Consulta: creatorFacets:"Reardon,   Thomas"
Registros recuperados: 60
Data/hora: 11/06/2024 09:02:19

Population and Sustainability: Understanding Population, Environment, and Development Linkages
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Clay,   Daniel C.; Reardon,   Thomas.
The triple challenge of rapid population growth, declining agricultural productivity, and natural resource degradation are not isolated from one another; they are intimately related. However, strategic planning and development programming tend to focus on individual sectors such as the environment, agriculture, and population; they do not explicitly take into account the compatibilities and inconsistencies among them. Farm households and their livelihood strategies are at the core of the intersectoral linkages approach advocated in this chapter. Three key aspects of the population-environment-development debate are discussed: first, the finding that inconsistencies between public and individual household behavior regarding childbearing and family planning...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Africa; Agriculture; Rwanda; Population; Sustainability; Environment; Food security; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Q56.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57055

Improving the Impact of Market Reform on Agricultural Productivity in Africa: How Institutional Design Makes a Difference
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jayne,   Thomas S.; Shaffer,   James D.; Staatz,   John M.; Reardon,   Thomas.
Improving the Impact of Market Reform on Agricultural Productivity in Africa: How Institutional Design Makes a Difference Abstract:  This paper reviews the emerging empirical record of agricultural marketing policy reform and agricultural productivity, drawing from research on food access and agricultural productivity supported by USAID’s Africa Bureau on seven countries in West, Eastern, and Southern Africa. We also examine key factors constraining past and future performance of the food systems in these countries. The paper concludes by identifying a set of policy issues for further consideration that would help provide the investment incentives to promote productivity growth for the millions of low-input semi-subsistence rural households in the region.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Market reform; Agricultural and Food Policy; Marketing; Productivity Analysis; Downloads June 2008 - July 2009: 40; Q13.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54684

Small Farmer Organizations and Transformed Markets in Southern Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Hopkins,   Rose; Weatherspoon,   Dave D.; Reardon,   Thomas.
There are many interesting illustrations of the strong economic impact of commercial farmers in Southern Africa. For example, over just the last five years, tobacco production in Zimbabwe dropped dramatically from 240 to 60 million while at the same time in Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique tobacco production increased to record highs and spurred the development of tobacco processing infrastructure (The Economist 2004). The main driving force behind this change are the hundreds of (white) commercial farmers who lost their farms due to Zimbabwe's radical land policy but found facilitating governments in neighboring countries. Using the case of South Africa, this paper addresses the question of how commercial farmers, as a key economic resource, can play a key...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11568

Supermarkets and Michoacan Guava Farmers in Mexico
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berdegue,   Julio A.; Reardon,   Thomas; Balsevich,   Fernando; Martinez,   Anabel; Medina,   Ruben; Aguirre,   Marx; Echanove,   Flavia.
This paper analyzes the participation of small farmers in the fresh fruit and vegetable supply systems of supermarkets in Mexico, using the case of small-scale guava farmers in the state of Michoacán. Three findings emerge. (1) The most important determinant of access of these farmers to more modern markets is their territorial (spatial) context and the way in which those territories interact with different markets, followed by fixed capital assets. Farm size, education and participation in organizations are not significant determinants. (2) Farmers working in the more modern markets compared to those in the traditional markets, are labor-constrained and overuse chemical inputs to a lesser extent. (3) Farmers that have accessed the more modern market...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11474

FARM-LEVEL PERSPECTIVES ON THE IMPACT OF DOMESTIC SUPERMARKETS ON KENYA'S FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SUPPLY SYSTEM
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Reardon,   Thomas; Odera,   Michael M.; Wang,   Honglin.
The rise of supermarkets in Kenya has given rise to a new group of medium-sized farms managed by well-educated farmers. Focusing on kale, the essay shows that nearly all supermarket-channel farmers have the capacity to supply larger volumes year round and have transportation vehicles, an irrigation system, a packing shed, a cellular phone, and so on, pointing to the existence of a threshold capital vector which farmers must have in order to access supermarkets. Especially farm size and irrigation were found to be significant determinants of participation in the supermarket channel. Kale suppliers to supermarkets use more capital intensive production technologies, leading to average labor and land productivities which are 60-70% higher than in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11667

