Consulta: subjectFacets:"Externalities"
Registros recuperados: 69
Data/hora: 08/06/2024 10:45:25

The Kyoto Protocol Is Cost-effective
Provedor de dados: 7
Autores: Gatto, Marino; Politecnico di Milano; gatto@elet.polimi.it; Caizzi, Andrea; CESI, Business Unit Ambiente; caizzi@cesi.it; Rizzi, Luca; CESI, Business Unit Ambiente; rizziluca@virgilio.it; De Leo, Giulio A; Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell' Ambiente; deleo@dsa.unipr.it.
Despite recent advances, there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning the climate change that would result from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Also, opponents of the Kyoto Protocol raised the key objection that reducing emissions would impose an unacceptable economic burden on businesses and consumers. Based on an analysis of alternative scenarios for electricity generation in Italy, we show that if the costs in terms of damage to human health, material goods, agriculture, and the environment caused by greenhouse gas emissions are included in the balance, the economic argument against Kyoto is untenable. Most importantly, the argument holds true even if we exclude global external costs (those due to global warming), and account...
Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports
Palavras-chave: Cost-benefit analysis; Electric power generation; Environmental costs; Externalities; Greenhouse gasses; Italian economic impacts; Kyoto Protocol.
Ano: 2002

Externalities, institutions and the location choices of shellfish producers: the case of blue mussel farming in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay (France)
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Mongruel, Remi; Thebaud, Olivier.
Most marine aquaculture activities remain strongly dependent on coastal ecosystems. In the case of shellfish farming, this dependency is related mainly to water quality and to the various ecological interactions resulting from the dynamics of coastal food webs. Such ecological constraints have influenced the overall evolution of blue mussel farming in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, leading producers to negotiate collective arrangements regarding production capacity and techniques and to develop production strategies at the farm level. This article presents an analysis of the location choices of mussel farmers in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay based on an empirical investigation conducted in 2002. A typology of farms with respect to their land structure is developed...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Institutional arrangements; Location choices; Externalities; Economic performance indicators; Blue mussel farming.
Ano: 2006
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-6346.pdf

Social Benefits of Multifunctional Agriculture in Finland
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yrjola,   Tapani; Kola,   Jukka.
This study aims at assessing the costs and benefits of multifunctional agriculture, and it is one of the very first studies using a quantitative approach to this new subject. The starting point is that if current farm subsidies are regarded as means to maintain the multifunctional characteristics of agriculture, what happens if subsidies are reduced. The effects of the decline in agricultural support on multifunctional characteristics of agriculture in Finland are estimated using the cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Only a part of the consequences can be assessed by the CBA due to lack of data on the economic value of many elements of multifunctional agriculture. Hence, the results should not be generalised too strongly, but they still provide useful...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Multifunctional agriculture; Non-market benefits; Externalities; Cost-benefit analysis; Finland; Institutional and Behavioral Economics.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24812

Market-Based Instruments for the Optimal Control of Invasive Insect Species: B. Tabaci in Arizona
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richards,   Timothy J.; Ellsworth,   Peter; Tronstad,   Russell; Naranjo,   Steve.
Invasive insect species represent perhaps one of the most significant potential sources of economic risk to U.S. agricultural production. Private control of invasive insect species is likely to be insufficient due to negative externality and weaker-link public good problems. In this study, we compare a system of Pigouvian taxes with tradable permits for invasive species control. While the emissions control literature shows that taxes are preferred to permits under cost uncertainty, invasive-species control involves correlated cost and benefit uncertainty. Hence, we expect a quantity-based system to be preferred. Monte Carlo simulations of optimal steady-state outcomes confirm our expectations.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Invasive species; Optimal control; Permits; Spatial-temporal model; Taxes; Crop Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97852

Environmental Conservation and Food Security in Developing Countries: Bridging the Disconnect
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ajayi,   Olu Clifford; Matakala,   Patrick.
In many developing countries, environmental issues are often sacrificed for immediate food production requirements because of perceived tradeoff between two.  Some production systems exist however that offers opportunities for achieving the two seemingly divergent objectives because they have the characteristics to produce joint outputs; food production and environmental conservation, but their adoption in farming communities is socially sub-optimal despite proven technological success.  Using natural resource economics framework, this study highlights the reasons for the low adoption of such technologies taking Agroforestry technologies as a case study and, uses externality theory to provide environmental economic logic for developing incentives to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Agricultural Policy; Agricultural technology; Sustainability; Ecosystem services; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25636

Instrument Choice for Environmental Protection When Technological Innovation Is Endogenous
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.
This paper presents an analytical and numerical comparison of the welfare impacts of alternative instruments for environmental protection in the presence of endogenous technological innovation. We analyze emissions taxes and both auctioned and free (grandfathered) emissions permits. We find that under different sets of circumstances each of the three policies may induce a significantly higher welfare gain than the other two policies. In particular, the relative ranking of policy instruments can crucially depend on the ability of adopting firms to imitate the innovation, the costs of innovation, the slope and level of the marginal environmental benefit function, and the number of firms producing emissions. Moreover, although in theory the welfare impacts of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technological innovation; Externalities; Environmental policies; Welfare impacts; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10812

Pricing Benefit Externalities of Soil Carbon Sequestration in Multifunctional Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hartell,   Jason G.
“Multifunctionality” emphasizes the benefit externality properties of nonfood products that coincide with agricultural commodity production, some of which also have public-good properties.  However, determining the willingness to pay for local benefit externalities is seen as necessary but daunting.  This paper pursues the idea that the valuation process might first start by estimating the incentives required to supply various levels of a benefit externality.  With the use of carbon sequestration through the adoption of no-till cultivation as an example of a multifunctional benefit externality, mathematical programming is used to derive representative price schedules.  The implication for incentive prices are examined in light of risk aversion.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Externalities; Multifunctionality; Quadratic programming; C61; D62; Q12; Q21.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43416

POLITICS AND MARKETS IN THE ARTICULATION OF PREFERENCES FOR ATTRIBUTES OF THE RAPIDLY CHANGING FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECTORS: FRAMING THE ISSUES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Abdalla,   Charles W.; Shaffer,   James D.
Industrialization of the food and agricultural sectors changes the pattern of external effects. Participants helped or harmed in the process attempt to influence outcomes through markets and politics.  Decisions about property rights and boundaries determine benefits and burdens and the relative cost of animal agriculture in different jurisdictions.  Prescriptions to redefine property rights are influenced by selective perception of rights to share in the benefits and be protected from costs.  Political choices about the appropriate jurisdiction (state versus local) for addressing environmental and nuisance effects of animal agriculture affect whose preferences count and will influence the development of these sectors.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Animal agriculture; Externalities; Industrialization; Institutions; Jurisdictional boundaries; Regulation; State versus local policy; Environment; Political Economy.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15530

