Consulta: subjectFacets:"F13"
Registros recuperados: 298
Data/hora: 11/06/2024 05:37:01

Protektion passe?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hasse,   Rolf H.
Die Frage nach dem Stand und der Entwicklung des Handelsprotektionismus wird vielfach vereinfachend beantwortet: Danach haben die GATT-Runden einen kontinuierlichen Abbau bewirkt. Diese Aussage wird überprüft. Dabei wird von vier Thesen ausgegangen: (1) Protektionismus ist ein integraler Bestandteil der internationalen Arbeitsteilung. (2) Die internationale Arbeitsteilung hat stetig zugenommen, ebenso aber auch die Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen zugunsten der nationalen Wertschöpfung. (3) Die Analyse der GATT-Runden klammert wesentliche Protektionswirkungen der Währungspolitik aus. (4) Die Ausweitung der GATTPrinzipien auf den Dienstleistungshandel (GATS) sowie den Handel mit geistigem Eigentum (TRIPS) wird einen Zuwachs an (neuem) Protektionismus hervorrufen,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Commercial Policy; Trade Negotiations; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26239

Effects of Price and Quality Differences in Source Differentiated Beef on Market Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Young-Jae; Kennedy,   P. Lynn.
In order to estimate demand elasticities of source differentiated beef in South Korea, this study used the quantity of an endogenous demand system derived through maximizing the economic welfare of market participants including local beef consumers and local and foreign beef suppliers. The demand system is then weighted with respect to quality adjustment parameters to identify the effects of quality differences in source differentiated beef on market demand. As implied by the high relative price of locally produced ‘‘Hanwoo’’ beef, substitutability between local and imported beef is shown to be very weak and the own price elasticity of South Korean beef is shown to be inelastic. Related to quality differences between source differentiated beef, South...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beef; Quality complement; Quality difference; Quality substitute; Agribusiness; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Livestock Production/Industries; F10; F11; F13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48752

How Decoupled Is the European Union's Single Farm Payment?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Elekes,   Andrea; Velikovszky,   Laszlo.
Our paper focuses on the key element of the 2003 CAP reform: on the single farm payment (SFP). The basic aim was to decouple direct payment from production decisions. Because of the widespread agricultural policy reforms (support producers with the least possible distortions) and of the on-going WTO negotiations, this is an issue attracting significant attention on behalf of agricultural economists. Different tools and different methodologies have been employed in the effort to better understand and rank policy measures in terms of their production and trade effects. Most of the literature classifies measures based on implementation criteria. Our paper assesses the decoupled nature of the single farm payment (SFP) based on WTO and OECD criteria. The EU...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAP reform; WTO; Decoupling; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q17; Q18; F13; F15.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25339

Removing Distortions in the U.S. Ethanol Market: What Does It Imply for the United States and Brazil?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elobeid,   Amani E.; Tokgoz,   Simla.
We analyze the impact of trade liberalization and removal of the federal tax credit in the United States on U.S. and Brazilian ethanol markets using a multi-market international ethanol model calibrated on 2005 market data and policies. The removal of trade distortions induces a 23.9 percent increase in the price of world ethanol on average between 2006 and 2015 relative to the baseline. The U.S. domestic ethanol price decreases by 13.6 percent, which results in a 7.2 percent decline in production and a 3.8 percent increase in consumption. The lower domestic price leads to a 3.7 percent rise in the share of fuel ethanol in gasoline consumption. U.S. net ethanol imports increase by 199 percent. Brazil responds to the higher world ethanol price by increasing...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Ethanol; Renewable fuels; Trade liberalization; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F13; F17; Q17; Q18; Q42.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9808

STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF EXHCHANGE RATE ON IMPORT DEMAND
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Young-Jae; Kennedy,   P. Lynn; Hilbun,   Brian M.
The purpose of this study is to determine the impact the exchange rate has on local prices and import demand.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Exchange rate; Direct and indirect effects; Korean beef market; International Relations/Trade; F10; F11; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56415

Tariff Escalation in the Doha Talks--Bringing the Issue to Resolution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wainio,   John; Vanzetti,   David.
Development objectives dictate that the Doha negotiations address tariff escalation. This could increase the production and export of processed goods in developing countries, expand investment and employment, and reduce dependence on primary product exports. Despite its importance, little progress has been made, notwithstanding that a final resolution to the negotiations will not be possible without bringing this issue to resolution. This paper quantifies tariff escalation within WTO members' tariff schedules and the degree to which a tiered formula could address this problem. Utilizing a detailed partial equilibrium global agricultural trade model we estimate the possible gains to developing countries from reducing tariff escalation.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff escalation; Agriculture; Trade; Tariffs; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6034

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ukraine
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: von Cramon-Taubadel,   Stephan; Nivievskyi,   Oleg; von der Malsburg,   Emanuel Elsner; Movchan,   Veronika.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48512

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sri Lanka
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bandara,   Jayatilleke S.; Jayasuriya,   Sisira.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48480

An analysis of the dispute European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Charlier,   Christophe; Ngo,   Mai-Anh.
The dispute "European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs" that opposes the European - Union to the United States and Australia, has been raised by the European regulation concerning the protection of geographical indications. This dispute has two important issues. First, the Panel demonstrated that the European regulation did not comply with national treatment promulgated by the TRIPS and the GATT 1994 Agreements. Second, the Panel affirmed the possibility of coexistence between GIs and identical prior trademarks. This article considers these two issues and depicts the position of the parties at the end of the dispute regarding GIs' protection. The first part of this article presents...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Geographical indications; Intellectual property; National treatment; TRIPS; Dispute settlement.; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10032

Is There an End to U.S.-Canadian Softwood Lumber Disputes?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Devadoss,   Stephen.
I develop a two-country theoretical trade model to show that Canadian subsidies increase lumber supplies and exports to the United States, and the U.S. retaliatory tariff raises U.S. prices safeguards producers, but hurts consumers.  These results underscore the short-sightedness of policy decisions in a bilateral trade dispute, as empirical results from the multiregional spatial equilibrium trade model highlight that both countries pursue myopic policies without taking into account the reactions of other exporters and importers.  For instance, after the imposition of U.S. tariffs, other exporters grab the market share lost by Canada in the United States, while Canada augments its exports to other importers.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Canadian subsidy; Lumber market; U.S. tariff; WTO ruling; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43754

Relationship between Trade Liberalisation, Growth and Balance of Payments in Developing Countries: An Econometric Study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parikh,   Ashok.
The objectives of this paper are to study the impact of liberalisation on trade deficits and current accounts of developing countries. It is expected that trade liberalisation would promote economic growth from the supply side by leading to a more efficient use of resources, by encouraging competition, and by increasing the flow of ideas and knowledge across national boundaries. Trade liberalisation could lead to faster import growth than export growth and hence the supply side benefits may be offset by the unsustainable balance of payments position. This study uses panel data of 42 countries (both time-series and cross-section dimension) to estimate the effect of trade liberalisation and growth on trade balance while controlling for other factors such as...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Panel data; Income Terms of Trade; Dynamic Optimisation; Dynamic panel model; International Relations/Trade; C21; C22; C23; F13; F14; F32.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26212

Agricultural Trade Liberalization: Assessing the Consequences for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bureau,   Jean-Christophe; Jean,   Sebastien; Matthews,   Alan.
Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. Simulations suggest that the effects of agricultural trade liberalization will be small, overall, and are likely to be negative for a significant number of developing countries. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but these countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. The main obstacles to the exports of the poorest countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards) which increasingly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade liberalization; WTO; Developing countries; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24628

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND TRADE: ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, MEDICINALS AND BOTANICALS, AND PHARMACEUTICALS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Smith,   Pamela J.
We examine the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on US exports of biological, medicinal, botanical, and pharmaceutical products.  We find that: (1) strong IPRs enhance monopoly power of US exports in countries with weak imitative abilities;  and (2) strong IPRs expand markets for US exports in countries with strong imitative abilities.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Exports; Biotechnologies; Medicinals; Botanicals; Pharmaceuticals; International Relations/Trade; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F10; F13; Q16; Q17; K55; O34.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21525

Measuring the impact of trade policy reform in Ireland: A disaggregated analysis of household impacts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Miller,   Ana Corina; Matthews,   Alan; Boysen,   Ole; Donnellan,   Trevor; O'Donoghue,   Cathal.
The purpose of this paper is to assess the impacts of further trade liberalisation on the agricultural sector in Ireland. In addition to evaluating the aggregate impacts on agricultural production as well as the spill-over effect of this on the non-agricultural sector and for overall Irish GDP, we evaluate the effects for different types of households. In order to capture economy-wide impacts of the policy reform, a CGE model was formulated and implemented using a social accounting matrix constructed for Ireland for the year 2005. Household effects are captured using representative households. The simulation results suggest a positive impact on the Irish economy as well as on the representative households. Many agricultural sectors contract in the process...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade policy; CAP reform; CGE model; Macro and welfare effects; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; D58; I3.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99598

Market Access Asymmetry in Food Trade among Quad Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
This paper uses a gravity-like structure derived from a monopolistic competition model to measure market access among Canada, USA, Japan and EU – Quad countries – over the 1996-2001 period. We explore the overall asymmetry and 18 food industrial-level asymmetries of bilateral trade openness. Using actual bilateral estimates of tariffs and nontariff barriers, we investigate their role in explaining the trade reduction effect of national borders. A representative estimate of market access shows that higher asymmetries exist in USA, Canada and EU trade with Japan. Quite surprisingly, the last country is always more open than the reverse. Finally, we found that tariffs and NTBs explain a significant part of the border effects and that the NTB role is often...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market access; Food trade; Asymmetry; Gravity; QUAD countries; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24596

Increased Cocoa Bean Exports under Trade Liberalization: A Gravity Model Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yeboah,   Osei-Agyeman; Shaik,   Saleem; Wozniak,   Shawn J.; Allen,   Albert J.
Gravity models were developed to estimate the potential bilateral exports of cocoa under trade liberalization by the sixteen major cocoa producing countries to the US using panel data from 1989 to 2003. The results indicate that differences between resource endowment, relative size of economies, and the sum of bilateral GDP of U.S. and exporting countries are the major determinants. Thus, as trade is liberalized, farmers share of the world price of cocoa increases and this raises exports.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Gravity models; Bilateral exports; Market liberalization; Cocoa; Fixed Effects Model; Random Effects Model; Pooled O.L.S.; International Relations/Trade; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; F10; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6819

Eastern Enlargement of the EU: A Comprehensive Welfare Assessment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kohler,   Wilhelm.
This paper takes a welfare-view on eastern enlargement of the EU, focusing on incumbent countries. Enlargement is decomposed into three elements: Single-market integration on commodity markets, budgetary costs from EU-expenditure policies, and single market- induced migration from new to present member countries. I first use an analytical model to derive a welfare equation that identifies the principle channels for incumbent country welfare gains and losses from enlargement, including product differentiation, capital accumulation, and unemployment due to search-costs. I then propose a method that allows to extend welfare results obtained from a detailed calibrated version of this model for Germany to other incumbent countries. The approach relies on model...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: EU Enlargement; Economic Integration; Commercial Policy; Migration; Welfare Analysis; Computable General Equilibrium; Search Unemployment; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F02; F12; F13; F15; F22.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26377

Label Performance and the Willingness to Pay for Fair Trade Coffee:  A Cross-National Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Basu,   Arnab K.; Hicks,   Robert L.
In this paper we investigate how label information detailing the performance of the Fair Trade labeling program with respect to coffee affect consumers’ willingness to pay in the United States and in Germany. We provide respondents (University students in the U.S and Germany) information regarding hypothetical benefits of the Fair Trade Coffee program on its intended beneficiaries on the production side (the revenue gains to participating marginal farmers (scope of the program)), and using stated preference conjoint methods test how this performance criterion relates to the willingness to pay for Fair Trade Coffee. Our empirical results identify a “threshold'' property of performance-based labels. In effect, the willingness-to-pay for performance-based...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fair Trade; Labeling program; Consumer; Consumer/Household Economics; International Relations/Trade; F13; E21.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44336

Welfare and Poverty Effects of Global Agricultural and Trade Policies Using the Linkage Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique.
This paper analyzes the economic effects of agricultural price and merchandise trade policies around the world as of 2004 on global markets, net farm incomes, and national and regional economic welfare and poverty, using the global economy wide Linkage Model, new estimates of agricultural price distortions for developing countries, and a poverty elasticities approach. It addresses two questions: To what extent are policies as of 2004 still reducing rewards from farming in developing countries and thereby adding to inequality across countries in farm household incomes? Are they depressing value added more in primary agriculture than in the rest of the economy of developing countries, and earnings of unskilled workers more than of owners of other factors of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52785

Impacts of the U.S.-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) on U.S. Fruit Exports - the Apple Case
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fu,   Shengfei; Epperson,   James E.; Ames,   Glenn C.W.
The U.S.-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) levels the playing field of trade between the United States and the six CAFTA-DR partner countries. Half of U.S. farm products gain immediate tariff-free access to the markets of the CAFTA-DR region. All Tariffs will be eliminated in 20 years. Under CAFTA-DR, tariffs on an important U.S. fresh fruit export to the region, fresh apples, declined from an initial base of 15%-25% in CAFTA-DR countries to zero immediately upon enforcement. The specific objective of this research is to analyze the impact of tariff elimination under CAFTA-DR on the trade of U.S. fresh apples. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used for the analysis involving an excess-supply-excess-demand model with...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAFTA-DR; Trade liberalization; Tariff elimination; Generalized Method of Moments(GMM); Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13; F15.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119783

The determinants of bilateral World Trade Organization disputes in the agro-food sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Goetz,   Christian; Heckelei,   Thomas.
This paper analyses relevant determinants for the probability to initiate a dispute on policy measures under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. The empirical analysis focuses on agro-food-related disputes to provide sector-specific information on the driving factors in dispute settlement, and complements and extends previous studies by incorporating new potential determinants. The focus is shifted to bilaterally dependent characteristics to take care of trade related and power-based relationships between Members. Contrary to recent analyses of overall trade disputes, the results show that some determinants such as export value and monetary means are not statistically significant. However, the import dependency from the defendant...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO dispute; Agro-food sector; Binary choice model; International Relations/Trade; C12; C13; F13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49461

An Empirical Investigation of Interproduct Relationships Between Domestic and Imported Seafood in the U.S.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Young-Jae; Kennedy,   P. Lynn.
This study seeks to identify interproduct relationships between domestic catfish and a representative selection of imported seafood. In doing so, this study uses multivariate cointegration and structural analyses. Multivariate cointegration analysis suggests that six imported seafood product groupings form a common market with domestic catfish. Structural analysis reveals that 1) domestic and imported catfish are net and gross quantity substitutes; 2) domestic catfish and imported seafood are normal goods; 3) six imported seafood products are identified as gross quantity substitutes for domestic catfish; and 4) according to the derived Allais coefficients, interaction intensities of imported seafood for domestic catfish (from greatest to least) are as...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Catfish; Multivariate cointegration; Quantity substitutability; Seafood imports; Structural analysis; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Financial Economics; Health Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing; Political Economy; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; Public Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; D12; F10; F11; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100516

