Consulta: subjectFacets:"Air pollution"
Registros recuperados: 57
Data/hora: 01/06/2024 15:20:37

POTENTIAL OF REDUCTION IN THE EMISSION OF METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FROM SWINE WASTEWATER AFTER TREATED BY TWO DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
Provedor de dados: 70
Autores: Inoue,Keles R. A.; Souza,Cecília De F.; Matos,Antonio T.; Sousa,Marilú S.; Vieira,Maria De F. A.
ABSTRACT Swine wastewater have high pollution load, requiring treatment before its disposal into the environment. Methane (CH4) potentially emitted for such waste is considered 21 times more polluting than Carbon dioxide (CO2), and the nitrous oxide (N2O) is considered 310 times. In this way, projects of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and energy use related to the CH4 are worldwide diffused. It was evaluated the potential greenhouse gas emissions in the influent and effluent from digesters and stabilization ponds used to treat the swine wastewaters in two commercial farms operating in full cycle, located in the municipality of Oratorios-MG, Brazil. Using the methodology “AM0006” to estimate the average potential of greenhouse gases, it was...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Greenhouse gases; Air pollution; Swine; Waste management.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-69162016000601198

Ships going slow in reducing their NOx emissions: changes in 2005-2012 ship exhaust inferred from satellite measurements over Europe
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Boersma, K. Folkert; Vinken, Geert C. M.; Tournadre, Jean.
We address the lack of temporal information on ship emissions, and report on rapid short-term variations of satellite-derived ship NOx emissions between 2005 and 2012 over European seas. Our inversion is based on OMI observed tropospheric NO2 columns and GEOS-Chem simulations. Average European ship NOx emissions increased by similar to 15% from 2005 to 2008. This increase was followed by a reduction of similar to 12% in 2009, a direct result of the global economic downturn in 2008-2009, and steady emissions from 2009 to 2012. Observations of ship passages through the Suez Canal and satellite altimeter derived ship densities suggests that ships in the Mediterranean Sea have reduced their speed by more than 30% since 2008. This reduction in ship speed is...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Ship emissions; Air pollution; NOx emissions; Satellite altimetry; OMI; Europe.
Ano: 2015
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00307/41790/40994.pdf

A case study of ships forming and not forming tracks in moderately polluted clouds
Provedor de dados: 27
Autores: Noone, K.J.; Öström, E.; Ferek, R.J.; Garrett, T.; Hobbs, P.V.; Johnson, D.W.; Taylor, J.P.; Russell, L.M.; Flagan, R.C.; Seinfeld, J.H.; O'Dowd, C.D.; Smith, M.H.; Durkee, P.A.; Nielsen, K.; Hudson, J.G.; Pockalny, R.A.; De Bock, L.; Van Grieken, R.E.; Gasparovic, R.F.; Brooks, I.
The effects of anthropogenic particulate emissions from ships on the radiative, microphysical, and chemical properties of m(oderately polluted marine stratiform clouds are examined. A case study of two ships in the same air mass is presented where one of the vessels caused a discernible ship track while the other did not. &lt;i&gt;In situ&lt;/i&gt; measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud radiative properties, as well as aerosol size distributions (outside cloud, interstitial, and cloud droplet residual particles) and aerosol chemistry, are presented. These are related to measurements of cloud radiative properties. The differences between the aerosol in the two ship plumes are discussed; these indicate that...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Aerosols; Air pollution; Albedo; Anthropogenic factors; Atmospheric boundary layer; Atmospheric particulates; Chemical plumes; Cloud physics; Clouds; Droplets; Fuels; Ocean-atmosphere system; Pollution effects; Radiative transfer; Ships; Size distribution.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://www.vliz.be/nl/open-marien-archief?module=ref&refid=8840

A case study of ship track formation in a polluted marine boundary layer
Provedor de dados: 27
Autores: Noone, K.J.; Johnson, D.W.; Taylor, J.P.; Ferek, R.J.; Garrett, T.; Hobbs, P.V.; Durkee, P.A.; Nielsen, K.; Öström, E.; O'Dowd, C.; Smith, M.H.; Russell, L.M.; Flagan, R.C.; Seinfeld, J.H.; De Bock, L.; Van Grieken, R.; Hudson, J.G.; Brooks, I.; Gasparovic, R.F.; Pockalny, R.A.
A case study of the effects of ship emissions on the microphysical, radiative, and chemical properties of polluted marine boundary layer clouds is presented. Two ship tracks are discussed in detail. &lt;i&gt;In situ&lt;/i&gt; measurements of cloud drop size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud radiative properties, as well as aerosol size distributions (outside-cloud, interstitial, and cloud droplet residual particles) and aerosol chemistry, are presented. These are related to remotely sensed measurements of cloud radiative properties. The authors examine the processes behind ship track formation in a polluted marine boundary layer as an example of the effects of anthropogenic particulate pollution on the albedo of marine stratiform clouds.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Aerosols; Air pollution; Albedo; Atmosphere; Atmosphere; Atmospheric boundary layer; Boundary layers; Cloud cover; Clouds; Man-induced effects; Marine environment; Marine pollution; Particulates; Remote sensing; Ships.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://www.vliz.be/nl/open-marien-archief?module=ref&refid=8839

Determination of methanesulfonic acid and non-sea-salt sulfate in single marine aerosol particles
Provedor de dados: 27
Autores: Kolaitis, L.N.; Bruynseels, F.; Van Grieken, R.; Andreae, M.O.
In open ocean waters the predominant volatile sulfur compound is dimethyl sulfide (DMS), representing almost 90% of the marine sulfur emissions. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA), one of the oxidation products of DMS, is consequently an important constituent of marine aerosols. Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) has been used for single-particle analysis of particles collected in the marine boundary layer. MSA, like the non-sea-salt sulfate, is mainly associated with the smallest aerosol particles, whose LAMMA spectra match the reference fingerprint spectra of MSA salts, sodium methanesulfonate and ammonium methanesulfonate. The presence of nitrate and heavy metal ions in the LAMMA spectra can reveal, to a certain extent, the degree of air pollution at the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Aerosols; Air pollution; Boundary layers; Heavy metals; Marine environment; Nitrates; Particle size; Sulphates.
Ano: 1989
URL: http://www.vliz.be/nl/open-marien-archief?module=ref&refid=3177