Valuation of Externalities in Water, Forests and Environment for Sustainable Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Varghese,   Shalet K.; Manjunatha,   A.V.; Poornima,   K.N.; Akarsha,   B.M.; Rashmi,   N.; Tejaswi,   Pillenahalli Basavarajappa; Saikumar,   B.C.; Jeevarani,   A.K.; Accavva,   M.S.; Amjath Babu,   T.S.; Suneetha,   M.S.; Unnikrishnan,   P.M.; Deshpande,   R.S.; Nagaraj,   N.; Chandrashekar,   H.; Mahadev,   G. Bhat; Chengappa,   P.G.; Mundinamani,   S.M.; Shanmugam,   T.R.; Chandrakanth,   Mysore G.
Conceptual development in the theory of externalities have opened up several policy options for their internalization including payment towards environmental services. Hence as externalities are social costs, accountability is crucial in increasing environmental awareness and for collective action through education and extension more so in developing countries. Here a modest attempt has been made to estimate externalities in water, forests and environment with field data from peninsular India to reflect on the economic perception of externalities by farmers and users of environment for the consideration of policy makers to devise institutions for payment towards environmental services. The methodology largely used here in estimation / valuation of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Environmental services; Sustainable development; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44413

The Second-Best Use of Social Cost Estimates
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Krupnick,   Alan J.
A significant literature has developed to estimate the damages to third parties from new electricity generation technologies. This paper focuses on how such estimates can be profitably used in the present regulatory environment, and in the potential new environment that may result from restructuring in the electricity industry.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Environment; Social costs; Adders; Externalities; Demand and Price Analysis; H23; L94; L98.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10693

Measuring the Sustainability of the UK Food Chain
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barnes,   Andrew Peter; McVittie,   Alistair.
Recent policy interest has been directed at the sustainability of food industries, in particular the post-farm gate food chain. This comprises of manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing and catering. In order to measure sustainability Byerlee and Murgai (2001) have argued that productivity measures, alongside key indicators of resource quality trends, should be used to indicate sustainable growth. This paper adopts this approach by presenting Fisher indexes of both Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index and for prominent externalities emerging from the food chain over the period 1998 to 2002. TFP shows an average annual growth rate of –0.52% per annum. Input growth, in particular intermediate purchases, has outstripped output growth over the entirety of this...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Total Factor Productivity; Externalities; Sustainable Growth; Agribusiness.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46003

Using Incentives to Buy Land-Use Change in Agriculture for Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pannell,   David J.
In general, the use of incentive payments to landholders in environmental programs is poorly thought through. This article discusses situations where environmental incentive payments are more likely to be a cost-effective response by environmental funders. It is proposed that incentives can be used in two broad ways: to encourage trialling of new practices by landholders, or to compensate landholders for losses resulting from land-use changes. It appears that environmental funders often do not pay sufficient attention to the differences between these two approaches. The first approach only makes sense if the new practices are 'adoptable', and so are expected to remain attractive to landholders beyond the trialling phase. The importance of adoptability and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental subsidies; Incentives; Externalities; Adoption of innovations; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58; H23; H4.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25397

MANAGING PEST RESISTANCE: THE POTENTIAL OF CROP ROTATIONS AND SHREDDING
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Babcock,   Bruce A.; Secchi,   Silvia.
The current debate over resistance management plans mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency for transgenic crops ignores management practices that are complementary to refuge schemes.  A dynamic production model is developed that measures the costs and benefits of crop rotation and shredding in terms of delaying resistance to Bt corn.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Common property resource; Crop rotation; European Corn Borer; Externalities; Insecticide resistance; Integrated pest management; Intertemporal optimization; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21597

Market Failures in Real-Time Metering: A Theoretical Look
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brennan,   Timothy J.
Restructuring the electricity market may secure efficiencies by moving away from cost-of-service regulation, with typically (but not necessarily) time-invariant prices, and allowing prices to reflect how costs change. Charging "real time" prices requires that electricity use be measured according to when one uses it. Arguments that such real-time metering should be a policy objective promoted by subsidizing meters or delaying restructuring until meters are installed, require more than these potential benefits. They require positive externalities to imply that too few meters would be installed through private transactions. Real-time metering presents no systematic externalities when utilities must serve peak period users, and may present negative...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Real-time metering; Electricity restructuring; Deregulation; Rationing; Externalities; Industrial Organization; D45; D62; L11; L94.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10718

The Changing Public Role in Services to Agriculture: The Case of Information
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zezza,   Annalisa.
The paper analyzes the changes that have taken place in the nature of agriculture information and their consequences on the public role of related public services with specific regard to process undergoing in the European Union. Increased interest in food quality and food safety issues in a global consumer driven society, together with major attention to environmental and ethical issues related to food production, enlarge both the object of agricultural information and the audience of stakeholders in the food chain and in the general public. Information policy with regard to a multifunctional approach to agriculture, can be finalized to correct three main sources of market failures as access to information, quality and adverse selection and externalities...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Information; Public goods; Food quality; Externalities; Public services; Extension; Public Economics.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24902

Food Choice and Nutrition in Fiji
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hone,   Phillip.
Obesity related health problems are a potentially significant cost to Fiji. The factors driving the trend towards increased obesity are analysed. The potential for reducing the rate of increase in obesity by influincing individual food choice decisions is evaluated and a policy framework is developed for considering this issue. The analysis points to some tentative policy recommendations for food policy in fiji. The role of a systems perspective on the policy problem is highlighted and specific attention is focused on the role of a nutrient based food tax in a wider nutrition-health policy system.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food policy; Externalities; Nutrition; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59363

A GERAÇÃO DE EXTERNALIDADES E O PROCESSO DE RECICLAGEM: A APLICAÇÃO DA METODOLOGIA DA ANÁLISE DO CICLO DE VIDA COMO FERRAMENTA GERENCIAL
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Souza,   Roberta Fernanda Da Paz De.
A expansão dos níveis de produção perseguidos atualmente com vistas à elevação dos níveis de emprego e renda gerados pela economia e a manutenção dos padrões de consumo demandados pela sociedade fazem com que haja uma crescente pressão sobre os recursos naturais. A análise dos processos e produtos gerados pelas indústrias tornaria viável adoção de medidas capazes de obter resultados mais eficientes. Para possibilitar tais análises, têm sido desenvolvidos diversos conceitos teóricos e métodos que visam a melhoria do processo produtivo. O conceito de externalidades e o método de Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) fazem parte desse arcabouço. A partir de sua aplicação, tornam-se possíveis a adoção de medidas que busquem a utilização sustentável dos recursos...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalidades; Análise do Ciclo de Vida; Reciclagem; Externalities; Life Cycle Analysis; Recycling; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113191