Incentives for Fertilizer Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Empirical Evidence on Fertilizer Response and Profitability
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yanggen,   David; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Reardon,   Thomas; Naseem,   Anwar.
This research addresses two questions: Why is fertilizer not yet fulfilling its potential as a major stimulus to agricultural productivity in SSA? What can be done to improve the situation? Our answers are based on an extensive review of fertilizer response, profitability, and policy literature as well as some analysis of crop budgets and aggregate national statistics on fertilizer consumption. Much of the debate about fertilizer use in SSA focuses on two issues: whether the profit incentive is adequate and, if so, whether farmers have the capacity to access and use it.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Fertilizer use; Sub-Saharan Africa; Crop Production/Industries; Downloads May 2008-July 2009: 153; Q18.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54677

Input Use and Conservation Investments among Farm Households in Rwanda: Patterns and Determinants
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Clay,   Daniel C.; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Mpyisi,   Edson; Reardon,   Thomas.
One of the Government of Rwanda’s key post-war policy objectives has been to increase agricultural productivity and ensure food security by promoting a transition from semi-subsistence production and marketing practices to intensive production and highly commercialized agricultural markets. The government wants farmers to increase land and labor productivity through the use of modern inputs, thereby generating substantial surpluses which can be sold to pay for inputs and generate increases in farm incomes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Africa; Food security; Rwanda; Inputs; Conservation; Households; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Crop Production/Industries; Food Security and Poverty; Q12.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57053

Cash Crop and Foodgrain Productivity in Senegal: Historical View, New Survey Evidence, and Policy Implications
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelley,   Valerie A.; Diagana,   Bocar N.; Reardon,   Thomas; Gaye,   Matar; Crawford,   Eric W.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008 - June 2009: 10.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11459

Social Learning and Parameter Uncertainty in Irreversible Investment----Evidence from Greenhouse Adoption in Northern China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wang,   Honglin; Reardon,   Thomas.
This paper introduces social learning into irreversible investment theory through parameter uncertainty, and shows that social learning could reduce parameter uncertainty to facilitate irreversible investment technology adoption. The theoretic model is tested by using household level data from energy saving greenhouse adoption in northern China, and empirical evidences are consistent with the theory: social learning has significantly positive impacts on greenhouse adoption, while market volatility discourages the adoption.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Social Learning; Technology Adoption; Irreversible Investment; Parameter Uncertainty; Energy Saving Greenhouse; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O12; O31; C61; D83; G12.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6310

THE RISE OF PRIVATE FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY STANDARDS: ILLUSTRATIONS FROM BRAZIL
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Farina,   Elizabeth Maria Mercier Querido.
Over the past decade, the private sector has rapidly built up an array of private food standards to assure quality and safety in a fiercely competitive market.  These private standards have sometimes been to fill in for missing public standards, especially for safety, and to differentiate products and build reputation, for both quality and safety.  Moreover, private standards are increasingly related to meta-management systems assuring both quality and safety at all levels of a chain, enforcing and certifying the implementation of process standards.  The privatization of standards has been important for both buyers and suppliers in the chain.  They tend to be formulated and imposed by buyers (retailers and processors), and are key to their cost control and...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34455

Promoting Food Security in Rwanda through Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Meeting the Challenges of Population Pressure, Land Degradation, and Poverty
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Clay,   Daniel C.; Byiringiro,   Fidele Usabuwera; Kangasniemi,   Jaakko; Reardon,   Thomas; Sibomana,   Bosco; Uwamariya,   Laurence; Tardif-Douglin,   David.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 15.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11425

Can SMEs Build Global Brands with Place-Of-Origin Information? The Role of Social Networks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dentoni,   Domenico; Reardon,   Thomas.
Agri-food small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can enter global food chains by pursuing niche marketing strategies, where a narrow segment of customers perceives high benefits of food products that compensate their high prices and do not require large volumes of supply (Humphrey, 2005). To serve a niche of global customers, building a brand is challenging but crucial. Brands are crucial as they provide signals of the overall quality of products, as well as create an image that differentiates them from competitors (Keller, 1993). Building a brand is particularly important for firms that aspire to have a product image associated to credence attributes (Darby and Karni, 1973; Humphrey, 2005). Credence attributes are quality features that cannot be...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: International Development.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58006

Food Sector Transformation and Standards in Zambia: Smallholder Farmer Participation and Growth in the Dairy Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Katjiuongua,   Hikuepi; Adjosoediro,   Ingrid; Reardon,   Thomas; Chuzu,   Pia Nwanza; Tembo,   Gelson; Ndiyoi,   Mukelabai.
Market liberalization in Zambia has led to a rapid and fundamental transformation of its dairy sector. Mainly through foreign direct investment and international partnerships, a new formal dairy sector, characterized by institutional, organizational and technological innovation, emerged from the ashes of abandoned government projects. Sensing the development opportunity that arose from an untapped milk supply potential in Zambia's traditional smallholder livestock production and a growing milk demand from the newly emerging formal dairy processing sector, numerous donor-funded smallholder dairy farmer support programs emerged. At the same time, in order to protect its domestic market as well as to be in a better position to enter demanding export markets,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11701