Air Pollution Control Policy Options for Metro Manila
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Fischer,   Carolyn; Rolfe,   Kevin; Logarta,   Jose; Rufo,   Bing.
The Asian Development Bank has sponsored research on market-based instruments for managing pollution in Metro Manila, Philippines, where air quality is seriously degraded. This report offers three policy options for reducing particulate emissions and their precursors. For stationary sources, we recommend an emissions fee that creates efficient financial incentives to reduce emissions while raising revenues for monitoring and enforcement activities. For mobile sources, we propose a pilot diesel retrofit program using a low-cost technology that is effective at existing 2,000 ppm sulfur content. Second, we recommend a charge on the sulfur content of diesel fuel to encourage meeting and surpassing the 500 ppm standard to allow for more advanced particulate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Emissions tax; Philippines; Particulates; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q01.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10612

Allocation of CO2 Emissions Allowances in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Kahn,   Danny.
Cap-and-trade programs for air emissions have become the widely accepted, preferred approach to cost-effective pollution reduction. One of the important design questions in a trading program is how to initially distribute the emissions allowances. Under the Acid Rain program created by Title IV of the Clean Air Act, most emissions allowances were distributed to current emitters on the basis of a historic measure of electricity generation in an approach known as grandfathering. Recent proposals have suggested two alternative approaches: allocation according to a formula that is updated over time according to some performance metric in a recent year (the share of electricity generation or something else) and auctioning allowances to the highest bidders....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Mercury; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10650

Spatial variation in benefits and costs, or why pollution isn't always for sale
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berck,   Peter; Helfand,   Gloria E.; Kim,   Hong Jin.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abatement cost; Air pollution; Benefit-cost; Analysis; Clean air act; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43914

Investment in Electricity Transmission and Ancillary Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bloyd,   Cary; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Burtraw,   Dallas.
Planning of the electricity transmission system generally focuses on the pros and cons of providing generation close to the source of the power demand versus remote generation linked via the transmission system. Recent electricity supply problems in the western United States have renewed interest in the role of transmission in assuring the reliability of electricity supply. Recently, the Western Governors' Association led the development of a planning exercise that examined the tradeoffs over the next 10 years between locating new natural gas powered generation close to the load centers versus new coal, wind, hydro, and geothermal generation in remote areas. Although the analysis concentrated on the direct system costs, the choice of new generation will...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Transmission; Air pollution; Ancillary benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q41.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10519

Robust Estimates of Value of a Statistical Life for Developing Economies: An Application to Pollution and Mortality in Santiago
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bowland,   Brad J.; Beghin,   John C.
The value-of-statistical-life (VSL) approach is used by environmental economists to value mortality changes resulting from environmental improvement, such as decreased urban air pollution. Because of scarce data, VSL estimates are not available for developing countries. Using robust regression techniques, we conduct a meta-analysis of VSL studies in industrialized countries to derive a VSL prediction function for developing economies accounting for differences in risk, income, human capital levels, and other demographic characteristics of these economies. We apply our estimated VSL to assess the willingness-to-pay for reduction in mortality linked to air pollution in Santiago, Chile. We find willingness-to-pay estimates in the range of $519,000 to $675,000...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Meta-analysis; Mortality; Santiago; VSL; Willingness-to-pay; Environmental Economics and Policy; I12; Q25; O15.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18471

The Environmental Impacts of Electricity Restructuring: Looking Back and Looking Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Palmer,   Karen L.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
In the mid-1990s, when the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was preparing to release Order 888 requiring open access to the transmission grid, the commission, environmental groups, and the Environmental Protection Agency, among others, raised the question of how open access and greater competition in wholesale electricity markets might affect the environment. If open access worked as expected, underutilized older coal-fired generators in the Midwest and elsewhere might find new markets for their power, leading to associated increases in air pollution emissions. Restructuring also might lead to retirements of inefficient nuclear facilities, whose generation would be replaced by fossil generation, further increasing emissions. On the other hand, some...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Electric utilities; Regulation; Competition; Environment; Air pollution; Natural gas; Coal; Nuclear; Renewables; Customer choice; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L51; L94; L98.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10656

Cost Savings, Market Performance, and Economic Benefits of the U.S. Acid Rain Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas.
This paper reports on four areas of research concerning Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments that regulates emissions of SO2 from electricity generation. The first is the costs of the program over the long-run as estimated from the current perspective taking into account recent changes in fuel markets and technology. We compare projected costs with potential cost savings that can be attributable to formal trading of emission allowances. The second area is an evaluation of how well allowance trading has worked to date. The third area is the relationship between compliance costs and economic costs from a general equilibrium perspective. The fourth area is a comparison of benefits and costs for the program.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Acid rain; Benefit-cost analysis; Air pollution; Permit trading; Clean Air Act; Environmental Economics and Policy; H43; Q2; Q4.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10885

The Benefits of Reduced Air Pollutants in the U.S. from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Toman,   Michael.
Policies that reduce emissions of greenhouse gases can simultaneously alter emissions of conventional pollutants that have deleterious effects on human health and the environment. This paper first describes how these "ancillary" benefits--benefits in addition to reduced risks of climate change--can result from greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts. It then discusses methodologies for assessing ancillary benefits and provides a critical review of estimates associated with reductions of criteria air pollutants. We find that these benefits in the U.S. may be significant, indicating a higher level of "no regrets" greenhouse gas abatement than might be expected based on simple economic calculations of abatement cost. However, the magnitude of ancillary...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas; Ancillary benefits; Air pollution; Co-control benefits; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; I18; Q48.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10496