Suggestions for the Road to Copenhagen
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhao,   Jinhua.
We provide a unified discussion of the issues that confront negotiators of the next international climate agreement. We offer a novel proposal that entitles countries to discharge their treaty obligations by paying a “fine”. This escape clause provides cost insurance, simplifies the problem of enforcing compliance, and increases incentives to participate in the agreement. We explain why developed country obligations should rely on a cap and trade commitment rather than carbon taxes. A Central Bank maintains stability of carbon prices by defending a price ceiling and floor. An so-called intensity target is not a good alternative to an emissions cap. Modest trade restrictions, consistent with WTO law, will form an important part of the next agreement....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Kyoto protocol; Escape clause; Emissions trade; Taxes versus cap and trade; Price stability; Carbon leakage; Trade restrictions; Differentiated responsibility; Clean development mechanism; Sectoral agreements; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q54; Q58; F13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51610

On the EU–U.S. Biodiesel ‘Splash &amp; Dash' Controversy: Causes, Consequences and Policy Recommendations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Gorter,   Harry; Drabik,   Dusan; Just,   David R.
Replaced with revised version of paper on 10/26/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Splash &amp; dash; Biodiesel; Blender’s tax credit; Tax exemption; Trade; European Union; Unites States; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; Q27; Q42.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61425

Agricultural Protection and Poverty in Indonesia: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Warr,   Peter G.
A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The poor – rural and urban – have a strong interest in global trade policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally, poverty incidence also would decline but the effect is small. If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence within Indonesia are much smaller.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52788

Imposing WTO disciplines on domestic support: an assessment of the Doha Round Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David.
The elements of the approach to disciplining domestic support for agriculture in the Doha round of WTO negotiations are evaluated using data for a selection of OECD countries. Despite a substantial increase in complexity in comparison to the Uruguay Round Agreement, the new approach is unlikely to require real reductions in trade-distorting support. As a result it is unlikely to stimulate further reforms in domestic agricultural policies in OECD countries.   RESUMEN: En este artículo se evalúan los instrumentos del enfoque utilizado en la Ronda de Doha de la Organización Mundial de Comercio para establecer disciplinas  en relación con la ayuda interna a la agricultura. El análisis se lleva  a cabo para un conjunto de países de la OCDE. A pesar de la mayor...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: International trade; Agriculture; Domestic support; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28766

Die WTO auf dem Weg nach Katar: Anstehende Probleme - neue Herausforderungen
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Senti,   Richard.
In wenigen Monaten wird in Katar die Ministerkonferenz der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) über die Abhaltung einer neuen Handelsrunde entscheiden. Auf Grund der gegenwärtigen Vorarbeiten werden zwei Themenkreise auf der Traktandenliste der Verhandlungen erwartet: erstens die weitere Umsetzung der in der Uruguay-Runde beschlossenen Liberalisierungsmassnahmen in den Bereichen Agrar-, Textil- und Dienstleistungshandel, und zweitens die Behandlung der Fragen über die künftige Zusammenarbeit mit den Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs), die Aufnahme der Volksrepublik China in die WTO und die allenfalls stärkere Ausrichtung der Welthandelsordnung auf den Umweltschutz, das Arbeitsrecht und die Sozialpolitik. Das vorliegende Diskussionspapier hat zum Ziel, die...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Commercial Policy; Trade Negotiations; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26315

An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Devadoss,   Stephen.
The recent lumber trade war between Canada and the United States deals with Canadian stumpage policies, Canada’s log export controls, and U.S. retaliatory duty. This study determines the appropriate level of U.S. countervailing duty (CVD) by employing a vertically interrelated log–lumber model. The theoretical results show that the U.S. CVD can be greater (will be less) than the Canadian subsidy for a vertically related log–lumbermarket (for lumber market only). Empirical results support the theoretical findings in that the U.S. CVD for the log–lumber market (lumber market alone) is 1.55 (0.91) times the Canadian subsidy.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Countervailing duty; Dispute; Log; Lumber; Subsidy; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45517

Increasing the United States Tariff-Rate Sugar Quota for Cuba and Mexico: A Partial-Equilibrium Simulation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Petrolia,   Daniel R.; Kennedy,   P. Lynn.
Increases in the United States tariff-rate quota for sugar are simulated to determine the impact of Cuban market access and an increased Mexican allotment.  The effects on both domestic and international sugar markets, including production, consumption, prices and trade, are determined and welfare effects identified.  This analysis is carried out using a partial-equilibrium simplified world trade model,  Modele International Simplifie de Simulation (MISS), which simulates, in a comparative-static framework, the effects of various policy actions.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cuba; Mexico; Sugar; Tariff-rate quota; F13; F17; Q17.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43200

Effects of Food Safety Standards on Seafood Exports to US, EU and Japan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nguyen,   Anh Van Thi; Wilson,   Norbert L.W.
Estimating the panel gravity model with bilateral pair and country-by-time fixed-effects separately for each seafood product, we found that food safety regulations have differential effects across seafood products. In all three industrialized markets, shrimp is most sensitive, while fish is the least sensitive to changing food safety policies. The enforcement of the US HACCP, the EU Minimum Required Performance Level and the Japanese Food Safety Basic Law caused a loss of 90.45%, 99.47%, and 99.97% to shrimp trade in these markets, and a reduction associated with fish trade was 66.71%, 82.83%, and 89.32%.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Seafood; International trade; Gravity model; HACCP; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade; C33; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46758

The Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yue,   Chengyan; Beghin,   John C.
Replaced by revised version of paper 05/05/08.  (Former title:  How to Estimate a Technical Barrier to Trade When There Is No Trade)
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Corner solution; Kuhn-Tucker model; New Zealand apples; NTB; TBT; Technical barrier to trade; Nontariff barrier; Prohibitive; Random utility; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10000

Distortions to Global Agricultural Markets: What Next?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym.
A decline in governmental distortions to agricultural and other trade since the 1980s has contributed to economic growth and poverty alleviation globally. But new modeling results suggest that has taken the world only three-fifths of the way towards freeing merchandise trade, and that farm policies are responsible for 70 percent of the global welfare cost of remaining distortions to goods markets as of 2004. Meanwhile, new drivers are affecting the mean and variance of world prices of farm products, including biofuel mandates and subsidies, climate change mitigation policies and adaptation, water institution and policy developments, difficulties in concluding a multilateral Doha Round agricultural agreement at the WTO, and policies relating to transgenic...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; Asia-Pacific region; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59849

Double Dividend with Trade Distortions: Analytical Results and Evidence from Chile
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.; Dessus,   Sebastien.
The double-dividend debate evolves around the possibility (or not) of substituting environmental taxes for more distortionary taxes to reduce both pollution degradation and/or damages (the first dividend) and the excess burden of existing taxes (the second dividend), without eroding tax revenues. This paper contributes to the double dividend debate with a formal analysis and some numerical evidence emphasizing trade and environmental distortions. The substitution of environmental taxes for trade distortions has been neglected in the double-dividend debate, which has centered on labor market distortions. Conditions for the existence of a double dividend are derived for different characterizations of preferences and policy menus. We empirically explore the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Double dividend; Trade and environment; Piecemeal reform; Policy coordination; Chile; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q28; H21.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18569

MIRAGE, Updated Version of the Model for Trade Policy Analysis: Focus on Agriculture and Dynamics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Decreux,   Yvan; Valin,   Hugo.
MIRAGE is a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model, devoted to trade policy analysis. It incorporates imperfect competition, horizontal and vertical product differentiation, and foreign direct investment, in a sequential dynamic set-up where installed capital is assumed to be immobile. Adjustment inertia is linked to capital stock reallocation. MIRAGE draws upon a very detailed measure of trade barriers and of their evolution under given hypotheses, thanks to the MAcMap database. The most recent version, presented in this paper, offers improvements in the modelling of agriculture policy and dynamics.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Computable general equilibrium model; Trade policy; Dynamics; Foreign direct investment; Imperfect competition; International Relations/Trade; D58; F12; F13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7284

Preferential Tariffs, WTO and Developing Countries: Do the Gains from Multilateral Market Access Outweigh Preferential Access?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elbehri,   Aziz; Wainio,   John.
WTO trade negotiations on market access follow the MFN treatment. However, an increasing share of trade falls under preferential regimes. For agriculture, trade liberalization analyses have showed that the impact on developing countries (DC) is not uniform, partly from omitting preferences. In this paper, we examine whether preference-recipient DC benefit more from across the board tariff cuts than from preferences. We employ a global CGE model with detailed preference-inclusive tariff database to examine the differential impact of trade liberalization on DC subject to preferences versus MFN-based market access. We focus on the European Union- the world largest preferences provider- and run two experiments of tariff cuts by the EU: a 50% across-the-board...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade preferences; MFN tariffs; Trade liberalization; Developing countries; Preferential trade Agreements; International Relations/Trade; D5; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25644

The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Market for Processed Orange Products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Spreen,   Thomas H.; Brewster,   Charlene; Brown,   Mark G.
The proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas would join the world’s two largest processed orange producing regions: Brazil and the United States.  Because the United States currently imposes a sizeable tariff on imported processed orange products, there is concern by U.S. orange growers over possible adverse effects resulting from tariff elimination.  A model of the world processed orange market is developed as a spatial equilibrium model with implicit supply functions based on the dynamic behavior of orange production.  The model is used to estimate the impact of U.S. tariff elimination on U.S. production, grower and processor prices, and imports.  The results suggest a sizeable price impact on U.S. producers if the tariff is eliminated.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Orange juice; Spatial equilibrium; Tariffs; Trade; C61; F13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37837

Political Economy of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: Introduction and Summary
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym.
During the 1960s and 1970s most developing countries imposed anti-agricultural policies, while many high-income countries restricted agricultural imports and subsidized their farmers. Both sets of policies inhibited economic growth and poverty alleviation in developing countries, while doing little to assist small farmers in high-income countries. Since the 1980s, however, many developing countries began to reduce the anti-agricultural bias of sectoral policies, and from the early 1990s the European Union began to move away from price supports to more-direct forms of farm income payments. This paper summarizes a forthcoming book that seeks to explain this evolving pattern of distortions to incentives conceptually and econometrically by making use of new...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural price and trade policies; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F59; H20; N50; O13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50306

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Australia and New Zealand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Lattimore,   Ralph G.; Lloyd,   Peter J.; MacLaren,   Donald.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48387

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sudan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Faki,   Hamid; Taha,   Abdelmoneim.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48520

India's Reform of External Sector Policies and Future Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.
I evaluate India's transition from an inward-oriented development strategy to greater participation in the world economy. While tariff rates have decreased significantly over the past decade, India is still one of the more autarkic countries. Despite improvement over the past in export performance, India continues to lag behind its South- and East Asian neighbors. Second, official debt flows have been largely replaced by foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment in the 1990s. India's ability to attract FDI would be greatly enhanced by further reforms. I argue that India's participation in a future round of multilateral trade negotiations would benefit India. I outline the further reforms most needed: reform of labour and bankruptcy laws,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: India; Antidumping; Developing countries; Economic reform; Export performance; Foreign direct investment; Intellectual property rights; Multilateral trade negotiations; Quantitative restrictions; Real exchange rate; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; World Trade Organization; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; F15; F21; F35; H54; K31; O34; O38; O53; P11.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28428

The Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yue,   Chengyan; Beghin,   John C.
We derive a method to econometrically estimate the tariff equivalent and foregone trade effects of a prohibitive technical barrier to trade (TBT) based on Wales and Woodland’s Kuhn-Tucker approach to corner solutions in consumer choice. The method overcomes the lack of observed data on bilateral trade flows and accounts for differentiated goods by place of origin. We apply the derived random utility model to international trade in apples to identify the tariff equivalent of prohibitive nontariff trade barriers imposed by Australia on potential imports of New Zealand apples. We estimate the forgone apple trade between the two countries, the implied trade injury imposed by Australia on New Zealand, and the welfare loss to Australia. The removal of the TBTs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Corner solution; Kuhn-Tucker model; New Zealand apples; Nontariff barrier; NTB; Prohibitive; Random utility; TBT; Technical barrier to trade; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7351

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the Dominican Republic
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Santos,   Jesus de los; Pena,   Pedro Pablo.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48393

Deregulating and Liberalizing the North-American Telecommunications Market: Explaining the US-Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cowhey,   Peter F.; Richards,   John E.
This paper examines the substantial regulatory changes in North American telecommunications markets over the past decade. We argue that a combination of U.S. domestic politics and the logic of international strategic positioning produced substantial and far-reaching reform driven primarily by multilateral actions at the WTO and a set of unilateral U.S. initiatives (primarily benchmarks). Internationally, although NAFTA played an important role as a "building block" for the WTO agreement, we argue the lack of market coverage and more far-reaching WTO agreement ultimately limited NAFTA's role in driving reform. The logic of U.S. domestic politics also played a central role by putting certain constraints on what the U.S. would accept in a telecommunications...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; NAFTA; Trade Negotiations; Telecommunications; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26378

Measuring Protection: Mission Impossible?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Salvatici,   Luca; Cipollina,   Maria.
In the international trade literature there seems to be some confusion between "openness" and "protection" measures. The aim of this paper is to bring together the "state of the art" in quantifying trade policy measures, so we focus on the extent of the protection granted by policies rather than on the degree of openness of the economy.  Given the huge size of literature dealing with these issues, we limit our review as follows. On the one hand, we focus on trade policies implemented at the border: accordingly, we do not consider all the other possible public interventions influencing trade flows. On the other hand, we take into account only indexes explicitly adopting a metric expressed in a "scalar aggregate" (tariff- and quota-equivalent measures, or an...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Protection; Tariff and Non-Tariff barriers; Tariff and Non-Tariff measures.; International Relations/Trade; F13; F19.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18876

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Pakistan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dorosh,   Paul A.; Salam,   Abdul.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48482

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in South Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kirsten,   Johann F.; Edwards,   Lawrence; Vink,   Nick.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48514

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Central and Eastern Europe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ciaian,   Pavel; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48385

The logic of the CAP: Politics or Economics?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Henning,   Christian H.C.A.; Struve,   Carsten; Brockmeier,   Martina.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48639

Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade: Evidence from Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gawande,   Kishore; Hoekman,   Bernard.
This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. We use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. We find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on our results we offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price distortions; Political economy of trade policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; D78; F11; H23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50300

Limited Cooperation in International Environmental Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Sacheti,   Sandeep.
Governments' desire to ameliorate environmental problems may conflict with other goals. Policy levels which balance different objectives can be altered by policy changes in other countries. A decrease in the importance of the pollution problem, or an increase in its global extent, increase the likelihood that tighter environmental regulations in one region induce laxer policies elsewhere. The transboundary character and the importance of environmental externalities also affect the amount of cooperation needed to improve members' welfare in a coalition. More global pollution problems require a larger coalition. However, the critical coalition size may be larger or smaller for more severe problems.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Limited cooperation; International environmental agreements; Strategic complements and substitution; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; H21; L13; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6286

A Framework for Estimating U.S. WTO Domestic Support to 2015
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Quiroga,   Jose.
The framework allows comprehensive and consistent measurement and classification of U.S. domestic support to 2015 under different assumptions. Projections of future U.S. domestic support patterns are made with estimates published in the USDA Agricultural Baseline Projections. We also use information from the OECD, FAPRI, NASS, and our own estimates. We present key elements and an overview of our analytical framework, assumptions of a baseline scenario, and some analytical results and observations arising from our analysis. The baseline scenario extends the classification of programs in WTO notifications to 2015. The framework consists of 65 spreadsheets, which are grouped into 4 analytical stages: calculation of program estimates by commodity; calculation...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; AMS; De minimis; Domestic support; WTO; Framework; International Relations/Trade; F1; Q1; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25412