THE RISE OF KENYAN SUPERMARKETS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THEIR FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Reardon,   Thomas.
Supermarkets are rapidly penetrating urban food retail in Kenya and spreading well beyond their initial tiny market niche into the food markets of lower-income groups. Having penetrated processed and staple food markets much earlier and faster than fresh foods, they have recently begun to make inroads into the fresh fruits and vegetables category. The important changes in their procurement systems bring significant opportunities and challenges for small farmers, and have implications for agricultural diversification and rural development programmes and policies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11502

AGROINDUSTRIALIZATION IN EMERGING MARKETS: OVERVIEW AND STRATEGIC CONTEXT
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cook,   Michael L.; Reardon,   Thomas; Barrett,   Christopher B.; Cacho,   Joyce A.
This article offers an overview for a special issue on agroindustrialization.  It reviews eleven articles analyzing the agroindustrialization process in Latin America and Asia.  It sets out a conceptual framework from the organizational economics and strategic management literature to enhance the understanding of the process of agroindustrialization from a competitive strategy point of view.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Industrial Organization.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34231

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE DEFORESTATION: THE CASE OF IMPROVED FALLOWS IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yanggen,   David; Reardon,   Thomas.
This paper uses a profit function theoretical approach and three stage least squares regression analysis for examining the relationship between land-intensifying technologies and deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon.  This modeling approach permits analysis of the determinants of input technology adoption and how input technology choice effects deforestation rates.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21557

QUALITY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE FRESH PRODUCE SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF EUROPEAN RETAILERS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sterns,   Patricia Aust; Codron,   Jean-Marie; Reardon,   Thomas.
Quality and quality assurance are among the most critical issues facing the fresh produce industry. This paper shows that while quality is widely noted to be an important concept, it is not clearly defined in the literature. Several definitions of quality are presented. The terminology associated with quality assurance is analyzed. An array of quality assurance systems used in the European fresh product sector are presented. Conclusions are drawn that while fresh produce quality will always be a factor retailers use to compete for consumers, there is evidence of industry consensus on some quality attributes, particularly, safety, environmental, and social attributes.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20494

La productivité des cultures vivrières et commerciales au Sénégal: survol historique, nouveaux resultats d'enquetes et implications politiques
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelly,   Valerie A.; Diagana,   Bocar N.; Reardon,   Thomas; Gaye,   Matar; Crawford,   Eric W.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Productivity Analysis; Downloads May 2008-June 2009: 12.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11359

Promoting Food Security in Rwanda Through Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Meeting the Challenges of Population Pressure, Land Degradation, and Poverty
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Clay,   Daniel C.; Byiringiro,   Fidele Usabuwera; Kangasniemi,   Jaakko; Reardon,   Thomas; Sibomana,   Bosco; Uwamariya,   Laurence; Tardif-Douglin,   David.
The horror of genocide and civil war have turned the world's attention to Rwanda over the last year. But before and beyond that conflict, there was hunger and the slow grinding poverty of small holder agriculture meeting with severe land scarcity and degradation. This report is about reversing the spiraling decline of the land and the economy in rural Rwanda. Three things conspire to accelerate this decline: unsustainable land use practices, insufficient non-farm employment, and rapid population growth. We focus on the forces behind productivity decline in Rwandan agriculture. This report examines how erosion, organic input use, soil conservation investments, use of fertilizer and lime, and land use strategies affect productivity. We then examine what...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty; Land Economics/Use; Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 54.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54054

Fertilizer in Sub-Saharan Africa: Breaking the Vicious Circle of High Prices and Low Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelly,   Valerie A.; Reardon,   Thomas; Yanggen,   David; Naseem,   Anwar.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Downloads July 2008 - June 2009: 13.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11449

Market Power and Supply Shocks: Evidence from the Orange Juice Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wang,   Honglin; Xiang,   Qing; Reardon,   Thomas.
The orange juice market is a “weather market” because of its high geographical concentration and the natural characteristics of orange trees. A few hours of a freeze in Florida is enough to cause a supply shock to the orange juice market. How do oligopolistic firms react to supply shocks – do they become more collusive or more competitive? This paper empirically examines the proposition and finds that the level of market power of orange juice firms decreases significantly, and the market becomes more competitive during supply shocks even though prices rise.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11508