The Effect of Allowance Allocation on the Cost of Carbon Emission Trading
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Paul,   Anthony.
We investigate the cost-effectiveness and distributional effects of a revenue-raising auction, grandfathering, and a generation performance standard as alternative approaches for distributing carbon emission allowances in the electricity sector. We solve a detailed national electricity market model and find the auction is roughly one-half the societal cost of the other approaches. This result holds under a variety of assumptions about the future state of economic regulation and competition in the electricity sector. The differences in the cost of the approaches flow from the effect of each approach on electricity price. Grandfathering is the best for producers but it imposes a substantial cost on consumers. The generation performance standard yields the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon; Emission allowance trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Safety valve; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10536

The Paparazzi Take a Look at a Living Legend: The SO2 Cap-and-Trade Program for Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) presents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. This paper provides an overview of the origins, design, and performance of the U.S. acid rain program, and an analysis of its specific features and its adaptability as a model for addressing other pollution problems, such as control of NOX or CO2 emissions. The program also has resulted in innovation through changes in organizational technology, in the organization of markets, and through experimentation at individual boilers, much of which arguably would...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10665

Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Air pollution; Mexico; Brickmaking; Community pressure; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; O54; Q25; L61.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10478

The Benefits and Costs of Informal Sector Pollution Control: Mexican Brick Kilns
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Newbold,   Stephen C.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Cook,   Joseph H.
In developing countries, urban clusters of manufacturers which are "informal"-small-scale, unlicensed and virtually unregulated-can have severe environmental impacts. Yet pollution control efforts have traditionally focused on large industrial sources, in part because the problem is not well understood. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of four practical strategies for reducing emissions from traditional brick kilns in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. To our knowledge, it is the first such analysis of informal sources. We find very significant net benefits for three of the four control strategies. These results suggest that informal polluters should be a high priority for environmental regulators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Informal sector; Air pollution; US-Mexico Border; Brick kiln; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O17; O54; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10532

ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL COSTS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING EXTERNE MODEL
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Molnar,   Sandor; Debrecin,   N.; Kovacevic,   T.; Molnar,   Melinda.
The external costs of electricity generation can be characterised by the resulting social and environmental impacts. The most significant impacts are the air pollutions impact on health, built in environment, crops, forests, agricultural areas and on global warming. The primary impact considered is the air pollution’s effect on human health. The monetised value of the health impact, the external costs are calculated for two regional coal power plants, the effects are examined on the EU level with the ExternE methodology.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: External costs; Human health; Monetized environmental impacts; Energy production; Coal power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Health Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47553

The Effect on Asset Values of the Allocation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Bharvirkar,   Ranjit; Paul,   Anthony.
Paradoxically, owners of existing generation assets may be better off paying for carbon dioxide emission allowances than having them distributed for free. This analysis shows that it takes just 7.5% of the revenue raised under an auction to preserve the asset values of existing generators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon dioxide; Emission allowance trading; Allocation; Electricity; Restructuring; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation performance standard; Outputbased allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10705

Ancillary Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution in the United States from Moderate Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Paul,   Anthony; Toman,   Michael; Bloyd,   Cary.
This paper considers how moderate actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use also could reduce conventional air pollutants in the United States. The benefits that result would be "ancillary" to greenhouse gas abatement. Moreover, the benefits would tend to accrue locally and in the near term, while benefits from reduced climate change mostly accrue globally and over a time frame of several decades or longer. The previous literature suggests that changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) would be the most important consequence of moderate carbon policies. We calculate these changes in a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health. A tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas; Ancillary benefits; Air pollution; Co-control benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Particulates; Health; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; I18; Q48.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10664

Efficient Emission Fees in the U.S. Electricity Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Banzhaf,   H. Spencer; Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.
This paper provides new estimates of efficient emission fees for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions in the U.S. electricity sector. The estimates are obtained by coupling a detailed simulation model of the U.S. electricity markets with an integrated assessment model that links changes in emissions with atmospheric transport, environmental endpoints, and valuation of impacts. Efficient fees are found by comparing incremental benefits with emission fee levels. National quantity caps that are equivalent to these fees also are computed, and found to approximate caps under consideration in the current multi-pollutant debate in the U.S. Congress and the recent proposals from the Bush administration for the electricity industry. We also...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Emission fees; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Nitrogen oxides; NOx; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q4; D61.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10505

Sulfur Dioxide Control by Electric Utilities: What Are the Gains from Trade?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carlson,   Curtis; Burtraw,   Dallas; Cropper,   Maureen L.; Palmer,   Karen L.
Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) established a market for transferable sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission allowances among electric utilities. This market offers firms facing high marginal abatement costs the opportunity to purchase the right to emit SO2 from firms with lower costs, and is expected to yield cost savings compared to a command and control approach to environmental regulation. This paper uses econometrically estimated marginal abatement cost functions for power plants affected by Title IV of the CAAA to evaluate the performance of the SO2 allowance market. Specifically, we investigate whether the much-heralded fall in the cost of abating SO2, compared to original estimates, can be attributed to allowance trading. We demonstrate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Acid rain; Sulfur dioxide; Air pollution; Clean Air Act; Title IV; Permit trading; Environmental Economics and Policy; H43; Q2; Q4.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10790

Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Toth,   Russell.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading and a description of the major U.S. programs for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We evaluate these programs along measures of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Emission trading; Power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q25; Q28; D78.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10488

