetries arising from the hydrological characteristics of the groundwater basin could seriously affect the distribution of the impacts resulting from these transfers, when taken into account. In this paper we seek to extend the water resources management literature by examining the depletion problem experienced on the Cherokee Strip, in the hills of Butte County, and account for asymmetric external effects in a model of strategic groundwater pumping. The results of this model show that current ordinance restricting water transfers from Butte County does...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; C7; H23.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25436

Costs, Emissions Reductions, and Vehicle Repair: Evidence from Arizona
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ando,   Amy Whritenour; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Harrington,   Winston.
The Arizona I/M program provides one of the first opportunities to examine the costs and effectiveness of vehicle emission repair. This paper examines various aspects of emission reductions, fuel economy improvements, and costs of repair, drawing data from over 80,000 vehicles failing the I/M test in Arizona between 1995 and the first half of 1996. We summarize the wealth of repair data from the Arizona program and highlight its limitations. Because missing or incomplete cost information has been a serious shortcoming for evaluation of I/M programs, we develop a method for estimating the costs of repair when those costs are not reported. We find surprising evidence that almost one quarter of all vehicles that take the I/M test are never observed to pass...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: I/M; Repair; Emissions; Mobile sources; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; R48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10915

The Economic Costs and Benefits of Investments in Municipal Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: A Global Perspective
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Whittington,   Dale; Hanemann,   W. Michael.
This paper presents illustrative estimates of the costs and benefits of investments in municipal water and sanitation systems in developing countries. Four sources of information on the economic benefits households receive from improved municipal water and sanitation services are reviewed: (1) prices charged for vended water, (2) avertive expenditures, (3) avoided costs of illness, and (4) stated preference studies. There is little evidence to suggest that the current monthly benefits of improved water and sanitation services exceed the monthly costs. The most important limitation of such comparisons of annual costs and benefits is that benefits per household may well grow over the life of the investments, but this possibility does not ensure that such...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sustainable Development; Renewable Resources; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; Q25; H40; N50.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7159

Environmental Security and its Implications for China’s Foreign Relations
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mochizuki,   Junko; Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
China’s emerging standing in the world demands a major rethinking of its diplomatic strategies. Given its population size, geographical scale, economic power and military presence, China is poised to play a larger political role in the twenty-first century, and is thus perceived by the international community to have greater capacities, capabilities and responsibilities. At the same time, environmental stresses caused by China’s energy and resources demands have become increasingly evident in recent years, urging China to cultivate delicate diplomatic relations with its neighbors and strategic partners. Tensions have been seen in areas such as transboundary air pollution, cross-border water resources management and resources exploitation, and more recently...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Acid Rain; Climate Change; Energy; Environmental Security; Transboundary Air Pollution; Water Resource Management; Asia; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q34; Q48; Q42; Q53; Q54; Q56; Q58; O13; P28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102508

AN INTEGRATED TERRITORIAL SIMULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE CAP REFORM ON MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE. METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL AND FIRST APPLICATIONS IN APULIA REGION (SOUTHERN ITALY)
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Scardigno,   Alessandra; Bazzani,   Guido Maria.
The implementation of most recent CAP and water policy reforms calls for simulation analytical tools able to quantify socio-economic and environmental impacts that can be different in terms of regions and farm type. This work proposes a territorial mathematical programming model that integrates hundreds of farm models clustered in a single meta-model at regional level that can be easily standardized having the FADN as the main data source. The tool has been experimentally applied to Apulia region and several simulations have been conducted in scenarios differing in terms of agricultural policies (total decoupling, increase of the modulation rate and introduction of a flat rate system for the Single Farm Payment), price of the water resource, market...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policies; Water policy reforms; Territorial mathematical programming model.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Political Economy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q18; Q25; Q51.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44799

Structure and bargaining power in multilateral negotiations: Application to water management policies in France
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Simon,   Leo K.; Thoyer,   Sophie; Morardet,   Sylvie; Goodhue,   Rachael E.; Rio,   Patrick; Rausser,   Gordon C.
Environmental policies are characterized by a growing emphasis on participation, devolution and negotiated decision making. Increasingly, centralized top down decision making systems are being replaced by new forms of local governance. In their strongest versions, these involve delegation of formal authority to local stakeholders who are expected to decide collectively upon the management rules of local common-pool resources. Devolution is particularly important in relation to the allocation and management of scarce water resources. Indeed the French water law of 1992 institutionalised the notion of devolution by requiring that water management rules be negotiated at the river basin level between all stakeholders. Although stakeholder negotiation is...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C78; Q25; D78.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58258

The Dissemination of Private Wells and Double Tragedies: The Overexploitation of Groundwater among Well Users and Increased Poverty among Non-Well Users in Tamil Nadu, India
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kajisa,   Kei; Palanisami,   Kuppannan; Sakurai,   Takeshi.
This paper investigates the impact of the dissemination of modern irrigation systems, i.e. private wells with pumps, on the livelihood not only among the farmers who have access to wells but also among the farmers who have no access to wells and thus rely solely on traditional irrigation systems called tank irrigation systems. The analysis is based on a village and household data set collected in Tamil Nadu, India where tank irrigation systems have been managed collectively for rice cultivation. Our statistical analyses predict that once declines in collective management occur due to the dissemination of private wells, the rice yield and income of the no-well-access farmers alone will decrease, resulting in increased poverty among them. Our analyses also...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Irrigation; Well; Common property; Poverty; India; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O3; O13; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25682

Incentive Policies to Promote the Use of Enhanced Stormwater BMPs in New Residential Developments
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huber,   Matthew C.; Willis,   David B.; Hayes,   John C.; Privette,   Charles V., III.
A voluntary stormwater management program that is incentive compatible between residential developers and regulators produces an outcome that simultaneously protects/enhances water quality and increases developer profits. Developers pay a participation fee and the collected fees are used to retrofit ineffective stormwater management systems in older neighborhoods to improve water quality.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Stormwater Best Management Practices; Economic Incentives; Urban Water Quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56541

Consolidation as a Regulatory Compliance Strategy: Small Drinking Water Systems and the Safe Drinking Water Act
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lee,   Min-Yang A.; Braden,   John B.
Despite extensive research and policy initiatives to increase the technical, financial, and managerial capacity of small drinking water systems, there has been little research focusing on understanding how consolidation can increase the overall capacity of the drinking water industry.  Consolidation of water systems may be a mechanism that increases regulatory compliance by removing poorly performing systems from the industry and replacing inefficient management and/or capital. The US drinking water system is highly fragmented, with over 50,000 Community Water Systems (CWSs), of which the vast majority are classified as "small" by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A discrete choice model is employed to determine the characteristics shared by...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Community Water System; Drinking Water; Merger; Consolidation; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9772

Hyperbolic discounting in analyzing investment in groundwater irrigation in India
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Chandrakanth,   Mysore G.; Rashmi,   N.; Chandrashekar,   H.; Nagaraj,   N.
Researchers are often confronted with the choice of discount rate as well as the method of discounting for estimating the amortized cost of long-term investment in agriculture including groundwater irrigation. The obvious choice is to use the opportunity cost of capital, which is the prevailing interest rate of around 9 percent (compounded – exponential basis), charged on longterm agriculture loans. However, using the ‘exponential’ basis does not provide a realistic amortized cost of irrigation as it over estimates the value of investment due to ‘exponential’ basis as demonstrated above. In order to obtain an empirical estimate of this interest rate, using field data from farmers three dry agro-climatic zones of Karnataka (Shamsundar (1996), Sripadmini...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Hyperbolic discounting; Groundwater; Exponential; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; D9; Q25; M4.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43626

Optimal Management of a Potential Invader:  The Case of Zebra Mussels in Florida
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lee,   Donna J.; Adams,   Damian C.; Rossi,   Frederick J.
Dominant users of Lake Okeechobee water resources are agricultural producers and recreational anglers.  These uses will be directly affected, should the lake become infested with zebra mussels.  We employ a probabilistic bioeconomic simulation model to estimate the potential impact of zebra mussels on consumptive water uses, recreational angling, and wetland ecosystem services under alternative public management scenarios.  Without public management, the expected net economic impact from zebra mussels is - $244.1 million over 20 years.  Public investment in prevention and eradication will yield a net expected gain of +$188.7 million, a superior strategy to either prevention or eradication alone.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cost transfer; Fishing; Invasive species; Probability transition matrix; Surface water; Wetlands; C63; Q25; Q52; Q57; Q58.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37125

Policy Instruments for Climate Change: How Can National Governments Address a Global Problem?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Stavins,   Robert N.
There continues to be great debate about the desirability of taking actions to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions, but it is important to consider policy instruments that can be employed to meet targets that may eventually be forthcoming. The theoretical advantages of market-based instruments, such as carbon taxes and systems of tradable carbon rights, are striking. In the U.S. domestic context, grandfathered tradable permits will probably be the preferred approach (if any) in the short run, although revenueneutral carbon taxes will hold greater promise in the long run. In the international context, a system of international tradable permits could provide important advantages over alternative approaches, but it is difficult to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Global climate change; Policy instruments; Political and institutional barriers; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q4.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10757

Water communities in the Republic of Macedonia: an empirical analysis of membership satisfaction and payment behaviour
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gorton,   Matthew; Sauer,   Johannes; Peshevski,   Mile; Bosev,   Dane; Shekerinov,   Darko; Quarrie,   Steve.
Utilizing primary survey data, we investigate the performance of Water Communities (WCs), a form of self-managing organisation for irrigation, in the Bregalnica region of the Republic of Macedonia. While their introduction improved cost recovery, only modest changes occurred in the cost of irrigation water and many farmers remain indifferent to the WCs. Econometric analysis focuses on the decision of farmers to join a WC, determinants of farmers’ satisfaction with WCs and factors associated with changes in payment behaviour. Key determinants identified include transparency and trust regarding the conduct of WCs, cost recovery rates, farm size and irrigation costs. Membership satisfaction is an important determinant of payment behaviour.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Irrigation; Self-management; Water User Associations; Macedonia; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; O17; P25; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51030

Comparing choice models of river health improvement for the Goulburn River
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kragt,   Marit Ellen; Bennett,   Jeffrey W.; Lloyd,   Chris; Dumsday,   Robert G.
The extent of the benefits of improved river health remain uncertain. Quantifying these benefits is useful in prioritising policy investments. This study uses the Choice Modelling technique to estimate the value that households attach to attributes of improved river health. Data from a choice modelling survey supported by DSE Victoria are employed to elicit household preferences in a case study of the Goulburn River. Results from conditional and nested logit model specifications indicate that respondents hold positive values for higher levels of fish and bird populations and for increasing riverside vegetation. The standard Hausman test for Independence-from-Irrelevant-Alternatives (IIA) assumptions violations is found to give inconsistent results. The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cheap talk; Choice modelling; Mekong River Delta; Wetland values; Willingness to pay; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10359

Baseline Determination at Government Discretion: Multi-Project Baselines for the First Track of Joint Implementation?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Michaelowa,   Axel; Schmitz,   Simon.
The "first track" of Joint Implementation under the Kyoto Protocol gives host and investor countries total freedom in choosing a baseline for a project reducing or sequestering greenhouse gases. This is due to the fact that an overly generous granting of emission credits leads to a corresponding reduction of the host country's emission budget. Standardised, multi-project baselines can reduce transaction costs, especially in relatively homogeneous sectors such as electricity production or landfill methane collection. Host countries need capacity to calculate such baselines which currently does not exist. "Boundary organisations" can bridge the gap between technical analysis and strategic considerations. Interviews with government officials and other...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Joint Implementation; Baselines; Institutions; Host countries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26173

Role of Watershed Management in Bridging Demand – Supply Gap of Fodder for Enhancing Livestock Production in Shivaliks, Haryana
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Arya,   Swarn Lata; Panwar,   Pankaj; Yadav,   R.P.
Watershed programme is an important intervention in dryland areas to improve livestock productivity through increased feed and fodder supply. The present study has focused on the impact of watershed interventions on crop-livestock linkages with particular emphasis on how the interventions have affected the quantity of stovers/straws as livestock feeding materials in bridging the demand-supply gap. The study has been carried out in three typical Shivalik foothill watersheds (two treated and one untreated) in the Panchkula district of Haryana state. The impact of watershed development programme has been estimated by adopting both with and without approach and before and after approach. The untreated watershed has derived 65 per cent of its total income from...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Fodder; Demand-supply gap; Watershed management; Livestock production; Shivaliks; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q01; Q15; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118230