Deregulation of the Maize Marketing System of Swaziland and Implications for Food Security
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mashinini,   Nkosazana N.; Obi,   Ajuruchukwu; van Schalkwyk,   Herman D.
Recent shortfalls in the supply of maize in the Kingdom of Swaziland have exacerbated the country's growing food insecurity and led to fresh calls for full deregulation of the maize marketing system. The proponents of deregulation believe that it eliminates inefficient production and service units by transferring resources to their best alternative uses. While the theoretical foundations for that position are not questionable, no studies have to date explicitly investigated the effects of the current arrangements and the potential effects of full deregulation. This paper reports on a study that examined the welfare effects of the regulation of the country's maize industry and considered the likely impacts of full deregulation of the industry. Using a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries; Food Security and Poverty; D6; F13; I3; L5; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25511

The Doha Agenda and Agricultural Trade Reform: The Role of Economic Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martin,   William J.; Anderson,   Kym.
This paper shows that research on international agricultural trade reform can make much greater contributions to understanding than was feasible in earlier trade negotiations. Part of this is due to improvements in the basic data on production, consumption and trade associated with the development of the GTAP database and part due to the greater availability of disaggregated data on applied and bound rates of protection. Unfortunately, the framework in which we operate means that we are reduced to measuring gains that are substantially less than one percent of GDP. New developments in theory and method provide the potential for our quantitative analysis to be improved in at least six areas, including improvements in: the measurement of protection;...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade negotiations; Multilateral; Agricultural trade; Welfare evaluation; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; F11; F12.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25628

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Colombia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Guterman,   Lia.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48392

Liberalizing and Re-Regulating Telecommunications in Europe: A Common Framework and Persistent Differences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Holmes,   Peter; Young,   Alasdair R.
This paper analyses the role of the European Union in promoting liberalisation among its member states and in crafting the multilateral regime for telecommunications services. It begins by analysing the origins of the EU regime, describing its contours and assessing its implementation. It then examines the interaction between the EU and the multilateral regime, examining the Uruguay Round and post-Uruguay Round negotiations on telecommunications services and outlining the issues under consideration in the GATS 2000 negotiations. It then proceeds to assess how the regulatory developments at the national, European and multilateral levels coexist and interact. Dieses Papier analysiert die Rolle der Europäischen Union bei der Liberalisierung der...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; European Union; Trade Negotiations; Telecommunications; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26244

Can a Preferential Trade Agreement Benefit Neighbor Countries without Compensating Them?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Endoh,   Masahiro; Hamada,   Koichi; Shimomura,   Koji.
PTAs are generally negotiated without any tariff concessions or transfers to non-member countries. Can such a PTA benefit the neighbors’ welfare? In a two-good competitive equilibrium model in the absence of an entrepot, a PTA without concessions to the outsider will hurt the outsider’s welfare when goods are normal. If one of the member countries is an entrepot, however, it definitely improves the neighbors’ welfare. In a multiple-good model, a PTA without concessions deteriorates the neighbors’ welfare, provided that all the goods are normal and substitutes, and that initial tariff levels are small.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: PTA; Neighbor’s Welfare; Kemp-Wan Theorem; WTO; GATT Article 24; Entrepot; International Relations/Trade; F11; F13; F15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6334

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Tanzania
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morrissey,   Oliver; Leyaro,   Vincent.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48550

ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES IN EUROPE’S TRANSITION ECONOMIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Kurzweil,   Marianne; Croser,   Johanna L.; Nelgen,   Signe; Anderson,   Kym.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48555

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Masters,   William A.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48554

Piecemeal Reform of Trade and Environmental Policy When Consumption Also Pollutes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Metcalfe,   Mark R.; Beghin,   John C.
The design of trade and environmental policy pays increasing attention to pollution linked to trade liberalization and generated by consumption. We incorporate endogenous (price-responsive) consumption pollution into a dual trade model to assess welfare effects of coordinated trade and environmental piecemeal reform in a small, open and distorted economy. Pollution is generated by production and consumption. Producers control the level of pollution and face incentives to abate both types of pollution. We identify sufficient conditions for welfare-improving reforms of trade and environmental policies. An additional domestic environmental policy instrument must be imposed on exportables because of their supply response to foreign environmental taxes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade and environment; Piecemeal reform; Policy coordination; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q28; H21.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18362

Trade and Welfare Effects of State Trading Enterprises
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: McCorriston,   Steve; MacLaren,   Donald.
Much of the analysis of market access issues in the Doha Round negotiations involves clearly defined instruments of government policy covering inter alia subsidies, tariffs and tariff rate quotas. State trading enterprises are also on the negotiating agenda though there is comparatively little analysis of their impact on trade and welfare despite the fact that they will be addressed in the forthcoming negotiations. This paper addresses these issues and highlights that STEs both distort trade and reduce welfare. The extent of these effects depend not only on the monopoly/monopsony status of the enterprises but the nature of the pay-off function.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: State trading enterprises; Trade negotiations; International Relations/Trade; F12; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24523

A Strategic Perspective on the Impact of Food Safety Standards on Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Henson,   Spencer J.; Jaffee,   Steven.
This paper explores the competing concepts of 'standards as barriers' and standards as catalysts' in the context of food safety standards in international trade in agricultural and food products.  It is suggested that food safety standards can act as both a barrier to trade and the basis of competitive positioning for developing countries in international markets.  This suggests that the application of a strategic framework to analyze and assess alternative responses to evolving food safety standards can throw some light on the circumstances under which standards act to prohibit trade or, alternatively, create competitive trade opportunities.  The use of such a framework is illustrated through a brief case study of fish and fishery product exports from...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Food; Trade; Food Safety; Standards; Technical barriers to Trade; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q18; K32; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25456

Explaining Agricultural Distortion Patterns : The Roles of Ideology, Inequality, Lobbying and Public Finance
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dutt,   Pushan; Mitra,   Devashish.
In this paper, we examine the political economy drivers of the variation in agricultural protection, both across countries and within countries over time. The paper starts by listing the key insights provided by both the theoretical and empirical literature on the political economy of trade policy formulation. We then set out a basic framework that allows us to put forth various testable hypotheses on the variation and evolution of agricultural protection. We find that both the political ideology of the government and the degree of income inequality are important determinants of agricultural protection. Thus, both the political-support-function approach as well as the median-voter approach can be used in explaining the variation in agricultural protection...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural protection; Political economy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; D78; F11.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50299

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Japan, Korea and Taiwan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Honma,   Masayoshi; Hayami,   Yujiro.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48510

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Egypt
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cassing,   James; Nassar,   Saad; Siam,   Gamal; Moussa,   Hoda.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48511

How does tariff-rate quota modelling affect CGE results? An application for MIRAGE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Decreux,   Yvan; Ramos,   Maria Priscila.
Since the Uruguay Round Agricultural Agreement (URAA) entered into force in 1994, tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) have become the most widely used trade policy instrument to improve agricultural market access while at the same time controlling import volumes. Until now, the MIRAGE CGE model only takes into account the exogenous quota rents (MAcMap-HS6 database) allocated entirely to exporters. Unfortunately, this methodology does not authorise any regime when trade policy changes (e.g. a quota-volume increase for very sensitive agricultural products or a tariff reduction). In order to improve the treatment of TRQs in MIRAGE we model them as bilateral TRQs at the HS6 level using MAcMapHS6-v2 database. Assuming a simple scenario of bilateral trade agreement...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tariff-rate quota; TRQ; TRQ administration methods; CGE model; MIRAGE; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; F17; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7206

Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Poverty and Inequality in Argentina
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cicowiez,   Martin; Diaz-Bonilla,   Carolina; Diaz-Bonilla,   Eugenio.
Using the most recent estimates of agricultural price distortions, this chapter studies the economic, poverty, and income inequality impacts of both global and domestic trade reform in Argentina, with a special focus on export taxes. Argentina offers an interesting case study as the only large agricultural exporter that has, at many points in its history, applied export taxes to several of its agricultural products. The chapter combines results from a global economy-wide model (World Bank’s Linkage model), a national CGE model, and microsimulations. The results suggest that liberalization of world trade (including subsidies and import taxes, but not export taxes), both for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, reduces poverty and inequality in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52793

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ethiopia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rashid,   Shahidur; Assefa,   Meron; Ayele,   Gezahegn.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48519

Rice Trade Policies and Their Implications for Food Security
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Durand-Morat,   Alvaro; Wailes,   Eric J.
There is a strong linkage between the behavior of the rice market and the state of food security in many regions around the world, particularly in Asia, as made evident in the 2007-08 commodity crisis. Rice is a staple for the majority of the population in Asia, where roughly 60% of the close to one billion undernourished people live (FAO, 2010). As Timmer (2010) states, “it is impossible to improve food security in the short run or long run without providing adequate supplies of rice that are accessible to the poor” (p. 2). The rice crisis of 2007-08 showed the crucial role of export and import policies on the behavior of the rice market and its consequences for price stability and food security. Market fundamentals could only explain a minimal part of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rice; Trade; Policies; Food security; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103818

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ghana
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brooks,   Jonathan; Croppenstedt,   Andre; Aggrey-Fynn,   Emmanuel.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48523

Transaktionskosten und Wettbewerbspolitik
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Busse,   Matthias.
The globalisation of the world economy increases international competition among companies. However, not all industries will be affected by the same extent. The degree of globalisation of an industry will be particularly influenced by the level of transaction costs. Low transaction costs will lead to globalised markets, high transaction costs to segmented markets. On the other hand, one has to consider heterogeneous consumer preferences and product differentiation as two additional factors of influence as well as the fact that transaction costs can only be roughly calculated. If these limitations are kept in mind, transaction costs could be of great importance for competition policy in determining the degree of international competition among firms. Die...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Trade; Competition policy; International Relations/Trade; F00; F13; D23.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26144

General equilibrium effects of price distortions on global markets, farm incomes and welfare
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique; Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48630

Agricultural trade liberalisation in the Doha Round: impacts on Spain
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Philippidis,   George.
Whilst there is a growing literature of computable general equilibrium (CGE) studies examining the impacts of the current Doha Proposals, estimates for the EU are highly aggregated (i.e., EU15). Employing a detailed baseline scenario and a plausible Doha outcome, we examine the long run costs for the European Union, in particular focusing on Spain. Moreover, we implement recent CAP reforms through explicitly modelling of CAP mechanisms to provide greater credibility in assessing the long run asymmetric budgetary and welfare impacts on EU member states. Our estimates forecast resource substitution effects between Spanish agro-food sectors and resource shifts from agro-food activities into manufacturing and services production. In Spain, the impacts of...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Doha Round; Spain; EU; CAP; Computable General Equilibrium.; F1; F13; F17; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28790

Temporary Migration, Remittances and Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vanzetti,   David.
Discussions within the World Trade Organization on the temporary movement of labour across borders have met with limited success, in spite of the potential benefits to both home and destination countries. Developed countries have been reluctant to allow increased immigration because of concerns about the social and economic impacts of integrating foreign workers. Recently available bilateral data on current migration flows, differences in wages and remittances makes it possible to estimate the potential impacts of temporary migration on wages and national income. Using a general equilibrium model that separates skilled and unskilled labour, we show that a three per cent increase in the labour force due to increased migration would increase national income...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Migration; Trade; GATS mode 4; International Development; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59174

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fane,   George; Warr,   Peter G.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48473

How Cool is C.O.O.L.?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dinopoulos,   Elias; Livanis,   Grigorios T.; West,   Carol Taylor.
This paper develops a partial equilibrium model of a small open-economy producing and trading an unsafe product that is supplied by perfectly competitive producers. The presence of product safety considerations, in this case risks to health, introduces a wedge between the market prices producers receive and the higher risk-adjusted prices consumers respond to. The size of the wedge depends positively on the per-unit cost of illness and the proportion of unsafe units embodied in the parent risky product. The model is used to analyze the welfare effects of trade with and without a country-of-origin labeling (COOL) program. Assuming imports are less safe than domestic production, the welfare gains from trade in the absence of COOL are ambiguous and may...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Country-of-origin labeling; Protection; Product safety; Welfare; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Relations/Trade; F10; F13; L15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15658

The Cost of the U.S. Sugar Program Revisited
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.; El Osta,   Barbara; Cherlow,   Jay R.; Mohanty,   Samarendu.
We revisit the cost of the U.S. sugar program by analyzing the welfare implications of its removal. We use a multimarket model of U.S. sweetener markets, which includes raw crops, sugar extraction and refining, high-fructose corn syrup, and sweetener users (food-processing industries and final consumers). Our approach addresses the industrial organization of food industries using sweeteners and treats the United States as a large importer. We estimate that, with the removal of the program, cane growers, sugar beet growers, and beet processors would lose $307 million, $650 million, and $89 million (1999 prices), respectively. Sweetener users would gain $1.9 billion (1999 prices). The deadweight loss of the current sugar program is estimated at $532 million...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sugar program; Sweetener; Trade; Agricultural policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18431

Food Protection for Sale
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lopez,   Rigoberto A.; Matschke,   Xenia.
This article tests the Protection for Sale (PFS) model using detailed data from U.S. food processing industries from 1978 to 1992 under alternative import demand specifications. All empirical results support the PFS model predictions and previous empirical work qualitatively. Although welfare weights are very sensitive to import demand specification, a surprising result is that we obtain weights between 2.6 and 3.6 for domestic welfare using import slopes or elasticities derived from domestic demand and supply functions. In contrast, results based on import slopes or elasticities from directly specified import demands (including the Armington model) yield the usual, unrealistically large estimates for the domestic welfare weight. We contend that the latter...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade protection; Tariffs; Lobbying; Political economy; Food manufacturing; Agricultural and Food Policy; Political Economy; F13; F1; L66; C12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25195

Green industrial policy: trade and theory
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Stevenson,   Megan.
This paper studies the reality and the potential for green industrial policy. We provide a summary of the green industrial policies, broadly understood, for five countries. We then consider the relation between green industrial policies and trade disputes, emphasizing the Brazil-US dispute involving ethanol and the broader US-China dispute. The theory of public policy provides many lessons for green industrial policy. We select four of these lessons, involving the Green Paradox, the choice of quantities versus prices with endogenous investment, the coordination issues arising from emissions control, and the ability of green industrial policies to promote cooperation in reducing a global public bad like carbon emissions.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Green industrial policy; Trade conflicts; Green paradox; Asymmetric information; Coordination games; Participation games; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F13; F18; H21; H23.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123637

The Poverty Impacts of Global Commodity Trade Liberalization
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hertel,   Thomas W.; Keeney,   Roman.
This paper examines the poverty impacts of global merchandise trade reform by looking at a wide range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Overall, we find that trade reform tends to reduce poverty primarily through the inclusion of agricultural components. The majority of our developing country sample experiences small poverty increases from non-agricultural reforms. We explore the relative poverty-friendliness of agricultural trade reforms in detail, examining the differential impacts on real after-tax factor returns of agricultural versus non-agricultural reforms. This analysis is extended to the distribution of households by looking at stratum-specific poverty changes. Our findings indicate that the more favorable impacts of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52786