The Evolution of NOx Control Policy for Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) contribute to formation of particulate matter and ozone, and also to acidification of the environment. The electricity sector is responsible for about 20% of NOx emissions in the United States, and the sector has been the target of both prescriptive (command-and-control) and flexible (cap-and-trade) approaches to regulation. We summarize the major NOx control policies affecting this sector, and provide some perspectives as to their effectiveness. While both prescriptive and flexible approaches continue to play an important role, significant new proposals have wholly embraced a cap-and-trade approach.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Ozone; Nitrogen oxides; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10645

Electricity Restructuring and Regional Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Palmer,   Karen L.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
This paper investigates the regional air pollution effects that could result from new opportunities for inter-regional power transmission in the wake of more competitive electricity markets. The regional focus is important because of great regional variation in the vintage, efficiency and plant utilization rates of existing generating capacity, as well as differences in emission rates, cost of generation and electricity price. Increased competition in generation could open the door to changes in the regional profile of generation and emissions. We characterize the key determinant of changes in electricity generation and transmission as the relative cost of electricity among neighboring regions. In general, low cost regions are expected to export power...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Electricity restructuring; Transmission; Environmental Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10766

Output-Based Refunding of Emission Payments: Theory, Distribution of Costs, and International Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sterner,   Thomas; Hoglund,   Lena.
In this paper, we discuss the effect of refunding environmental charges. Taxes often are resisted by polluters because they imply both abatement and tax costs. We show that when charges are refunded, the incentives for abatement are essentially the same as for a tax, but the output reduction that often accompanies a tax scheme is forgone. We describe and examine the refund emissions payment (REP) scheme as a policy instrument for emissions abatement and compare it with taxes and permits with regard to allocative properties, distribution of costs, property rights, and, consequently, the politics of implementation. As an empirical example, the Swedish charge on nitrogen oxides is analyzed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Refunded charge; Incentived-based environmental policy; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10670

The Use of Economic Incentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience with Industrial Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
To what extent should developing countries eschew conventional command and control environmental regulation that is increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on economic incentives? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to industrial air pollution. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various economic incentive instruments, presents in-depth case studies of their application in Sweden, the United States, China, and Poland, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that both design deficiencies and pervasive constraints on monitoring and enforcement impede the effectiveness of economic instruments in developing countries. The latter are difficult to rectify, at least in the medium term. As a result, tradable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Economic incentives; Market-based instruments; Developing countries; Air pollution; Sweden; China; Poland; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10601

The Ancillary Carbon Benefits of SO2 Reductions from a Small-Boiler Policy in Taiyuan, PRC
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Zhang,   Xuehua.
To reduce carbon emissions worldwide, it makes sense to consider the possibility of developed countries paying for carbon reductions in developing countries. Developing countries may be interested in such activities if the ancillary air pollution benefits are large. This paper reports on an RFF survey of the emissions benefits (and costs) of reducing sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from small, coal-burning boilers in Taiyuan, an industrial, northern Chinese city that recently banned uncontrolled coal combustion in certain small boilers in the downtown area. We find significant carbon benefits in percentage terms-on the order of 50% to 95% reduction-associated with this SO2 control policy, with large reduction potential elsewhere in Taiyuan and China. While...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon; Air pollution; Informal sector; Ancillary benefits; Abatement costs; Survey; Environmental Economics and Policy; O12; L2; Q12; Q25; Q48.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10632

The Chesapeake Bay and the Control of NOx Emissions: A Policy Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Austin,   David H.; Cannon,   Matthew; Stoessell,   Terrell; Morton,   Brian.
Nitrogen oxide emissions not only affect air quality but have recently been found to be an important source of nitrate pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. This analysis examines the costs, emissions, source specific and location-specific allocations of NOx emissions reductions and the ancillary ozone related health benefits under a range of policy scenarios. The paper includes analysis of three separate policies. The first is a detailed analysis of the effect on nitrate loadings to the Bay of command and control policies specified in the Clean Air Act and as part of the OTAG process. The second is a comparison of alternative scenarios for reducing NOx emissions that meet nitrate loading goals, with or without concern for reducing ozone concentrations and the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Chesapeake Bay; Cost effectiveness; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10576

CO2 Allowance Allocation in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Effect on Electricity Investors
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Kahn,   Danny; Palmer,   Karen L.
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is an effort by nine Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states to develop a regional, mandatory, market-based cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the electricity sector. The initiative is expected to lead to an increase in the price of electricity in the RGGI region and beyond. The implications of these changes for the value of electricity-generating assets and the market value of the firms that own them depends on the initial allocation of carbon dioxide allowances, the composition of generating assets owned by the firm, and the locations of those assets. Changes in asset values inside the RGGI region may be positive or negative, whereas changes outside of the RGGI region are almost...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Allowance allocations; Electricity; Air pollution; Auction; Grandfathering; Generation-performance standard; Output-based allocation; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Asset value; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10495

The implications of policy settings on land use and agricultural technology adoption in North-West India
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Millham,   Nick; Crean,   Jason; Singh,   Rajinder Pal.
The irrigated rice-wheat cropping system is the predominant and most profitable farming system in north-west India, especially in Punjab. However, there are growing concerns about the environmental effects of the system, particularly with the practice of burning rice stubbles, due to its adverse effects on human health and air pollution. In this paper we consider the wide array of policy settings that tend to favour current land uses and management practices and their impact on the farming system over time. As part of an ACIAR-funded project, we assess the significance of these policies with a view to considering what additional or alternative policies could be put in place to encourage the adoption of approaches or technologies directly concerned with...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Air pollution; Stubble burning; Technology adoption; India; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100686

Distributing pollution rights in cap-and-trade programs: are outcomes independent of allocation?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fowlie,   Meredith; Perloff,   Jeffrey M.
According to the Coase theorem, if property rights to pollute are clearly established and emissions permit markets nearly eliminate transaction costs, the permit market equilibrium will be independent of how the permits are initially distributed among …firms. Testing the independence of …firms' permit allocations and emissions is difficult because of endogeneity and omitted variable bias. We exploit the random assignment of …firms to different permit allocation cycles in Southern California's RECLAIM Program to test for a causal relationship between facility-level emissions and initial permit allocations. Our primary …finding is that a null hypothesis of zero effect cannot be rejected.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Emissions trading; Transaction costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; D21; D23; H11; Q50; Q53; Q58.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47002