The Effect of Sequencing Trade and Water Market Reform on Interest Groups in Irrigated Agriculture: An Intertemporal Economy-Wide Analysis of the Moroccan Case
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Diao,   Xinshen; Roe,   Terry L.
Many of the import competing sectors in Moroccan agriculture are protected while water in irrigated agriculture is priced below its marginal value product. Establishing a water market in this pre-trade reform environment can be welfare decreasing. Further, as the shadow price of water is sensitive to the crops protected by trade policy, farmers growing crops protected pre-trade reform can be made worse off post reform. The resulting decline in rents to sector resources is a source of interest group conflict that can slow the overall reform process. Using an intertemporal general equilibrium model, the paper analyzes the economy-wide effects of the linkages between trade reform and the reform of water markets in irrigated agriculture. We find a strong...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water Markets; Trade Reform. Dynamic General Equilibrium; O41; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F13; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7519

Modeling Biased Technical Change. Implications for Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; De Cian,   Enrica; Nicita,   Lea.
Climate-economy models aiming at quantifying the costs and effects of climate change impacts and policies have become important tools for climate policy decision-making. Although there are several important dimensions along which models differ, this paper focuses on a key component of climate change economics and policy, namely technical change. This paper tackles the issues of whether technical change is biased towards the energy sectors, the importance of the elasticity of substitution between factors in determining this bias and how mitigation policy is likely to affect it. The analysis is performed using the World Induced Technical Change model, WITCH. Three different versions of the model are proposed. The starting set-up includes endogenous technical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59376

A Ricardian analysis of the impact of climate change on African cropland
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kurukulasuriya,   Pradeep; Mendelsohn,   Robert.
This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa, using a Ricardian cross-sectional approach. Relying on farm data from an 11-country survey of over 9500 farmers, annual net revenue is regressed on climate and other variables. The study confirms that current climate affects the net revenues of farms across Africa. Applying these results to possible future climates reveals that dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Even as early as 2020, climate change could have strong negative impacts on currently dry and hot locations. By 2100, dryland crop net revenues could rise by 51% if future warming is mild and wet but fall by 43% if future climates are hot and dry. The crop net revenues of currently irrigated farms are likely to be...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Agriculture; Valuation; Africa; Crop Production/Industries; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56965

Water-Conserving Attitudes and Landscape Choices in New Mexico
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hurd,   Brian H.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water Conservation; Residential Landscape; Urban Water Use; Municipal Water Program; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95759

Genetically Engineering Crops for a Sustainable Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ervin,   David E.; Welsh,   Rick.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q18; Q24; Q25; Q55; Q56; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94765

Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Toth,   Russell.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading and a description of the major U.S. programs for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We evaluate these programs along measures of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Emission trading; Power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q25; Q28; D78.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10488

Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in the EU: A spatial assessment of sources and abatement costs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: de Cara,   Stephane; Houze,   Martin; Jayet,   Pierre-Alain.
Agriculture contributes significantly to the emissions of greenhouse gases in the EU. By using a farm-type, linear-programming based model of the European agricultural supply, we first assess the initial levels of methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the regional level in the EU. For a range of CO2 prices, we assess the potential abatement that can be achieved through an IPCC-based emission tax in EU agriculture, as well as the resulting optimal mix of emission sources in the total abatement. Further, we show that the spatial variability of the abatement actually achieved at a given carbon price is large, indicating that abatement cost heterogeneity is a fundamental feature in the design of a mitigation policy. We assess the efficiency loss associated...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Agriculture; Methane; Nitrous oxide; European Union; Marginal abatement costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q15.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58401

The Impact of Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Martinez-Zarzoso,   Inmaculada.
This paper analyzes the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in developing countries. In this study we treat population as a predictor in the model, instead of assuming a unitary elasticity of emissions with respect to population growth. We contribute to the existing literature by examining the effect of urbanization, taking into account the presence of heterogeneity in the sample of countries and testing for the stability of the estimated elasticities over time. The sample covers the period from 1975 through 2005 for different groups of countries, classified according to their income levels. Our results show that, whereas the impact of population growth on emissions is above unity and only slightly different for upper, middle, and low-income countries,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CO2 Emissions; Developing Countries; Panel Data; Population Growth; Urbanization; Q25; Q4; Q54.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37673

Measuring the Value of Health Improvements from Great Lakes Cleanup
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Krupnick,   Alan J.
Exposure to pollutants in the Great Lakes Region can have significant effects on human health. Some forms of pollution affect humans directly, through the air we breathe and water we drink. Other forms of pollution affect humans indirectly, for example through consumption of contaminated fish. In this paper we describe methods to measure health benefits in monetary and nonmonetary terms in the context of reductions in pollutants as part of a program to improve the environment in the Great Lakes. The paper is meant to be an introduction to this topic for a general audience interested in the Great Lakes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Great Lakes; Health; Benefit-cost analysis; Health Economics and Policy; I12; Q25.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10861

Carbon Leakage with International Technology Spillovers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Gerlagh,   Reyer; Kuik,   Onno.
In this paper we study the effect of international technology spillovers on carbon leakage. We first develop and analyse two simple competing models for carbon leakage. The first model represents the pollution haven hypothesis. It focuses on the international competition between firms that produce energy-intensive goods. The second model highlights the role of a globally integrated carbon-energy market. We calculate formulas for the leakage rates in both models and, through meta-analysis, show that the second model captures best the major mechanisms reported in the CGE literature on carbon leakage. We extend this model with endogenous energy-saving technology and international technology spillovers. This feature is shown to decrease carbon leakage. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon-Leakage; Climate Policy; Induced Technological Change; Trade and Environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; O39; Q25; Q4.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9328

Meta Analysis in Model Implementation: Choice Sets and the Valuation of Air Quality Improvements
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Banzhaf,   H. Spencer; Smith,   V. Kerry.
We document the sensitivity of welfare estimates derived from discrete choice models to assumptions about the choice set. Such assumptions can affect welfare estimates through both the estimated parameters of the model and, conditional on the parameters, the substitution among alternatives. Our analysis involves estimates of the benefits of air quality improvements in Los Angeles based on discrete choices of neighborhood and housing. We further illustrate the use of meta analysis to document and summarize voluminous information derived from repeated sensitivity analyses.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Meta analysis; Random utility model; Choice set; Air quality; Housing; Environmental Economics and Policy; C15; Q25; R21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10453

Establecimiento de un precio optimo ambiental y social para el agua de riego mediante la internalizacion de los costes ambientales y el uso de matrices de contabilidad social...
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Elorrieta,   Jose Ignacio; Castellano,   E.; de Anguita,   P. Martinez; Pellitero,   M.; Rey,   Concepcion.
RESUMEN: Se propone una metodología para obtener un "precio social y ambiental óptimo" que pueda aplicarse al agua de riego en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra (CFN) de modo que maximice la internalización de los costes ambientales asociados al consumo no contemplados en el actual precio sin que el nivel general de la economía regional se resienta. Para ello se elabora un modelo económico sobre un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) que permite cuantificar y valorar los costes ambientales en cada una de las subcuencas de la Comunidad. Para valorar íntegramente el agua, los elementos que se tienen en cuenta son: volumen, calidad y riesgo de afectar a los ecosistemas acuáticos y de ribera.  Estos valores son estimados mediante métodos de valoración...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water; Social optimal price; GIS; Social Accounting Matrix (SAM); Externalities; Q25; Q14.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28745

An Econometric Test of the Endogeneity of Institutions: Water Markets in the Western United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hansen,   Kristiana; Howitt,   Richard E.; Williams,   Jeffrey C.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/28/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water markets; Institutions; Environmental costs; Third-party costs; Water rights; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19548

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs), most notably those that enhance energy efficiency. In the medium term, the effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economics research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The most obvious lessons from this research are that widespread diffusion of CFTs may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology diffusion; Climate change; Developing countries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O38; Q25; Q28; O48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10574

Community Pressure and Clean Technology in the Informal Sector: An Econometric Analysis of the Adoption of Propane by Traditional Mexican Brickmakers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
In many developing countries the informal sector, comprised of low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises, is a major source of pollution. Environmental management in this sector is exceptionally challenging. Though clean technologies offer a means of mitigating the problem, to our knowledge there has been no rigorous empirical research on why informal (or even small-scale) firms do and do not adopt them. As a first step towards filling this gap, this paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the diffusion of propane among informal 'traditional' brickmakers in Cd. Juárez, Mexico--a leading source of air pollution owing to their reliance on cheap, highly polluting fuels such as used tires and scrap wood. The two key policy implications of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Community pressure; Clean technology; Informal sector; Technology adoption; Brickmaking; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; Q25; C25; L61.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10529

The Evolution of NOx Control Policy for Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) contribute to formation of particulate matter and ozone, and also to acidification of the environment. The electricity sector is responsible for about 20% of NOx emissions in the United States, and the sector has been the target of both prescriptive (command-and-control) and flexible (cap-and-trade) approaches to regulation. We summarize the major NOx control policies affecting this sector, and provide some perspectives as to their effectiveness. While both prescriptive and flexible approaches continue to play an important role, significant new proposals have wholly embraced a cap-and-trade approach.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Ozone; Nitrogen oxides; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10645

Water Markets and Third Party Effects
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bourgeon,   Jean-Marc; Easter,   K. William; Smith,   Rodney B.W.
We examine the potential effects of water trading on aggregate welfare and income distribution across the agricultural and service sector of a small rural economy. We show that per capita welfare (real income) of agents in the region increase with increased water trading. Not surprisingly, if enough agents leaves the region (income flight), nominal income can fall. If the share of household income spent on services is large (small) relative to the cost share of services in agricultural production, then the service price increases (decreases) with increased water trading. Typically when the service price falls (increases) farmers win (lose), service providers lose (win) and agricultural service providers almost always lose. Thus, a natural conflict emerges...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R0.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25616

Application of a Spatial Water Model in a Chinese Watershed
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fang,   Lan; Nuppenau,   Ernst-August.
China’'s fast growing economy has brought some environmental problems, especially in water administration. Inefficiencies in irrigation activities have created severe negative effects to the environment of rural communities, and the more serious water shortages hamper food production, too. Major questions at hand are, how to improve water use efficiency, to reduce negative external effects, to optimize water allocation in agriculture, to invest in water saving technologies, and to assure more water for high value added agriculture. This paper investigates the impacts of irrigation technologies and investments in water saving on the rural economy and the environment. By taking into account individual farmers' inclination to adopt modern water-saving...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: A spatial model; Water use efficiency; Adoption of irrigation technology; Technology; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; Q25; Q56.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25437

Water use efficiency and maximizing profitability of grain sorghum  production in the Texas Panhandle
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ahamadou,   Aly; Dembele,   Mamadou; Almas,   Lal K.; Brooks,   Kathleen R.
The reduction in the availability of irrigation water and the increase in pumping costs resulting from the decline in the Ogallala Aquifer make good management decisions more critical for the survival of the farm firm and the success of the agricultural sector in the Texas Panhandle. Response functions for irrigation and percentage potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the production of grain sorghum are estimated.  The response functions are transferred into value product functions and combined with an irrigation energy cost function to determine the profit maximizing irrigation strategy. Three management decision variables; total water available, the level of irrigation and the water to meet crop ET requirements are evaluated. Grain sorghum yield,...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Grain sorghum; ET; Maximizing profit; Irrigation efficiency; Input use optimization; Water conservation; Ogallala Aquifer; Texas Panhandle.; Farm Management; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q12; Q15; Q25; Q32; And Q34.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119801

The Market-based Lead Phasedown
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Rogers,   Kristian.
The U.S. lead phasedown was effective in meeting its environmental objectives, and did so more quickly with the allowance of permit banking. The marketable lead permit system was highly costeffective, saving hundreds of millions of dollars relative to comparable policies not allowing trading or banking. Estimates suggest that transaction costs brought about only a modest reduction in program efficiency. The market-based nature of the program also provided incentives for more efficient adoption of new lead-removing technology, relative to a uniform standard. Distributionally, it is likely that the program was actually more responsive to the cost concerns of small refiners than a similar uniform standard would have been. The flexibility of the program likely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Lead phasedown; Gasoline; Tradable permit; Market-based policy; Technology adoption; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10445

The Effects of Well Management and the Nature of the Aquifer on Groundwater Resources
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huang,   Qiuqiong; Liu,   Yang; Rozelle,   Scott; Polasky,   Stephen; Wang,   Jingxia.
This paper examines how the nature of a common property resource affects the effectiveness of community-based management on resource conservation. We focus on groundwater management in rural China because there are different types of community-based groundwater management in different communities. In some communities wells are collectively owned and the community leader allocates water among households. In our paper we call this collective well management. In other communities wells are privately owned and households make their own pumping decisions. We call this private well management. In comparing the effects of different types of well management on the groundwater resource, unlike previous studies, we control for the nature of the aquifer. Communities...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Community-based management; Connected community; Isolated community; Collective well management; Private well management; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; O17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49920