Jointly-Determined Livestock Disease Dynamics and Decentralized Economic Behavior
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gramig,   Benjamin M.; Horan,   Richard D.
We develop a dynamic model of livestock disease and decentralized economic behavior as a jointly-determined system. By accounting for feedbacks between behavioral choices and disease outcomes we capture the endogenous nature of infection risks. We consider government mandated testing of livestock herds and how private biosecurity incentives are affected by the structure of disease eradication polices. How well disease control policies are targeted affects their effectiveness and may result in farmers substituting government testing and disease surveillance for private biosecurity. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that failing to account for feedbacks between disease and economic dynamics may underestimate the level of infection. Not accounting for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bioeconomics; Epidemiology; Replicator dynamics; Externalities; Strategic behavior; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49260

Market-Based Instruments for the Optimal Control of Invasive Insect Species: B. Tabaci in Arizona
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richards,   Timothy J.; Ellsworth,   Peter; Tronstad,   Russell; Naranjo,   Steve.
Invasive insect species represent perhaps one of the most significant potential sources of economic risk to U.S. agricultural production.  Private control of invasive insect species is likely to be insufficient due to negative externality and weaker-link public good problems.  In this study, we compare a system of Pigouvian taxes with tradable permits for invasive species control.  While the emissions control literature shows that taxes are preferred to permits under cost uncertainty, invasive species control involves correlated cost and benefit uncertainty, so we expect a quantity-based system to be preferred.  Monte Carlo simulations of optimal steady-state outcomes confirm our expectations.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Invasive species; Optimal control; Permits; Spatial-temporal model; Taxes.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; H23; L51; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61189

Social Costs of Herbicide Resistance: The Case of Resistance to Glyphosate
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marsh,   Sally P.; Llewellyn,   Rick S.; Powles,   Stephen B.
Unlike in the pesticide and antibiotic resistance literature, potential social costs and externalities associated with herbicide resistance have not generally been considered by economists. The economics of managing herbicide resistance in weeds has focused on cost-effective responses by growers to the development of resistance at the individual farm and field level. Economic analyses of optimal herbicide use have focused on optimising farmer returns in the long run. Weeds have been considered less mobile, compared to insects and diseases, suggesting that externalities resulting from resistance spread will be minimal and any consequent social costs low. Glyphosate is the world's most widely used broad-spectrum non-selective herbicide. Declining glyphosate...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Glyphosate resistance; Herbicide resistance; Social costs; Externalities; Resistance mobility; Crop Production/Industries.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25413

The Economic and Policy Setting of Renewable Energy: Where Do Things Stand?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Darmstadter,   Joel.
This paper looks at the status and prospects of renewables-with particular emphasis on windpower-in the electric power sector. Although renewables account for a steadily rising share of electricity generation in various countries, their role remains small in absolute terms. In part, this is because of technological progress of and successful competition from fossil-fueled generation-notably, combined cycle gas turbines. While diminishing, subsidies continue to be indispensable to the use of renewables in most places. Viability of renewables-based electricity is undermined by the cost of externalities for which fossil energy combustion is only partially charged. A number of countries (and states in the U.S.) have launched obligatory requirements for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Renewable energy; Electricity; Windpower; Externalities; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q21; L94.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10777

Agglomeration Externalities and Technical Efficiency in Pig Production
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Larue,   Solene; Latruffe,   Laure.
The objective of the paper is to assess the effects of agglomeration on technical efficiency of French pig farms. We use a two-stage method to evaluate the effects of agglomeration on technical efficiency. The first stage consists in calculating pig activity’s efficiency scores with the non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The second stage is a truncated regression of these scores on agglomeration variables. Data are for 899 French pig producers in 2004. Results suggest that these farms were as much affected by positive agglomeration externalities (that are knowledge spillovers due to farms’ density, and also arise from farms’ closeness to downstream market) as any other businesses. There was however no evidence of negative externalities...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agglomeration; Externalities; Data Envelopment Analysis; Industrial Organization; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44272

Organic farming in Australia: An economist's perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marshall,   Graham R.
Organic agriculture has emerged as an important contributor of ideas in the continuing Australian search for sustainable farming systems. Recognising this, choices arise over the need for government intervention to foster the development of organic approaches to agriculture. Even when the choice is to not intervene directly, an understanding of factors behind how voluntary conversion to this way of farming would help governments, farmer organisations and agribusiness to meet the demands of converting farmers for knowledge, inputs and services. The aim in this paper is to assist informed resolution of these questions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Organic farming; Organic agriculture; Alternative agriculture; Aggregation economies; Diversification; Economics; Externalities; Conservatiuon; Farm Management.
Ano: 1993
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9676

A mezőgazdaságban keletkező biomassza energetikai hasznosításának agrárgazdasági megközelítése
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Molnar,   Andras.
A gazdálkodás ökonómiai kérdéseivel foglalkozók számára a piaci csere híján fontos feladat az externáliák minél szélesebb körű számszerűsítése, mivel csak a társadalom számára jelentkező összes költség és haszon figyelembevételével lehet megítélni a mindenkori agrárpolitikát. Egyre fontosabb az, hogy milyen agrárpolitikai eszközökkel oldhatók meg a liberalizált kereskedelemmel szembeni elvárások és a nem-termék jellegű javak társadalmilag optimális kibocsátása. Ebben a kettős elvárásban a földtulajdon és földhasználat szétválása előnytelen.   -------------------------------------------    In the absence of exchange in the market, researchers into economic aspects of farming place a high emphasis on quantifying externalities to the maximum extent possible....
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Externáliák; Biomassza; Energetikai felhasználás; Földhasználat; Méret-; Skála- és választékgazdaságosság; Externalities; Biomass; Use for energy production; Land use; Economies of scale; Volume and choice; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92533

EQUITY IN DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS FROM WATER HARVESTING AND GROUNDWATER RECHARGE – AN ECONOMIC STUDY IN SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT IN KARNATAKA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Seema,   H.M.; Chandrakanth,   Mysore G.; Nagaraj,   N.
In this study, economic impact of water harvesting and groundwater recharging was analyzed in the context of Sujala watershed equity and efficiency in the distribution of benefits in Chitradurga district, Karnataka. Field data for 2004-05 (drought year) and 2005-06 (normal year) from 30 sample farmers in Sujala watershed form the data base for the study. Another sample of 30 farmers from Non-Sujala (or DPAP) watershed, and 30 from outside watershed area form the control. Farmers were further classified as: (i) those who had bore well irrigation; and (ii) those who had no borewell irrigation in order to assess the impact of watershed. It was found that the amortized cost per functioning well and cost per acre inch of groundwater in Sujala watershed is lower...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Sujala watershed program; Externalities; Drought; ANOVA.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43618