The Ten-Year Rule: Allocation of Emission Allowances in the EU Emission Trading System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ahman,   Markus; Burtraw,   Dallas; Kruger,   Joseph; Zetterberg,   Lars.
In its guidance on National Allocation Plans (NAPs), the European Commission has discouraged Member States from adopting allocation methodologies that would provide incentives to firms affecting their compliance behavior. The purpose is to promote economic efficiency and to prevent strategic behavior that deviates from individual and collective cost-minimization. For example, some methodologies would reward one type of compliance investment over another. To discourage such actions, the EU Emission Trading System guidelines prohibit ex post redistribution of emission allowances within an allocation period based on behavior in that period. Similarly, the Commission has indicated that decisions about the initial distribution of allowances in the second phase...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Allowance allocations; Closures; New entrants; Tradable permits; Air pollution; Cost-effectiveness; Greenhouse gases; Climate change; Global warming; Carbon dioxide; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q25; Q4; L94.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10637

Democratic Institutions and Environmental Quality: Effects and Transmission Channels
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Romuald,   Kinda Somlanare.
This paper aims at analysing the effect of democratic institutions on environmental quality (carbon dioxide per capita, sulfure dioxide per capita) and at identifying potential channel transmissions. We use panel data from 1960 to 2008 in 122 developing and developed countries and modern econometric methods. The results are as follows: Firstly, we show that democratic institutions have opposite effects on environment quality: a positive direct effect on environment quality and a negative indirect effect through investments and income inequality. Indeed, democratic institutions attract investments that hurt environment quality. Moreover, as democratic institutions reduce income inequality, they also damage environment. Secondly, we find that the direct...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Democratic institutions; Air pollution; Panel data; Income inequality; Investments; Environmental Economics and Policy; O43; Q53; C23; D31; E22.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120396

Using stated preferences to estimate the environmental benefits of using biodiesel fuel in diesel engines
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jeanty,   Pierre Wilner; Hitzhusen,   Frederick J.
Using biodiesel fuel to reduce emissions from diesel engines is an area of increasing interest. Many environmental benefits associated with biodiesel are not traded in markets and their estimation requires economic valuation methods applied to non-market goods and services. This paper presents the results of a contingent valuation survey conducted in 2006 in two Ohio regions to estimate willingness to pay for air pollution reduction arising from using biodiesel fuel in diesel engines. The double bounded parametric formulation was used to estimate mean WTP ranging from $157 to $457. These results yield estimated aggregate benefits ranging from $123 to $429 million and can be used as a starting point for cost-benefit analysis.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biodiesel; Diesel; Air pollution; Environmental benefits; Contingent valuation; Willingness to pay; Double bounded model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; I18; L91; Q42; Q51; Q53.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48773

Maquiladoras, Air Pollution, and Human Health in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Batz,   Michael B.; Evans,   David A.
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, is home to the U.S.-Mexico border's largest maquiladora labor force, and also its worst air pollution. We marshal two types of evidence to examine the link between maquiladoras and air pollution in Ciudad Juarez, and in its sister city, El Paso, Texas. First, we use a publicly available sector-level emissions inventory for Ciudad Juarez to determine the importance of all industrial facilities (including maquiladoras) as a source of air pollution. Second, we use original plant-level data from two sample maquiladoras to better understand the impacts of maquiladora air pollution on human health. We use a series of computational models to estimate health damages attributable to air pollution from these plants, we compare these damages...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Maquiladora; Air pollution; Human health; Environmental justice; U.S.-Mexico border; Ciudad Juarez; El Paso; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q01; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10807

Um novo conceito de monitoramento e comunicação ambiental: a rede européia para a avaliação da qualidade do ar usando plantas bioindicadoras (EuroBionet)
Provedor de dados: 88
Autores: KLUMPP,ANDREAS; ANSEL,WOLFGANG; KLUMPP,GABRIELE; FOMIN,ANETTE.
Apesar de todo o progresso alcançado na redução da emissão de poluentes atmosféricos durante as últimas décadas, a poluição do ar ainda representa um dos principais problemas ambientais nos centros urbanos da Europa. Plantas bioindicadoras têm um papel cada vez maior no controle da qualidade do ar, já que seu uso comprova e demonstra os efeitos negativos da poluição em seres vivos de uma maneira facilmente inteligível, inclusive para leigos. Em uma rede de municípios, o projeto pan-europeu EuroBionet utiliza plantas bioindicadoras para a avaliação de possíveis efeitos da poluição aérea. Através de um conceito de comunicação específico, os resultados científicos do projeto são traduzidos e divulgados de uma forma que chama a atenção do público em geral e...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Environmental monitoring; Bioindicator plants; Communication.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84042001000500005

Respostas de indivíduos jovens de Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. à poluição aérea de Cubatão, SP: fotossíntese líquida, crescimento e química foliar
Provedor de dados: 88
Autores: MORAES,REGINA MARIA DE; DELITTI,WELINGTON BRAZ CARVALHO; MORAES,JOSÉ ANTÔNIO PROENÇA VIEIRA DE.
Indivíduos jovens de Tibouchina pulchra, cultivados em condições padronizadas, foram colocados em três regiões de Cubatão para estudo dos possíveis efeitos dos poluentes aéreos sobre a fotossíntese, o crescimento e as concentrações foliares de ácido ascórbico, clorofila, nitrogênio, enxofre e flúor. As áreas de estudo foram: vale do rio Pilões (RP), considerada área de referência; Caminho do Mar (CM), próxima a indústrias petroquímicas e vale do rio Mogi (VM), próxima a indústrias siderúrgicas e de fertilizantes. Quatro plantas permaneceram em cada área por um período de seis meses. Em comparação com as plantas mantidas na área de referência (RP - 9,81 mimol.m-2.s-1), a fotossíntese líquida foi reduzida (p &lt; 0,05) nas plantas que foram mantidas em VM...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Tibouchina pulchra; Cubatão; Photosynthesis.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84042000000400010