Smiley or Frowney: The effect of emotions and framing in a downstream water pollution game
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Czap,   Hans J.; Czap,   Natalia V.; Khachaturyan,   Marianna; Burbach,   Mark E.; Lynne,   Gary D.
Common-pool resources and other shared resources frequently suffer from overextraction/overuse and associated negative externalities. In this paper we design a framed laboratory experiment on downstream water pollution to investigate (a) the importance of framing in determining the behavior of upstreamers regarding the negative externalities, and (b) the potential of downstreamers to influence the choices of upstreamers using non-monetary sanctions and rewards, alleviating the need for intervention by the local governments and regulatory institutions. Our results show that framing has a significant impact on the behavior of subjects. Subjects behaved more profit-oriented in the self-interest framing and more egalitarian in the empathy framing. In addition,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Empathy framing; Self-interest framing; Emotions; Water pollution; Environmental experiment; Reward and punishment.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; C9; D03; Q25; Q53; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102696

Green Price Indices
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Banzhaf,   H. Spencer.
This paper suggests two theoretically consistent and empirically tractable ways that a cost-ofliving index can be expanded to include the environment and other public goods. In addition, it presents an empirical illustration of such an index for Los Angeles, California, incorporating air quality and other spatially varying public goods using a hedonic model. The results indicate that the required information can be recovered and that including public goods can make a noticeable difference in the index.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air quality; Green accounting; Hedonic regression; Nonmarket valuation; Price index; Demand and Price Analysis; E31; H40; I00; Q25; R10.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10538

Electricity Restructuring and Regional Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Palmer,   Karen L.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
This paper investigates the regional air pollution effects that could result from new opportunities for inter-regional power transmission in the wake of more competitive electricity markets. The regional focus is important because of great regional variation in the vintage, efficiency and plant utilization rates of existing generating capacity, as well as differences in emission rates, cost of generation and electricity price. Increased competition in generation could open the door to changes in the regional profile of generation and emissions. We characterize the key determinant of changes in electricity generation and transmission as the relative cost of electricity among neighboring regions. In general, low cost regions are expected to export power...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Electricity restructuring; Transmission; Environmental Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10766

River Sharing and Water Trade
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ansink,   Erik; Gengenbach,   Michael; Weikard,   Hans-Peter.
We analyse river sharing games in which a set of agents located along a river shares the available water. Using coalition theory, we find that the potential benefits of water trade may not be sufficient to make all agents in the river cooperate and acknowledge property rights as a prerequisite for trade. Specifically, a complete market for river water may not emerge if there are four or more agents along the river. Instead, a partial market may emerge where a subset of agents trades river water, with the possibility that other agents take some of the river water that passes their territory.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: River Sharing; Water Trade; Market Emergence; Property Rights; Coalition Stability; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; D74; H23; Q25.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122860

Inter-sectoral Water Use in South Africa: Efficiency Versus Equity
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Juana,   James S.; Kirsten,   Johann F.; Strzepek,   Kenneth M.
While water supply sources are dwindling in South Africa, the demand for the scarce water resource is increasing. This situation requires a switch from supply to demand management of water in the country. The study updates the 1999 social accounting matrix for South Africa, using the Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) time series data, STATSA's 2001 census report and 2000 water accounts, the 2002 national income accounts, published by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) and the Water Resource Management Strategy (WRMS) registration data. Using the updated SAM, the contribution of water to economic development in South Africa is estimated through the traditional SAM multiplier analysis. The paper then investigates the impact of reallocating...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: SAM multipliers; Output growth; Factor remuneration; Income generation; Efficiency; Equity; R20; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C67; D57; L60; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25486

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Irrigated Rice Agriculture in Nigeria
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ajetomobi,   Joshua Olusegun; Abidun,   Ajiboye; Hassan,   Rashid M.
This study employed the Ricardian approach to test the relative importance of climate normals (average long-term temperature and precipitation) in explaining net revenue from Nigerian rice agriculture under irrigation and dry land conditions.   A survey was done by interviewing 1200 rice farmers from 20 rice producing states in Nigeria. The states covered all the six geopolitical zones in the country. The results showed that increase in temperature will reduce net revenue for dry land rice farms while net revenue rises with increase in temperature for irrigated rice farms. Precipitation had similar effects on rice net revenue. Increase in precipitation will cause reduction in revenue for dry land rice farms whereas it will cause increase in revenue for...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Irrigation; Net Revenue; Nigeria; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95778

TO NEGOTIATE OR TO GAME THEORIZE: Negotiation vs. Game Theory Outcomes for Water Allocation Problems in the Kat Basin, South Africa
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dinar,   Ariel; Farolfi,   Stefano; Patrone,   Fioravante; Rowntree,   Kate.
The 6th MEETING ON GAME THEORY AND PRACTICE Zaragoza, Spain 10-12 July 2006
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Negotiation; Role-playing game; Core; Nucleolus; Shapley value; Water allocation; Economic efficiency; Planning models; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; C71; C78; Q25; Q56; R14.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60888

The Role of Participation in CVM Survey Design: Evidence from a Tap Water Improvement Program in Northern Thailand
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ahlheim,   Michael; Fror,   Oliver; Sinphurmsukskul,   Nopasom.
In the environmental economics literature results from contingent valuation mail surveys (MS) are usually considered less reliable than results from face-to-face surveys (FtF). This is mostly due to low response rates and self-selection effects of the respondents. However, MS are much less costly than FtF surveys so that there exists a strong need to make MS more reliable in order to save costs for environmental policy makers. This paper proposes a participatory procedure of survey design in order to improve MS questionnaires. In an empirical study of water quality improvement it is demonstrated that this procedure yields results identical to those of a FtF survey. In contrast to focus groups commonly applied in contingent valuation, we are able to show...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contingent valuation; Water quality improvement; Participatory techniques; Mail surveys; Elicitation question formats; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D6; H4; L3; Q25; Q51.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25692

On the Choice of Cost and Effectiveness Indicators in the Context of the European Water Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sinabell,   Franz; Schmid,   Erwin.
The Water Framework Directive requires EU Member States to analyse economic impacts of the Directive's implementation. To reach a "good status", instruments have to be judged according to their cost-effectiveness. We evaluate costs and effects of measures to reduce nitrate emission of Austrian agriculture. Results are based on a model that integrates production decisions with stochastic environmental outcomes. The Directive's requirement to involve stakeholders may make it necessary to take a large number of indicators into consideration. We find that alternative calculations of the effectiveness criterion give different rankings of the most effective combination of measures.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sustainable water management; Environmental policy; Cost-effectiveness analysis; Eco-eco-modelling; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25394

Privatizing Ecosystem Services: Water Quality Effects from a Carbon Market
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Secchi,   Silvia; Jha,   Manoj K.; Kurkalova,   Lyubov A.; Feng,   Hongli; Gassman,   Philip W.; Kling,   Catherine L.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94484

Climate Change Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shogren,   Jason F.; Toman,   Michael.
Having risen from relative obscurity as few as ten years ago, climate change now looms large among environmental policy issues. Its scope is global; the potential environmental and economic impacts are ubiquitous; the potential restrictions on human choices touch the most basic goals of people in all nations; and the sheer scope of the potential response - a significant shift away from using fossil fuels as the primary energy source in the modern economy -is daunting. In this paper, we explore the economics of climate change policy. We examine the risks that climate change poses for society, the benefits of protection against the effects of climate change, and the costs of alternative protection policies. We organize our discussion around three broad...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Incentive-based policy; International environmental cooperation; Benefit-cost analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10767

Eficiencia de las reglas de asignacion de agua en el regadio: asignacion a traves de mercados, de la regla proporcional y de la regla uniforme
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Goetz,   Renan-Ulrich; Martinez,   Yolanda Martinez; Rodrigo,   Jofre.
En el presente trabajo se simula la introducción de diferentes métodos de reparto del agua en la agricultura, y se aplican a una zona de regadío del valle central del Ebro. En concreto, se han escogido tres métodos diferentes de asignación con el fin de comparar su eficiencia económica. Además del actual sistema proporcional y el sistema de mercado, se simulará la introducción de la regla de reparto uniforme, desarrollada en la teoría de la elección social. Los resultados permiten concluir que aunque el mercado de agua conduzca a mejores resultados globales en todos los casos, la regla uniforme puede resultar una alternativa interesante cuando las dotaciones de agua se encuentran en el intervalo habitual, mientras que en situaciones de escasez severa de...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Irrigation water management; Water market; Social choice; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D17; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28770

Impact of Groundwater Over-draft on Farm Income and Efficiency in Crop Production
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sharif,   Mahin; Ashok,   K.R.
In this study, the cost of groundwater extraction, impact of groundwater depletion on farm income, wateruse efficiency, technical efficiency in crop production and costs of groundwater depletion among different categories of farmers have been reported. The study has been conducted in the Chamarajanagar district of the Karnataka state, where groundwater is the major source of irrigation. Data have been collected from over-exploited, semi-critical and safe villages. The study has shown a wide difference between large and small farms in their access to groundwater resource in terms of cost. The functional analysis has revealed that farm income is lower in over-exploited and semi-critical villages compared to safe villages. The mean technical efficiency in...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Over-draft; Farm income; Water-use efficiency; Technical efficiency; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q12; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119382

The ABC's of Apples, Bees, and Connections Hydrologic
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Taylor,   Garth; Contor,   Bryce; Hamilton,   Joel R.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95757

Output-Based Refunding of Emission Payments: Theory, Distribution of Costs, and International Experience
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sterner,   Thomas; Hoglund,   Lena.
In this paper, we discuss the effect of refunding environmental charges. Taxes often are resisted by polluters because they imply both abatement and tax costs. We show that when charges are refunded, the incentives for abatement are essentially the same as for a tax, but the output reduction that often accompanies a tax scheme is forgone. We describe and examine the refund emissions payment (REP) scheme as a policy instrument for emissions abatement and compare it with taxes and permits with regard to allocative properties, distribution of costs, property rights, and, consequently, the politics of implementation. As an empirical example, the Swedish charge on nitrogen oxides is analyzed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Refunded charge; Incentived-based environmental policy; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10670

Delayed Participation of Developing Countries to Climate Agreements: Should Action in the EU and US be Postponed?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper analyses the cost implications for climate policy in developed countries if developing countries are unwilling to adopt measures to reduce their own GHG emissions. First, we assume that a 450 CO2 (550 CO2e) ppmv stabilisation target is to be achieved and that Non Annex1 (NA1) countries decide to delay their GHG emission reductions by 30 years. What would be the cost difference between this scenario and a case in which both developed and developing countries start reducing their emissions at the same time? Then, we look at a scenario in which the timing of developing countries’ participation is uncertain and again we compute the costs of climate policy in developed and developing countries. We find that delayed participation of NA1 countries has...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Delayed Action; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Uncertain Participation; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44220

On the Theory and Practice of Water Regulation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov.
We study water regulation for a schematic water economy representing a wide range of real world situations. A water policy has inter- and intra-temporal components. The first determines the limits on extractions from the naturally replenished sources, given the stochastic nature of recharge processes associated with uncertain precipitation. The intra-temporal regulation is concerned mainly with the allocating of the extracted and produced water among the end-users. The prices that implement the optimal intra-temporal allocation are derived. Regulation issues associated with cost recovery and asymmetric information are discussed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Scarcity; Pricing; Optimal allocation; Water economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; D82; Q11; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47173

Does Marginal Price Matter? A Regression Discontinuity Approach to Estimating Water Demand
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nataraj,   Shanthi; Hanemann,   W. Michael.
Although complex pricing schedules are increasingly common in utility billing, it is difficult to determine whether consumers respond to complicated marginal prices because price changes are often confounded with simultaneous demand shocks or non-price policies. To overcome this challenge, we exploit a natural experiment - the introduction of a third price block in an increasing block pricing schedule for water - in Santa Cruz, California. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that consumers do respond to changes in marginal price. Doubling marginal price led to a 12% decrease in water use (500 cubic feet per bill) among high-use households.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water demand; Regression models; Price policy; Consumer behavior; Demand and Price Analysis; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; D12; Q21; Q25; L95.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47078

Addressing the wicked problem of water resource management: An ecosystem services approach
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hearnshaw,   Edward J.S.; Tompkins,   Jean-Marie; Cullen,   Ross.
This paper develops a systematic assessment of the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by rivers impacted by water storage projects. Given the conflicting preferences amongst stakeholders and the incomplete, uncertain and contradictory understanding about river ecology it is recognized that managing water resources sustainably is a wicked problem. In order to address this wicked problem, the methods of multi-criteria analysis and graph analysis are applied, in accordance with integrated water resource management, to assess the potential of investing in water storage projects and explore for sustainable solutions through the construction of an ecosystem services index.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem services; Ecosystem services index; Graph analysis; Integrated water resource management; Multi-criteria analysis; Sustainability; Wicked problems; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q27; Q51; Q58; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100556