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Russia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Liefert,   William M.; Liefert,   Olga.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48386

Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1899: Agricultural Trade Policies, Alcohol Taxes, and War
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nye,   John V.C.
Britain – contrary to received wisdom – was not a free trader for most of the 1800s and, despite repeal of the Corn Laws, continued to have higher tariffs than the French until the last quarter of the century. War with Louis XIV from 1689 led to the end of all trade between Britain and France for a quarter of a century. The creation of powerful protected interests both at home and abroad (notably in the form of British merchants, and investors in Portuguese wine) led to the imposition of prohibitively high tariffs on French imports -- notably on wine and spirits -- when trade with France resumed in 1714. Protection of domestic interests from import competition allowed the state to raise domestic excises which provided increased government revenues despite...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Development; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13; H20; N40; N43; N53; O13; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53881

Produtos agropecuários: para quem exportar?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mata,   Daniel da; Freitas,   Rogerio Edivaldo.
The paper discussed the main factors that explain the Brazilian agricultural exports. In order to achieve this goal, the paper applied a gravity model that includes fixed and random effects estimations, besides the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach. Distance, trade partners´ GDP, and geographical localization were the significant variables. Moreover, puzzle effects are associated to exchange rate, partners´ agricultural exports profile and the partners´ agricultural share in GDP. Finally, this study highlights the potential change of the relevant variables because of specific characteristics of each commercial Brazilian partner.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Exports; Gravity model; Agricultural sector.; Agribusiness; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61240

ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF LATIN AMERICAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Kurzweil,   Marianne; Jara,   Esteban; Croser,   Johanna L.; Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48525

Model, Model on the Screen, What's the Cost of Going Green?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dowlatabadi,   Hadi; Boyd,   David R.; MacDonald,   Jamie.
How much a policy is expected to cost and who bears the brunt of that cost play a significant role in the debates that shape regulations. We do not have a good track record of predicting costs and their ultimate distribution, but systematic reviews of past assessments have identified some of the factors that lead to errors. A wide range of expected costs of climate policy have been hotly debated, but all are likely to be wrong. This does not mean that we should continue a debate using ill-informed analyses. On the contrary, we need early small experiments to shed light on key unknowns. Environmental stewardship is a long-term challenge and an adaptive regulatory approach promises to inform policy targets and improve controls through sequential regulatory...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cost estimation; Climate policy; Modeling; Adaptive management; Environmental Economics and Policy; D21; D82; D83; F13; O31.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10806

The Golden Rule in Transfer Pricing Regulation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pauwels,   Wilfried; Weverbergh,   Marcel.
In this paper we analyze the optimal regulation of an internationally integrated monopolist, producing in one country and selling in another country. The monopolist’s pricing policy is constrained by transfer pricing regulations, and is subject to different tax rates on profits in the two countries. The governments of the two countries can use their tax rates as regulatory instruments, and they also determine an arm’s length interval of acceptable transfer prices. The two governments can cooperate in order to maximize world welfare, or they can each try to maximize their own country welfare. It is shown that in several of the solutions governments apply a golden rule. This rule requires that the firm realizes all profits in the manufacturing country, while...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transfer pricing; Welfare analysis; Political Economy; F13; K2; C72.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24170

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Western Europe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Josling,   Timothy E.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48571

EXPLAINING THE HEALTH CHECK:THE BUDGET, WTO, AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL POLICY PARADIGM REVISITED
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Daugbjerg,   Carsten; Swinbank,   Alan.
Three potential explanations of past CAP reforms have been identified in the literature: a budget constraint, pressure from GATT/WTO negotiations or commitments, and a paradigm shift emphasising agriculture’s provision of public goods. The presentation, content and context of the Health Check reform proposals of 2007/08 are assessed. The proposals are probably more ambitious than first supposed. The Health Check was not primarily driven by budget pressures; the European Commission’s wish to adopt an offensive negotiating stance in the closing phases of the Doha Round was a more likely explanatory factor. The EU’s response to the commodity price spikes in 2008, and its Health Check proposals, suggest that the supposed switch from a state-assisted policy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Health Check; CAP Reform; WTO; Doha; Paradigm change; Multifunctional; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44818

Comercio internacional de servicios: una reflexión sobre la balanza de servicios no financieros del Perú: período 1970-1988
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Caceres Valderrama,   Armando.
Este documento contiene algunas reflexiones sobre la problemática del comercio internacional de servicios. Revisa la noción de servicios desde tres perspectivas: la económica, la estadística y la comercial, así como la evolución del comercio internacional de servicios durante los últimos veinte años.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Comercio internacional; Balanza comercial; Sector servicios; International trade; Balance of trade; Peru; International Relations/Trade; F40; F13.
Ano: 1989
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42285

The border effect in agricultural markets between European Union, OECD and LDC countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Border effect; Gravity equation; Agricultural trade; European Union; LDCs; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37817

Decomposing Changes in Agricultural Producer Prices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Liefert,   William M.
This paper develops a method for decomposing changes in agricultural producer prices. The method builds on a procedure used by the World Bank, with the key variables in the decomposition being trade prices, exchange rates, and agricultural trade policies. The main ways by which we expand on the World Bank decomposition procedure are by broadening the analysis of policy effects, and by adding the effect from incomplete transmission of changes in border prices and exchange rates to producer prices, and the effect on prices from interactions between variables as they change simultaneously. We demonstrate the decomposition method by using the Russian poultry market in the late 1990s, and find that the dominant factor in changing the producer price was the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural prices; Price transmission; Exchange rates; Trade policy; Russian agriculture; Developing economies; Transition economies; Agricultural Finance; F13; O13; 024; Q11; Q17.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25331

Cross-Border Intellectual Property Rights: Contract Enforcement and Absorptive Capacity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Naghavi,   Alireza; Tsai,   Yingyi.
Current version uploaded April 2013.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; TRIPS; Nash Bargaining; Contract Enforcement; Development; Absorptive Capacity; Monitoring; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; F13; F53; D78; L10; O33; C70.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122864

Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Kurzweil,   Marianne; Martin,   William J.; Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48326

IMPACTS OF DOHA ROUND ON THE AGRIBUSINESS OF BRAZIL, CHINA AND INDIA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pereira,   Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira,   Erly Cardoso; Razap-Skorbiansky,   Sharon.
The central themes to be addressed during the Doha Round of world trade negotiations are the reduction of the agricultural production and export subsidies, and improved market access for agricultural and non-agricultural goods. The G-20 group wields enough power to press negotiations at the Doha Round toward lower agricultural trade barriers and production and exports subsidies. The objective of this study is to determine the impacts of four possible Doha Round scenarios on the economies of Brazil, China, and India. The scenarios are examined using the Global Trade Analysis Project’s (GTAP) general equilibrium model and database. Scenarios focusing on the reduction of agricultural production and export subsidies are studied. The scenarios are then analyzed...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural products; Trade liberalization; Doha Round; G-20; GTAP; Agribusiness; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/112759

Welfare Impacts of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Trade Reforms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Laborde,   David; Martin,   William J.; van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique.
The variability of protection rates within sectors is frequently particularly high in agriculture relative to non-agriculture. Standard aggregation procedures ignore the variability within sectors, and underweight the importance of highly protected sectors. It therefore seems likely that they underestimate the potential benefits of agricultural trade reform relative to non-agricultural reform. This study examines this question using a new procedure for aggregating trade distortions. It finds that the key impact of using better aggregators is to increase the benefits of both agricultural and non-agricultural reform. It finds that using optimal aggregation procedures increases the measured importance of agricultural trade reform relative to non-agricultural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Nonagricultural trade; Trade distortions; Tariffs; Aggregation; World Trade Organization; WTO; Trade reform; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103958

Poverty Implications of Agricultural and Non-agricultural Price Distortions in Pakistan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cororaton,   Caesar B.; Orden,   David.
Using recent estimates of industry assistance rates, the effects of trade liberalization in the rest of the world and in Pakistan alone are analyzed using a global and a Pakistan CGE model under two tax replacement schemes: a direct income tax and an indirect tax replacement. The results indicate that the distributional and poverty effects in Pakistan of a unilateral liberalization of all traded goods are significantly greater than the effects of trade liberalization in the rest of the world. There is relatively higher increase in real income and larger decline in poverty incidence in poor households both in rural and urban areas. The effects of agricultural trade liberalization alone in both the rest of the world and in Pakistan are considerably smaller...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52789

Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Interventions in Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bates,   Robert H.; Block,   Steven A.
Replaced with revised version of paper 08/25/09.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agriculture; Taxation; Political economy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; O13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50302

Global Distortions to Key Agricultural Commodity Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Croser,   Johanna L.; Nelgen,   Signe; Valenzuela,   Ernesto.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48576

Liberalization and Structural Change: Evidence from Nepalese Manufacturing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sharma,   Kishor.
The consequences of liberalization on structural changes are examined using data from manufacturing industry in Nepal which is classified as a least developed country. This is important because doubts that liberalization may not solve the problems of low-income developing countries remain strong due mainly to low supply elasticities and the early stage of industrialization. Results suggest some structural changes in manufacturing output and trade orientation. However, no significant improvements were recorded in the overall productivity growth and spatial distribution of manufacturing which appear to be due mainly to the lack of basic infrastructure and the shortage of skilled manpower. Thus, appropriate investment policies, which channel resources to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Liberalization; Import penetration; Export intensity; Total factor productivity growth; Nepal; International Relations/Trade; E13; F13; F14; F43; 041.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28394

ECONOMIC AND TRADE INDICATORS FOR EUROPE’S TRANSITION ECONOMIES, 1960 TO 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48470

Trade preference index
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cipollina,   Maria; Salvatici,   Luca.
Building on the work by Anderson and Neary on theoretically grounded trade policy indexes, we define an aggregate measure (Mercantilistic trade preference index – MTPI) of the trade preferential margins. The MTPI provides a method of aggregation that is consistent with a common objective of the preferential policies, since it focuses on the volume of exports. We compute the bilateral MTPIs for the preferences granted by the European Union to 162 exporters to assess how the market access granted by the EU preferential trade agreements does differ across sectors and countries.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International agricultural trade; Protection; Tariffs; Agricultural and Food Policy; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115422

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huang,   Jikun; Rozelle,   Scott; Martin,   William J.; Liu,   Yu.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48478

Impacts of a liberalization in the USA market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice: why Florida´s producers are so afraid?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fracalanza,   Paulo Sergio; Ferreira,   Adriana Nunes; Neves,   Marcos Fava.
This study aims at examining the resource allocation and welfare implications of the reduction of barriers in the United States market for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ) imported from Brazil. The present paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents an overview of the main features of the market and current trade regime for orange juice, as well as the possible impacts of liberalization within FTAA and with the European Union; section 3 describes the partial equilibrium model of imperfect substitute goods used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization in the United States, on prices and quantities and on welfare; in section 4 two possible scenarios for liberalization are designed using the large country model. The last section summarizes...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Commercial liberalization; Reduction of trade barriers; Partial equilibrium models; Frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ).; Agribusiness; F13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61920

Pesticides Residues and Trade: the Apple of Discord?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Drogue,   Sophie; DeMaria,   Federica.
The impact of food safety standards on international trade has already been addressed. Generally, economists try to assess trade losses borne by exporters when importing countries impose stricter regulations. In this paper we assess the impact of the Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) of pesticides on the trade of apples and pears. Rather than focusing on a particular pesticide we take into account the entire list of substances set out by the various regulations with the aim is to understand how the similarity (or dissimilarity) of these can affect trade. Most studies assess the impact of sanitary standard regulations introducing directly in the analysis the MLR put in force in the importing country. We assume that what can be crucial is the difference in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Pesticides; MRL; Apple; Pear; Market access; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114445

The Political and Economic Determinants of Trade Disputes under the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fadiga,   Mohamadou L.; Fadiga-Stewart,   Leslie A.
Replaced with revised version of paper 02/25/08.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Democratization; System of government; Trade disputes; World Trade Organization (WTO); Economic strata; International Relations/Trade; P16; F13.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19483

Third Country Effects of Price Discrimination: The Case of the Canadian Wheat Board
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rude,   James; Brewin,   Derek G.; White,   Martin.
This study considers whether the major concern with the behaviour of exporting state trading enterprises (STEs) should be the practice of price discrimination. Using a differentiated products world wheat model, the impacts of Canadian price discrimination on the welfare of competing exporters are considered. The results show that competing exporters could be better or worse off as result of price discrimination, but the impacts were small. Over a range of possible elasticities US producers were generally better off if North American arbitrage is assumed. Other wheat exporting regions could see their producer’s welfare change between 2 and -0.5%. Given these small impacts, the study suggests that explicit disciplines on discriminatory pricing exporting STEs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Price discrimination; State trading enterprises; And trade negotiations; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7338

Shipping the good beef out: EU trade liberalization to Mercosur exports
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ramos,   Maria Priscila; Bureau,   Jean-Christophe; Salvatici,   Luca.
The European Union tariff schedule includes a large number of specific and composite tariffs as well as many tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), which affect the composition of imports. By altering price ratios between products with different unit values, both can generate the typical Alchian-Allen ’shipping the good apples out’ effect in foreign countries’ exports to the EU. Different patterns of trade liberalization, either through tariff reduction or an expansion in preferential-access quotas, might have different consequences for producers and consumers because of changes in the composition of trade. We illustrate the issues at stake in the beef sector, focusing on Mercosur exports to the EU. We model import demand for different qualities in the presence of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mercosur; European Union; Quality; Trade; Tariff; Tariff-rate quota; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; F13; F15; F17; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7215

U.S.-Canadian Tomato Wars: An Economist Tries to Make Sense Out of Recent Antidumping Suits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: VanSickle,   John J.; Evans,   Edward A.; Emerson,   Robert D.
U.S. growers filed an antidumping case against Canadian growers of greenhouse-grown tomatoes, alleging that U.S. growers were being injured, or threatened with material injury, by imports from Canada.  The U.S. Department of Commerce determined that imports of greenhouse-grown tomatoes were being sold in U.S. markets at less than fair market value.  The U.S. International Trade Commission determined the “like product” to be all fresh market tomatoes, concluding the domestic industry was not materially injured.  Anecdotal evidence used by the Commission Department in determining like product ignores the wealth of knowledge that economics can add.  An economic model is proposed for purposes of determining like product.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Antidumping; Law; Tomatoes; Trade; U.S.-Canada; F13; F17; K33; Q17.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37962

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Bangladesh
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ahmed,   Nazneen; Bakht,   Zaid; Dorosh,   Paul A.; Shahabuddin,   Quazi.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48481

Preference erosion and the developing countries exports to the EU: a dynamic panel gravity approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raimondi,   Valentina; Scoppola,   Margherita; Olper,   Alessandro.
Since 2004 there has been a sharp decrease in border protection for the EU rice industry. Because the EU grants trade preferences to a considerable number of rice exporting developing countries, the reform implied preference erosion as well. By addressing the impact of preference erosion on developing countries rice exports to the EU, this paper contributes two original insights to the literature: first, by proposing a new empirical approach to compute the preference margin when tariff rate quotas are in force which is based on the assumption of the existence of fixed costs and economies of scale in international trade; second, by estimating the trade elasticities of preferences by means of a dynamic panel gravity equation to deal with the issues of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade Preferences; Gravity Equation; Tariff Rate Quotas; EU Rice Policy; GMM; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; F14.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103391