Externalities, Decreasing Returns, and Common Ownership
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Simpson,   R. David.
Placing production units under common ownership is often suggested as a solution to the problem of externalities. This will not always be true when there are decreasing returns to scale. An atomistic industry could be more efficient than a monopoly in some instances. Even when the "optimal" industry configuration would involve a finite number of producers, no two may have appropriate incentives to combine. An omniscient and benign regulator can always assure a more efficient outcome than would result from the combination of private producers. Whether real-world regulators should be called upon, however, is less clear.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Mergers; Returns to scale; Incentives; Land Economics/Use; L23; Q24.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10457

Can Hydro-economic River Basis Models Simulate Water Shadow Prices Under Asymmetric Access?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Britz,   Wolfgang; Kuhn,   Arnim.
Hydro-economic river basin models (HERBM) based on mathematical programming are conventionally formulated as explicit ‘aggregate optimization’ problems with a single, aggregate objective function. Often unintended, this format implicitly assumes that decisions on water allocation are made via central planning or functioning markets such as to maximize social welfare. In the absence of perfect water markets, however, individually optimal decisions by water users will differ from the social optimum. Classical aggregate HERBMs cannot simulate that situation and thus might be unable to describe existing institutions governing access to water and produce biased results for alternative ones. We propose a new solution format for HERBMs, based on Mixed...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Hydro-economic river basin model; Mixed complementarity programming; Water institutions; Externalities; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114272

Contracting with Agents Seeking Status
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bontems,   Philippe.
We explore in this paper the consequences of status seeking preferences among agents contracting with a private principal in the context of production. We examine in particular the case of envy and we show that in general envy entails augmented distortions due to asymmetric information in optimal contracts. Furthermore if the principal neglects the preferences of the agents with respect to status, then potentially there is under-participation to the contract. We also show that if the principal is free to choose who can participate to the contract, then under some conditions the principal may prefer to contract with only a subset of potentially "profitable" agents (that is where his utility is strictly positive). We then ask whether contracting with agents...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Status; Adverse selection; Contracts; Envy; Externalities; Production Economics; D6; H0; D86.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49507

Benefit-costs analysis of climate-related agricultural investments in Africa: a case study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Branca,   Giacomo; Lipper,   Leslie; Sorrentino,   Alessandro.
Paper removed at the request of the first (corresponding) author.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food security; Adaptation; Mitigation; Benefit-cost analysis; Externalities; Environmental Economics and Policy; D61; D62; H54; O13; Q55.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124109

A Total Social Factor Productivity Index for the UK Food Chain Post-Farm Gate
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barnes,   Andrew Peter; McVittie,   Alistair.
The UK post-farm gate food chain comprises manufacturing, wholesaling , retailing and catering. Current turnover is around £250 billion per annum. Total factor productivity measures the ratio of inputs to outputs. However, most studies have only included the marketable inputs and outputs within the system. Following criticisms of the negative effects of the food chain this paper adopts a n index based approach to measuring Total Social Factor Productivity, which includes the major externalities within the food chain. Generally, whilst TFP growth rates are low over the period 1998-2002, these have reduced even further when negative externalities are included.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food Chain; Total Factor Productivity; Total Social Factor Productivity; Externalities; Industrial Organization; Productivity Analysis; Q56.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25374

Do Lower Prices For Polluting Goods Make Environmental Externalities Worse?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brennan,   Timothy J.
Lower prices for polluting goods will increase their sales and the pollution that results from their production or use. Conventional intuition suggests that this relationship implies a greater need for environmental policy when prices of "dirty" goods fall. But the economic inefficiency resulting overproduction of polluting goods may fall, not rise, as the cost of producing those goods falls. While lower costs exacerbate overproduction, they also reduce the difference between private benefit and the total social cost--the sum of private and external costs--associated with that overproduction. We derive a test, based on readily observed or estimated parameters for conditions in which the latter effect outweighs the former. In such cases, making a dirty good...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Regulatory policy; Externalities; Electricity restructuring; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; L51; L94.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10776

VALUATION OF EXTERNALITIES IN WATER, FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Verghese,   Shalet K.; Manjunatha,   A.V.; Poornima,   K.N.; Akarsha,   B.M.; Rashmi,   N.; Tejaswi,   Pillenahalli Basavarajappa; Saikumar,   B.C.; Jeevarani,   A.K.; Accavva,   M.S.; Amjath Babu,   T.S.; Suneetha,   M.S.; Unnikrishnan,   P.M.; Deshpande,   R.S.; Nagaraj,   N.; Chandrashekar,   H.; Bhat,   Mahadev G.; Chengappa,   P.G.; Mundinamani,   S.M.; Shanmugam,   T.R.; Chandrakanth,   Mysore G.
Paper presented at EAAE 2008 Congress
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Externalities; Environmental services; Sustainable development.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43617

Multifunctionality: Concepts and Applications to the WTO Negotiations on Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bredahl,   Maury E.; Prestegard,   Sjur Spildo; Nersten,   Nils Kristian.
The ongoing negotiations in the WTO will most certainly lead to a further liberalization of the global agricultural trade. Related to this, many national governments, including Norway, Switzerland and Japan have placed substantial emphasis on the so-called non-trade concerns. In addition to the production of food and fiber, agriculture also provides or may provide national food security, environmental benefits, and viable rural areas. The term "Multifunctional Agriculture" has been applied to describe these additional functions. In this paper, we will show how the economic concepts of "positive and negative externalities" and "public goods" can be used to analyse non-trade concerns and multifunctionality, especially with reference to agriculture's impact...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Non-trade concerns; Multifunctionality; Externalities; Public goods; Cultural landscape; Optimum subsidy; WTO; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24970

Valuation Methods for Environmental Benefits in Forestry and Watershed Investment Projects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cavatassi,   Romina.
The understatement or omission of the environmental costs and benefits associated with forest management options results in project evaluations and policy prescriptions that are less than socially optimal. The aim of this paper is to examine the full range of costs and benefits associated with forests, distinguishing between how these should, and actually are, included in economic analyses. The paper first describes the economic analysis undertaken in the project evaluation procedure of the World Bank. The second section deals with all costs and benefits that typically occur in forestry projects. Costs and benefits are classified as on-site private, on-site public or global according to their nature and area of impact and according to the Total Economic...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economic analysis; Forest values; Global environmental benefits; Externalities; Carbon sequestration; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D61; D62; Q51; Q57; O13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23799