European Climate Policy: Burden Sharing after 2012
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
Regardless of whether or not the Kyoto Protocol enters into force, the EU may decide to set itself a long-term greenhouse gas emission target and thus to continue its leadership role in international climate policy. As for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the EU may decide on a burden-sharing agreement as an integral part of such a long-term climate policy. Against this background I analyse three different options to distribute an overall budget of emission entitlements until 2042 among the member states of an enlarged EU. It is shown who wins and who loses with regard to compliance costs. As the member states' attitudes towards the different approaches are likely to depend on the relative attractiveness of the allocation options, a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Accession countries; Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Burden sharing; European climate policy; EU-enlargement; Future commitment periods; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26162

Who's in the Driver's Seat? Mobile Source Policy in the U.S. Federal System
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Walls,   Margaret.
Regulation of mobile source emissions in the US has evolved as a complex combination of central government and decentralized authority. The central government required uniform new car emissions standards in the 1970 Clean Air Act, but gave states the power to meet ambient air quality standards however they saw fit, including various regulations on mobile sources. The 1990 Amendments to the Act strengthened the Federal role in some ways, by requiring tighter new car standards and more specific requirements for fuels and for vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance, but at the same time left states with a great deal of latitude to meet ambient standards and took greater recognition of regional variation in environmental problems. We examine the role of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile source; Federalism; Public Economics; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10636

Aspekte des Gewässerschutzes und der Gewässernutzung beim Anbau von Energiepflanzen - Ergebnisse eines Forschungsvorhabens im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nitsch,   Heike; Osterburg,   Bernhard; Buttlar,   Christine von; Buttlar,   Hans-Bernhard von.
Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Arbeitsbericht entstand im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes und beleuchtet mit dem Thema „Gewässerschutz und Energiepflanzen“ einen Aspekt, der bisher nicht im Fokus der Diskussionen um den Energiepflanzenanbau stand. In dieser Studie wurden relevante Verwertungsketten für die energetische Nutzung von landwirtschaftlicher Biomasse in Deutschland anhand potenzieller Auswirkungen auf die Gewässer bewertet. Mögliche negative Wirkungen auf die Gewässer sind häufig auch aus Klimaschutzgründen relevant. Vorgestellt werden zudem Möglichkeiten des gewässerschonenden Anbaus. Die Analyse stützt sich auf die Auswertung von Literatur sowie schriftlicher und telefonischer Befragungen verschiedener...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Energiepflanzen; Gewässerschutz; Biogasanlagen; Landnutzung; Steuerungsinstrumente; Energy crops; Water protection; Biogas plants; Regulation instruments; Land use; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; K32; Q18; Q24; Q25; Q42.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103662

Development Aid and the CDM - How to Interpret "Financial Additionality"
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dutschke,   Michael; Michaelowa,   Axel.
International climate negotiations have specified that projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) should not lead to a "diversion" of official development assistance (ODA). It is however unchallenged that ODA can be used in capacity building for the CDM. Diversion can be interpreted in financial, sectoral and regional terms. There are possibilities to use ODA benchmarks to define diversion such as the UN 0.7% target but they are unlikely to be politically acceptable. On the project level, three main options exist but none of them is perfect. The value of emissions credits (CERs) could be deducted from ODA. This however leads to a long-term pressure on the ODA level. Differentiating an ODA-financed baseline project and a "piggyback" CDM option is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International climate policy; CDM; Development assistance; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26243

Analisis del efecto de los mercados de agua sobre el beneficio de las explotaciones, la contaminacion por nitratos y el empleo eventual agrario
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Calatrava-Leyva,   Javier; Colmenero,   Alberto Garrido.
RESUMEN: La evidencia disponible sobre los efectos externos de los mercados de agua actualmente en funcionamiento es contradictoria. Algunos trabajos demuestran que el intercambio de agua reduce la contaminación derivada de los sistemas productivos del regadío, mientras que otros concluyen lo contrario. El uso combinado de tasas sobre el input contaminante y la implantación de un mercado de agua plantea incentivos a los productores con resultados ambiguos, entre otras razones porque agua y fertilización no son sustitutivos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto conjunto del establecimiento de un hipotético mercado de agua entre agricultores y un impuesto sobre el nitrógeno sobre la rentabilidad de las explotaciones, la contaminación por...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q13.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28738

Residential Water Consumption: A Cross Country Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Grafton,   R. Quentin; Kompas,   Tom; To,   Hang; Ward,   Michael B.
Survey data from over 1,600 households in ten countries were used to analyse the determinants of residential water demand. Results show that in every country the price elasticity is negative and statistically significant.   Households that do not have to pay for the water they use (volumetric water charges) consume about a third more water than similar households that do have to pay such charges. Consumers’ attitudes do not have a statistically significant effect on total water use, although they do increase the probability of households using some water saving behaviours. Volumetric water charges also have an impact on the adoption of water saving actions.   Full-cost water pricing appears to be a highly effective instrument to manage residential water...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Water demand; Water consumption; Water pricing; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C21; Q25; Q50.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94823

A Generic  Four-step Methodology For Institutional Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Herrera,   Paul A.; Van Huylenbroeck,   Guido; Espinel,   Ramon L.
The central hypothesis of this paper is that there may be situations in which the traditional approach to institutional analysis is of limited applicability. Such an approach, which has been called 'comparative institutional analysis', consists of comparing institutional environments and institutional arrangements in terms of specific economic or other efficiency criteria to see which one performs better. However, because of limitations to accurately predict the future performance of alternative institutional settings, comparisons are not always possible. Furthermore, in most cases the only information available is the performance of the current institutional setting. To account for this methodological deficiency, a generic methodology for institutional...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: New Institutional Economics; Governance structures; Institutional Change.; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; B52; D02; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24542

Statewide Water Planning: The Georgia Experience
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mullen,   Jeffrey D.
Several states in the southeast have acknowledged the need for statewide water planning but have yet to act. In contrast, Georgia is on the cusp of completing the Georgia Comprehensive Statewide Water Management Plan (SWMP). The SWMP provides for resource assessments, forecasts, and regional water planning. Over the past 3 years, an extensive effort has been made to implement the SWMP. This article describes the planning process undertaken in Georgia. Several of the recommended practices are also highlighted and critiqued with respect to their potential to affect aggregate water use in the state.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Residential water use; Water management; Water planning; Irrigation; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113528

DIE OKONOMIE DER (LANDLICHEN) WASSERVERSORGUNG
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Sauer,   Johannes.
Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert die optimale Organisation der Wasserversorgung unter Berücksichtigung der grundlegenden Gutscharakteristika und der spezifischen Produktions-struktur. Nach einer formalen Beschreibung der einzelnen Produktionsstufen und der realen Organisation des Wassersektors in Deutschland werden kurz verschiedene Modelle zur Sek-tororganisation vorgestellt. Anschließend wird versucht, die Bestimmung der ökonomisch optimalen Betriebs- und Angebotsorganisation zu erläutern. Schließlich werden zentrale öko-nomische Konzepte der Produktionsanalyse und der industriellen Organisation für eine empi-rische Überprüfung am Beispiel der Wasserversorgung beispielhaft modelliert. Es zeigt sich, dass empirisch fundierte Organisationsmodelle bisher...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water Supplying Industry; Production Analysis; Industrial Organisation; Economic Modelling; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L95; Q25; R50.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14910

An Economic Analysis of Water Infrastructure Investments, Agricultural Productivity and Climate Change in the Mekong Delta: Adapting to Increased Salinity and Sea Level Rise
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Corderi Novoa,   David; Williams,   Jeffrey C.; Howitt,   Richard E.; Lund,   Jay R.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/24/11.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Adaptation; Agriculture; Water resources; Dynamic programming; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; Production Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; Q54; Q25; Q15.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103875

The Use of Economic Incentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience with Industrial Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
To what extent should developing countries eschew conventional command and control environmental regulation that is increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on economic incentives? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to industrial air pollution. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various economic incentive instruments, presents in-depth case studies of their application in Sweden, the United States, China, and Poland, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that both design deficiencies and pervasive constraints on monitoring and enforcement impede the effectiveness of economic instruments in developing countries. The latter are difficult to rectify, at least in the medium term. As a result, tradable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Economic incentives; Market-based instruments; Developing countries; Air pollution; Sweden; China; Poland; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10601

Experimental Economics and Water Policy
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Duke,   Charlotte.
Experiments in economics and their application to policy design continue to gain increasing popular appeal. Australia is investing in training, capacity building and international partnerships to bring these skills to our policy makers. Economic experiments are used to test policy-related hypotheses: to examine the behavioural processes upon which the policy is built, identify policy bugs, confirm incentive mechanism performance, investigate new decision processes, and illustrate economic allocation systems to stakeholders. Experiments provide a new source of information to improve policy design.  This paper explores a set of experiments conducted for the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality Market Based Instruments Pilots Program. The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Policy Experiments; Market mechanisms for the environment; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; C90.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25369

Reallocating Water: An Application of Sequential Sharing Rules to Cyprus
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ansink,   Erik; Marchiori,   Carmen.
We present an axiomatic approach to the reallocation of water rights among economic sectors. Reallocation may be appropriate when the current schedule of water allocation is considered unfair. Our proposed approach is based on the combination of initial water rights, sectors' claims to water, and an exogenous ordering of these sectors. We apply sharing rules, based on bankruptcy rules, to reallocate water, which complements other approaches to the reallocation of water rights, including those based on water markets. Our approach is illustrated using an application to water reallocation in Cyprus, where reallocation of water rights has been recognised as an essential step towards good water governance and one of the main challenges for current water policies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water Reallocation; Sequential Sharing Rule; Water Scarcity; Axiomatic Approach; Cyprus; Environmental Economics and Policy; D63; D71; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56222

Value and Risks of Expiring Carbon Credits from CDM Afforestation and Reforestation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dutschke,   Michael; Schlamadinger,   Bernhard; Wong,   Jenny L.P.; Rumberg,   Michael.
The Milan conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has established two types of emission offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), valid for afforestation and reforestation activities. In order to account for the non-permanent nature of carbon storage in forests, these credits expire after a predefined periods, after which the buyer needs to replace them. The present article assesses their market value in relation to "permanent" credits, identifies their specific risks and proposes how to mitigate and manage them. It analyzes strengths and weaknesses of expiring credits for sellers and buyers. Taking the example of the EU emissions trading system, the authors discuss how expiring credits could reach fungibility with permanent...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CDM; Afforestation; Reforestation; Permanence; Insurance; LCER; TCER; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26347

Intrafirm Effects on Water Conservation in Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Moreno,   Georgina.
Conservation technology adoption behavior is frequently analyzed at the smallest unit of production to capture important heterogeneity among adopters. Conclusions about firm-level decisions are drawn from these microunit outcomes.  However, there may be significant intrafirm interactions that create a dependence among the microunits.  This paper tests and quantifies these effects. Using a unique dataset of agricultural water use in California, this paper finds significant differences in water price elasticities of conservation technology adoption between the standard model and models that accounts for the intrafirm interactions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Conservation; Technology adoption; Agriculture; Water resources; Irrigation intrafirm behavior; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q16; Q25; Q28; Q55; L23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19166

The Effect of Climate Change on Wetlands and Waterfowl in Western Canada: Incorporating Cropping Decisions into a Bioeconomic Model
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Withey,   Patrick; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
We extend an earlier bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention in the Prairie Pothole Region of Western Canada to include cropping decisions. Instead of a single state equation, the model has two state equations representing the population dynamics of ducks and the amount of wetlands. We use the model to estimate the impact of climate change on wetlands and waterfowl, including direct climate effects as well as land use change due to biofuel policies aimed at mitigating climate change. The model predicts that climate change will reduce wetlands by 47-56 percent from historic levels. Land use change is expected to reduce wetlands by 45 percent from historic levels, whereas direct climate effects will range from a reduction of 2-11...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomic modeling; Wetland protection; Wildlife management; Climate change; Biofuels; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q57; C61; Q25; Q54; C13; Q10; Q16.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117437

Are Agricultural Measures for Groundwater Protection Beneficial When Compared to Purification of Polluted Groundwater?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hasler,   Berit; Lundhede,   Thomas.
The groundwater resource, the drinking water areas and the surface water quality can be protected by measures, e.g. by reductions of pesticide and nutrient applications, conversion of arable land to grasslands or forests etc. The objective of the paper is to estimate the benefits of groundwater protection by the valuation method choice experiments. This method allows for separate estimation and comparison of the different attributes connected to groundwater protection i.e. the effects on drinking water and surface water quality as compared to the benefits from cleaning and treatment of polluted drinking water to make it suitable for drinking water consumption. The results indicate that the benefits are significant, and that the willingness to pay for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Pollution; Drinking water; Valuation; Choice experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q26; Q28; C42; D62.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24587