Small Farmers and Big Retail: trade-offs of supplying supermarkets in Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Michelson,   Hope; Reardon,   Thomas; Perez,   Francisco Jose.
In Nicaragua and elsewhere in Central America, small-scale farmers are weighing the risks of entering into contracts with supermarket chains. We use unique data on negotiated prices from Nicaraguan farm cooperatives supplying supermarkets to study the impact of supply agreements on producers’ mean output prices and price stability. We find that prices paid by the domestic retail chain approximate the traditional market in mean and variance. In contrast, we find that mean prices paid by Wal-mart are significantly lower than the traditional market but that Wal-Mart systematically reduces price volatility compared with the traditional market. We find some evidence, however, that farmers may be paying too much for this contractual insurance against price...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nicaragua; Supermarkets; Wal-Mart; Modern Retail; Market Risk; Contracts; Supply Chains; Agribusiness; International Development.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/62124

Challenges for Creating and Sustaining A Green Revolution in Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Crawford,   Eric W.; Bernsten,   Richard H.; Eicher,   Carl K.; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Oehmke,   James F.; Savadogo,   Kimseyinga.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1993
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11735

Promoting Farm Investment for Sustainable Intensification of African Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Crawford,   Eric W.; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Diagana,   Bocar N.
For African agricultural productivity to improve, governments and donors must invest in programs and policies that will improve the incentives and capacity of farmers to make investments that increase farm productivity and soil fertility while protecting the environment. With rapid population growth, agriculture must rapidly intensity if African farmers are to meet the rapid growth in the demand for food and fiber. Recent case studies demonstrate the incentives and capacity to invest in more intensive cropping technologies have declined during the last decade Good macroeconomic policies are necessary by not sufficient. Even after overvalued currencies are devalued and markets are liberalized, there remain major policy and structural constraints to farmer...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Downloads July 2008-June 2009: 7.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54053

Horticulture Farmers and Domestic Supermarkets in Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Odera,   Michael M.; Neven,   David.
Are the rural poor excluded from the market opportunities created by the rise of supermarkets in developing countries? We analyzed the farm-level impact of supermarket growth in Kenya's produce sub-sector which is dominated by smallholder producers. Two main findings emerged. First, the existence of a threshold capital vector at the entrance of the supermarket channel does hinder the entry of small, rainfed farms. Instead, the main supply response has come from a new group of medium-sized, fast-growing farms managed by well-educated farmers. Second, the heavy reliance on and higher wages paid to hired farm workers on supermarket-channel farms help to alleviate poverty for rural households with little land.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11534

Wholesale Markets, Horticulture Products, and Supermarkets in Mexico
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Echanove,   Flavia; Reardon,   Thomas.
This report is an output of the 2005/06 project "Supermarkets and Agricultural Development in Mexico" funded by USAID via USDA, implemented by Michigan State University, directed by Thomas Reardon. One component of the project involves analysis of the participation of wholesalers in the main wholesale market of Mexico City (the Ceda) in the marketing channels of supermarkets in Mexico.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11586

Scale, Scope, and Specialization Effects on Retailers’ Procurement Strategies: Evidence from the Fresh Produce Markets of São Paulo
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mainville,   Denise Y.; Reardon,   Thomas; Farina,   Elizabeth Maria Mercier Querido.
Worldwide, the emergence of large supermarket chains in food retail markets is often associated with the marginalization of smaller retailers. A notable exception exists in Brazil, however, where small retailers have held their place in the market and recently even gained ground. The literature investigating how retail concentration has affected agrifood chains has focused activities of the largest retail chains, implicitly holding the scale, scope and specialization of retailers’ input needs constant, and overlooking the influence of these factors on retailers’ procurement strategies. This paper tests hypotheses regarding these variables’ effects on retailers’ fresh produce procurement strategies. Data is drawn from a survey of retailers in metropolitan...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Scale; Scope; Specialization; Procurement strategy; Fresh produce; Retail; Political Economy; L22.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61282

Supermarkets, Farm Assets, and Technology Choices: a Duration Analysis of Horticultural Growers in Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hernandez,   Ricardo; Reardon,   Thomas; Perez,   Francisco Jose; Wiegel,   Jennifer.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Nicaragua; Horticulture; Small Farmers; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103883