Food Safety, the Environment, and Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zilberman,   David; Hochman,   Gal; Sexton,   Steven E.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48637

The Art of Exceptions: Sensitive Products in the Doha Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gouel,   Christophe; Mitaritonna,   Cristina; Ramos,   Maria Priscila.
It is necessary for multilateral trade negotiations to include exceptions to accommodate politically sensitive sectors. However, given the highly concentrated distribution of agricultural protection, too many exceptions put at risk the objectives of World Trade Organization. This paper assesses the delicate balance required, based on the case of agricultural trade protection in Europe and Japan, two countries where tariff dismantling in the agricultural sector is a particularly sensitive issue. Since agricultural border protection is heterogeneous, we avoid aggregation bias by extending a multi-country computable general equilibrium model to the product level. This allows us to combine the assets from general equilibrium and partial equilibrium modeling,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Doha Development Agenda; CGE model; Disaggregation; Sensitive products; Tariff-rate quotas; Agricultural and Food Policy; C68; F13; F17; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115431

The entry price threshold in EU F&amp;V sector: deterrence or effective barrier?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cioffi,   Antonio; Santeramo,   Fabio G.
The paper investigates the effects of the entry price scheme for fresh fruit and vegetables. The analysis is conducted on the EU prices of tomatoes, lemons and apples for some of the main competing countries on the EU domestic markets: Morocco, Argentina, Turkey and China. The econometric analysis is based on testing and estimating a switching vector autoregressive model with endogenous threshold entry price level. The model shows the isolation effects and the accumulation of SIVs above the trigger entry price. This paper contributes to clarify the role played by the EPS in avoid or deter low priced imports from main EU partner Countries.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Fruits and vegetables; Entry price system; Trade policy; TVAR; Agricultural and Food Policy; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99432

Do Price Uncertainties Affect the Use of Policy Flexibilities? The Selection of Sensitive Products in WTO Agricultural Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Listorti,   Giulia; Kempen,   Markus; Girardin,   Jean; Kranzlein,   Tim.
In a context in which price uncertainty is likely to increase, expected market trends need to be taken carefully into account while negotiating international trade policy rules. This paper aims at analyzing what is their influence on the use of policy flexibilities in the context of WTO agricultural negotiations. In particular, within the market access pillar, we focus on the selection of sensitive products. Our model, TRIMAG (Tariff Reduction Impact Model for Agriculture), defined at the 8-digit level, optimizes the domestic agricultural value added subject to a maximum number of sensitive tariff lines, accounting for various future international price scenarios. Furthermore, we test the use of alternative options for the implementation of “tariff...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO agricultural negotiations; Market access; Sensitive products; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114381

Inequality and Poverty Impacts of Trade Distortions in Mozambique
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Arndt,   Channing; Thurlow,   James.
Although Mozambique has considerable agricultural potential, rural poverty remains extremely high. This paper examines the extent to which global and domestic price distortions affect agricultural production and national poverty. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of Mozambique that is linked to the results of a global model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and national price distortions. Model results indicate that agriculture is adversely affected by current trade distortions due to policies in the rest of the world. While a removal of all merchandise trade distortions would reduce import prices, it would also raise agricultural production and reduce poverty. By contrast,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52794

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Uganda
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Matthews,   Alan; Claquin,   Pierre; Opolot,   Jacob.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48549

ECONOMIC AND TRADE INDICATORS FOR HIGH-INCOME AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 1960 TO 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48472

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the Philippines
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: David,   Cristina C.; Intal,   Ponciano; Balisacan,   Arsenio M.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48477

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Winter-Nelson,   Alex; Argwings-Kodhek,   Gem.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48521

The Impact of Optimal Tariffs and Taxes on Agglomeration
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ross,   Matthias.
This paper extends an economic geography model by tariffs to analyze their impact on welfare and sustainability of agglomerations. Policies with and without cooperation are compared, with the goal of maximizing aggregated welfare in the former and regional welfare in the latter case. The main result is that under cooperation poorer regions are worse off in two respects. In the short-run they loose even more welfare and in the long-run sustainable agglomerations in richer regions get more likely. Thus, although cooperation could generate aggregated welfare gains the potential losers face even in the short-run no incentive to remove tariffs unless they are compensated appropriately, for instance by transfers. In this sense transfers from the rich to the poor...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Optimal tariffs; Optimal taxation; Policy coordination; Economic geography; Economic integration; Political Economy; F13; H21; F42; R12; F15.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26154

ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF AFRICAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Kurzweil,   Marianne; Croser,   Johanna L.; Nelgen,   Signe; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48553

Consumer Issues and Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jensen,   Helen H.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Consumer/Household Economics; Livestock Production/Industries; D12; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94384

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94620

ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Croser,   Johanna L.; Jara,   Esteban; Nelgen,   Signe; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48632

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Argentina
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sturzenegger,   Adolfo C.; Salazni,   Mariana.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48389

The Effects of NAFTA and U.S. Farm Policies on Illegal Immigration and Agricultural Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Luckstead,   Jeff; Devadoss,   Stephen; Rodriguez,   Abelardo.
We analyze the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and United States farm subsidies on U.S.-Mexican illegal immigration and agricultural trade. The theoretical analysis develops an integrated trade-migration model and shows that NAFTA and U.S. subsidies exacerbate the illegal labor flow and increase U.S. exports. The theoretical analysis is empirically implemented by simultaneous estimation and simulation analysis. The analysis shows that NAFTA increased the number of undocumented workers to U.S. agriculture and U.S. farm exports to Mexico by an average of 1573 and $6.82 billion, respectively. U.S. farm subsidy reduction decreases unauthorized entry marginally and U.S. farm exports by an average of $3.2 billion.
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Farm policies; Illegal migration; NAFTA; Trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F16; F22.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120457

Finding Missing Markets (and a disturbing epilogue): Evidence from an Export Crop Adoption and Marketing Intervention in Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ashraf,   Nava; Gine,   Xavier; Karlan,   Dean S.
In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options which appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. We report here on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Field Experiment; Export Crop; Food Safety Standards; Agricultural and Food Policy; O12; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46516

TRADE ISSUES IN THE 2012 FARM BILL
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Josling,   Timothy E.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Farm Bill; Agricultural Trade; WTO Doha Round; Preferential Trade Agreements; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q18; Q17; F13; F53.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109483

Border Price and Export Demand Shocks for Developing Countries from Rest-of-World Trade Liberalization Using the Linkage Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: van der Mensbrugghe,   Dominique; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52797

RATIONAL INCOMPATIBILITY WITH INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT STANDARDS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barrett,   Christopher B.; Yang,   Yi-Nung.
This paper considers the incentives of firms to conform to an exogenous international product standard. Product standardization enables traditional, price-based international competition.  But the existence of redesign costs or network effects creates market frictions that diminish the incentive to standardize if there already exists a different technology in an established market. This leads to multi-attribute competition between products and will generally reduce trade flows. Not only do incumbent firms using a different technology have an incentive to deviate from the international standard, but a host country government that is also concerned for the welfare of consumers who own the old technology has no incentive to enforce the international standard....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Compatibility; International standardization; Network effects; Redesign costs; Technical barriers to trade; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; L11; L13; L51.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14597

Discussion: Animal Identification Systems in North America: Achievements and Future Challenges
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Knutson,   Ronald D.
Although Canada has developed an effective animal identification system, and the provinces are progressing toward a system that has full traceback capabilities, the U.S. and Mexico have made little or no progress. Contemporary U.S. proposals for state initiatives will not work. In the meantime, the U.S. livestock industry will continue to lose markets for its products and has little to no basis for complaining about lost sales and the lack of open markets. Also indentified are relevant economic and political principles that both underlie animal identification systems and the failure to make positive steps forward toward establishing a North American animal identification system.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Animal identification (ID); Zoonoses; Livestock diseases; North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Agricultural Finance; Crop Production/Industries; Farm Management; International Relations/Trade; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing; Productivity Analysis; F13; H41; I19.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92602

Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colyer,   Dale.
Numbers of free trade ageements and those with environmental provisons have grownn rapidly. Enviomental measures include those to protect and enhance the environment, environmental cooperation and citizen particpation activties.  Many appear to have made important contributions to environmental activities although often constrained by limited funds.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Free trade; Trade agreements; Environment; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F18.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123723

Simulating the Effects of Supply and Demand Elasticities on Political-Economic Equilibrium
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bullock,   David S.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48636

TRADE AND TRADABILITY: EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND FACTOR MARKETS IN THE SALTER-SWAN MODEL
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thierfelder,   Karen; Robinson,   Sherman.
We extend the Salter-Swan model to include both factor markets and semi-traded goods. In our model, changes in relative factor prices depend on changes in world commodity prices, factor endowments, and the trade balance. In contrast, only changes in world commodity prices can affect factor prices in the neoclassical trade model. The inclusion of semi-traded goods weakens the magnification effect of both the Stolper-Samuelson and Rybczynski theorems. When imports and domestic goods are poor substitutes, a characteristic of some commodities in developing countries, the sign of the Stolper-Samuelson effect is reversed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Semi-traded goods; Two-way trade; Salter-Swan Model; Stolper-Samuelson Theorem; International Relations/Trade; F11; F13; F15.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16298

ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF ASIAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Kurzweil,   Marianne; Croser,   Johanna L.; Nelgen,   Signe; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48524

ECONOMIC AND TRADE INDICATORS FOR LATIN AMERICA, 1960 TO 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48434

Developing Policy Relevant Agrifood Models
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rude,   James; Meilke,   Karl D.
The opportunities and challenges of incorporating accurate policy representations into institutional partial equilibrium commodity models were investigated.  Six issues are raised: commodity space definition, vertical linkages, assessing market power, the changing nature of government support, trade policy, and data requirements.  The importance of product attributes and different approaches to modeling product differentiation are considered.  A case study of food safety is used to bring together the major issues.  Although institutional commodity models still have a role to play, we advocate the use of smaller idiosyncratic models to address many of the relevant policy questions in a rapidly changing sector.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Commodity models; Food safety; Policy; Product attributes; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43419

Export Growth In India: Has FDI Played a Role?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sharma,   Kishor.
Export growth in India has been much faster than GDP growth over the past few decades. Several factors appear to have contributed to this phenomenon including foreign direct investment (FDI). However, despite increasing inflows of FDI especially in recent years there has not been any attempt to assess its contribution to India's export performanceone of the channels through which FDI influences growth. Using annual data for 1970-98 we investigate the determinants of export performance in India in a simultaneous equation framework. Results suggest that demand for Indian exports increases when its export prices fall in relation to world prices. Furthermore, the real appreciation of the rupee adversely effects India's exports. Export supply is positively...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Exports; Commercial policy; Export subsidies; Foreign direct investment; Exchange rates and India; F21; International Relations/Trade; F1; F13; F14.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28372

Agricultural Distortions, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Herault,   Nicolas; Thurlow,   James.
South Africa has rapidly reduced trade barriers since the end of Apartheid, yet agricultural production and exports have remained sluggish. Also, poverty and unemployment have risen and become increasingly concentrated in rural areas. This paper examines the extent to which remaining price distortions, both domestic and foreign, are contributing to the underperformance of the agricultural sector vis-à-vis the rest of the economy. We draw on a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of South Africa that are linked to the results of a global trade model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and domestic price distortions. Model results indicate that South Africa’s agricultural sector currently benefits...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52792

Why are Trade Agreements Regional?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zissimos,   Ben.
This paper shows how distance may be used to coordinate on a unique equilibrium in which trade agreements are regional. Trade agreement formation is modeled as coalition formation. In a standard trade model with no distance between countries, a familiar problem of coordination failure arises giving rise to multiple equilibria; any one of many possible trade agreements can form. With distance between countries, and through strategic interaction in tariff setting, regional trade agreements generate larger rent-shifting effects than non regional agreements, which countries use to coordinate on a unique equilibrium. Under naive best responses, regional agreements give way to free trade.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Coalition; Coordination; Trade Liberalization; Trade Agreement; Regionalism; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; C73.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9102

Dispute Settlement at the WTO: Impacts of a No Deal in the US-Brazil Cotton Dispute
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lakatos,   Csilla; Walmsley,   Terrie L.
On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the US in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this 8-year-long trade dispute.   In this paper,  we explore the economy wide impacts of a no deal with speciﬁc emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We ﬁnd that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the US. Most importantly...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Dispute settlement; WTO; Intellectual property; Computable general equilibrium; International Relations/Trade; C68; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103380

Política económica, industrialización y exportaciones de manufacturas en el Perú
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Paredes,   Carlos E.
Este documento revisa el proceso de industrialización peruano a partir de los años cincuenta, desde la perspectiva de la evolución de su sesgo pro o antiexportador.  Además, analiza la evolución de las políticas que afectaron la rentabilidad de la actividad exportadora en general y su efecto sobre las exportaciones de manufacturas, para lo cual se estima un modelo econométrico de oferta de exportaciones.  Finalmente, se presenta una serie de simulaciones sobre la evolución futura de la balanza de pagos del país.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Politica economica; Politica de exportacion; Diversificacion de exportaciones; Peru; Economic policy; Export policy; Export diversification; International Relations/Trade; F13.
Ano: 1988
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42292

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Senegal
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Masters,   William A.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48517

Political Economy of Agricultural Distortions in Transition Countries of Asia and Europe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rozelle,   Scott; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
The paper analyzes the political and institutional factors which are behind the dramatic changes in distortions to agricultural incentives in the transition countries in East Asia (China and Vietnam), Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, etc), the rest of the former Soviet Union, and in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper explains why these changes have occurred and why there are large differences among transition countries in the extent and the nature of the remaining distortions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural distortions; Transition economies; China; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; N50; O13; O21; P22; P26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50298

A Demand System Analysis of the U.S. Trout Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Young-Jae; Kennedy,   P. Lynn; Hilbun,   Brian M.
The objective of this study is to analyze how imported trout affects the domestic U.S. trout industry.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trout; Demand System; Import; International Relations/Trade; F10; F11; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56414

Incentive Design to Enhance the Reach of Weight Loss Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: You,   Wen; Hashemi,   Ali; Boyle,   Kevin J.; Parmeter,   Christopher F.; Kanninen,   Barbara; Estabrooks,   Paul A.
This study employed stated-preference methods to elicit individuals’ program participation preference towards different financial incentive attributes. The results of this study show promise for the use of carefully designed incentive programs to raise participation in weight loss programs. Results show that a fungible payment form is important for the incentive to be effective in reach (i.e., cash and grocery gift-cards are preferred over gym passes and waivers of insurance co-payments). Furthermore, immediate payment is preferred over delayed payment.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Financial Incentives; Program Reach; Random Parameter Logit; Health Economics and Policy; F10; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103669

Agricultural Price Distortion and Stabilization: Stylized facts and Hypothesis Tests
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Masters,   William A.; Garcia,   Andres F.
This paper describes agricultural policy choices and tests some predictions of political economy theories. It begins with three broad stylized facts: governments tend to tax agriculture in poorer countries, and subsidize it in richer ones, tax both imports and exports more than nontradables, and tax more and subsidize less where there is more land per capita. We test a variety of political-economy explanations, finding results consistent with hypothesized effects of rural and urban constituents’ rational ignorance about small per-person effects, governance institutions’ control of rent-seeking by political leaders, governments’ revenue motive for taxation, and the role of time consistency in policy-making. We also find that larger groups obtain more...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price distortions; Political economy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; D78; F11; H23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50301