Leaf contents of nitrogen and phenolic compounds and their bearing with the herbivore damage to Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. (Melastomataceae), under the influence of air pollutants from industries of Cubatão, São Paulo
Provedor de dados: 88
Autores: FURLAN,CLÁUDIA MARIA; SALATINO,ANTONIO; DOMINGOS,MARISA.
The Atlantic Forest on the slopes of Serra do Mar around Cubatão (São Paulo, Brazil) has been affected by massive emissions of pollutants from the local growing industrial complex. The effects of air pollution on the amounts of leaf nitrogen, total soluble phenols and total tannins of Tibouchina pulchra Cogn., a common species in the area of Cubatão, were investigated, as well as the possible influence of the altered parameters on the leaf area damaged by herbivores. Fully expanded leaves were collected at two sites: the valley of Pilões river (VP), characterized by a vegetation virtually not affected by air pollution and taken as a reference; and valley of Mogi river (VM), close to the core region of the industrial complex, and severely affected by air...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Herbivory; Tibouchina pulchra Cogn.; Cubatão; Nitrogen; Phenolics.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84041999000500014

Concentrations and Settling Rates of Particulate Matter in Laying Hen Barns in the Hot Climatic Region of Cameroon
Provedor de dados: 111
Autores: Ngwabie, Ngwa Martin.
Particulate matter (PM) serves as a carrier of adhesive gaseous compounds, and may result to an underestimation of gas emissions from livestock barns when only filtered air samples are analysed. PM concentrations have hardly been studied in the unique livestock production system of Sub-Saharan Africa. This study was aimed at generating baseline data for PM (total suspended particulates) concentrations and settling rates in laying hen barns with cemented floors and wood shavings added as an initial bedding material. Measurements were conducted in two naturally ventilated laying hen barns in Cameroon; a barn with 4 months old hens that had just stated laying eggs and a barn with 18 months old egg laying hens. PM concentration was determined gravimetrically...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Climate change; Dust; Laying hens; Particulate matter; Total suspended particulates; Cameroon.
Ano: 2020
URL: http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/5566

Estimated evolution of total pollutant gas emissions associated with vehicle activity in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre until 2030
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: CHOVERT,ANGEL D.; ALONSO,MARCELO F.
ABSTRACT In recent years, the majority of economic sectors in Brazil have gone through processes of development and transformation. These processes have led to increases in environmental pollution of all kinds; air pollution being one of the most adverse. The Brazilian transportation sector, which heavily affects the air quality, experienced a significant increase in its vehicle fleet thus provoking larger emissions of pollutant gases, mainly in regions with high population density such as the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (MRPA). Within this research, considering mainly the ozone precursor species and Carbon Monoxide and using the year 2001 as a base year, scenarios are obtained for vehicular emissions of pollutant gases in the MRPA until the year...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Bottom-up; Emission scenarios; Vehicle fleet.
Ano: 2017
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652017000501971

Surface modification of a granite building stone in central Rio de Janeiro
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: Baptista-Neto,José A.; Smith,Bernard J.; McAllister,John J.; Silva,Maria Augusta M.; Castanheira,Fabio S.
In order to evaluate environmental controls on the soiling formation and decay of building stones a set of mapping and physical and chemical analyses were carried out on granite from a historical church in the polluted centre of Rio de Janeiro. These techniques highlight the increasing of threatening damage on generally perceived as a durable building material, caused by granular disaggregation and contour scaling in areas close to ground level. Mapping also indicated the formation of black crusts over entire building façades, concentrated on areas sheltered from rain-wash. Analyses demonstrated the influence of marine aerosols, rock and mortar composition and mostly of the atmospheric pollutants on the decay and soiling of the granite. Much of the decay...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Weathering; Granite; Air pollution; Marine aerosols; Gypsum crusts.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652006000200011

Air quality assessment in different urban areas from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, using lichen transplants
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: KOCH,NATÁLIA MOSSMANN; LUCHETA,FABIANE; KÄFFER,MÁRCIA ISABEL; MARTINS,SUZANA MARIA DE AZEVEDO; VARGAS,VERA MARIA FERRÃO.
Abstract Based on the need to monitor air pollution and on the importance of doing it with biological organisms, the present work had as main objective to assess air quality in urban areas through lichen transplants. Besides, we also tested whether there were differences among the studied sites, aiming to point out the main pollution characteristics of the areas. The monitoring was carried out in seven cities, which varied from mainly rural to mainly industrial, in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The foliose lichen Parmotrema tinctorum was used as the biomonitor species. Physiological tests and contents of sulphur and heavy metals were measured in the lichen thalli. Other pollutants assessed through air samplers were available for some cities, and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Biomonitoring; Greenhouse gases; Heavy metals; Lichenized fungi; Particulate matter.
Ano: 2018
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652018000502233

Effects of atmospheric pollutants on somatic and germ cells of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. HUNT cv. purpurea
Provedor de dados: 42
Autores: CRISPIM,BRUNO A.; SPÓSITO,JULIANA C.V.; MUSSURY,ROSILDA M.; SENO,LEONARDO O.; GRISOLIA,ALEXÉIA B.
Anatomical alterations in leaves and DNA damage in cells caused by the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants can be measured by epidermal leaf analyses and Tradescantia micronuclei assay with early pollen tetrad cells. The present study examined the feasibility of using somatic and germ cells of Tradescantia pallida for biomonitoring purposes in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Stomatal, micronucleus and epidermal leaf analyses were performed, using standard methodologies, on plants growing at three locations during six different time periods. Tradescantia micronuclei data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software package and stomatal data were analyzed using SANEST software. Analyses of stomatal characteristics and micronuclei...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Biomonitoring; Leaf anatomy; Air pollution; Micronuclei.
Ano: 2014
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652014000401899