The Ancillary Carbon Benefits of SO2 Reductions from a Small-Boiler Policy in Taiyuan, PRC
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Zhang,   Xuehua.
To reduce carbon emissions worldwide, it makes sense to consider the possibility of developed countries paying for carbon reductions in developing countries. Developing countries may be interested in such activities if the ancillary air pollution benefits are large. This paper reports on an RFF survey of the emissions benefits (and costs) of reducing sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from small, coal-burning boilers in Taiyuan, an industrial, northern Chinese city that recently banned uncontrolled coal combustion in certain small boilers in the downtown area. We find significant carbon benefits in percentage terms-on the order of 50% to 95% reduction-associated with this SO2 control policy, with large reduction potential elsewhere in Taiyuan and China. While...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon; Air pollution; Informal sector; Ancillary benefits; Abatement costs; Survey; Environmental Economics and Policy; O12; L2; Q12; Q25; Q48.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10632

Recycling of Eco-Taxes, Labor Market Effects and the True Cost of Labor- a CGE Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Conrad,   Klaus; Loschel,   Andreas.
Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling has provided a number of important insights about the interplay between environmental tax policy and the pre-existing tax system. In this paper, we emphasize that a labor market policy of recycling tax revenues from an environmental tax to lower employers’ non-wage labor cost depends on how the costs of labor are modeled. We propose an approach, which combines neoclassical substitutability and fixed factor proportions. Our concept implies a user cost of labor which consists of the market price of labor plus the costs of inputs associated with the employment of a worker. We present simulation results based on a CO2 tax and the recycling of its revenues to reduce the non-wage labor cost. One simulation is based...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Market-based environmental policy; Carbon taxes; Double dividend; Computable general equilibrium modeling; D58; J30; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37115

How Harmful are Adaptation Restrictions
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: de Bruin,   Kelly C.; Dellink,   Rob B.
The dominant assumption in economic models of climate policy remains that adaptation will be implemented in an optimal manner. There are, however, several reasons why optimal levels of adaptation may not be attainable. This paper investigates the effects of suboptimal levels of adaptation, i.e. adaptation restrictions, on the composition and level of climate change costs and on welfare. Several adaptation restrictions are identified and then simulated in a revised DICE model, extended with adaptation (AD-DICE). We find that especially substantial over-investment in adaptation can be very harmful due to sharply increasing marginal adaptation costs. Furthermore the potential of mitigation to offset suboptimal adaptation is investigated. When adaptation is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integrated Assessment Modelling; Adaptation; Climate Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52546

Designing Water Markets to Manage Coupled Externalities: An Application to Irrigation-Induced Salinity in Australia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Legras,   Sophie; Lifran,   Robert.
In this paper, the design of water markets for the management of irrigation-induced salinity in Australia is addressed. Indeed, this setting exhibits complex interactions between the different features of the resource water. Quality, quantity of surface and ground-water interact in ways that produce coupled environmental externalities. It is then difficult to design efficient policy instruments to tackle all the issues at stake. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of three types of water market mechanisms, involving diversion rights and recharge rights.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water markets; Irrigation induced salinity; Australia; Externalities; Policy instruments; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25350

Does Scale Matter? Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Nutrient Abatement When Target Level Varies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Iho,   Antti.
Agricultural production is facing high requirements on nutrient runoff reduction. Furthermore, the reductions should by done efficiently. For instance, the European Water Framework Directive calls for cost-effectiveness from schemes of measures to fulfill the target of good water quality in European river basins. In this paper we analyse the implications of target level variation on efficiency properties of agricultural phosphorus abatement. We analyse the robustness of cost-effectiveness as the scheme of measures is adopted from another, identical river basin with different target level on total phosphorus abatement. We find that even between homogeneous regions the cost-effective scheme of measures is unique for all target levels of reduction, and that...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Phosphorus abatement; Buffer strips; Wetlands; Fertilizer use; Water framework directive; Crop Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q18; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24701

The Chesapeake Bay and the Control of NOx Emissions: A Policy Analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Austin,   David H.; Cannon,   Matthew; Stoessell,   Terrell; Morton,   Brian.
Nitrogen oxide emissions not only affect air quality but have recently been found to be an important source of nitrate pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. This analysis examines the costs, emissions, source specific and location-specific allocations of NOx emissions reductions and the ancillary ozone related health benefits under a range of policy scenarios. The paper includes analysis of three separate policies. The first is a detailed analysis of the effect on nitrate loadings to the Bay of command and control policies specified in the Clean Air Act and as part of the OTAG process. The second is a comparison of alternative scenarios for reducing NOx emissions that meet nitrate loading goals, with or without concern for reducing ozone concentrations and the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Chesapeake Bay; Cost effectiveness; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10576

A Tale of Three Watersheds: Nonpoint Source Pollution and Conservation Practices across Iowa
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schilling,   Keith E.; Tomer,   Mark D.; Gassman,   Philip W.; Kling,   Catherine L.; Isenhart,   Thomas M.; Moorman,   Thomas B.; Simpkins,   William W.; Wolter,   Calvin F.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94483

Source-Receptor Relationships for Ozone and Fine Particulates in the Eastern United States
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Bergin,   Michelle S.; Russell,   Armistead G.
A key question in developing effective mitigation strategies for ozone and particulate matter is identifying which source regions contribute to concentrations in receptor regions. Using a direct approach with a regional, multiscale three-dimensional model, we derive multiple source-receptor matrices (S-Rs) to show inter- and intrastate impacts of emissions on both ozone and PM2.5 over the eastern United States. Our results show that local (in-state) emissions generally account for about 23% of both local ozone concentrations and PM2.5 concentrations, while neighboring states contribute much of the rest. The relative impact of each state on others varies dramatically between episodes. In reducing fine particulate concentrations, we find that reducing SO2...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Source-receptor; Ozone; Particulate matter; Sensitivity analysis; Air quality simulation; National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10572

DYNAMIC-SPATIAL MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL AQUIFERS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kan,   Iddo; Leizarowitz,   Arie; Tsur,   Yacov.
We analyze the management of a coastal aquifer under seawater intrusion using distributed control methods. The aquifer's state is taken as the water head elevation, which varies with time and in space since extraction, natural recharge and lateral water flows vary with time and in space. The water head, in turn, induces a temporal-spatial seawater intrusion process, which changes the volume of fresh water in the aquifer. Under reasonable conditions we show that the optimal state converges to a steady state process that is constant in time. We characterize the optimal steady state process in terms of a standard control problem (in space) and offer a tractable algorithm to solve for it.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distributed control; Groundwater; Optimal exploitation; Seawater intrusion; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; C62; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7131

Sequencing Renewables: Groundwater, Recycled Water, and Desalination
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Roumasset,   James A.; Wada,   Christopher.
Optimal recycling of minerals can be thought of as an integral part of the theory of the mine. In this paper, we consider the role that wastewater recycling plays in the optimal extraction of groundwater, a renewable resource.  We develop a two-sector dynamic optimization model to solve for the optimal trajectories of groundwater extraction and water recycling. For the case of spatially increasing recycling costs, recycled water serves as a supplemental resource in transition to the steady state. For constant unit recycling cost, recycled wastewater is eventually used as a sector-specific backstop for agricultural users, while desalination supplements household groundwater in the steady state. In both cases, recycling water increases welfare by shifting...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Renewable resources; Dynamic optimization; Groundwater allocation; Wastewater reuse; Recycling; Reclamation; Water quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; C6.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103753

Groundwater Entrepreneurs in China: Selling Water to Meet the Demand for Water
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zhang,   Lijuan; Wang,   Jinxia; Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott.
The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the development of groundwater markets in northern China. In particular, we focus on the factors that determine the development of groundwater markets in our attempt to explain their 'breadth' and 'depth.' Based on a survey of 24 randomly sampled villages and 50 randomly sampled tubewells in two provinces (Hebei and Henan Province) in 2001 and a field survey of 68 randomly sampled villages in 4 provinces (Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi) of northern China in 2004, our results show that groundwater markets in northern China have emerged and are developing rapidly. Our results show that groundwater markets in northern China are informal and localized. The markets have developed in a way in which they...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater markets; Emergence; Characteristics; Determinants; Northern China; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O53; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25605

Using Emissions Trading to Regulate U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: An Overview of Policy Design and Implementation Issues
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Kerr,   Suzi; Toman,   Michael.
In Kyoto in 1997, the US government agreed that between 2008 and 2012 it would limit average annual emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to seven percent below 1990 levels. As participants in the climate policy debate consider various means by which limits on US GHG emissions might be undertaken in the wake of the Kyoto agreement, there is considerable interest but also some confusion about how a GHG trading program could be organized and operated in practice. In this paper we address several aspects of policy design for a US system, such as who and what is covered by regulation, the organization of the trading system, how carbon permits are allocated, and how a system could be initiated and changed over time. The paper synthesizes existing analyses and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Emissions trading; Environmental policy design; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10501

Whole-Farm Evaluation of No-Till Profitability in Rice Production using Mixed Integer Programming
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Watkins,   K. Bradley; Hill,   Jason L.; Anders,   Merle M.; Windham,   Tony E.
Rice production in Arkansas usually involves intensive tillage. No-till rice has been studied, but the focus has been limited to impacts on yields and per acre returns. This study uses mixed integer programming to model optimal machinery selection and evaluate whole-farm profitability of no-till management, for rice-soybean farms. Results indicate that lower machinery ownership expenses combined with lower fuel and labor expenses do enhance the profitability of no-till management, but the monetary gains appear to be modest, implying that other incentives may be necessary to entice producers to use the practice.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conventional till; Economies of size; Machinery complements; Mixed integer programming; No-till; Rice; Soybean; Whole-farm net returns; Farm Management; Q12; Q15; Q16; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43792

The Economics of a Lost Deal
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Hourcade,   Jean-Charles; Ghersi,   Frederic.
This paper examines compromise spaces between competing perspectives on four key climate change issues: costs, level of domestic action, environmental integrity, and developing world involvement. Based on extensive simulations of a model integration tool, SAP12 (Stochastic Assessment of Climate Policies, 12 models), the analysis considers options for fine-tuning the Kyoto Protocol, such as concrete ceilings or levies on carbon imports; restoration payments to be made on excess emissions; credits for sequestration activities in Annex B countries; and others. It shows the critical importance of the baseline against which the performance of each tool has to be assessed in the absence of direct economic penalties for noncompliance. The restoration payment...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate negotiations; 2010 carbon markets; Uncertainty about abatement costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; D74; D78; D80.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10827

Estimating the Value of Invasive Aquatic Plant Control:  A Bioeconomic Analysis of 13 Public Lakes in Florida
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Adams,   Damian C.; Lee,   Donna J.
We present a bioeconomic model of three invasive aquatic plants (hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce) in 13 large Florida lakes, and simulate one-year and steady-state impacts of three control scenarios.  We estimate that the steady-state annual net benefit of invasive plant control is $59.95 million.  A one-year increase in control yields steady-state gains of $6.55 million per year, and a one-year lapse causes steady-state annual losses of $18.71 million.  This model shows that increased control of hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce is optimal.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Aquatic plants; Bioeconomics; Invasive species; Lakes; Maintenance control; Q57; Q26; Q28; Q51; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37139

Incentives for Soil and Water Conservation on Farm in Ravines of Gujarat: Policy Implications for Future Adoption
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pande,   V.C.; Kurothe,   R.S.; Singh,   H.B.; Tiwari,   S.P.
The issue of incentives has been studied for the adoption of soil and water conservation in the ravines of Gujarat in the context of holistic development of small and marginal farms and their profitability. It is hypothesized that poor economic condition of farmers impedes their ability to make large-scale investment in conservation agriculture, in general and improvement of land, in particular. The study is based on two groups of farms- with and without conservation history. The results have substantiated the argument that under the present price scenario, farm profitability makes the marginal farms susceptible to a vicious poverty circle. The input and output prices prevailing in the region do not favour the farming enterprise. Thus, this policy variable...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Soil and water conservation; Conservation agriculture; Credit worthiness; Land tenure; Farm investment; Gujarat ravines; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109425

Impacts of Biofuels on Water Supply: Proposed Cures May Worsen the Disease
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huffaker,   Ray G.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water; Conservation; Biofuels; Irrigation; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95758

Carbon Abatement Costs: Why the Wide Range of Estimates?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Morgenstern,   Richard D.
Estimates of marginal abatement costs for reducing carbon emissions in the United States by the major economic-energy models vary by a factor of five, undermining support for mandatory policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We use meta analysis to explain these cost differences, holding policy regimes constant and focusing on the role of baseline emissions projections and structural characteristics of the models. The results indicate that certain assumptions, like freer trade and greater disaggregation of regions and nonenergy goods, lead to lower estimates of marginal abatement costs, while more disaggregated energy goods raise them. Other choices, like myopic optimization by households or the inclusion of an international finance sector, seem less...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate models; Carbon tax; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q4; Q25; D58.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10537