Do Sensitive Products Undermine Ambition?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vanzetti,   David; Peters,   Ralf.
The long-running WTO negotiations remain unresolved. Agriculture is the main stumbling block. Members have agreed to linear tariff reductions within bands, but proposed exemptions for sensitive products, while providing for much needed flexibility, threaten to undermine the ambition. A detailed partial equilibrium global agricultural trade model is used to analyse the likely impact of exemptions from the formula tariff reductions. Applying one third of the formula cuts to the five per cent of lines with the highest tariffs increases the final developed country average agricultural tariff from 16 to 24 per cent but the negative impacts on trade and welfare are less dramatic.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Trade; Tariffs; WTO; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6044

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Zambia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Robinson,   Peter; Govereh,   Jones; Ndlela,   Daniel.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48516

Food Aid and the WTO: Can New Rules Be Effective?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cardwell,   Ryan T.
A new Agreement on Agriculture from the Doha Development Agenda negotiations is certain to contain binding rules on food aid shipments. Negotiating parties are concerned that food aid has been used as a form of export competition policy, and they seek the use of coercive WTO legislation to prevent the disposal of surplus agricultural commodities as food aid. Current Uruguay Round food aid guidelines are contrasted with the most recent Doha Development Agenda proposals, and the prospective effectiveness of new rules is assessed. Food aid rules will be difficult to enforce within the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding. Also, exogenous policy changes in donor countries are reducing the relevance of rules that target food aid as a means of surplus...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Development economics; Export competition; Food aid; WTO; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; O13; O19; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6313

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Nigeria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Walkenhorst,   Peter.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48513

An Emerging Agricultural Problem in High-Performing Asian Economies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hayami,   Yujiro.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48635

Distribution of Agricultural NRAs across Countries and Products, 1955-84 and 1985-2007
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Croser,   Johanna L.
The global database developed as an integral part of the World Bank's research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, which is publicly available at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions, provides around 30,000 estimates of nominal rates of assistance to agricultural industries (NRAs) and associated consumer tax equivalents for 75 countries that together account for between 90 and 95 percent of the world’s population, farmers, agricultural output and total GDP. They also account for more than 85 percent of farm production and employment in each of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia as well as all OECD countries. More than 70 products are included (an average of 11 per country), which represents around...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price and trade policies; Nominal rates of assistance; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F59; H20; N50; O13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50307

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48624

Strategic Behavior and Trade in Agricultural Commodities - Competition in World Peanut Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fletcher,   Stanley M.; Nadolnyak,   Denis A.
In this paper, we make an attempt to rationalize the strategic behavior of major peanut exporting and importing countries in the framework of imperfectly competitive markets with the focus on the global and inter-American peanut trade. This study is motivated by the fact that liberalizing imperfectly competitive and often distorted markets can have unorthodox effects, in particular increase the incentives to overuse certain trade policies. The results suggest that the South American peanut producers stand to benefit from the reductions in the U.S. peanut production supports but, paradoxically, preservation of a tariff may still be mutually welfare enhancing. In the broader context of global peanut trade, multi-lateral tariff reduction increases the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade; Peanuts; Strategic behavior; Tariffs; TRQs; Subsidies; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; F12; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25362

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sub-Saharan and North Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Masters,   William A.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48572

Compendium of Economic and Trade Indicators by Region, 1960 to 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48325

The Effect of Sequencing Trade and Water Market Reform on Interest Groups in Irrigated Agriculture: An Intertemporal Economy-Wide Analysis of the Moroccan Case
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Diao,   Xinshen; Roe,   Terry L.
Many of the import competing sectors in Moroccan agriculture are protected while water in irrigated agriculture is priced below its marginal value product. Establishing a water market in this pre-trade reform environment can be welfare decreasing. Further, as the shadow price of water is sensitive to the crops protected by trade policy, farmers growing crops protected pre-trade reform can be made worse off post reform. The resulting decline in rents to sector resources is a source of interest group conflict that can slow the overall reform process. Using an intertemporal general equilibrium model, the paper analyzes the economy-wide effects of the linkages between trade reform and the reform of water markets in irrigated agriculture. We find a strong...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water Markets; Trade Reform. Dynamic General Equilibrium; O41; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F13; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7519

Aflatoxin Redux: Does European Aflatoxin Regulation Hurt Groundnut Exporters from Africa?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Xiong,   Bo; Beghin,   John C.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/02/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Standards; Aflatoxin; Maximum Residues Limit; Groundnut; Gravity equation; Africa; Market access; EU; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61314

Regionalism vs. Multilateralism: assessing the impact of free trade agreements between EU and Asian Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antimiani,   Alessandro; Mitaritonna,   Cristina; Salvatici,   Luca; Santuccio,   Federica.
In 2006 the EU decided to abandon its moratorium on negotiating new free trade agreements. Since then, numerous negotiations have been started. In particular, the EU joined in the scramble for preferential market access in Asia, starting bilateral negotiations both with individual countries, as in the case of India and South Korea, and with regional subgroupings, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).   In this paper, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the effects of the possible agreements between the EU and the Asian countries. We want to evaluate the impact of the free trade agreements by themselves, their mutual compatibility as well as their relations with the larger agenda of multilateral trade...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Protection; Commercial policy; GTAP model; International trade; Agricultural and Food Policy; F13; Q17; F17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115420

Using the Logistic Functional Form for Modelling International Price Transmission in Net Trade Simulation Models
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Banse,   Martin; Grethe,   Harald.
Various reasons including cif/fob spread, differing political price protection depending on the net trade situation, and domestic transportation cost contribute to situations in which domestic prices are different in an exporting compared to an importing situation. Net trade models that take these differences into account must somehow deal with the problem of products that are not exported at the export-based price, because it is too low, and are not imported at the import-based price, because it is too high. In such a case, the equilibrium price lies somewhere between the export- and the import-based price. This paper presents the application of the Logistic functional form for depicting price transmission from international to domestic prices in the net...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Price transmission; Net trade models; Tariff rate quotas; Export subsidies; EU beef market; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25344

Trade in Environmental Goods, with Focus on Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
Paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration mandates to the liberalization of environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding the liberalization of trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with discussing what products to liberalize and how. Given that WTO Members are divided by this key issue, the paper explores options to move current negotiations on the liberalization of trade in environmental goods and...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Market Access; Doha Round; WTO; Renewable Energy Technologies; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; P28; Q42; Q48; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119099

Determinants of Farm Policies in the United States, 1996-2008
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Orden,   David; Blandford,   David; Josling,   Timothy E.
This paper focuses on the political economy of U.S. farm policy since the Uruguay Round trade negotiations concluded in 1994 and established the WTO. The continued ability of the powerful farm lobby in the United States to elicit support in the political arena is evident from this analysis. Yet there have been some substantial changes in policy that have reduced their distortionary effects, as well as some setbacks to liberalizing reform. New Doha Round commitments could put further constraints on subsidies provided by some U.S. policy instruments. And despite the ability of the farm lobby to retain its support programs through 2012, there are several political uncertainties about the alignments that have allowed U.S. farm support to endure.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; United States farm policies; Political economy of agricultural distortions; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; O13; P22.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50297

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FTAA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Colyer,   Dale.
Paper presented at the 24th West Indies Agricultural Economics Conference, Granada, July 19-12, 2002.  Environmental issues have become important in trade agreement negotiations.  NAFTA explicitly includes environmental provisions and they are affecting ongoing WTO and FTAA negotiations.  The final role of the environment in the FTAA is uncertain, given opposition by most of the members.  The draft FTAA agreement does not contain a separate section on the environment, but a U.S. position paper indicates that environmental provisions are important and that U.S. negotiators will seek to incorporate environmental concerns into specific chapters such those on investment and agriculture.   The large number and varied economic and environmental conditions of the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: International trade; Trade agreements; Agricultural trade; Environment; Trade and environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F1; F13; F15; F18.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19107

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Australia and New Zealand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Lattimore,   Ralph G.; Lloyd,   Peter J.; MacLaren,   Donald.
In 1990, Australia and New Zealand were ranked around 25th and 35th in terms of GNP per capita, having been the highest-income countries in the world one hundred years earlier. The poor performance over that long period contrasts markedly with that of the past 15 years, when these two economies out-performed most other high-income countries. This difference in growth performance is due to major economic policy reforms during the past two to three decades. We provide new evidence on the extent of governmental distortions to agricultural incentives in particular in the two economies since the late 1940s, both directly and indirectly (and negatively) via manufacturing protection.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reform; Agricultural and Food Policy; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10407

Standards in the International Telecommunications Regime
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Werle,   Raymund.
Technical standards in telecommunications - the central focus of this paper - were traditionally developed by official government accredited or intergovernmental organizations. In the last two decades, however, private forums and consortia of standardization have evolved which initiated a shift from a predominantly technical to a business approach to standards-setting. The business perspective also guides the evaluation of standards in trade policy at the European and at the international level. In the EU and more so in the WTO regional and national diversity of standards is generally regarded as a barrier to trade. Thus harmonization of diverging standards – and not standards competition - and/or the adoption of new international standards is stipulated....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Trade Negotiations; Technical Standards; Telecommunications; International Relations/Trade; FO2; F13; L96.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26265

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in India and Other South Asia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gulati,   Ashok; Pursell,   Garry.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48634

The sensitivity of trade flows to trade barriers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raimondi,   Valentina; Olper,   Alessandro.
This study analyzes the sensitivity of trade flows to trade barriers from gravity equations, using different econometric techniques recently highlighted in the literature. Specifically, we compare a benchmark OLS fixed effects specification a la Feenstra (2002) with three emerging estimation methods: the standard Heckman correction for selection bias, to account for zero trade flows; the Eaton and Tamura (1994) Tobit estimator, to solve limited-dependent variable issues; and, finally, the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) technique, to correct for the presence of heteroskedasticity. Our gravity model includes trade among 193 exporter and 99 importer countries, in 18 food industry sectors. The paper achieves two goals: First it provides estimates of...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Gravity model; Food Trade; Substitution elasticity; Trade liberalization; International Relations/Trade; F1; F13; F14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50658

Optimal agricultural policy and PSE measurement: an assessment and application to Norway
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blandford,   David; Brunstad,   Rolf Jens; Gaasland,   Ivar; Vardal,   Erling.
The producer support estimate (the successor to the producer support equivalent) calculated by the OECD is widely used as an indicator of distortions created by agricultural policies. In this paper we demonstrate that changes in the relative (percentage) PSE are not an accurate indicator of the implications of policy reform for domestic welfare or for trade distortions. We demonstrate that it is important to consider the implications of changes in both the level and the form of support in evaluating the impact of policy reform. Using a model of Norwegian agriculture we show that reforms indicated towards the provision of public goods, while apparently leading to an increase in relative support, are actually superior to existing agricultural policies or to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Trade distortion; Domestic support; Producer subsidy estimate (PSE); Agricultural and Food Policy; C61; F13; F18; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36769

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ecuador
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Wong,   Sara; Sandri,   Damiano.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48394

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Malaysia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Athukorala,   Prema-chandra; Wai-Heng,   Loke.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48476

Challenges in Modeling the Effects of Trade Agreements on the Agricultural Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Westhoff,   Patrick C.; Fabiosa,   Jacinto F.; Beghin,   John C.; Meyers,   William H.
Major issues and challenges encountered in modeling and analyzing agricultural and trade policy reforms are reviewed.  We focus on modeling approach and pay special attention to the type and scope of models, calibration of a realistic baseline scenario, representation of the reform agreement, use of extramodel information, choice of metrics to measure reform impacts, and emerging issues in policy modeling.  Existing solutions and unresolved issues are examined.  We stress the complementarity of various modeling approaches in assessing policy reforms and the importance of helping users understand the limitations of the chosen approach.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Economic modeling; Trade agreements; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43385

CAP Reform in the Light of the WTO Doha Round Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Elekes,   Andrea.
Our paper focuses on the question: how the measures of June 2003 agreement can help the EU to meet the new WTO commitments. As decoupling of direct payments and WTO classification of the new payments seem to be one of the most important questions from the point of view of WTO negotiations, our analysis focuses mainly on the Single Farm Payment (SFP). We assesses the decoupled nature of the single farm payment (SFP) based on WTO and OECD criteria. We conclude that the SFP meets not only the current WTO (design based) criteria of decoupling, but can also be qualified as effective fully decoupled system using the OECD terminology.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAP reform; WTO; Decoupling; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13; F15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24693

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the United States and Canada
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gardner,   Bruce L.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48573

Constitutional Rules and Agricultural Policy Outcomes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
This paper deals with the effect of constitutional rules on agricultural policy outcomes in a panel of observations for more than 70 developing and developed countries in the 1955-2005 period. Testable hypotheses are drawn from recent developments in the comparative politics literature that see political institutions as key elements in shaping public policies. Using differences-in-differences regressions we find a positive effect of a transition into democracy on agricultural protection. However, this average effect masks substantial heterogeneities across different forms of democracy. Indeed, what matters are transitions to proportional (as opposed to majoritarian) democracies, as well as to permanent (as opposed to temporary) democracies. Moreover, while...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Comparative Political Economics; Agricultural Distortions; Constitutional Rules; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; H23; O13; P16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50304

The WTO and U.S. Domestic Support in the Food Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wailes,   Eric J.; Rosson,   C. Parr, III.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94675

Grocery Retailer Pricing Behavior for California Avocados with Implications for Industry Promotion Strategies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Li,   Lan; Carman,   Hoy F.; Sexton,   Richard J.
Rising concentration and consolidation of sales among large supermarket chains in the U.S. and other countries, due in part to a recent wave of mergers in food retailing, have made retailers' role in the food industry a topical issue. Using a unique micro dataset, this paper investigates retailer pricing issues for avocados, a key California specialty commodity, and analyzes the implications of retailer pricing behavior for the effectiveness of avocado industry advertising programs. The methodologies developed and the results achieved in this study should have broad applications across the produce sector, the food industry, and the grocery retail market. We find that retail prices for avocados are highly dispersed both spatially and temporarily. The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: F13; L1; L81; Q1; Q13; Demand and Price Analysis; Marketing.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25494

Competition Intensity, Potential Competition and Transaction Cost Economics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Busse,   Matthias.
As the process of globalisation of the world economy progresses, the degree of international competition among enterprises increases as well. Yet not all industries or branches are affected to the same extent by this development. One of the most important factors which determine the degree of globalisation of an industry is the level of transaction costs. Whereas low transaction costs tend to result in globalised markets, high transaction costs induce segmented markets. Because they may also indicate the degree of potential competition, transaction costs can be of great importance for competition authorities in the case of corporate mergers and acquisitions. Heterogeneous consumer preferences and product differentiation, as two additional determinants of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transaction costs; Potential competition; Competition policy; International Relations/Trade; F00; F13; D23.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26168

GM food technology abroad and its implications for Australia and New Zealand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Jackson,   Lee Ann.
The potential economic benefits from agricultural biotechnology adoption by ANZ need to be weighed against any likely loss of market access abroad for crops that may contain genetically modified (GM) organisms. This paper uses the global GTAP model to estimate effects of other countries' GM policies without and with ANZ farmers adopting GM varieties of various grains and oilseeds. The benefits to ANZ from adopting GM crops under a variety of scenarios are positive even in the presence of the ban on imports from GM-adopting countries by the EU (but not if East Asia also applied such a ban).
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biotechnology; GMOs; Regulation; Trade policy; Computable general equilibrium; Crop Production/Industries; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; C68; D58; F13; O3; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58365