Pastoralist Economic Behavior: Empirical Results from Reindeer Herders in Northern Sweden
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bostedt,   Goran.
This paper presents a model of pastoralists, as illustrated by reindeer herders, together with an analysis based on a cross-sectional data set on Swedish reindeer-herding Saami. The intrinsic utility of being an active reindeer herder plays an important role in determining supply. Results show this can lead to unconventional supply responses among pastoralists, and suggest that the probability of a backward-bending supply response increases with stock size. Further analyses confirm that reindeer herders with backward-bending supply curves have significantly larger herds than herders with conventional supply responses. Relaxed externalities from forestry would cause most herders to increase their slaughter.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Backward-bending supply; Externalities; Pastoralist; Reindeer husbandry; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/31209

Establecimiento de un precio optimo ambiental y social para el agua de riego mediante la internalizacion de los costes ambientales y el uso de matrices de contabilidad social...
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elorrieta,   Jose Ignacio; Castellano,   E.; de Anguita,   P. Martinez; Pellitero,   M.; Rey,   Concepcion.
RESUMEN: Se propone una metodología para obtener un "precio social y ambiental óptimo" que pueda aplicarse al agua de riego en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra (CFN) de modo que maximice la internalización de los costes ambientales asociados al consumo no contemplados en el actual precio sin que el nivel general de la economía regional se resienta. Para ello se elabora un modelo económico sobre un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) que permite cuantificar y valorar los costes ambientales en cada una de las subcuencas de la Comunidad. Para valorar íntegramente el agua, los elementos que se tienen en cuenta son: volumen, calidad y riesgo de afectar a los ecosistemas acuáticos y de ribera.  Estos valores son estimados mediante métodos de valoración...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water; Social optimal price; GIS; Social Accounting Matrix (SAM); Externalities; Q25; Q14.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28745

Optimal alcohol taxes for Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fogarty,   James Joseph.
Objective: To estimate welfare maximising tax rates for beer, wine, and spirits using a mathematical model that considers both the welfare loss alcohol taxes impose on non-abusive consumers and the welfare gains due to alcohol taxes reducing externality costs. Results: Optimal per litre of pure alcohol (LAL) tax rates are substantially different to both current alcohol tax rates and the uniform tax rate recommended as part of the 2010 Australian Government Tax Review. Given an individual consumer utility decision model, the best estimate values of the welfare maximising LAL tax rates are: $37 for beer, $11 for wine, $50 for spirits, and $77 for ready-to-drink spirits. Conclusion: As externality costs and the responsiveness of consumers to price changes are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tax; Alcohol; Externalities; Demand and Price Analysis; Health Economics and Policy; I18; H23; H21.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108669

Linkages between Agriculture, Trade and the Environment in the Context of the European Union Accession
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Toma,   Luiza; Mathijs,   Erik; Revoredo-Giha,   Cesar.
This paper analyses the impact of trade on environment in Romania using a partial equilibrium model of bilateral trade in beef between Romania and the EU. We use a recursive dynamic model to analyse beef production and trade and adjust it as to include a component to evaluate the impact of liberalised trade due to Romania’s accession to the EU on groundwater and air quality. The environmental module of the model associates the pollution to the use of production inputs. We link the use of itrogen inputs (e.g., nitrogenous fertilisers, manure) to nitrogen loss through leaching/runoff into groundwater (nitrates) and greenhouse gases (emissions of nitrous oxide and methane). We compute the nitrogen loss through leaching/runoff into the groundwater based on the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Externalities; Partial equilibrium model; Romania; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45991

Optimal taxation with joint production of agriculture and rural amenities
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Casamatta,   Georges; Rausser,   Gordon C.; Simon,   Leo K.
We show that, when there is joint production of an agricultural good and rural amenities, the first-best allocation of resources can be implemented with a tax on the agricultural good and some subsidies on the production factors (land and labor). The use of a subsidy on the agricultural good can only be explained by the desire of the policymaker to redistribute income from the consumers to the farmers.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Taxation; Externalities; Agriculture; Agricultural Finance.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45869

POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GM WHEAT ON UNITED STATES AND NORTHERN PLAINS WHEAT TRADE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Taylor,   Richard D.; DeVuyst,   Eric A.; Koo,   Won W.
The potential introduction of genetically modified (GM) wheat has both supporters and opponents waging battle in the popular press and scholarly research.  Supporters highlight the benefits to producers, while the opponents highlight the unknown safety factors for consumers. The topic is very important to the United States, as a large portion of the wheat production is exported overseas.  Consumer groups in some countries are resisting GM wheat.   This study utilizes a spatial equilibrium model to evaluate the trade impacts associated with GM wheat introduction along with several assumed post-GM adoption scenarios.  Wheat is converted into protein equivalents to allow for substitution between wheat classes.   The importance of the U.S....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Genetically modified wheat; Spatial equilibrium model; Trade flows; Protein equivalents; Externalities; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23546

SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS IN HUNGARY AND EUROPE – SELF-DEFEATING INCENTIVES?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Szendro,   Gabor.
Substituting fossil fuels has been a prominent issue in the EU in recent years. Energy security, agricultural and environmental considerations have all played a part in the development of alternative fuels and in the creation of incentives promoting their use. The system, like big systems in general, cannot react to new developments quickly and it seems there are elements that we should seriously consider removing or replacing to avoid adverse effects. This paper will attempt to summarize the current issues and propose possible solutions in the form of seven recommendations to make the European incentive system more effective in the interest of sustainable rural development, an area that is of prime importance for Hungary....
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Incentives; Sustainable biofuel production; Transport; Rural development; Externalities; Támogatások; Fenntartható bioüzemanyag-termelés; Kereskedelem; Vidékfejlesztés; Externáliák; Agricultural and Food Policy; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99207

The Social Costs of Electricity: Do the Numbers Add Up?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
Several recent studies have mounted major efforts to estimate the social cost of electricity generation. This paper provides an overview of this literature and a focused qualitative and quantitative comparison of the most comprehensive and rigorous of these studies. The paper also provides a synthesis that can help reduce the cost of future applications of these methods.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Environment; Health; Social costs; Adders; Externalities; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; L94; L98.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10856