Producing and Procuring Horticultural Crops with Chinese Characteristics: Why Small Farmers Are Thriving and Supermarkets Are Absent in Rural China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wang,   Honglin; Dong,   Xiaoxia; Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott; Reardon,   Thomas.
The supermarket revolution has arrived in China and is spreading as fast as or faster than anywhere in the world.  As the demand for vegetables, fruit, nuts and other high valued products have risen, urban retailers are finding new venues seized on niche and today have over $55 billion in sales, more than a third of the urban food market.  However, the experience of many developing countries suggests that there could be serious distributional impacts of the rising of supermarkets.  There is concern among policy makers and academics that poor, small farmers might be excluded from market.  The main goal of our paper is to understand what types of farmers have been able to participate in the horticultural revolution, how they interact with markets and how...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Horticulture; Modern Supply Chains; Farmer Impacts; Poverty; China; Crop Production/Industries; O33; O53; Q13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25762

STRATEGIES FOR STIMULATING POVERTY-ALLEVIATING GROWTH IN THE RURAL NONFARM ECONOMY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Haggblade,   Steven; Hazell,   Peter B.R.; Reardon,   Thomas.
The rural nonfarm economy (RNFE) accounts for roughly 25 percent of full-time rural employment and 35-40 percent of rural incomes across the developing world. This diverse collection of seasonal trading, household-based and large-scale agroprocessing, manufacturing and service activities plays a crucial role in sustaining rural populations, in servicing a growing and modern agriculture, and in supplying local consumer goods and services. In areas where landlessness prevails, rural nonfarm activity offers important economic alternatives for the rural poor.   Widespread economic liberalization during the 1990s has opened up rural nonfarm economies as never before -- to new opportunities and to new threats. In some instances, liberalization has benefited...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16092

Determinants of Farm Productivity in Africa: A Synthesis of Four Case Studies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Crawford,   Eric W.; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Savadogo,   Kimseyinga; Clay,   Daniel C.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 20.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11279

The Rise of Supermarkets and Their  Development Implications: International Experience Relevant for India
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Gulati,   Ashok.
The Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) was invited by the Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry to conduct a study titled “The Impact of Organized Retailing on the Unorganized Retail Sector.” Because organized retail in India is still in its infancy, it was deemed critical to look at the experience of other countries, especially developing ones. Thus, ICRIER sought the assistance of Dr. Thomas Reardon and Dr. Ashok Gulati, co-directors of Markets in Asia, a joint program of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Michigan State University. ICRIER asked Reardon and Gulati to help research and report on the international experiences in the growth and expansion of modern retailing in developed and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Wholesalers; Modern retail; Small farmers; Traditional retail; Supply chain; India; Latin America; Competitiveness; Inclusiveness; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42479

STRATEGIC CHOICES IN PRODUCE MARKETING: ISSUES OF COMPATIBLE USE AND EXCLUSION COSTS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Codron,   Jean-Marie; Sterns,   James A.; Reardon,   Thomas.
Fresh produce suppliers in Europe and the United States use a mix of price and non-price marketing strategies.  This paper shows that these strategies create, using Mancur Olson's terms, two collective goods: overall consumer confidence in the market's ability to deliver credence attributes, and overall consumer satisfaction with the experience attributes of fresh produce.  The characteristics of these two collective goods, i.e., their compatible use and high costs of exclusion, influence the costs, effectiveness, and nature of the marketing strategies of firms.  This paper presents examples from the fresh produce industries of Europe and the U.S. to show how compatible-use and high-exclusion costs influence firm strategies.  It concludes that there are...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Demand and Price Analysis; Marketing.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/27056

The supermarket revolution in developing countries: Policies for "competitiveness with inclusiveness"
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Gulati,   Ashok.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47660

Supermarkets and Rural Livelihoods: A Research Method
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Berdegue,   Julio A.; Lundy,   Mark; Schutz,   Paul; Balsevich,   Fernando; Hernandez,   Ricardo; Perez,   Edwin; Jano,   Pilar; Wang,   Honglin.
This document presents a research method to analyze the access of small and medium farmers to the supermarket market, and the effect of such access on the producers' decisions and net incomes. The method was developed for and used in a study carried out in 2004 in three Central American countries.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; Marketing.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11818