Los derechos de propiedad en la agricultura de regadio: su situacion frente al cambio institucional
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Miranda,   Dionisio Ortiz; Delgado,   Felisa Cena.
RESUMEN: La economía del agua en España se encuentra en una fase de cambio institucional, cuyo desarrollo va a estar fuertemente condicionado por la estructura de los derechos de propiedad sobre el agua. Esta estructura, en un contexto como el de la agricultura de regadío, está caracterizada por un complejo entramado de instituciones informales y percepciones de los propios regantes. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar dichos derechos de propiedad -mediante una desagregación previa de su contenido- en el ámbito de las Comunidades de Regantes del Guadalquivir, con la finalidad de analizar cómo pueden desarrollarse las nuevas instituciones en dicho contexto. Los resultados, basados tanto en el análisis de las instituciones formales como en las opiniones...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water economy; Property rights; Institutional change; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28739

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE EFFECT OF BUDGET BALANCE                 AND POLLUTION CEILING CONSTRAINTS
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
I analyze the problem faced by an asymmetrically informed supranational governmental authority (SNGA) with limited financial resources who wishes to design an International Environmental Agreement (IEA). The SNGA cannot contract directly with polluting firms in the various LDCs, but he must deal with such firms through their governments. I study this tripartite hierarchical interaction and focus on the properties of the optimal ex post contracts (IEAs), which can be implemented by the SNGA, in turn, in the case where governments and firms in each nation do not collude and then in the case where governments and firms do collude. I find that the monetary transfers necessary to induce optimal behavior by governments and firms are not very sensitive to the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Agreement; LDCs; Budget; Ceiling; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; D62; D82; Q25.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28347

INTERTEMPORAL PERMIT TRADING FOR STOCK POLLUTANTS WITH UNCERTAINTY
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tarui,   Nori.
This paper explores the efficiency of tradable permit markets for stock pollutants. With uncertainty about the future stock level or damages, a market with banking and borrowing is inferior, in terms of efficiency, compared to a market without banking and borrowing if the regulator commits to an initial allocation of permits. This result occurs because, with banking and borrowing and commitment, the regulator needs to specify the total allowable amount of emission over time at the initial time period before the uncertainty with the pollution stock is resolved. An alternative banking and borrowing scheme is proposed, where the regulator can update the allocation of permits to firms over time and achieve the efficient pollution accumulation.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25); Q25.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19752

Análisis de alternativas para la eliminación de la sobreexplotación de acuíferos en el Valle de Guadalentín
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Calatrava-Leyva,   Javier; Guillem,   Amanda; Martinez-Granados,   David.
In this paper we analyse the economic impact of alternative water management instruments that allow addressing the problem of non-renewable groundwater pumping in the aquifers of the Guadalentín Valley (southeast Spain). Their impact is assessed using a partial equilibrium mathematical programming model that maximises the farm net margin resulting from the use of the available water resources for irrigation in the area. Our results show that the buyback of groundwater pumping rights is the option with the greatest public budgetary cost and economic impact. On the contrary, the combination of an environmental tax on groundwater pumping and the substitution of groundwater by subsidised desalinised water allow eliminating aquifer overdraft in the area while...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Water economics; Water demand; Mathematical programming; Irrigation; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; C61.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120197

Cost and benefits of using best management practices to control non-point sources of pollution under environmental and economic uncertainty
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rodriguez,   Hector German; Popp,   Jennie S. Hughes; Gbur,   Edward E.; Chaubey,   Indrajeet.
The economy of northwest Arkansas, including the Lincoln Lake watershed (a sub-watershed of the Illinois River), relies greatly upon livestock and poultry production. The supply of production by-products is increasingly under scrutiny as one of the potential sources of water pollution in the region. In light of the recent economic crisis, methodologies that help producers to evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of several practices before implementing them may be a cost-effective means of increasing BMP adoption. This study uses stochastic dominance techniques to evaluate, environmentally and economically, ten best management practices (BMPs) combinations to lessen water pollution in the Lincoln Lake watershed. All BMP combinations analyzed were...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nonpoint pollution; Watershed; Best management practices; Risk analysis; Stochastic dominance; Environmental Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103344

Cost Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting for Groundwater Recharge in Micro-Watersheds of Kolar District of India: The Case Study of Thotli Micro-Watershed
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Nagaraj,   N.; Pradhani,   Umesh; Chengappa,   P.G.; Basavaraj,   G.; Kanwar,   Ramesh S.
This study has estimated the supply augmentation of groundwater recharge due to creation of water harvesting structures and has assessed the cost-effectiveness of rainwater harvesting for groundwater recharge on watershed basis in one of the sub-watersheds of the Kolar district, Peninsular India — a typically hard-rock area. The study is based on the primary data for the year 2008-09 collected from a sample of 90 farmers having irrigation bore-wells in the selected watershed named Thotli. The study has indicated that the annual draft of irrigation water exceeds the annual recharge, causing a negative balance. On an average, the returns per rupee investment have been found to be ` 1.80 on farm pond, ` 1.78 on recharge pit and ` 1.39 on field bund. The cost...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Rainwater harvesting; Economic feasibility; Groundwater recharge; Watershed; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118229

Animal husbandry in Africa: Climate change impacts and adaptations
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Seo,   S. Niggol; Mendelsohn,   Robert.
This paper uses a cross-sectional approach to analyze the impacts of climate change on animal husbandry and the way farmers adapt. The study is based on surveys of almost 5000 livestock farmers across ten countries in Africa. A traditional Ricardian regression finds that the livestock net revenues of large farms in Africa are more sensitive to temperature than those of small farms. Cross-sectional analysis also reveals that large farms (but not small farms) have fewer animals per farm in warmer places. Farmers tend to select beef cattle and chickens in cool climates and goats and sheep in hot climates. Using the Ricardian results and examining climate scenarios for 2060 and beyond, the net revenues of small farms are predicted to increase as much as 120%...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Livestock; Impact; Adaptation; Africa; Livestock Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q12; Q25.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56968

CO2 Allowance Allocation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Effect on Electricity Investors
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Kahn,   Danny; Palmer,   Karen L.
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is an effort by nine Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states to develop a regional, mandatory, market-based cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the electricity sector. The initiative is expected to lead to an increase in the price of electricity in the RGGI region and beyond. The implications of these changes for the value of electricity-generating assets and the market value of the firms that own them depends on the initial allocation of carbon dioxide allowances, the composition of generating assets owned by the firm, and the locations of those assets. Changes in asset values inside the RGGI region may be positive or negative, whereas changes outside of the RGGI region are almost...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation-performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Asset value; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10495

The effect of forest land use on the cost of drinking water supply: A spatial econometric analysis
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Abildtrup,   Jens; Garcia,   Serge; Stenger,   Anne.
Forest land use is often associated with the protection of water resources from contamination and the reduced cost of drinking water supply. This study attempted to measure the value of the forest on the quality of water resources from a contingent market, namely drinking water supply, by estimating variations in drinking water costs as a function of variations in land uses. Spatial correlations were taken into account because of the use of different geographical scales (i.e., water service area and land uses) and the potential existence of organizational and technological spillovers between water services. We found a significant negative effect of forest land use on water costs. We found no evidence of spatial spillovers concerning the management regime...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water quality; Land uses; Forest; Water supply service; Spatial spillovers; Demand and Price Analysis; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C21; Q23; Q25; R14.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120385

Climate Change, Markets, and Technology
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Howitt,   Richard E.; Medellin-Azuara,   Josue; MacEwan,   Duncan.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q38.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95761

Testing Construct Validity of River Recreation Use Values: A Comparison of Direct Elicitation of Use Values to Use Values Inferred Indirectly from WTP for Total Economic Value
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Loomis,   John B.
Instream Flow, Colorado
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contingent valuation; Instream flow; Recreation benefits; Total economic value; Colorado; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q26; Q51; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60410

Impacts of Water Supply Changes on the Rice Market of Lao PDR: Stochastic Analysis of Supply and Demand Model
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Furuya,   Jun; Meyer,   Seth D.
Laotian rice producers in upland areas experience highly fluctuating yields and production and producers in wet season rice areas in the southern region face high price risk. This paper examines the exposure to risk of producers in both regions facing changes in water supplies. A supply and demand model of rice in Laos, considering water supply changes, is developed and stochastic elements are added to the model to represent uncertainty in climatic variables. Furthermore, the risks associated with price and production fluctuation are evaluated by using the differences between market and certainty equivalent prices. The results show that the coefficient of variation of production is higher in upland rice than wet and dry season rice, i.e., 0.3226, and if...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water supply change; Rice supply and demand model; Stochastic model; Lao PDR; Q11; Q25; Crop Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25638

Cost Savings Sans Allowance Trades? Evaluating the SO2 Emission Trading Program to Date
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas.
Title IV of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act initiated a historic experiment in incentive-based environmental regulation through the use of tradable allowances for emission of sulfur dioxide by electric generating facilities. To date, relatively little allowance trading has taken place; however, the costs of compliance have been much less than anticipated. The purpose of this paper is to address the apparent paradox that the allowance trading program may not require (very much) trading to be successful. Title IV represented two great steps forward in environmental regulation: first a move toward performance standards and second formal allowance trading. The first step has been sufficient to date for improving dynamic efficiency and achieving...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; SO2; Clean Air Act; Cost-effectiveness; Incentive-based regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48; L51.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10682

Monitoring and Enforcement: Is Two-Tier Regulation Robust?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kathuria,   Vinish; Sterner,   Thomas.
The regulation of industrial pollution is clearly difficult in a rapidly industrializing, low-income setting. In addition to the general lack of resources for monitoring and enforcement, authorities must deal with the asymmetric nature of the information and multiple nonpoint sources of pollution. In this study we look at efforts to regulate chemical plants in Ankleshwar, in the Indian state of Gujarat. The plants are located in an industrial estate, which provides interesting preconditions for a form of two-tier regulation, in which an industry association becomes an intermediary between the government and individual firms: it monitors its members' pollution and promotes compliance with the government's environmental regulations. The Indian agency...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Industrial estate; Two-tier monitoring; Common property resource; Industry association; Nonpoint sources of pollution; Political Economy; Q25; P28; K42.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10669

A Watershed-Based Economic Model of Alternative Management Practices in Southern Agricultural Systems
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Paudel,   Krishna P.; Hite,   Diane; Intarapapong,   Walaiporn; Susanto,   Dwi.
We investigated the environmental impacts of alternative cultural practices within a watershed under different water quality standards.  We used experimental data on nutrient runoff to determine the optimal amount of broiler litter application in hay production in Louisiana.  To compensate for the lack of experimental data, we used biophysical simulation models to find the optimal combination of agricultural best-management practices in a watershed in Mississippi.  The results indicated that stricter environmental standards lower total profit potential and litter utilization.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Broiler litter; Cropping systems; Optimization; Watershed level modeling; Water quality; C6; Q1; Q25; D21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43213

Evaluating the sustainability of impounded river systems and the cost-effectiveness of dam projects: An ecosystem services approach
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Tompkins,   Jean-Marie; Hearnshaw,   Edward J.S.; Cullen,   Ross.
In recent times, there has been increasing demand in the Canterbury region of New Zealand for the abstraction of water from rivers. The impact of this demand has lead to unacceptable minimum river flows and has adversely affected river ecology. In an effort to resolve these issues dams have been constructed. To evaluate the impact of these dam projects on all river values, an ecosystem services approach is developed. This ecosystem services approach coupled with various evaluation methods are applied for the purposes of assessing the cost-effectiveness of the Opuha Dam and the sustainability of the Opihi river system now modified by the Opuha Dam. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this dam project cost utility analysis is applied through the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cost utility analysis; Dam projects; Ecosystem services; Impounded river systems; Indicators and sustainability.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q27; Q51; Q58; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100720

U.S. Cotton Subsidies: Drawing a Fine Line on the Degree of Decoupling
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Rossi,   Frederick J.; Schmitz,   Andrew; Schmitz,   Troy G.
The impact of the U.S. cotton policy depends on several interrelated factors; how input subsidies interact with producer price supports, producer price expectations, and the extent to which price supports are decoupled from production. Cotton subsidies have a direct impact on world cotton prices, depending on the extent to which price supports are coupled to production. At one extreme, there is a price impact of 12.4% when producers make decisions at the loan rate, but the average price impact is 20.9% when producers make decisions based on the target price. Results are presented for intermediate cases of decoupling.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cotton; Counter-cyclical payments; Decoupling; Loan rate; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Q17; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6621