Research on Value Assessment and Compensation for Health Hazards of Urban Air Pollution-A Case Study of Urumqi
Provedor de dados: 52
Autores: Yu,Chen; Hui,Sun.
ABSTRACT With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, urban air pollution has become a serious threat to the health of urban residents. In this study, to investigate health hazards caused by air pollution for urban residents, concentrations of main air pollutants and annual coal consumption amounts during the period from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed. Our results showed that economic losses of Urumqi caused by air pollution amounted to 63.155 million yuan in 2013, accounting for 0.2 ‰ of its GDP and 5.7% of public utility expenditures for that year. The compensation mechanism analysis suggested that it is necessary to further improve the health care system and increase corporate environmental taxes. More environmental health protection taxes...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Health hazard; Compensation.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132016000200700

Relationship between climatic factors and air quality with tuberculosis in the Federal District, Brazil, 2003-2012
Provedor de dados: 55
Autores: Fernandes,Fernanda Monteiro de Castro; Martins,Eder de Souza; Pedrosa,Daniella Melo Arnaud Sampaio; Evangelista,Maria do Socorro Nantua.
Abstract  Introduction: Despite the high rate of tuberculosis indicators in Brazil, the Federal District shows a low prevalence of the disease.  Objective: To analyze the relationship between climatic factors and air quality with tuberculosis in the Brazilian Federal District.  Methodology: This was an ecological and descriptive study comparing 3927 new cases of Tuberculosis registered at the Federal District Tuberculosis Control Program with data from the National Institute of Meteorology, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute, Brasilia Environmental Institute, and the Federal District Planning Company.  Results: From 2003 to 2012, there has been a higher incidence of Tuberculosis (27.0%) in male...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Tuberculosis; Seasonality; Air pollution.
Ano: 2017
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-86702017000400369

Temperature, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction in São Paulo, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Sharovsky,R.; César,L.A.M.; Ramires,J.A.F.
An increase in daily mortality from myocardial infarction has been observed in association with meteorological factors and air pollution in several cities in the world, mainly in the northern hemisphere. The objective of the present study was to analyze the independent effects of environmental variables on daily counts of death from myocardial infarction in a subtropical region in South America. We used the robust Poisson regression to investigate associations between weather (temperature, humidity and barometric pressure), air pollution (sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and inhalable particulate), and the daily death counts attributed to myocardial infarction in the city of São Paulo in Brazil, where 12,007 fatal events were observed from 1996 to 1998....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Epidemiology; Myocardial infarction; Mortality; Temperature; Atmospheric pressure; Air pollution.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2004001100009

Air pollution and neonatal deaths in São Paulo, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Lin,C.A.; Pereira,L.A.A.; Nishioka,D.C.; Conceição,G.M.S.; Braga,A.L.F.; Saldiva,P.H.N.
Air pollution has been associated with health effects on different age groups. The present study was designed to assess the impact of daily changes in air pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and particle matter (PM10)) on total number of daily neonatal deaths (those that occur between the first and the 28th days of life) in São Paulo, from January 1998 to December 2000, since adverse outcomes such as neonatal deaths associated with air pollution in Brazil have not been evaluated before. Generalized additive Poisson regression models were used and nonparametric smooth functions (loess) were adopted to control long-term trend, temperature, humidity, and short-term trends. A linear term was used for holidays. The association between air pollutants and neonatal...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Neonatal mortality; Infant mortality; Air pollution.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2004000500019

Association of sulfur dioxide exposure with circulatory system deaths in a medium-sized city in Brazil
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Amancio,C.T.; Nascimento,L.F.C.
There is a demonstrable association between exposure to air pollutants and deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide on mortality due to circulatory diseases in individuals 50 years of age or older residing in São José dos Campos, SP. This was a time-series ecological study for the years 2003 to 2007 using information on deaths due to circulatory disease obtained from Datasus reports. Data on daily levels of pollutants, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone, temperature, and humidity were obtained from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency. Moving average models for 2 to 7 days were calculated by Poisson regression using the R software. Exposure to SO2 was...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Sulfur dioxide; Cardiovascular diseases; Mortality; Air pollutants; Stroke.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012001100013

Association between NOx exposure and deaths caused by respiratory diseases in a medium-sized Brazilian city
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: César,A. C. G.; Carvalho Jr.,J. A.; Nascimento,L. F. C.
Exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by burning fossil fuels has been associated with respiratory diseases. We aimed to estimate the effects of NOx exposure on mortality owing to respiratory diseases in residents of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil, of all ages and both sexes. This time-series ecological study from August 1, 2011 to July 31, 2012 used information on deaths caused by respiratory diseases obtained from the Health Department of Taubaté. Estimated daily levels of pollutants (NOx, particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide) were obtained from the Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. These environmental variables were...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Nitrogen oxides; Respiratory diseases; Death.
Ano: 2015
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2015001201130

Effect of air pollution on pediatric respiratory emergency room visits and hospital admissions
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Farhat,S.C.L.; Paulo,R.L.P.; Shimoda,T.M.; Conceição,G.M.S.; Lin,C.A.; Braga,A.L.F.; Warth,M.P.N.; Saldiva,P.H.N.
In order to assess the effect of air pollution on pediatric respiratory morbidity, we carried out a time series study using daily levels of PM10, SO2, NO2, ozone, and CO and daily numbers of pediatric respiratory emergency room visits and hospital admissions at the Children's Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School, from August 1996 to August 1997. In this period there were 43,635 hospital emergency room visits, 4534 of which were due to lower respiratory tract disease. The total number of hospital admissions was 6785, 1021 of which were due to lower respiratory tract infectious and/or obstructive diseases. The three health end-points under investigation were the daily number of emergency room visits due to lower respiratory tract diseases,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Time-series; Poisson; Air pollution; Children; Respiratory morbidity.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2005000200011