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China and Southeast Asia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Martin,   William J.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48574

Liberalization in Telecommunications
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Knorr,   Andreas.
During the past two decades, international trade in telecommunication services has significantly intensified. What is more, an increasing number of telecommunications operators have begun to expand their activities beyond national borders through FDIs, joint ventures, and cooperation agreements. In this paper it is argued, however, that in spite of the rather successful efforts of late to liberalize the telecommunications sector (networks and services) at the regional (EU) and the global (WTO) level, much remains to be done to create and preserve a truly open and competitive worldwide telecommunications market. In den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten hat sich der internationale Handel mit Telekommunikationsdienstleistungen wesentlich intensiviert. Parallel...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Trade Negotiations; Services Liberalisation; Telecommunications Services; International Relations/Trade; FO2; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26225

The Regional and Multilateral Dilemna: Institutions Do Matter
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Soliman,   Marwan.
The world trade has been p olitically framed towards liberalism and "openness". It is evident that this openness has its own grades and interests that command it. Developing countries have been directed, and pushed towards a playing ground they fear and ignore. But some would argue that even developed countries have to go through such stages. The whole difference here is the gap between where the latter stood when they decided to move toward openness and where developing countries do stand today. A simple and obvious proof of that is the increasing number of regional trade agreements (RTAs in following papers for convenience) that most countries have adopted. If we agree that regional networking should serve coordinating interests, RTAs came to answer a...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Institutional and Behavioral Economics; F13; O1.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25401

Investment Policies and Telecommunications Regimes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Drabek,   Zdenek.
This paper looks at the role of the key international agreements in the process of liberalization of the telecommunications industry. We analyse in particular the role of the WTO agreement in furthering liberalization around the world, and the extent to which it provides protection for foreign investors. The analysis includes assessments of not only market access but also the treatment of property rights, rights of way, financial conditions and regulations as well as issues related to market structure and competition. Outstanding issues representing impediments of these agreements are also identified. The approach is to a large extent based on a comparison with other relevant international agreements, especially with NAFTA. The WTO agreement comes out of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; WTO; NAFTA; Trade Negotiations; International Investment; Telecommunications Services; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26359

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe’s Transition Economies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48556

O comércio potencial brasileiro de carne bovina no contexto de integração regional
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rubin,   Luciane da Silva; Ilha,   Adayr da Silva; Waquil,   Paulo Dabdab.
This study analyses the Brazilian beef exportation potential considering the supposition of future agreements of regional integration. The countries or blocks that were chosen are The European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Popular Republic of China (PRC) and Japan. To analyze the meat sector exportation potential, four methodological generalizations are developed: the importing potential of the mentioned countries, the calculus of the evolution in the Revealed Advantage Index of Brazilian exportations and its main competitors, bibliographical research of the main existing trade barriers and the calculus of the Regional Orientation Index. The results concerning the...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Potential trade; Regional integration; Beef.; Agribusiness; F13; F15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61197

The adoption of the Eurepgap Standard by Mango Exporters in Piura, Peru
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kleinwechter,   Ulrich; Grethe,   Harald.
The significance of standards in international agricultural trade is continuously rising. Due to their complexity, especially private industry standards are often expected to have a negative impact on agricultural export sectors in developing countries. The successful adoption of standards by a broad number of producers can be seen as a condition to limit negative socioeconomic consequences. This case study for the mango export sector in Piura, Peru, analyzes the adoption of the Eurepgap standard, based on a theoretical framework of a compliance process of three stages (information stage, decision stage, implementation stage). The empirical part is based on interviews with farmers. A comparison between certified producers and a control group identifies the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Standards; Costs of compliance; Eurepgap; Developing countries; International; Trade; Mango; Peru; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25521

Would Trade Liberalization Help the Poor of Brazil?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ferreira Filho,   Joaquim Bento de Souza; Horridge,   Mark.
This paper addresses the potential effects of world agricultural trade liberalization on poverty and regional income distribution in Brazil, using an inter-regional applied general equilibrium (AGE) and a micro-simulation model of Brazil tailored for income distribution and poverty analysis by using a detailed representation of households. The model distinguishes 10 different labor types and has 270 different household expenditure patterns. Income can originate from 41 different production activities located in 27 different regions in the country. The AGE model communicates to a micro-simulation model that has around 112,000 Brazilian households and 264,000 adults. Poverty and income distribution indices are computed over the entire sample of households...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52795

Global Fair Trade Innovations: Trends 1999-2011
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Marconi,   Nicholas G.; DiMarcello,   Nicholas, III; Hooker,   Neal H.
The global Fair Trade market has experienced substantial growth over the past 13 years, as measured by both share and number of innovations. This has developed into a new worldwide market segment, and has helped improve the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This report compiles data from Mintel’s Global New Product Database (www.gnpd.com), which records food, beverage, health and beauty products launched throughout the world. The company archives extensive information about each product, permitting users to explore emerging marketing strategies. From 1999 through 2011, GNPD recorded 4,465 Fair Trade innovations. These products were sold in over 40 countries. This paper provides a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis of Fair Trade trends...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Fair Trade; Third party certifiers; Organic; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; F13; F16; F18.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123530

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the Kyrgyz Republic
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Christensen,   Garry; Pomfret,   Richard.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48361

CONSUMER AND IMPORT TAXES IN THE WORLD WINE MARKET: AUSTRALIA IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berger,   Nicholas; Anderson,   Kym.
Virtually all countries tax the consumption of wine (and other alcoholic beverages). However, the rates of taxation, and the tax instruments used, vary enormously between countries. This paper details for all OECD and some other countries the consumer tax rates as of 1996, showing specific or ad valorem excise or wholesale sales taxes, import tariffs, export subsidies and value-added or goods-and-services taxes. It also aggregates them into an ad valorem consumer tax equivalent (CTE) at various wine price levels (since many are specific taxes and so their CTE varies with the price). T he consumer tax equivalent tends to be lower the greater a country's per capita production of wine, especially for premium wine. Australia and New Zealand are shown to have...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Consumer wine taxation; GST; Excise taxes; Consumer/Household Economics; H21; H22; H23; F13.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123770

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in India
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pursell,   Garry; Gulati,   Ashok; Gupta,   Kanupriya.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48483

Non-Tariff Barriers as a Test of Political Economy Theories
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Levy,   Philip I.
This paper provides a rough test of a broad and prominent class of political economy of trade models and finds them wanting. The class features governments with weighted social welfare functions, including the prominent model of Grossman and Helpman. Whether the government is the single domestic player or there are other players involved (as with the lobbies in the Grossman-Helpman case) the government ultimately acts as a unitary player in international dealings. Recent work has shown that such unitary actors care exclusively about terms of trade in international negotiations. This paper pursues the implication that governments’ choice of trade instruments may offer a better test of the unitary government framework than existing empirical work. We use the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade policy; Lobbying; Tariffs; Political economy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; D72; F13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28526

Efficient choice among domestic and trade policies in the Grossman-Helpman Interest-Group Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schleich,   Joachim; Orden,   David.
This paper generalizes the recent political economy model of Helpman and Grossman in which contributions by producer lobbies and government decisions about trade policies are modeled as a common agency game.  We allow the government to choose among domestic as well as trade interventions.  When production and trade policies are available, the equilibrium production policies serve the lobbies while the trade policies reflect the country's international market power.  When consumption and trade policies are available, tariffs and export subsidies are applied in a small-country model to serve the special interests, and the domestic policies are selected to restore consumer prices to world levels.  In a large-country model, the optimal consumption and trade...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Political economy; Trade policies; Domestic subsidies and taxes; Efficient policies; Common agency; International Relations/Trade; F11; F13.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7458

Trade and Intellectual Property Rights in the Agricultural Seed Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Eaton,   Derek J.F.
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has continued to be fiercely debated between North and South, particularly with respect to its provisions for the agricultural sector. Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement requires WTO member countries to offer some form of intellectual property protection for new plant varieties, either in the form of patents (common in the U.S.) or plant breeder’s rights (PBR). This paper analyses the effects of the introduction of PBRs in almost 70 importing countries on the value of exports of agricultural seeds and planting material from 10 exporting EU countries, including all principal traditional exporters of seeds, as well as the US. A fixed effects quantile regression model, based on...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Trade; Agriculture; Plant breeding; Quantile regression; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade; Q16; Q17; F13; F14.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51782

Democracy and Agricultural Protection:  Parametric and Semi-parametric Matching Estimates
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Falkowski,   Jan; Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
We estimate the effect of democratic transitions on agricultural protection in a sample of 74 developing and developed countries, observed in the 1955-2005 period. We employ both differences-in-differences regressions and semi-parametric matching methods, exploiting the time series and cross-sectional variation in the data. Our semi-parametric matching estimates show that parametric methods might underestimate the true effect of democracy on agricultural protection. We find a strong increase in agricultural protection (reduce in taxation) after a country transition to democracy. Specifically a democratic transition increases agricultural protection by about 9 percent points. However, the effect is asymmetric as the effect of leaving democracy on protection...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Democratic Reforms; Agricultural Distortions; Comparative Political Economics; Agricultural and Food Policy; Political Economy; D72; F13; O13; P16; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49313

An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts on Taiwan of Reducing Tariff Escalation on Agriculture-Related Products in WTO Doha Round Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Huey-Lin; Chang,   Ching-Cheng; Weng,   Yung-Ho; Hsu,   Sheng-Ming; Hsu,   Shih-Hsun.
Tariff escalation becomes one of the major issues in the new Doha Round negotiation because it is viewed as a stumbling block to the industrialization development for the developing countries.  When tariffs on products escalate with the stage of processing, the effective rate of protection, or the tariff expressed as fractions of value-added after deducting intermediate inputs from product value, also increases. Thus, tariff escalation potentially signals high rates of protection for value-added or processed products, and can inhibit international trade in these goods.  The major purpose of this study is to examine the degrees of tariff escalations in Taiwan's agriculture -related commodities and the economic consequences to reduce them.  A simplified...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff escalation; Tariff wedge; Computable general equilibrium model; International Relations/Trade; F13; C68; Q17.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6170

Political Economy of Agricultural Distortions: The Literature to Date
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
The 1980s and first half of the 1990s were a very active period in the field of political economy of agricultural protection. While the past decade has witnessed a slowdown in this area, there have been very important developments on political economy in other parts of the economics profession. This paper reviews key new insights and developments in the general political economy literature and draws implications for the study of the political economy of distortions to agricultural incentives.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural distortions; High-income countries; Developing countries; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; N50; O13; P16; P26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50308

Explaining Inefficient Policy Instruments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Gorter,   Harry.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48638

Information Asymmetry and the Problem of Transfers in Trade Negotiations and International Agencies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hamada,   Koichi; Sunder,   Shyam.
This paper studies the role of transfers among groups within a country as well as among countries in a two level game of international trade negotiations. We show that in order to realize the intended transfer in the presence of asymmetric information on the states of recipients (and donors), a transfer process uses up additional resources. The difficulty of making transfers renders it less likely that a nation would find it individually rational to participate as a member of an international institution. Costly transfers render the internal and international adjustment difficult, and serve as a barrier to trade liberalization. Costly international transfers harden the resistance against trade liberalization in the (potentially) recipient country and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade; Tariff negotiation; Asymmetric information; Transfer; WTO; Common agency; Two-level game; International Relations/Trade; O82; F13; H21; H71; H77.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28490

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Mexico
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Soloaga,   Isidro; Lara,   Gabriel.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48432

Agricultural Price Distortions, Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cororaton,   Caesar B.; Corong,   Erwin L.; Cockburn,   John.
This paper analyzes the poverty and inequality implications of removing agricultural and non-agricultural price distortions in the domestic market of the Philippines and abroad. Liberalization in the rest of the world is poverty and inequality reducing, whereas full domestic liberalization increases national poverty and inequality. Poverty declines while inequality increases marginally in the combined scenario of both global and domestic agriculture reform. Although the reduction in the national poverty headcount is small in the latter scenario, the poorest of the poor – particularly those living in the rural areas – emerge as “winners”, given their strong reliance on agricultural production and unskilled labor wages.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52790

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Vietnam
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Athukorala,   Prema-chandra; Huong,   Pham Lan; Thanh,   Vo Tri.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48475

Alternative Market Access Scenarios in the Agricultural Trade Negotiations of the Doha Round
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antimiani,   Alessandro; Conforti,   Piero; Salvatici,   Luca.
The paper explores an important issue in multilateral agricultural trade negotiations, namely the approach taken to reduce tariffs, simulating possible liberalization scenarios.  The analysis is based on the model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), and on the related version 6.0 database.  Scenarios are run on a 2013 baseline, built by taking into account a number of events that have affected (and will further affect) world agricultural markets up to that period, focusing on the effects that are specifically attributable to further trade liberalization in the Doha Round.  The policy strategies analyzed are two hypothetical liberalization scenarios in terms of market access and export competition, plus a free agricultural trade benchmark scenario....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18878

THE LIBERALIZATION OF TARIFF RATE QUOTAS UNDER OLIGOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Scoppola,   Margherita.
Paper removed by author for revision 12/09/08.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff Rate Quotas; Oligopoly; Trade Liberalization.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade; Q18; F13; L13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44822

Institutional Uncertainty at Home and Away: The Case of Lemons from Argentina
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Romano,   Eduardo; Thornsbury,   Suzanne.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94379

Do Trade Agreements Reduce the Volatility of Agricultural Distortions?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cadot,   Olivier; Olarreaga,   Marcelo; Tschopp,   Jeanne.
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extend to which trade agreements affect agricultural trade policy volatility. Using a new panel database compiled as part of the World Bank's Agricultural Distortions research project, we estimate the effect of regionalism (proxied in various ways) on the volatility of price distortions measured by the absolute value of their first differences, averaged, for each country and year, over all agricultural goods. Using an instrumental-variable approach to correct for the endogeneity of regional trade agreements, (RTAs), we find that participation in RTAs has a significantly negative effect on agricultural trade-policy volatility. We find that the WTO's agricultural agreement also contributed to reducing...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural protection; Volatility; Credibility; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F10.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50303

Improving Market Access: The Role of Auctions in Converting Tariff-Rate Quotas into Single Tariffs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Joerin,   Robert.
Market access in the WTO is highly fragmented due to exceptions from GATT principles. Tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) stand in contradiction to the principle of the GATT, according to which all quantitative restrictions in international trade should be eliminated. Bhagwati’s theorem of the non-equivalence of tariffs and quotas leads to the conclusion that under imperfect competition, market access can be improved by converting TRQs into single tariffs. In order to find the ‘new’ tariff, Bergsten (1987) proposed to auction quotas and to use the realized auction price for setting the equivalent tariff. There is empirical evidence from auctions of TRQs in Switzerland that the observed auction prices are below the equivalent tariffs. This is in line with the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO; Market Access; Imperfect Competition; Auctions; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; Q17; F13; D44.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51448