Confronting the Silent Challenge of Hunger: A Conference Synthesis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jayne,   Thomas S.; Tschirley,   David L.; Rubey,   Lawrence; Reardon,   Thomas; Staatz,   John M.; Weber,   Michael T.
This report is a synthesis of views presented at the Confronting the Silent Challenge of Hunger USAID Conference, June 28-29, 1994. The purposes of the conference were to provide information to assist AID in defining and articulating its development strategy related to agriculture and food security, to identify issues of consensus for incorporation into future AID strategy, and to identify critical issues of ongoing debate which need to be resolved.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food security; Food policy; Food Security and Poverty; Downloads July 2008 - June 2009: 8; F35.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54699

Farmer Response to the Rise of Supermarkets in Kenya's Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Supply System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Reardon,   Thomas.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8537

Tomato Farmer Participation in Supermarket Market Channels in Guatemala: Determinants and Technology and Income Effects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hernandez,   Ricardo; Reardon,   Thomas; Berdegue,   Julio A.
The paper shows that in a comparison between supermarket channels (working via dedicated wholesalers) and traditional channels, farmers selling to supermarkets tend to be in the upper-end of the "small farmer" category (whereas the traditional-channel growers are in the smaller end), have more capital (in particular, irrigation, which allows them to supply all year and attain greater productivity and consistency), and be much more specialized in commercial horticulture in general and in tomatoes in particular, as compared to the traditional farmers. While they have higher yields, they also have higher input use, including use of chemicals, and these greater input expenditures (accompanied by more credit and technical assistance from the chemical companies)...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Industrial Organization; Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11771

Developing Cereal-Based Demand for Fertilizer among Smallholders in Southern Africa: Lessons Learned and Implications for Other African Regions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rusike,   Joseph; Reardon,   Thomas; Howard,   Julie A.; Kelly,   Valerie A.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 11.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11344

Supermarkets, New-Generation Wholesalers, Tomato Farmers, and NGOs in Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Balsevich,   Fernando; Berdegue,   Julio A.; Reardon,   Thomas.
Based on a survey of 145 tomato farmers and interviews with supermarket chains, NGOs, wholesalers, and farmer organizations in 2004, this paper examines the determinants and effects of farmers' participation in supermarket channels, with and without assistance from NGOs in "business linkage" programs. It finds that absent that assistance, the farmers that work with supermarket chains tend to be the "upper tier" of small farmers, better capitalized with various assets. The smaller and less-capitalized farmers that work with supermarkets tend to do so in association with NGO assistance. Despite higher input expenditures and entry requirements, farmers in the supermarket chain earn more. The paper discusses the issue of whether this development program...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11479

Marketing Channel and Technology Adoption: Chinese Villages in the Local Horticulture Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wang,   L.; Rozelle,   Scott; Huang,   J.; Reardon,   Thomas; Dong,   X.
China has been experiencing the substantial changes in agricultural sectors in the past decades. Interaction between diversified channels for marketing agricultural products and modern technology adoption are important for restructuring agriculture and improving productivity, but fewer researches have been done in this field in China. With the village - level data collected a round Beijing, the capital of China, this study attempts to find out the major market channel(s) in rural China and its (their) linkage with technology innovation in the horticulture sector. The study finds that small brokers still dominate horticultural product distribution in rural area because of their cheap labor costs; however, the modern supply chain components such as...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25544

ASSET, ACTIVITY, AND INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG AFRICAN AGRICULTURALISTS: SOME PRACTICAL ISSUES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barrett,   Christopher B.; Reardon,   Thomas.
This paper starts from the premise that diversification of assets, activities, and incomes is important to African rural households, in that diversification into nonfarm income constitutes on average about 45 percent of incomes, and the push and pull factors driving that diversification are bound to persist. From that premise, we noted that the empirical study of diversification has been beset by practical problems and issues relating to (1) definitions and concepts, (2) data collection, and to (3) measurement of the nature and extent of diversification. The paper addressed each of those problems. Two points are of special interest to the overall conceptualization of diversification research. The first is that empirical studies have exhibited a wide...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; O; Q12.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14734

HETEROGENEOUS CONSTRAINTS, INCENTIVES AND INCOME DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGIES IN RURAL AFRICA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barrett,   Christopher B.; Bezuneh,   Mesfin; Clay,   Daniel C.; Reardon,   Thomas.
A burgeoning recent literature emphasizes "livelihood" diversification among smallholder populations (Chambers and Conway 1992, Davies 1993, Ellis 1998, Bryceson 1999, Ellis 2000, Little et al. 2001).  While definitions vary within this literature, the concept of livelihoods revolves around the opportunity set afforded an individual or household by their asset endowment and their chosen allocation of those assets across various activities to generate a stream of benefits, most commonly measured as income.  This holistic perspective has the potential to enhance our understanding of the strategies that farm households pursue to ensure food and income security given the natural and economic environment in which they operate.      Diversification patterns...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital; O &amp; Q12.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14761