Production Performance Indicators with Externalities: Environmentally-Adjusted Productivity and Efficiency Indicators of a Sample of Semi-Intensive Shrimp Farms in Mexico
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martinez-Cordero,   Francisco Javier; Leung,   PingSun.
Sustainability in operations is a key consideration when discussing aquaculture’s current and future role in providing food and increasing coastal and rural employment and incomes, among other social benefits.  An important problem from the economics point of view is how the economics point of view is how the externalities generated by aquaculture and those that the industry suffers are internalized.  This paper extends the analysis reported in Martinez-Cordero and leung (2004) for a group of semi-intensive shrimp farms in Mexico.  Modifications to the traditional Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Technical Efficiency (TE) indicators are carried out in order to incorporate in the evaluation the environmental effects of aquacultural activities.  In a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Production performance; Shrimp farming; TFP; Efficiency; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56006

OPTIMAL AGRICULTURAL LAND PRICING POLICIES UNDER MULTIPLE EXTERNALITIES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Peterson,   Jeffrey M.
Agriculture has recently been noted as a provider of non-market environmental benefits in addition to its traditional recognition as a source of negative externalities from polluting inputs.  In this paper, a general equilibrium framework is used to determine optimal land subsidies and input taxes in agriculture.  When agriculture generates both amenities and pollution, the optimal subsidy does not equal the net extra-market value of agricultural land.  If opened to international trade, a small economy will fully correct externalities, while large economies have an incentive to set policies at non-internalizing levels to exploit terms-of-trade effects.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural land use; Externalities; International trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21613

Under-connected and Over-connected Networks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Buechel,   Berno; Hellmann,   Tim.
Since the seminal contribution of Jackson &amp; Wolinsky 1996 [A Strategic Model of Social and Economic Networks, JET 71, 44-74] it has been widely acknowledged that the formation of social networks exhibits a general conflict between individual strategic behavior and collective outcome. What has not been studied systematically are the sources of inefficiency. We approach this omission by analyzing the role of positive and negative externalities of link formation. This yields general results that relate situations of positive externalities with stable networks that cannot be “too dense” in a well-defined sense, while situations with negative externalities tend to induce “too dense” networks.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Networks; Network Formation; Connections; Game Theory; Externalities; Spillovers; Stability; Efficiency; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D85; C72; L14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50728

Is Agricultural Production Spillover the Rationale Behind NEPAD CAADP Framework? Spatial Econometric Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ulimwengu,   John M.; Sanyal,   Prabuddha.
Since 2003, the NEPAD Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) has been endorsed by African Heads of State and Governments as a vision for the restoration of agricultural growth, food security, and rural development in Africa. The program aims at stimulating agriculture-led development that eliminates hunger and reduces poverty and food insecurity. As pointed out by Etro (2001), the creation of a union or adoption of a common agenda should move the equilibrium toward the first best solution whenever policies generate spillovers. This arises because the ability of a common agenda to reduce the scope of free-riding behavior among member countries. In addition, increasing world market integration leads to more externalities which call...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAADP; Agriculture; Spatial panel model; Externalities; Spillover.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C31; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60945

Historical regulation of Victoria's water sector: A case of government failure?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Harris,   E.
This paper analyses the role of government failure in Victoria’s water sector between 1905 and 1984 as evidenced in the rise of in-stream salinity. It will be shown that high levels of salinity can, in part, be attributed to regulatory failure for two reasons. First, the method of water allocation, a compulsory minimum charge with the marginal cost of water being zero, encouraged over watering, resulting in increased water tables via groundwater recharge. Second, the government did not provide adequate finance for construction of appropriate removal of saline drainage water, and thereby allowed increasing in-stream salinity.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Government failure; Institutions; Salinity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118336

Designing Water Markets to Manage Coupled Externalities: An Application to Irrigation-Induced Salinity in Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Legras,   Sophie; Lifran,   Robert.
In this paper, the design of water markets for the management of irrigation-induced salinity in Australia is addressed. Indeed, this setting exhibits complex interactions between the different features of the resource water. Quality, quantity of surface and ground-water interact in ways that produce coupled environmental externalities. It is then difficult to design efficient policy instruments to tackle all the issues at stake. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of three types of water market mechanisms, involving diversion rights and recharge rights.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water markets; Irrigation induced salinity; Australia; Externalities; Policy instruments; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q53.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25350

Assessing the environmental externalities from biofuels in Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cuevas-Cubria,   Clara.
In Australia, as in other countries, the environmental costs and benefits of biofuel production and use have been found to vary greatly according to the production method and feedstocks used. In general, the use of biodiesel produced in Australia has been found to provide greater environmental benefits than ethanol, both in terms of reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduced air pollutant emissions. In this paper, estimates of GHG and air pollutant emissions arising from biofuels and petroleum fuels production and use are employed to calculate the change in environmental externalities when substituting biofuels for petroleum fuels in Australia. These estimates of externalities highlight the need to better understand the environmental implications...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Environmental policy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Air pollutants; Externalities; Australia; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47624

Comparing the Efficiency of Alternative Policies for Reducing Traffic Congestion
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper compares the efficiency of a single lane toll, a congestion tax applied uniformly across freeway lanes, a gasoline tax, and a transit fare subsidy at reducing traffic congestion. The model incorporates a variety of conditions required to reach an efficient outcome. These include conditions for the efficient allocation of travel among competing modes, travel at peak versus off-peak periods, and drivers with high and low time costs sorted onto faster and slower freeway lanes. Each policy violates some or all of the efficiency conditions. Under wide parameter scenarios, the single lane toll, gasoline tax, and transit subsidy forgo at least two thirds of the efficiency gains under an "ideal" congestion tax that varies across lanes. In contrast, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Efficiency effects; Congestion taxes; Single lane tolls; Rail subsidies; Gasoline taxes; Public Economics; R41; R48; D62.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10517

The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Portney,   Paul R.; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Gruenspecht,   Howard K.; Harrington,   Winston.
This paper discusses several rationales for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, including reduced oil dependence, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the possibility that fuel saving benefits from higher standards might exceed added vehicle costs. We then summarize what can be said about the welfare effects of tightening standards, accounting for prior fuel taxes, and perverse effects on congestion and traffic accidents through the impact of improved fuel economy on the incentive to drive. Implications of CAFE on local air pollution, and the controversy over CAFE, vehicle weight, and road safety, are also discussed. Finally, we describe ways in which the existing CAFE program could be substantially improved and identify a variety of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fuel economy; Externalities; Oil dependency; Vehicle safety; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R48; Q48; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10863

