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Export Market Linkage via Gentleman's Agreement: Evidence from French Bean Marketing in Kenya 31
Kariuki, Isaac Maina; Gideon, Aiko Obare; Loy, Jens-Peter.
"Gentleman's agreements" involving handshakes or promissory market access possibilities through brokers and middlemen have enabled most small farmers in Kenya to export an extensive array of fruits and vegetables. However, despite rapid expansion into these forms of market linkages, there has been a dearth of empirical information regarding the factors that such marketers consider when linking small farmers to the market. This paper uses data from a 2001 French bean farmers survey conducted in Mwea Tebere Central Kenya to evaluate household and infrastructural factors determining informal linkages for French bean marketing. Logit estimates show that irrigation equipment is a prerequisite for linkage, farm localities further from central crop collection...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Verbal agreement; Logit; French beans exports; Small farmers; Linkage; Brokers and middlemen; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25698
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Linkage of Tradable Permit Systems in International Climate Policy Architecture 31
Jaffe, Judson; Stavins, Robert N..
Cap-and-trade systems have emerged as the preferred national and regional instrument for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases throughout the industrialized world, and the Clean Development Mechanism — an international emission-reduction-credit system — has developed a substantial constituency, despite some concerns about its performance. Because linkage between tradable permit systems can reduce compliance costs and improve market liquidity, there is great interest in linking cap-and-trade systems to each other, as well as to the CDM and other credit systems. We examine the benefits and concerns associated with various types of linkages, and analyze the near-term and long-term role that linkage may play in a future international climate policy...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Linkage; Cap-and-Trade; Tradable Permits; Global Climate Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; F500; Q200; Q400; Q500.
Ano: 2008 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46624
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SH1 leaf rust and bacterial halo blight coffee resistances are genetically independent 53
Rodrigues,Lucas Mateus Rivero; Braghini,Masako Toma; Guerreiro Filho,Oliveiro.
ABSTRACT Coffee resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae has been associated to pleiotropic effect of SH1 allele, present in coffee plants resistant to certain races of Hemileia vastatrix, the causal agent of leaf rust, or genetic linkage between resistance alleles to both pathogens. To validate this hypothesis, 63 coffee plants in F2 generation were evaluated for resistance to 2 isolates of H. vastatrix carriers of alleles, respectively, v2, v5 (isolate I/2015) and v1; v2; v5 (isolate II/2015) with the objective to confirm presence of SH1 allele in resistant plants to isolate I/2015. The same coffee plants were evaluated for resistance to a mixture of P. syringae pv. garcae strains highly pathogenic to coffee. Results showed that, among F2 coffee...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Coffea arabica L.; Resistant cultivars; Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae; Linkage; Hemileia vastatrix; Pleiotropic effect.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-87052017000200209
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Variation in synonymous codon use and DNA polymorphism within the Drosophila genome 5
Bierne, Nicolas; Eyre Walker, A.
A strong negative correlation between the rate of amino-acid substitution and codon usage bias in Drosophila has been attributed to interference between positive selection at nonsynonymous sites and weak selection on codon usage. To further explore this possibility we have investigated polymorphism and divergence at three kinds of sites: synonymous, nonsynonymous and intronic in relation to codon bias in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. We confirmed that protein evolution is one of the main explicative parameters for interlocus codon bias variation (r(2) similar to 40%). However, intron or synonymous diversities, which could have been expected to be good indicators of local interference [here defined as the additional increase of drift due to selection on...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Substitution rate; Selective constraints; Linkage; Hill Robertson interference; GC content; Drosophila; Diversity; Codon usage.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-4221.pdf
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