Tomato Farmers and Modern Markets in Nicaragua: A Duration Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hernandez,   Ricardo; Reardon,   Thomas.
This paper explores whether farm land and non-land assets determine the participation of tomato growers in modern markets in Nicaragua, and how farmers’ duration as supermarket suppliers affects the farm technology they use. The methodology is based on a survival analysis approach. We use data from a stratified random sample of tomato farmers in Nicaragua over a 10-year period. Our results show that participation in supermarket supply chains as supermarket supplier is not determined by farm size, contrary to a common hypothesis, and thus small farmers can be supermarket suppliers. However, non-land assets are important determinants of being in the modern channel: these assets include irrigation, nonfarm assets (linked to nonfarm employment) and education....
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Nicaragua; Technology Adoption; Agribusiness; International Development; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O19; O54; O13; Q12; Q13; Q15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121802

Impacts of Agrifood Market Transformation during Globalization on the Poor's Rural Nonfarm Employment: Lessons for Rural Business Development Programs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stamoulis,   Kostas G.; Pingali,   Prabhu L.; Reardon,   Thomas.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25556

Improving the Measurement and Analysis of African Agricultural Productivity: Promoting Complementarities between Micro and Macro Data
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelly,   Valerie A.; Hopkins,   Jane; Reardon,   Thomas; Crawford,   Eric W.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11375

Cash Crop and Foodgrain Productivity in Senegal: Historical View, New Survey Evidence, and Policy Implications
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelly,   Valerie A.; Diagana,   Bocar N.; Reardon,   Thomas; Gaye,   Matar; Crawford,   Eric W.
Senegal has experienced a number of spurts in agricultural production and productivity growth since independence, yet average trends from 1960 through 1993 have been either stagnant (in terms of aggregate production and yields), or negative (in terms of real value of production). Although use of animal traction is ubiquitous, current crop production in the Peanut Basin must be characterized as low external input farming. Farmers are unanimous in their belief that the most important constraint to improving agricultural output is their inability to obtain desired quantities of peanut seed. Inadequate seed has led to lower peanut income and a diminished capacity to purchase productivity-enhancing inputs: aging animal traction equipment is not being replaced,...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 37.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54051

Determinants of Farm Productivity in Africa: A Synthesis of Four Case Studies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Crawford,   Eric W.; Jayne,   Thomas S.; Savadogo,   Kimseyinga; Clay,   Daniel C.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 52.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54049

DETERMINANTS OF FERTILIZER ADOPTION BY AFRICAN FARMERS: POLICY ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK, ILLUSTRATIVE EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Yanggen,   David; Crawford,   Eric W.
No abstract available.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11779

Kenyan Supermarkets and Horticultural Farm Sector Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Reardon,   Thomas.
In Kenya, supermarkets have grown from a tiny n iche at the start of the 1990s to 20% of the urban food retail sector in 2003. Furthermore, Kenyan supermarket chains are increasingly sourcing from global markets and have started to expand their store network in the wider East Africa region. Within this context, this study focused on the farm-level response to the rise of supermarkets and the new challenges and opportun ities they create. The research found that the rise of supermarkets in Kenya has given rise to a new group of medium-sized farms managed by well-educated farmers. Focusing on kale, the research shows that nearly all supermarket-channel farmers have the capacity to supply larger volumes year round and have transportation vehicles, an...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Supermarkets; Development; Hor ticulture; Farm technology; Africa; Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25759

EMERGING MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM THE RISE OF SUPERMARKETS (PowerPoint Presentation)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Marketing.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/32859

GLOBAL CHANGE IN AGRIFOOD GRADES AND STANDARDS: AGRIBUSINESS STRATEGIC RESPONSES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Codron,   Jean-Marie; Busch,   Lawrence; Bingen,   R. James; Harris,   Craig.
The role of G&amp;S has shifted from a technical instrument to reduce transaction costs in homogeneous commodity markets to a strategic instrument of competition in differentiated product markets.  The nature of G&amp;S has shifted from performance (realized characteristics of the product) to process standards.  In developing countries, these changes have tended to exclude small firms and farms from participating in market growth, because of the implied investments.  The three strategic responses to G&amp;S change by agribusiness firms and farms include: (1) by large firms and multinationals, to create private G&amp;S and private certification, labeling, and branding systems; (2) by medium-large domestic firms, to lobby governments to adopt public G&amp;S...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34227

