SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Pyakuryal, Bishwambher; Thapa, Y.B.; Roy, Devesh.

Among South Asian countries, Nepal has liberalized most extensively during the 1980s and 1990s on both fronts, domestic and external. Nepal is a least developed country with a gross national product of US $235 per capita in 2001 and second lowest per capita wealth in the world. In South Asia, Nepal has the lowest per capita income, highest dependence of population on agriculture and second highest poverty rate. At the same, on an average, Nepal has the lowest tariffs in South Asia and has taken several steps to downsize its public distribution system and remove a host of agricultural subsidies. This twin scenario where the lowest per capita income country is perhaps also the most liberalized makes for an interesting case for policy analysis. This paper...

Food policy liberalization in Bangladesh: How the Markets and the Government Delivered?

Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59827

Chowdhury, Nuimuddin; Farid, Naser; Roy, Devesh.

Three factors, advent of new technology (HYV), development of infrastructure and market liberalization working in tandem have delivered favorable food security outcomes for Bangladesh. Bangladesh’s food-policy has benefited from a liberalized trade regime and a consistent downsizing of the government, all with favorable effects on poverty and nutrition. Post liberalization, the findings suggest a perceptible increase in the cost-effectiveness of the public food grain distribution system (PFDS). The favorable effects of liberalization are also evident in growths in outputs, market size, the size of private stocks, the emergence of a two peak harvest seasonality, and finally in declining real rice prices. The government has moreover downsized the PFDS,...

Food Safety Requirements in African Green Bean Exports and Their Impact on Small Farmers

Palavras-chave: Food policy; Liberalization; Government policy; Markets; Food security; Agricultural and Food Policy; Marketing.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58574

Okello, Julius Juma; Narrod, Clare A.; Roy, Devesh.

Many African countries have moved into the production of non-traditional agricultural products, in an effort to diversify their exports and increase foreign currency earnings. However, in order to access developed country markets and urban domestic markets, these products must meet food safety requirements, including protocols relating to pesticide residues, field and pack house operations, and traceability. Faced with stringent food safety requirements, companies that establish production centers in low-income countries might exclude poor farmers, thus negatively impacting the poor. We herein study this issue in the case of the green bean export sectors in three African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia. In the short-term, stringent food safety...

The Role of Public-Private Partnerships and Collective Action in Ensuring Smallholder Participation in High Value Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains

Palavras-chave: International food safety standards; Smallholders; Supply chains; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42362

Narrod, Clare A.; Roy, Devesh; Okello, Julius Juma; Avendano, Belem; Rich, Karl M..

Many developing countries have moved into the production of non-traditional agricultural products to diversify their exports and increase foreign currency earnings. Accessing developed country markets and urban domestic markets requires meeting the food safety requirements due to several demand and supply side factors. Food retailers have developed protocols relating to pesticide residues, field and packinghouse operations, and traceability. In this changing scenario where food safety requirements are getting increasingly stringent, there are worries regarding the livelihood of the poor since companies that establish production centers in LDCs might exclude them. Poor producers face problems of how to produce safe food, be recognized as producing safe...

Diversification in Indian Agriculture towards High-Value Crops: The Role of Smallholders

Palavras-chave: Food safety; Supply chain management; Public private partnerships; Collective action; Public and private standards; Traceability; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50001

Birthal, Pratap Singh; Joshi, P.K.; Roy, Devesh; Thorat, Amit.

Agricultural diversification towards high-value crops can potentially increase farm incomes, especially in a country like India where demand for high-value food products has been increasing more quickly than that for staple crops. Indian agriculture is overwhelmingly dominated by smallholders, and researchers have long debated the ability of a smallholder-dominated subsistence farm economy to diversify into riskier high-value crops. Here, we present evidence that the gradual diversification of Indian agriculture towards high-value crops exhibits a pro-smallholder bias, with smallholders playing a proportionally larger role in the cultivation of vegetables versus fruits. The observed patterns are consistent with simple comparative advantage-based production...

Institutional Innovations for Smallholder Compliance with International Food Safety Standards: Experiences from Kenya, Ethiopian and Zambian Green Bean Growers

Palavras-chave: Diversification; Smallholders; High-value agriculture; Crop Production/Industries.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42372

Okello, Julius Juma; Narrod, Clare A.; Roy, Devesh.