A hazai húsmarhatartás környezeti értékelése és externáliáinak vizsgálata benchmarking módszerrel
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bakosne Borocz,   Maria; Fogarassy,   Csaba.
Benchmarking alkalmazásával vizsgáltuk a hazánkban alkalmazott marhatartási technológiákat annak érdekében, hogy valamilyen módon az externális hatásokat be lehessen mutatni. A vizsgálataink eredménye, hogy a hagyományos technológia mellett található a legtöbb negatív externália, míg az extenzív, és az ökológiai tartásmód externális, valamint környezeti szempontból is a legjobb megoldást jelenti. ------------------------------ In our study we reviewed the conditions of extensive agricultural farming and its benefits based on environmental criteria. Furthermore we examined its external effects, which may affect the agriculture and the meat cattle breeding. Beef fattening, when done intensively, can cause huge environmental problems which may cause negative...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Húsmarha; Extenzív; Benchmarkig; Környezet; Externália; Beef cattle; Extensive; Benchmarking; Environment; Externalities; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119900

Sustainability, Externalities and Economics: The Case of Temperate Perennial Grazing Systems in NSW
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jones,   Randall E.; Dowling,   Peter.
The replacement of perennial grass species by undesirable annual grass weeds not only results in lower productivity but is also contributes to a range of external costs. In particular, shallow rooted annuals result in greater deep drainage and therefore a greater potential for salinity, and greater volumes of runoff of poor quality water to streams. In this paper an economic framework for examining the sustainability issues of a perennial grazing system on the NSW Central Tablelands is presented. This involves a combination of simulation and dynamic programming models, with the state of the system represented by variables for the perennial grass composition and soil fertility. The paper examines a range of management strategies that increase the perennial...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Perennial pasture; Sustainability; Externalities; Bioeconomic modelling; Dynamic programming; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; 160.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42504

A precíziós növénytermelés externális hatásai az Agárdi Farm Kft. esetében
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sinka,   Anett.
A hagyományos mezőgazdasági termelés negatív hatásainak kiküszöbölése ér¬dekében az Európai Unió országaiban az utóbbi évtizedben egyre fontosabbá vált a multifunkcionális mezőgazdaság. Ahhoz, hogy a vidékfejlesztés, a környezetgazdálkodás az agrárgazdaság integrált részévé váljék, a gazdasági gyakorlatnak szá¬mos területen szükséges változtatni: merőben új módszerek alkalmazása, a koráb¬ban használt vagy meglévő technológiák megújítása, mások által már kipróbált eljá¬rások adaptálása, mind-mind egy-egy lehetőséget kínál a jól működő, többfunkciós mezőgazdasághoz. Mindezen okok mérlegelése után döntött úgy az Agárdi Farm Kft., hogy átáll a ha¬gyományos gazdálkodásról a precíziós növénytermelésre. A precíziós növényterme¬lési technológia nem más, mint a...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Externáliák; Multifunkcionális mezőgazdaság; Precíziós növénytermelés; Versenyképesség; Externalities; Multifunctional agriculture; Precision farming; Competitiveness; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92499

Networks with Group Counterproposals
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nieva,   Ricardo.
We study two n-player sequential network formation games with externalities. Link formation is tied to simultaneous transfer selection in a Nash demand like game in each period. Players in groups can counterpropose. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for efficiency in terms of cyclical monotonicity. The n-player group version always yields efficiency.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Bargaining Protocol; Counterproposals; Network Formation; Transfers; Externalities; Groups; Coalitions; C71; C72; C73; C78.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42901

Do Farmers Internalise External Impacts of Pesticides in Production?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Skevas,   Theodoros; Stefanou,   Spiro E.; Oude Lansink,   Alfons G.J.M.
In modern agriculture, pesticides feature so prominently in growers’ arsenal to reduce crop damage caused by various pests and diseases. But their indiscriminate use can harm human health and the environment and, eventually, impact agricultural productivity negatively. In an era of an increasing public awareness on the external effects of pesticides, the EU is trying to update its pesticide policy by establishing tax and levy schemes. An important question is whether the external impacts of pesticides are also affecting the farmers’ production environment. A damage abatement specification is used consisting of a potential output function and a damage abatement function. The damage abatement function considers both high and low toxicity pesticides, and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Pesticides; Externalities; Biodiversity; The Netherlands; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Food Security and Poverty; Land Economics/Use; Productivity Analysis.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109403

Pharmaceutical and Industrial Traits in Genetically Modified Crops: Co-existence with Conventional Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moschini,   GianCarlo.
This paper discusses the implications of using genetically modified crops to biomanufacture pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds from the perspective of their co-existence with conventional agriculture. Such plant-made pharmaceuticals and plant-made industrial products rely on exciting scientific and technological breakthroughs and promise new opportunities for the agricultural sector, but they also entail novel risks. The management of the externalities and of the possible unintended economic effects that arise in this context is critical and poses difficult questions for regulators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Biopharming; Co-existence; Externalities; Genetically modified products; Liability; Molecular farming; Regulation; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18544

A MODEL OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE AS A COMMON PROPERTY AND EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Secchi,   Silvia; Babcock,   Bruce A.
A dynamic farm production model analyzes the interaction between the externalities caused by pest mobility and the development of pesticide resistance, a nonrenewable resource, in the context of agricultural biotechnologies.  The model measures the effect of farmers' myopic behavior and the impact of pest mobility on the path of resistance.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; Common property resource; European Corn Borer; Externalities; Pesticide resistance; Intertemporal optimization; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21664

Returns to Migration, Education, and Externalities in the European Union
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rodriguez-Pose,   Andres; Tselios,   Vassilis.
Relatively little attention has been paid to the role that externalities play in determining the pecuniary returns to migration. This paper addresses this gap, using microeconomic data for more than 100,000 individuals living in the European Union (EU) for the period 1994-2001 in order to analyse whether the individual economic returns to education vary between migrants and nonmigrants and whether any observed differences in earnings between migrants and locals are affected by household and/or geographical (regional and interregional) externalities. The results point out that while education is a fundamental determinant of earnings., European labour markets – contrary to expectations – do not discriminate in the returns to education between migrants and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Individual Earnings; Migration; Educational Attainment; Externalities; Household; Regions; Europe; Labor and Human Capital; J.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59851

Stationary Consistent Equilibrium Coalition Structures Constitute the Recursive Core
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Koczy,   Laszlo A.
We study coalitional games where the proceeds from cooperation depend on the entire coalition structure. The coalition structure core (Kóczy, 2007) is a generalisation of the coalition structure core for such games. We introduce a noncooperative, sequential coalition formation model and show that the set of equilibrium outcomes coincides with the recursive core. In order to extend past results to games that are not totally balanced (understood in this special setting) we introduce subgame-consistency that requires perfectness in relevant subgames only, while subgames that are never reached are ignored.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Partition Function; Externalities; Implementation; Recursive Core; Stationary Perfect Equilibrium; Time Consistent Equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; C71; C72.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54365