The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries: Induced Organizational, Institutional, and Technological Change in Agrifood Systems
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Timmer,   C. Peter; Berdegue,   Julio A.
There has been extremely rapid transformation of the food retail sector in developing regions in the past 5 to 10 years, accompanied by a further consolidation and multi-nationalization of the supermarket sector itself. This organizational change, accompanied by intense competition, has driven changes in the organization of procurement systems of supermarket chains, toward centralized and regionalized systems, use of specialized/dedicated wholesalers and preferred supplier systems, and demanding, private quality standards. These changes in the system have in turn determined the very recent rise of the use of contracts between supermarkets and agrifood producers in these regions to cover provision of services and provision for risk management, as well as...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Supermarket chains; Procurement systems; Quality standards; Agrifood producers; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12005

CASE STUDY -- SUPERMARKETS AND QUALITY AND SAFETY STANDARDS FOR PRODUCE IN LATIN AMERICA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berdegue,   Julio A.; Balsevich,   Fernando; Flores,   Luis; Mainville,   Denise Y.; Reardon,   Thomas.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Marketing.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16547

Supermarketization of the "Emerging Markets" of the Pacific Rim: Development and Trade Implications
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Berdegue,   Julio A.; Timmer,   C. Peter.
There has been extremely rapid transformation in the past decade of the food retail sector, embodied in the rapid spread of supermarkets, in East and Southeast Asia and Latin America-the emerging markets of the Pacific Rim region. As the supermarket sector develops, leading chains are rapidly adopting technological, organizational, and institutional changes in their product-procurement systems. These changes alter the market that farmers face and have the potential to substantially transform the nature, composition, and volume of trade in the region. These trends in turn present both opportunities and challenges for development that require careful program and policy attention.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26754

Rural Nonfarm Employment and Agricultural Modernization and Diversification in Guatemala
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hernandez,   Ricardo; Reardon,   Thomas; Guan,   Zhengfei.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development; International Development; Labor and Human Capital.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61686

Promoting Farm Investment for Sustainable Intensification of African Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Crawford,   Eric W.; Kelly,   Valerie A.; Diagana,   Bocar N.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Farm Management; Downloads July 2008-July 2009: 9.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11352

Improving the Measurement and Analysis of African Agricultural Productivity: Promoting Complementarities between Micro and Macro Data
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kelly,   Valerie A.; Hopkins,   Jane; Reardon,   Thomas; Crawford,   Eric W.
A wide variety of multilateral and bilateral agencies, private sector firms, and African governments have a need for high quality, reliable data on agricultural productivity. This paper identifies numerous situations where poor data lead to incorrect estimates of African land and labor productivity. The paper argues that better coordination of macro, meso, and micro data collection, reporting, and analysis efforts can lower costs and improve our ability to monitor trends and to quantify determinants of agricultural productivity. Seven key points are made in the discussion: (1) Missing or poorly measured variables used in the numerator (output) or denominator (land and labor, for example) are biasing productivity ratios; (2) In most cases, these errors...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Productivity Analysis; Downloads July 2008 - July 2009: 11.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54055

SUPERMARKETS AND CONSUMERS IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NAIROBI, KENYA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Neven,   David; Reardon,   Thomas; Chege,   Jonathan; Wang,   Honglin.
Supermarkets are rapidly penetrating urban food retail in Kenya and spreading well beyond their initial tiny market niche into the food markets of lower-income groups. Having penetrated processed and staple food markets much earlier and faster than fresh foods, they have recently begun to make inroads into the fresh fruits and vegetables category. The important changes in their procurement systems bring significant opportunities and challenges for small farmers, and have implications for agricultural diversification and rural development programmes and policies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; Marketing.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11584

Impacts of Agrifood Market Transformation during Globalization on the Poor's Rural Nonfarm Employment:  Lessons for Rural Business Development Programs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Reardon,   Thomas; Pingali,   Prabhu L.; Stamoulis,   Kostas G.
This paper presents emerging evidence pointing to the transmission to developing countries' rural spaces of the impacts of agrifood market transformation occurring at national and global levels. That transmission takes place via retail chains penetrating intermediate cities and rural towns, and urban-based food manufacturers selling products to those chains as well as to traditional shops.  The paper presents and justifies three main hypotheses concerning the impacts of that penetration. (1) The direct effect is that the modern retailers and modern-sector processed products directly compete with, and present potentially major challenges to, the processed foods, farm inputs, and commercial services already being undertaken in the RNFE sector by the rural...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/11572