Air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions in a medium-sized city in São Paulo State, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Nascimento,L.F.C.
The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of environmental pollutants to hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease. A time series ecological study was conducted on subjects aged over 60 years and living in São José dos Campos, Brazil, with a population near 700,000 inhabitants. Hospital admission data of public health patients (SUS) were obtained from DATASUS for the period between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006, according to the ICD-10 diagnoses I20 to I22 and I24. Particulate matter with less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter, sulfur dioxide and ozone were the pollutants examined, and the control variables were mean temperature and relative humidity. Data on pollutants were obtained from the São Paulo State Sanitary...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Particulate matter; Cardiovascular diseases; Time series studies.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2011000700017

Effects of formaldehyde on the frog's mucociliary epithelium as a surrogate to evaluate air pollution effects on the respiratory epithelium
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Fló-Neyret,C.; Lorenzi-Filho,G.; Macchione,M.; Garcia,M.L.B.; Saldiva,P.H.N.
The increasing use of alcohol as an alternative fuel to gasoline or diesel can increase emission of formaldehyde, an organic gas that is irritant to the mucous membranes. The respiratory system is the major target of air pollutants and its major defense mechanism depends on the continuous activity of the cilia and the resulting constant transportation of mucous secretion. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of formaldehyde on the ciliated epithelium through a relative large dose range around the threshold limit value adopted by the Brazilian legislation, namely 1.6 ppm (1.25 to 5 ppm). For this purpose, the isolated frog palate preparation was used as the target of toxic injury. Four groups of frog palates were exposed to diluted Ringer...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other
Palavras-chave: Mucociliary clearance; Formaldehyde; Air pollution.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2001000500012

Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Pereira Filho,M.A.; Pereira,L.A.A.; Arbex,F.F.; Arbex,M.; Conceição,G.M.; Santos,U.P.; Lopes,A.C.; Saldiva,P.H.N.; Braga,A.L.F.; Cendon,S.
Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and these patients, even without previous myocardial infarction, run the risk of fatal coronary heart disease similar to non-diabetic patients surviving myocardial infarction. There is evidence showing that particulate matter air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the association of air pollution with cardiovascular emergency room visits in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo. Using a time-series approach, and adopting generalized linear Poisson regression models, we assessed the effect of daily variations in PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on the daily...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Cardiovascular diseases; Diabetes; Air pollution; Emergency room visits; Time-series study.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2008000600015

Impact of acute exposure to air pollution on the cardiorespiratory performance of military firemen
Provedor de dados: 56
Autores: Oliveira,R.S.; Barros Neto,T.L.; Braga,A.L.F.; Raso,V.; Pereira,L.A.A.; Morette,S.R.; Carneiro,R.C.
The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of acute short-term exposure to air pollution on the cardiorespiratory performance of military fireman living and working in the city of Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-five healthy non-smoking firemen aged 24 to 45 years had about 1 h of exposure to low and high levels of air pollution. The tests consisted of two phases: phase A, in Bertioga, a town with low levels of air pollution, and phase B, in Cubatão, a polluted town, with a 7-day interval between phases. The volunteers remained in the cities (Bertioga/Cubatão) only for the time required to perform the tests. Cumulative load 10 ± 2 min-long exertion tests were performed on a treadmill, consisting of a 2-min stage at a load of 7 km/h,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Firemen; Cardiorespiratory performance; Cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2006001200016

Airborne fungi in the region of Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil
Provedor de dados: 58
Autores: Schoenlein-Crusius,Iracema H.; Trufem,Sandra F.B.; Grandi,Rosely A.P.; Milanez,Adauto I.; Pires-Zottarelli,Carmen L.A.
From March/1993 to March/1995, airborne fungi were isolated from the "Vale do Rio Moji" (highly affected by the air pollution caused by fertilizer industries, steel works, cement factories and chemical products industries, among others) and from the "Vale do Rio Pilões" (less affected by the air pollution), both in the municipality of Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil, by exposing Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar medium, placed one meter from the ground, during 5 min. After 5 days of incubation at 20ºC, the colonies of the fungi were purified and identified, resulting in the identification of 39 taxa, three unidentified strains of Fusarium and non-sporulating cultures. A total of 28 taxa, one unidentified strain of Fusarium and non-sporulating fungi...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Fungal diversity; Airborne fungi; Atlantic rainforest; Air pollution.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822001000100014

CO2 and N2O emissions from an Andisol in Chile under a no-till system using non-fixed closed chambers
Provedor de dados: 117
Autores: Muñoz,Cristina; Paulino,Leandro; Vera,Jenniffer; Zagal,Erick.
Chile has different types of soil and climate conditions that favor a wide range of agricultural activities that can generate potential atmospheric contamination like greenhouse gases (GHG). Nevertheless, the contribution of agricultural soils to atmospheric emissions has yet to be measured in Chile. The aim of this study was to assess seasonal variability of CO2 and N2O effluxes in situ from a volcanic ash-derived soil under different agronomic management practices. Gas samples were obtained from headspaces of non-fixed closed chambers in an annual crop rotation under a no-till system in an Andisol in southern Chile (36° S). Two N-sources (NH4+ and NO3-) and ammonium fertilization plus two lime doses (0.5 and 1 Mg ha-1) were considered for soil treatments...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Greenhouse gases; Agriculture; Nitrogen; Global change; Air pollution.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-58392011000200013