Assessing the Market for Poultry Litter in Georgia:  Are Subsidies Needed to Protect Water Quality?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Mullen,   Jeffrey D.; Bekchanov,   Ulugbek; Karali,   Berna; Kissel,   David; Risse,   Mark L.; Rowles,   Kristin; Collier,   Sam.
Concerns about nutrient loads into our waters have focused attention on poultry litter applications.  Like many states with a large poultry industry, Georgia recently designed a subsidy program to facilitate the transportation of poultry litter out of vulnerable watersheds. This paper uses a transportation model to examine the necessity of a poultry litter subsidy to achieve water protection goals in Georgia. We also demonstrate the relationship between diesel and synthetic fertilizer prices and the value of poultry litter. Results suggest that a well functioning market would be able to remove excess litter from vulnerable watersheds in the absence of a subsidy.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Fertilizer; Phosphorous; Poultry litter; Subsidy; Transportation model; Water quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Marketing; Q12; Q13; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117948

Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Agri-environmental Policies for the Chesapeake Bay
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ribaudo,   Marc; Shortle,   James S.; Blandford,   David; Horan,   Richard D.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water Quality; Nonpoint Source Pollution; Policy Instrument; Chesapeake Bay; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117403

Environmental Opportunities and Challenges of Genetically-Engineered Crops
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wolfenbarger,   L. LaReesa; Owen,   Micheal D.K.; Carriere,   Yves.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Q16; Q18; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94846

La gestion de las aguas subterraneas en el acuifero Mancha Occidental
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Iglesias,   Eva.
RESUMEN: En este artículo se aborda la problemática que plantea la recuperación del acuífero Mancha Occidental en el que existe una  importante externalidad ambiental que se deriva de la relación entre las reservas de agua existentes en el acuífero y los humedales Tablas de Daimiel. Para ello, se desarrollan varios modelos de programación matemática que permiten evaluar distintos instrumentos de gestión para guiar la recuperación del acuífero a un estado sostenible. Los resultados obtenidos permiten al menos cuestionar la extendida regla de Gisser-Sánchez y revelan que las ganancias derivadas de la gestión óptima pueden ser significativas. En segundo lugar, las cuotas constantes por explotación se revelan como el instrumento menos eficiente tanto desde la...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Groundwater management; Environmental externalities; Water bank; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28755

Economic and Groundwater Use Implications of Climate Change and Bioenergy Feedstock Production in the Ogallala Aquifer Region
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wang,   Weiwei; Park,   Seong Cheol; McCarl,   Bruce A.; Amosson,   Stephen H.
The sustainable water use especially for irrigated agriculture in the Texas Panhandle Region is a major concern.  A semi-arid climate and average low rainfalls results in little surface water being available year-round. The Ogallala Aquifer is the primary source of irrigation water in this region. The intensive irrigated agricultural production and growing livestock industry have led to substantial decline of water tables. Furthermore, climate change and growing bioenergy feedstock productions exacerbates the water shortage and quality problems. Given the critical dependence of the regional economy on Ogallala Aquifer, underground water use is an intergenerational issue that must be evaluated in terms of the sustainability of agricultural activities in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Land Use Change; Climate Change; Bioenergy feedstock; Dynamic Optimization Model; Deficit Irrigation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q24; Q25; Q54.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103642

The Ten-Year Rule: Allocation of Emission Allowances in the EU Emission Trading System
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ahman,   Markus; Burtraw,   Dallas; Kruger,   Joseph; Zetterberg,   Lars.
In its guidance on National Allocation Plans (NAPs), the European Commission has discouraged Member States from adopting allocation methodologies that would provide incentives to firms affecting their compliance behavior. The purpose is to promote economic efficiency and to prevent strategic behavior that deviates from individual and collective cost-minimization. For example, some methodologies would reward one type of compliance investment over another. To discourage such actions, the EU Emission Trading System guidelines prohibit ex post redistribution of emission allowances within an allocation period based on behavior in that period. Similarly, the Commission has indicated that decisions about the initial distribution of allowances in the second phase...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Allowance allocations; Closures; New entrants; Tradable permits; Air pollution; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10637

Barriers to water markets in agriculture. Analysis of Southern Spain stakeholder attitudes
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Giannoccaro,   Giacomo; Pedraza,   Veronica; Berbel,   Julio.
This paper was removed Feb. 27, 2013 at the request of the authors.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water markets; Focus groups; Irrigation; Stakeholder attitude; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124113

AN AGENDA FOR THE STUDY OF LAND USE, WILDERNESS DESIGNATION, AND RESOURCE REGULATION IN THE AMERICAN WEST
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
Atemporal and intertemporal use of public lands, the determination of optimal levels of wilderness designation and habitat preservation, and the appropriate regulation of natural resources have all been "hot button" issues in the American West for quite some time now. In this paper, I propose and describe a research agenda which promises to yield interesting and useful new policy insights into these fractious resource issues.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Land use; Wilderness; Regulation; Research; Agenda; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; B41; Q20; Q25.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28360

WILL SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE PLAY A ROLE IN A CARBON MARKET?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Zeuli,   Kimberly A.; Skees,   Jerry R.
While a carbon market offers substantial opportunities for US agriculture, regional differences in such a market are often ignored. This paper focuses on the advantages and challenges for agriculture in the South. The potential of two promising options are analyzed: conversion from cropland to forests and greater use of conversation tillage. It is argued that the right institutional arrangements can overcome three fundamental challenges to an efficient carbon market: transaction costs, risk, and perverse incentives. Some examples are given, such as the use of a farmer-owned organization and the provision of land use and carbon information by the government.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Carbon emission reduction; Tradable permits; Afforestation; Conservation tillage; Government policy; Regional economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q23; Q24; Q28; R00.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15492

Regulatory Responses to Potential Pollutants from Animal Feeding Operations: Opting Out of Costly Permitting Regulations
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Centner,   Terence J.; Mullen,   Jeffrey D.
Because of excessive water impairment, federal and state agencies have enacted regulations to reduce water pollution from animal feeding operations.  Many of the regulations are based on numbers of animals rather than the potential of an operator to impair water quality.  To enhance efficiency, critical production indicators and location screening factors might be used to exempt operations that are not significantly impairing water quality.  In this manner, regulations could avoid imposing unnecessary costs on the regulated public and more effectively target monitoring and enforcement resources of the regulatory agency.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Concentrated animal feeding operations; Pollution; Production indicators; Regulations; Water impairment; K2; K32; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43345

CO2-Abscheidung und Ablagerung (CAA): Ordnungsrechtliche Aspekte und okonomische Implikationen im Rahmen des EU - Emissionshandels
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dietrich,   Lars; Bode,   Sven.
Die Abscheidung von Kohlendioxid in großen, immobilen Industrieanlagen mit anschließender Ablagerung in geologischen Formationen gewinnt in jüngster Zeit in der Diskussion um Maßnahmen zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der Bau von Pilotanlagen ist inzwischen auch für Deutschland angekündigt worden. Diese neue Technik birgt dabei grundsätzlich die Gefahr von Wiederaustritten des abgeschiedenen und verpressten CO2 in die Atmosphäre. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das vorliegende Papier ausgewählte ordnungsrechtliche Aspekte sowie ökonomische Implikationen im Rahmen des EU-Emissionshandels. Die Analyse zeigt, dass derartige Anlagen mit einer Ausnahme zur Zeit keinem dem Gefahrenpotential entsprechenden Genehmigungsverfahren...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CO2-Abscheidung; CO2-Ablagerung; Emissionshandel; CCS; CAA; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q40.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26203

Fleet Turnover and Old Car Scrap Policies
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Alberini,   Anna; Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.
This paper incorporates owners' decisions to keep, repair or scrap their old vehicles into a simulation model of fleet emissions. This decision depends critically on the owner's perceived value of the vehicle, so we examine the factors affecting owners' valuations of their old vehicles using a unique longitudinal dataset. Willingness to accept for the vehicle is well predicted by mileage and condition of the car, and declines systematically with its age. Our estimated model of vehicle value is used as an input into a simulation model of a 1,000-car fleet representative of California's fleet. Other inputs into the simulation models are the estimated distributions of emissions in the fleet, and two equations that link emissions reductions to the cost of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile source; Inspection and maintenance; I/M; Scrappage; Emission fees; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10897

Matriz de intercambios de agua. Analisis mediante la Teoria de Grafos
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Alonso,   Esther Velazquez.
Resumen Nos planteamos como objetivo poner de manifiesto las relaciones que se establecen entre los sectores productivos y el consumo de agua que éstos realizan para generar su producción. Aplicamos el estudio a Andalucía, Comunidad Autónoma del sur de España caracterizada por su escasez de agua, y nos preguntamos si la dependencia excesiva de los recursos hídricos que algunos sectores productivos de dicha Comunidad pueden llegar a tener, podría afectar de forma negativa, no sólo a la conservación y a la calidad del recurso, sino también a la sostenibilidad de la propia economía. Utilizamos una metodología mixta en la que combinamos el análisis Input-Output, con el que definimos un modelo de consumo de agua y a partir de él elaboramos una Matriz de...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water consumption; Graphs Theory; Input-Output Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; P43.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28744

Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Adams,   Richard M.; Peck,   Dannele E.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q54.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94496

An Econometric Analysis of the Environmental Benefits Provided by the Conservation Reserve Program
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Fleming,   Ronald A.
Over $1.7 billion has been spent on the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) since 1985.  The purpose of this study is to show that these expenditures have aided the environment.  Rather than quantify changes in environmental variables, a spatial econometric model is used to test if CRP enrollments are greater in counties with poorer environmental quality.  In seven of nine regions, CRP enrollments are higher in counties with an environmental concern.  This positive finding justifies past expenditures by the CRP and supports continued funding as an environmental program.  The CRP is targeting current environmental concerns that will lead to future improvement.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conservation Reserve Program; Econometrics; Environmental quality; Soil erosion; Spatial data; Water quality; Wildlife habitat; Q28; Q58; C31; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43388

Adaptation, Mitigation and “Green” R&amp;D to Combat Global Climate Change. Insights From an Empirical Integrated Assessment Exercise
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Bosello,   Francesco.
This work develops a framework for the analysis at the macro-level of the relationship between adaptation and mitigation policies. The FEEM-RICE growth model with stock pollution, endogenous R&amp;D investment and emission abatement is enriched with a planned-adaptation module where a defensive capital stock is built through adaptation investment. Within this framework the optimal path of planned adaptation, the optimal inter and intra temporal mix between adaptation, mitigation and investment in R&amp;D, and the sensitivity of a strategy to each other is identified. The major conclusions of this research show that adaptation, mitigation and R&amp;D are strategic complements as all concur together to the solution of the climate change problem; nonetheless...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change Impacts; Mitigation; Adaptation; Integrated Assessment; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59746

Institutional Change in East German Water Management Systems
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Schleyer,   Christian.
Like in many fen land regions in East Germany, long-standing intensive arable farming -enabled by reclamation - has caused soil deterioration and high water runoff in the Schraden region. More than ten years of economic and political transformation that followed the breakdown of the socialist regime has worsened the situation and even added new problems. The visible consequences are droughts in the summer, waterlogged plots in the spring, and worn-down water management facilities that operate in an uncoo rdinated or unautho rized way. Given the local public good character of so me features of the fen land, the common-pool character of the intermittently scarce resource water within the ecosystem, and the conflicting interests of regional stakeholders, it...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H41; P14; P32; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25729

Reclaimed Wastewater and the WTP to avoid Summer Water Restrictions: Incorporation Endogenous Free-riding Beliefs
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Dupont,   Diane P.
Climate change may cause more frequent seasonal water shortages. Water-scarce countries already use reclaimed household wastewater for subsequent uses that do not require potable water. Views on the degree of acceptability of reusing wastewater and a distrust of one’s water provider may deter countries like Canada and the United Kingdom from adopting these technologies. This paper reports on results from a 2009 Canadian Internet-based contingent valuation study. Two water management programs were presented: a program to reduce summer water use through water restrictions and a program to allow citizens to avoid summer water restrictions through the use of reclaimed household wastewater. The paper estimates the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the second program...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water shortages; Reclaimed wastewater; WTP; Free riding beliefs; Endogeneity in discrete choice models; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q51; Q53.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108778

Estimating Urban Residential Water-Demand with Increasing Block Prices: The Case of Perth, Western Australia
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Xayavong,   Vilaphonh; Burton,   Michael P.; White,   Benedict.
This study uses panel data at suburb level to estimates the elasticity water demands in Perth, Australia from 1995 to 2005. After deriving the consumer’s water demand under a non-linear budget constraint, we estimate the water demand model, which accounts for how water (and other purchased goods) is used to satisfy fundamental desires of the household. We have applied the specification of price that provided the correctly estimated marginal price from the block tariff structure, and employed a maximum likelihood estimation technique to tackle the endogeneity and heteroskedasticity issues. Our estimation of water demand price elasticities are slightly higher (more elastic) than previous study in Perth, but broadly in line with other estimates in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water demand; Water pricing; Block pricing; Water resource management; Household model; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q21; Q25; Q23.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7061

