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| Registros recuperados: 18 | |
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| Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Brown, Gardner M., Jr.. |
| In recent years bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, leading to a decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infectious disease. This paper uses a framework based on an epidemiological model of infection in which antibiotic effectiveness is treated as a nonrenewable resource. In the model presented, bacterial resistance (the converse of effectiveness) develops as a result of selective pressure on nonresistant strains due to antibiotic use. When two antibiotics are available, the optimal proportion and timing of their use depends precisely on the difference between the rates at which bacterial resistance to each antibiotic evolves and on the differences in their pharmaceutical costs. Standard numerical techniques are used... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Antibiotics; Disease; Externality; Livestock Production/Industries; Q3; I1. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10619 |
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| Bhattarai, Madhusudan; Hammig, Michael D.. |
| This paper provides a synthesis of recent literature dealing with the institutional environment, policy framework, and economic instruments used in policy analysis related to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity resources. The paper analyzes the economic consequences of alternative policy options and summarizes the application of these economic issues in the formulation of biodiversity protection policy. The paper also concludes that the proper understanding of underlying institutions and, if needed, institutional reforming procedures are also required to provide appropriate incentive structures for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity resources. Illustrations of these principles and examples are taken from published accounts... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Conservation; Resource management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q3. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18810 |
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| Boyd, James; Wainger, Lisa. |
| Ecosystem compensation and exchange programs require benefit analysis in order to guarantee that compensation or trades preserve the social benefits lost when ecosystems are destroyed or degraded. This study derives, applies, and critiques a set of ecosystem benefit indicators (EBIs). Organized around the concept of ecosystem services and basic valuation principles we show how GIS mappings of the physical and social landscape can improve understanding of the ecosystem benefits arising from specific ecosystems. The indicator system focuses on landscape factors that limit or enhance an ecosystem's ability to provide services and that limit or enhance the expected value of those services. The analysis yields an organized, descriptive, and numerical depiction... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem valuation; Wetlands; Spatial analysis; Landscape analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q0; Q3. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10738 |
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| Fischer, Carolyn. |
| A model of time-consistent procrastination is developed to assess the extent to which the observed behavior is compatible with rational behavior. When a finite work requirement must be completed by a deadline, the remaining time for leisure is an exhaustible resource. With a positive rate of time preference, the optimal allocation of this resource results in more hours spent working (and fewer in leisure) the closer the deadline. Key qualitative findings of psychological studies of academic procrastination are consistent with the standard natural resource management principles implied by the model, when suitably adapted to task aversiveness, uncertainty, and multiple deadlines. However, quantitatively, the fully rational model requires an extremely high... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Procrastination; Natural resource economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q3; D9; J22; D81. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10590 |
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| Cramton, Peter; Kerr, Suzi. |
| An auction of carbon permits is the best way to achieve carbon caps set by international negotiation to limit global climate change. To minimize administrative costs, permits would be required at the level of oil refineries, natural gas pipe lines, liquid sellers, and coal processing plants. To maximize liquidity in secondary markets, permits would be fully tradable and bankable. The government would conduct quarterly auctions. A standard ascending-clock auction in which price is gradually raised until there is no excess demand would provide reliable price discovery. An auction is preferred to grandfathering (giving polluters permits in proportion to past pollution), because it allows reduced tax distortions, provides more flexibility in distribution of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Greenhouse; Climate change; Carbon trading; Auction; Ascending-clock; Tradable permits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q3; D4. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10668 |
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| Registros recuperados: 18 | |
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