Many African countries have moved into the production of non-traditional agricultural products to diversify their exports and increase foreign currency earnings. Accessing developed country markets requires meeting food safety standards brought about by several demand and supply side factors. Food retailers in the EU, the major destination market, have developed protocols relating to pesticide residue limits, field and packinghouse hygiene, and traceability. In this changing scenario where food safety requirements are getting increasingly stringent, there are worries that companies that establish production centers in LDCs might exclude smallholder farmers. In this paper, we study the cases of green beans production in Ethiopia, Kenya and Zambia for export...

Does Africa Trade Less than it Should, and If So, Why?: The Role of Market Access and Domestic Factors

Palavras-chave: International food safety standards; Compliance; Smallholder farmers; Institutional arrangements; Collective action; Producer organizations; Public-private partnerships; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Labor and Human Capital; Marketing; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52183

Bouet, Antoine; Mishra, Santosh; Roy, Devesh.

This paper addresses the question of whether Africa is an undertrading continent. We answer this question using a much-improved data set for obtaining predicted trade and by employing methods that correct for bias in estimates of undertrading. Our results indicate that globally Africa is an underexporter in our preferred Heckman specification. This result is robust to the addition of various controls and the application of variants of the gravity model of trade. We also looked for explanations for Africa’s undertrading. We found that accounting for transport and communication infrastructure reduced the undertrading effect for Africa, and in some specifications of the gravity model, the under-trading effect vanished altogether. Results from a semiparametric...

Why market institutions disfavor smallholder farmers’ compliance with international food safety standards: Evidence from Kenya, Zambia and Ethiopia

Palavras-chave: Gravity model; Undertrading; Trade related infrastructure; Market access; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42320

Okello, Julius Juma; Narrod, Clare A.; Roy, Devesh.

This paper examines the high value chains (HVC) for green bean exports from Africa to identify the critical points at which exporters exercise great caution in preventing produce contamination with pathogens and pesticide residues. It then examines the control points that pose greatest threat to continued participation of smallholder farmers in the HVC and discusses the strategies African countries have used to maintain smallholder farmers in the green bean HVC. The paper identifies six critical control points. Among these, smallholders are most threatened with exclusion from HVC at two control points. At those points the farmer must make costly lumpy investments to meet the standards. To overcome the likelihood of smallholders being excluded from HVC at...

Developing country consumers’ demand for food safety and quality: Is Mumbai ready for certified and organic fruits?

Palavras-chave: Smallholder farmers; International food safety standards; Critical control points; Exclusion; Green beans; Africa; Health Economics and Policy; International Development; Marketing.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51900

Birol, Ekin; Roy, Devesh; Deffner, Katharina; Karandikar, Bhushana.

A Supply-Chain Analysis of Food Safety Standards Related to the Use of Wastewater for Irrigation of Crops

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51689

Lagerkvist, Carl Johan; Johansson, Helena; Birol, Ekin; Roy, Devesh; Narrod, Clare A..

Irrigation with raw or diluted wastewater is a widespread phenomenon, occurring on 20 million hectares across the developing world, especially in Asian countries, but also in peri-urban areas around almost every city of sub-Saharan Africa and in many Latin American cities. Growing urban populations and consequent increases in demand for food and water has spurred the use of sewage to water crops as this is, in many cases, the only form of irrigation for farmers who either lack clean water or for whom clean water is too expensive. Wastewater has high nutrient value and constitutes a reliable source (Scott et al., 2004). It is mostly used to produce cash crops (e.g. vegetables and cereals). For example, it has been estimated that in most parts of Sub-...

Investigating the Role of Poultry in Livelihoods and the Impact of HPAI on Livelihoods Outcomes in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria

Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Risk and Uncertainty.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59115

Birol, Ekin; Asare-Marfo, Dorene; Ayele, Gezahegn; Mensah-Bonsu, Akwasi; Ndirangu, Lydia K.; Okpukpara, Benjamin; Roy, Devesh; Yakhshilikov, Yorbol.

In this paper we investigate the role of poultry in the livelihoods portfolios of households and the impact of supply and demand shocks that may be caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on various livelihoods outcomes of households in four Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The study countries include Ethiopia and Kenya in East Africa and Ghana and Nigeria in West Africa. These countries represent a spectrum of SSA countries in terms of disease status, role of poultry sector and means of disease spread. By using nationally representative household level secondary data and discrete choice methods (probit model and zero inflated negative binomial model) we profile the household, farm and regional characteristics of those households who are...