Are Citizens Willing to Pay for Agricultural Multifunctionality?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kallas,   Zein; Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio; Arriaza Balmón,   Manuel.
Agricultural multifunctionality is the recognition of the joint exercise of economic, environmental and social functions by this sector. In order to make this concept operative for the design of public policies, it is necessary to estimate the social demand for such functions. The main objective of this article is to present an empirical application in this line. For this purpose we have taken the agricultural system of cereal steppes in Tierra de Campos (Spain) as a case study. The economic valuation technique used is the Choice Experiment. The results suggest the existence of a significant demand for the different functions, although this demand is heterogeneous, depending on the socio-economic characteristics of the individuals.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural multifunctionality; Agricultural policy; Economic valuation; Choice experiment; Consumer/Household Economics; Q18; Q11; Q25.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25476

Optimal Exploitation of Groundwater and the Potential for a Tradable Permit System in Irrigated Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Latinopoulos,   Dionysis; Sartzetakis,   Eftichios S.
A great challenge facing future agricultural water policy is to explore the potential for transition from the current myopic competitive (common) exploitation of groundwater resources to a long-term efficient and sustainable allocation. A number of economic and/or command and control instruments can be used by the relevant water authority in order to deal with the economic and environmental problems generated by competitive exploitation. However, according to previous experience in both developed and developing countries, tradable permits seem as one of the most effective and efficient instruments, especially under conditions of limited water availability. On this account, the aim of the current study is to explore the feasibility and implementation of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradable Water Permits; Sustainable Water Use; Irrigated Agriculture; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q15; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102500

Potential of Artificial Wetlands for Removing Pesticides from Water in a Cost-Effective Framework
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Martin,   Elsa; Destandau,   Francois; Rozan,   Anne.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implication of wetland construction for the cost-effective design of a pesticide charge. A model is developed in order to show that, for a given target, the introduction of wetland construction can reduce overall abatement costs and can lower the input charge asked to the farmers. This result remains true as long as the cost of constructing a wetland is not too high. A numerical illustration is carried out in order to simulate pesticide regulations in a wine catchment in North-East of France
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water policy; Constructed wetlands; Agricultural pollution regulation; Agribusiness; Land Economics/Use; Q25; Q58; K32.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108777

Use of On-Farm Reservoirs in Rice Production: Results from the MARORA Model
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Popp,   Jennie S. Hughes; Wailes,   Eric J.; Young,   Kenneth B.; Smartt,   Jim; Intarapapong,   Walaiporn.
The present article uses the modified Arkansas off-stream reservoir analysis and the environmental policy-integrated climate models to examine the impacts of on-farm reservoirs and tail water recovery systems in conjunction with other best management practices on profitability, water use, and sediment control for rice-soybean farming operations.  Results suggest that, under limited water availability conditions, reservoirs and tail water recovery systems can improve profitability, reduce ground water dependence, and reduce the movement of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides off-farm.  Although reservoirs may not be profitable under plentiful water conditions, cost-sharing opportunities may make them a viable means of addressing environmental concerns.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: On-farm reservoirs; Sediment control; Water management; Q25; Q15; Q29.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43212

Can Permanence Be Insured? Consideration of Some Technical and Practical Issues of Insuring Carbon Credits from Afforestation and Reforestation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Wong,   Jenny L.P.; Dutschke,   Michael.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) removals by afforestation and reforestation project activities under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are vulnerable to a variety of risks and uncertainties, resulting in the partial or total reversal of such removals. Hence, GHG removals from these sink activities are considered to be of temporary nature and non-permanent. Specific modalities related to non-permanence will need to be developed in order to include afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM and for a decision on modalities to be reached at COP 9 in December 2003. Two main options on how to address non-permanence have been proposed, these being temporary credits and insurance of emission reduction credits. This paper discusses...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Clean Development Mechanism; Forestry; Insurance; Permanence; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26270

Climate Change and Texas Water Planning: an Economic Analysis of Inter-basin Water Transfers
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Cai,   Yongxia; McCarl,   Bruce A.
Panel models with random effects are used to estimate how climate influences in-stream surface water supply, municipal water demand, crop yields and irrigation water use. The results are added into TEXRIVERSIM, a state wide economic, hydrological, environmental and inter-basin water transfer (IBTs) investment model, through the objective function and hydrological constraints. A climate change related scenario analysis from the Global Circulation Models (GCMs)--Hadley, Canadian, BCCR and NCAR with SRES scenarios A1B, B1, and A2 indicates that inter-basin water transfers not only greatly relax water scarcity problems for major cities and industrial counties, but also create growth opportunity for Houston. However, while destination basins receive the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Inter-basin Water Transfers; Water Scarcity; Environmental Stream Flows; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49933

Bioeconomic modeling of wetlands and waterfowl in Western Canada: Accounting for amenity values
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis; Withey,   Patrick; Wong,   Linda.
This study extends an original bioeconomic model of optimal duck harvest and wetland retention by bringing in amenity values related to the nonmarket (in situ) benefits of waterfowl plsi the ecosystem values of wetlands themselves. The model maximizes benefits to hunters as well as the amenity values of ducks and ecosystem benefits of wetlands, subject to the population dynamics. Results indicate that wetlands and duck harvests need to be increased relative to historical levels. Further, the socially optimal ratio of duck harvest to wetlands is larger than what has been observed historically. Including amenity values leads to a significant increase in the quantity of wetlands and duck harvests relative to models that focus only on hunting values.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomic modelling; Wetland protection; Wildlife management; Nonmarket values; Prairie pothole region; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q57; C61; Q25.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61308

Analisis de escenarios de políticas para la gestion publica en la agricultura de regadio
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Riesgo,   Laura; Gomez-Limon,   Jose Antonio.
En este trabajo se presenta un enfoque metodológico para el análisis de presiones e impactos de la aplicación conjunta de diferentes escenarios de política agraria y de tarifación del agua de riego. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se asume que los agricultores consideran distintos criterios en la gestión de su actividad productiva. En este contexto decisional se utilizan modelos de programación matemática basados en la Teoría de la Utilidad Multiatributo (MAUT), de modo que pueda simularse el comportamiento de los agricultores en el futuro. Como resultado de dicha simulación no sólo se obtienen las variables de decisión de los agricultores (planes de cultivos), sino también un conjunto de indicadores económicos, sociales y ambientales que serán de utilidad...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Multiple-Criteria Modelling; Irrigated Agriculture; Scenario Analysis; CAP; Water Policy.; Public Economics; Q25; Q15; C61.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28768

Strategic Choice of Domestic Environmental Policy Instrument and International Emissions Trading Scheme in an Open Economy with Imperfect Competition
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Boom,   Jan Tjeerd.
This paper presents a model of imperfect international competition. Within this framework, the optimal choice of national environmental policy instrument and international emissions trading scheme is discussed. The choice of national instrument is restricted to absolute and relative standards, which form the basis for permit and credit trading respectively. It is shown that relatives standards and credit trading lead to higher output than emission ceilings and permit trading. I find that governments want to increase production beyond the level reached with emission ceilings and therefore prefer relative standards. Furthermore, international emissions trading is only optimal when the country imports emission quotas, and in several cases, governments will...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Emissions trading; Credit trading; International trade; Imperfect competition; Strategic behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; F12; L51; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24177

Maquiladoras, Air Pollution, and Human Health in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Batz,   Michael B.; Evans,   David A.
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, is home to the U.S.-Mexico border's largest maquiladora labor force, and also its worst air pollution. We marshal two types of evidence to examine the link between maquiladoras and air pollution in Ciudad Juarez, and in its sister city, El Paso, Texas. First, we use a publicly available sector-level emissions inventory for Ciudad Juarez to determine the importance of all industrial facilities (including maquiladoras) as a source of air pollution. Second, we use original plant-level data from two sample maquiladoras to better understand the impacts of maquiladora air pollution on human health. We use a series of computational models to estimate health damages attributable to air pollution from these plants, we compare these damages...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Maquiladora; Air pollution; Human health; Environmental justice; U.S.-Mexico border; Ciudad Juarez; El Paso; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q01; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10807

Incorporating environmental impacts into value added from organic and conventional farming
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Huhtala,   Anni; Marklund,   Per-Olov.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/16/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: National income accounting; Environmental performance; Technology choices; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; O47; Q18; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19259

Measuring the Gains to Groundwater Management with Recursive Utility
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Msangi,   Siwa.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/20/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Recursive Utility; Dynamic Games; Groundwater Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D91; C73; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19212

Self-enforcing Agreements on Water Allocation
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Ansink,   Erik.
Many water allocation agreements in transboundary river basins are inherently unstable. Due to stochastic river flow, agreements may be broken in case of drought. The objective of this paper is to analyse whether water allocation agreements can be self-enforcing. An agreement is modelled as the outcome of bargaining game on river water allocation. Given this agreement, the bargaining game is followed by a repeated extensive-form game in which countries decide whether or not to comply with the agreement. I assess under what conditions such agreements are self-enforcing, given stochastic river flow. The results show that, for sufficiently low discounting, every efficient agreement can be sustained in subgame perfect equilibrium. Requiring...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Self-Enforcing Agreement; Repeated Extensive-Form Game; Water Allocation; Renegotiation-Proofness; Environmental Economics and Policy; C73; Q25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54292

Environmental Issues in Animal Agriculture
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Abdalla,   Charles W.; Lawton,   Jennifer L.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Livestock Production/Industries; Q0; F2; Q25; Q30; R52.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94386

Modeling Economywide versus Sectoral Climate Policies Using Combined Aggregate-Sectoral Models
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Pizer,   William A.; Burtraw,   Dallas; Harrington,   Winston; Newell,   Richard G.; Sanchirico,   James N.
Economic analyses of climate change policies frequently focus on reductions of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions via market-based, economywide policies. The current course of environment and energy policy debate in the United States, however, suggests an alternative outcome: inefficiently designed and/or sector-based policies. This paper uses a collection of specialized, sector-based models in conjunction with a computable general equilibrium model of the economy to examine and compare these policies at an aggregate level. We examine the relative cost of different policies designed to achieve the same quantity of emissions reductions. We find that excluding a limited number of sectors from an economywide policy does not significantly raise costs....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Climate policy; General equilibrium model; Partial equilibrium model; Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; D58; D61; Q48.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10502

'Second-Best' Adjustments to Externality Estimates in Electricity Planning with Competition
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Krupnick,   Alan J.
A number of state public utility commissions are using "social costing" methods to consider externalities in electricity resource planning. The most comprehensive and formal method is the use of monetary place-holders in the financial evaluation of new investments and potentially in system dispatch to reflect quantitative estimates of externality values. This approach necessarily must take existing environmental and social regulation as given. Furthermore, regulated utilities face increasing competition from electricity generators outside their service territory who may not be affected by social costing. The lack of universal and uniform social costing places PUC actions soundly in the realm of "second-best policy" and they may have unintended consequences...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Second-best; Environmental regulation; Electricity regulation; Environmental adders; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q48; L51.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10753

Coase and Car Repair: Who Should Be Responsible for Emissions of Vehicles in Use?
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.
This paper examines the current assignment of liability for in-use vehicle emissions and suggests some alternative policies that may reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness. We first discuss the cost, performance and incentives under current Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, using the recently implemented Arizona "Enhanced I/M" program as an example. These programs were designed to identify and repair vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems. Since their inception, however, I/M programs have been plagued by transaction costs that have drastically raised the cost of I/M as well as limited its effectiveness. These transaction costs fall into three categories: emission monitoring, repair avoidance, and non-transferability of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile sources; Emissions; Coase; Liability; I/M; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10911

On the Optimal Taxation of Common-Pool Resources
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Kossioris,   Georgios; Plexousakis,   Michael; Xepapadeas,   Anastasios; Fe Zeeuw,   Aart.
Recent research developments in common-pool resource models emphasize the importance of links with ecological systems and the presence of non-linearities, thresholds and multiple steady states. In a recent paper Kossioris et al. (2008) develop a methodology for deriving feedback Nash equilibria for non-linear differential games and apply this methodology to a common-pool resource model of a lake where pollution corresponds to benefits and at the same time affects the ecosystem services. This paper studies the structure of optimal state- dependent taxes that steer the combined economic-ecological system towards the trajectory of optimal management, and provides an algorithm for calculating such taxes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Differential Games; Non-linear Feedback Nash Equilibria; Ecosystems; Optimal State-dependent Tax; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; C73; C61.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94619

Economics of Integrated Watershed and Reservoir Management
Provedor de dados: Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics (AgEcon Searh)
Autores: Lee,   Yoon; Yoon,   Taeyeon; Shah,   Farhed A.
A dynamic optimization framework is used to analyze integrated watershed management and suggest appropriate policies. Soil conservation, reservoir level sediment release, downstream water allocation and water quality are subject to control. Application of the model to the Aswan Dam watershed illustrates the need for international cooperation to manage shared watersheds.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Watershed management; Soil erosion; Reservoir sedimentation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49478