Modelling the Spatial Structure of Pig Production in Denmark
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Larue,   Solene; Abildtrup,   Jens; Schmitt,   Bertrand.
In Denmark, the concentration of pig production is highest in the western part of the country. However, there may be even larger local differences in the number of pigs produced. In this study we analyze the determinants of the location of pig production in Denmark with particular focus on spatial externalities and the interaction between the location of pig production and upstream sector and slaughterhouses. It is the assumption that the location of slaughterhouses is influenced by the location of the primary producers, implying that this variable is endogenous, whereas the location of primary producers is independent of the location of slaughterhouses. This is due to the fact that transportation costs of pigs are paid by the cooperatives owning the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agglomeration; Externalities; Spatial Econometrics; Polluted Production; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44281

Two-Part Tax Controls for Forest Density and Rotation Time
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brown,   J. Bradley.
Many forest amenities are derived not only from the age of the trees, but also from the density of the trees.  When an externality such as erosion control is considered, clear-cutting results in much larger damages than occur with selective cutting.  This paper extends current methodology, allowing firms to optimize over both rotation time and the commercial use percentage per acre.  A two-part instrument, a “"clear-cut”" tax combined with a lump sum “"licensing fee"”, controls for commercial use percentage and rotation time in a firm that does not internalize non-timber benefits.  Optimal taxes are presented that correct the firm’'s suboptimal behavior.  A two-part instrument is shown to remedy market failure when a private firm clear-cuts and harvests...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Two-Part Tax; Forestry; Clear-cutting; Optimal Rotation; Externalities; Optimal Harvest; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19560

Can the lack of coordination between an agricultural authority and a water agency generate inefficiencies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martin,   Elsa; Stahn,   Hubert.
The point of departure of this work is the situation occurring in the Crau area (South-East of France). In this region, organic farmers use surface water for irrigation and excess water percolates into an aquifer that is used as a source for local residents. In contrast to the standard framework, agricultural production thus increases groundwater levels. In this paper, using a dynamic model, we derive the myopic and socially optimal food and water consumption paths. The first aim is to bring to the fore that an intervention is needed and that, in such a specific case, the environment can be protected thanks to some "good" production incentives. We then analyze the problem of coordination that can occur when two distinct local authorities - an agricultural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Agricultural policy; Water policy; Coordination of policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91811

Comparing the Marginal Excess Burden of Labor, Petrol, Cigarette, and Alcohol Taxes: An Application to the United Kingdom
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper develops an analytical framework for comparing the marginal excess burden (MEB) of labor taxes and various commodity taxes, allowing for externalities and interactions between the taxes, and applies the analysis to the United Kingdom. Due to parameter uncertainty and model simplifications the results should be viewed with caution, nonetheless there are some useful insights. For example, even though taxes on petrol and cigarettes confer externality benefits, and these goods are relatively weak leisure substitutes, the MEB of these taxes may substantially exceed that of the labor income tax, except under "high" scenarios for externality benefits. In contrast the MEB for alcohol taxes may be smaller than that of the labor tax, though it is still...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Welfare cost; Labor tax; Cigarette tax; Alcohol tax; Petrol tax; Externalities; Political Economy; H21; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10860

Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Bento,   Antonio M.
This paper explores the interactions between taxes on work-related traffic congestion and pre-existing distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation at the margin, when revenues are returned in lump-sum transfers. We find that the resulting efficiency loss in the labor market can be larger than the Pigouvian efficiency gains from internalizing the congestion externality. In contrast, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes the net impact on labor supply is positive, and the efficiency gain in the labor market can raise the overall welfare gains of the congestion tax by as much as 100 percent. Recycling congestion tax revenues in public...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Congestion taxes; Pre-existing tax distortions; General equilibrium; Welfare effects; Public Economics; R41; H21; H23.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10548

Measuring the Impact of Externalities on College of Agriculture Teaching Evaluations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fleming,   Ronald A.; Bazen,   Ernest F.; Wetzstein,   Michael E.
Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is employed as an aid in improving instruction and determining faculty teaching effectiveness.  However, economic theory indicates the existence of externalities in SET scores that directly influence their interpretation.  As a test of this existence, a multinomial-choice, ordered data estimation procedure is employed to identify course externalities influencing SET.  These externalities include student class standing, required courses, class size, days a class meets, class meeting time, classroom location, and classroom design.  Results indicate that externalities have a significant impact on teaching evaluations.  Thus, failure to internalize these externalities will lead to biases in SET and questionable use of SET...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Ordered probit; SET; Teaching evaluation; A20; A22; I21.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43486

A Rising Tide of Anti-Animal Consumerism? Issues and Opportunities
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rae,   Allan N.
The livestock revolution that has occurred over the last few decades has seen a phenomenal increase in demand for livestock products in much of the developing world. This has largely been matched with growth in supplies, driven by government policies, and increased animal numbers and productivity. But this growth has been accompanied by a number of side-effects which in many cases impose negative externalities on society and suggest that current trends in animal product consumption are unsustainable. As a result there is emerging an anti-animal sentiment among some consumer groups. These people are concerned about livestock issues such as human health effects, biodiversity losses, deforestation, emissions to the air and water, diversion of grains from...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Livestock revolution; Diet transformation; Externalities; Opportunities; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Health Economics and Policy; Livestock Production/Industries.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/96940

VALUING AGROFORESTRY IN THE PRESENCE OF LAND DEGRADATION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cacho,   Oscar J.
Agroforestry can help prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land to produce crops and livestock. A problem with the evaluation of agroforestry using long-run static models and traditional discounting techniques is that the present value of the forestry enterprise is generally much lower than that of other production activities. This problem is common with Australian native species which tend to have a high environmental value but a low market value. This paper presents an economic analysis of an agroforestry operation in land prone to degradation and in the presence of positive externalities provided by trees. The value of the land is estimated based on the present value of expected returns in perpetuity under optimal management....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agroforestry; Land degradation; Externalities; Dryland salinity; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/12931

Externalities Imposed on Residential Properties in Highly Urbanized Areas
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cotteleer,   Geerte; Peerlings,   Jack H.M.
In highly industrialized areas open spaces such as farmland and nature are under pressure since urban areas are expanding at their expense. Because of the high opportunity costs of development in urban areas, a high price has to be paid for the maintenance or creation of open space. The question is if this high price can be justified by the value of the open space. We estimate the value residents attach to surrounding open space in a hedonic pricing model. More specifically, we investigate in a highly urbanized area in the Netherlands how the externalities of farmland, nature, and other uses, such as industrial areas and the sea affect residential property prices. Moreover, spatial lag and error dependence are corrected for in the hedonic pricing model...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Hedonic pricing; Spatial econometrics; Externalities; Land Economics/Use.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43950