Institutionalized Metzler Effects: Tariff-Rate Quota Liberalization in a Supply-Managed Industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pouliot,   Sebastien; Larue,   Bruno.
A supply management system governs Canada’s poultry sector. Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQs), with prohibitive above-quota tariffs and low in-quota tariff, mimic import-quotas limit international competition in Canada’s poultry market. The quota part of the TRQs is a minimum access commitment under international trade agreement that is defined as a fraction of domestic production. We show in a 3-stage game involving negotiations between retailers and processors and between processors and farms that increasing minimum access commitment under current trade agreements can produce Metzler effects with larger price increases observed at the farm and processing levels. Simulations based on 2008 data support the Metzler paradox and shed light on import license...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Metzler paradox; Tariff-rate quotas; Chicken; Negotiations; Agricultural and Food Policy; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102651

Measurement and Political Economy of Disputed Technical Regulations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thornsbury,   Suzanne; Roberts,   Donna; Orden,   David.
Technical regulations are increasingly visible in agricultural trade, yet their idiosyncratic nature has limited prior aggregate analysis.  This article draws on a unique data source for systematic enumeration of the technical regulations questioned by one exporter among all of its trading partners in mid-1996.  Political economy analysis indicates that barriers decrease when the relative contribution of agriculture to an economy increases, when the anticipated future level of protection through other forms of government intervention increases, and when economies are more open.  Despite increased scrutiny and discipline by the World Trade Organization, technical barriers remain a significant impediment in world agricultural markets.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Limited dependent variable; Sanitary; And phytosanitary; WTO; F13; F14; C21; C24.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43448

Economic Impacts of Brazilian Indirect Tax Reduction: An analysis of the competitiveness within MERCOEURO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pereira,   Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira,   Erly Cardoso.
The objective of this paper is to determine the effects of the creation of MERCOEURO stemming from an indirect tax reduction in the Brazilian economy. Four different scenarios were analyzed taking into account the elimination of tariffs on imports among the member countries in the MERCOEURO agreement  and a 10% reduction in the indirect taxes on the final consumption, on intermediary inputs, and on sectors production.   Simulations are run using GTAPinGAMS with the GTAP database version 6.0. The creation of the MERCOEURO generated significant results mainly in the agribusiness sector.  A reduction in the indirect taxes on final consumption and over the intermediate inputs improve the competition and generate gains in growth, welfare, and government...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectoral competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; C68; H20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53440

Tariff Liberalization, Wood Trade Flows, and Global Forests
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.; Simpson,   R. David.
This paper examines the question of the likely effects on global forests of a further reduction in wood products tariffs including both solid wood products and pulp and paper, as has been proposed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by the Asia Pacific Economic Community (APEC). The tariff reductions would be an extension of the tariff reductions associated with the Uruguay Round (Federal Register 1999). The questions include both how international trade is likely to change in response to further tariff reduction and also the implications for timber harvests and forests generally of such trade liberalization in the various forest regions. The paper finds that the evidence suggests further reductions in tariffs on forest products are likely to generate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade; Tariffs; Forest; Forest products; World Trade Organization; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F01; F21; F13; Q23.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10557

Trade Policy, Trade Volumes and Plant-Level Productivity in Colombian Manufacturing Industries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fernandes,   Ana.
This paper offers new insights on a central question in trade and development economics: does increased exposure to foreign competition generate gains in plant productivity? We find that it does. We examine Colombian trade policy from 1977 to 1991, a period during which trade liberalization alternates with increased trade protection in varied ways across industries, to investigate the link between trade policy and plant productivity. Using a rich panel of manufacturing plants, we obtain production function estimates separately across industries that are consistent in face of the simultaneity between input demands and productivity. These estimates are used to derive plant-level time-varying productivity measures for which a systematic component related to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Simultaneity and production functions; Trade policy; Productivity; Colombian manufacturing; Endogeneity of protection; International Relations/Trade; F13; D24; C14; O54.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28444

Effects of the WTO and Free Trade Agreements on Japonica Rice Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Hyunok; Sumner,   Daniel A.
Three trade policy changes underway and on the horizon have the prospect to alter global markets for japonica rice. This paper considers likely global market effects of expansion of access into the market in Japan and Korea, and reduced subsidy for japonica rice (among other crops) in the United States. We consider these policy changes in the context of a proposed Doha Development Agenda WTO agreement and one potential outcome of the proposed Free Trade Agreement between Korea and the United States (KUS-FTA). We use an equilibrium displacement model to ask how market prices, quantities and other aggregates change as a result of policy changes. The global model includes six aggregates in the world market, China, Korea, Japan, the United States, other...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Japonica rice; WTO; Import access; FTA; Domestic subsidies; Policy simulation; International Development; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25460

The Effect of CAFTA-DR and CBI on Ethanol Production and Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gregorowicz,   Philip; Ligeon,   Carel; Jolly,   Curtis M.
Belize City, Belize 23rd - 27th July, 2007
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAFTA-DR; CBI; Ethanol Production; Trade; Caribbean; Agribusiness; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122886

ECONOMIC AND TRADE INDICATORS FOR ASIA, 1960 TO 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48435

Explaining National Border Effects in the Quad Food Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
Starting from a theoretically consistent gravity model, this paper first provides estimates of bilateral 'border effects' in food trade among Quad countries (Canada, USA, Japan and EU) at the ISIC 4-digit level. Then, it investigates the underlying reasons of border effect, assessing the role played by policy barriers (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) with respect to barriers unrelated to trade policy, such as information related costs and cultural proximity. In contrast with several previous findings, we show that policy barriers are part of the story in explaining the strong trade reduction effect induced by national borders, and this is especially true when we control for the endogeneity of trade policy to imports, as suggested by political economy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Border effect; Food trade; Market access; Gravity; QUAD countries; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25467

Liberalizing Trade, and its Impact on Poverty and Inequality in Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sanchez,   Marco V.; Vos,   Rob.
The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations stalled in 2008 owing in no small degree to a lack of agreement on the terms of substantially reducing trade-distorting support for agricultural products and to what extent this would be beneficial to developing countries. Nicaragua presents an interesting case in point, being one of the poorest economies in Latin America with still a relatively large agricultural sector and high degrees of rural poverty. In 2005, the country signed a free trade agreement with the United States. A previous study showed that most welfare gains of this agreement for Nicaragua would potentially come from the increased market access for textiles and clothing exported to the United States. Under the agreement, the country stands...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52796

Climate Change and Agriculture In South Asia: Looking for An Optimal Trade Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Laborde,   David.
This paper aims to study how alternative trade policies will help mitigate the effects of climate change in agriculture in South Asia. We use a modified version of MIRAGE CGE for long term projections and allowing modeling of climate change effects (impact on yield) at a subregional level (163 geographical units at the world level) to simulate the effects of 13 SRES scenarios in 8 different trade policy landscapes. Based on these results, we discuss the ranking of trade policy options based on expected values but also in terms of variance using the theory of decision in uncertainty. Choices between unilateral and regional strategies for the countries of the sub regions are compared. Our results confirm that South Asia will be one of the most adversely...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Trade Policy; Computable General Equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q54; C68; N5; N75; O24; F13; Q11; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/104526

Chinese and U.S. Apple Trade in ASEAN
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Luckstead,   Jeff; Devadoss,   Stephen; Mittelhammer,   Ronald C.
We investigate oligopolistic competition between U.S. and Chinese apple exporters in the ASEAN market using strategic trade theory and the NEIO literature.  We also analyze competition in the U.S. and Chinese domestic markets.  U.S. supplies higher quality apples to ASEAN than China, resulting in product differentiation.  The results show that U.S. exporters had a higher markup than Chinese exporters through the 1990s; however, as the share of Chinese apples expanded, the U.S. markup declined and the Chinese markup increased dramatically.  Competitive pricing prevails both in the U.S. and Chinese domestic markets.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Apple Trade; Market Power; ASEAN; Conjectural Elasticity; Industrial Organization; International Relations/Trade; F13; L1.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124372

EU Preferential Partners in Search of New Policy Strategies for Agriculture: The Case of Citrus Sector in Trinidad and Tobago
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jacque,   Andrew Eliel; Dell'Aquila,   Crescenzo; Perito,   Maria Angela.
The paper assesses the competitive position of T&amp;T's citrus industry and explains the declining productivity. It covers supply chain and agricultural trade policy issues and involves assembling two Policy Analysis Matrices, either with full cost of production or excluding establishment costs. Domestic and trade policy support shows significant for the sector. Production is internationally competitive, or possesses comparative advantage, only if costs of establishment are excluded. These results suggest that free trade agreements under the FTAA and the ACP-EU would work against the planting of new orchards and reinforce the decline of the sector.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Competitiveness; Policy analysis matrix; Agricultural trade policy; Citrus industry; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q12; Q13; F13.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24608

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Asia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Martin,   William J.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48557

Declining "Common" Agricultural Policy? CAP Reform of 2003 and Its National Implementation in the Member States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Elekes,   Andrea.
This paper focuses on the basic element of the 2003 CAP reform process: on the single farm payment and its national implementation models. We examine possible economic impacts (production distorting effects, redistribution, restructuring, resource allocation and effects on land market) of the basic SFP models. In sum, we can say that the 2003 CAP reform and the new support provide an opportunity to overcome some of the difficulties the CAP faces with. However, the wide range of national diversities threatens the principle of the single market, and transparency and operation of the common market organizations. As there is a wide range of possible constructions member states can decide for, the common nature of the CAP gets more and more questionable.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: CAP reform; Decoupling; Single farm payment; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q17; Q18; F13; F15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24480

CAN DOMESTICATION OF WILDLIFE LEAD TO CONSERVATION? THE ECONOMICS OF TIGER FARMING IN CHINA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Abbott,   Brant; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
Tigers are a threatened species that might soon disappear in the wild. Not only are tigers threatened by deteriorating and declining habitat, but poachers continue to kill tigers for traditional medicine, decoration pieces and so on. Although international trade in tiger products has been banned since 1987 and domestic trade within China since 1993, tigers continue to be poached and Chinese entrepreneurs have established tiger farms in anticipation of their demise. While China desires to permit sale of tiger products from captive-bred tigers, this is opposed on the grounds that it likely encourages illegal killing. Instead, wildlife conservationists lobby for more spending on anti-poaching and trade-ban enforcement. In this study, a mathematical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Endangered species; Extinction; Wildlife farming and bioeconomics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q57; Q27; C61; F13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46994

Cross-Border Political Donations and Pareto-Efficient Tariffs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Endoh,   Masahiro.
This paper examines the effects of lobbying activities across international borders, on determining each country’s import tariff in a multi-principal, multi-agent, menu-auction model. Cross-border political donations could promote international policy cooperation because of two of their distinctive characteristics. First, special interest groups use cross-border donations as tools to wield their influence on ruling parties of other countries directly, which promotes efficiency of policy formation. Second, for ruling parties of countries, cross-border donations make them take into account the impact of their policy on other countries, which makes them more sensitive to other countries’ welfare and, therefore, more cooperative with others. When ruling...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cross-border donations; Truthful equilibrium; Pareto-efficient tariffs; Public Economics; D72; F13; H21; P48.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28397

Telecommunications-Related Services: Market Access, Deeper Integration and the WTO
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Braga,   Carlos A.P.; Fink,   Carsten; Hoekman,   Bernard.
Liberalization and regulatory reform of telecom markets has emerged as a high profile policy issue. This paper analyzes how the multilateral system under the World Trade Organization can help developing countries in promoting their own information infrastructures. We focus on a specific "regime" issue that has attracted increasing attention in recent years: the extent to which the WTO should pursue a "deeper integration" agenda, using telecommunications and activities that rely heavily on telecommunications as a specific case. Die Liberalisierung und Reform der Telekommunikationsmärkte ist zu einem wichtigen politischen Thema geworden. Dieser Beitrag analysiert, wie das multilaterale System - unter der Welthandelsorganisation - Entwicklungsländern bei der...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Trade Negotiations; Telecommunications Services; E-Commerce; International Relations/Trade; FO2; F13; L96; 019.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26288

Does the WTO Increase Trade?  The Case of U.S. Cocoa Imports from WTO-Member Producing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yeboah,   Osei-Agyeman; Shaik,   Saleem; Wozniak,   Shawn J.; Allen,   Albert J.
Replaced with revised version of paper 06/08/2010.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Gravity models; Exports; Market liberalization; Cocoa; Fixed Effects; Random Effects and Pooled Models; International Relations/Trade; F10; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61647

The Role of the Imports for Re-Exports Program in Determining Canadian Demand for Imported Cheese: Implications for U.S. Exports
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Muhammad,   Andrew.
Given the importance of the Imports for Re-exports Program in (IREP) in Canada, this study assessed the impact of per-unit export returns on Canadian demand for imported cheese. If Canadian importers increase utilization of IREP, U.S. exports to Canada will remain unchanged while imports from the EU will increase.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Canada; Cheese; Import demand; IREP; Rotterdam model; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/8214

Agricultural Distortion Patterns Since the 1950s: What Needs Explaining?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Croser,   Johanna L.; Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto.
This paper summarizes a new database that sheds light on the impact of trade-related policy developments over the past half century on distortions to agricultural incentives and thus also to consumer prices for food in 75 countries spanning the per capita income spectrum. Price-support policies of advanced economies hurt not only domestic consumers and exporters of other products but also foreign producers and traders of farm products, and they reduce national and global economic welfare. On the other hand, the governments of many developing countries have directly taxed their farmers over the past half-century, both directly (e.g., export taxes) and also indirectly via overvaluing their currency and restricting imports of manufactures. Thus the price...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural price and trade policies; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; F59; H20; N50; O13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50305

The 2005 episodes of the "banana war" serial. An empirical assessment of the introduction by the European Union of a tariff-only import regime for bananas.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni.
The EU Common Market Organization for bananas has been generating international controversies since its introduction in 1992.  Many thought the 'banana war' had come to an end when, at the 2001 WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, a Decision was taken for the EU to introduce, no later than 1 January 2006, a 'tariff-only regime' which ' would result in at least maintaining total market access for MFN banana suppliers'.  However, proposals by the EU for a tariff-only regime have been rejected in a two-step WTO arbitration in 2005 because they were found not to satisfy this requirement.  On 1 January 2006 the EU unilaterally introduced a tariff-only regime.  The paper presents the main results of a modelling effort aimed at analyzing this policy issue.  The...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Q17; Q18; F13; C21; C6; International Relations/Trade.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18854

ECONOMIC AND TRADE INDICATORS FOR AFRICA, 1960 TO 2004
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sandri,   Damiano; Valenzuela,   Ernesto; Anderson,   Kym.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48467

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Cameroon
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bamou,   Ernest; Masters,   William A.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48518

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Korea and Taiwan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Honma,   Masayoshi; Hayami,   Yujiro.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48479

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94735

Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni; Scoppola,   Margherita.
The paper focuses on the importance of the assumptions made about market structure and firm behaviors in empirical trade policy analysis. It addresses this issue with reference to recent changes in the EU import regime for bananas, namely the Economic Partnership Agreements and the December 2009 WTO agreement on bananas. The paper’s contribution to the literature on the issues addressed is threefold: first it develops two original models which incorporate imperfectly competitive market structures in a spatial modeling framework; then it proposes a methodology to assess the degree of market power in international trading which is applied to the banana market and, finally, it assesses how analysis of the implications of the most recent changes in the EU...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bananas; Economic Partnership Agreements; WTO; Imperfect Competition; Spatial models; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115436

Welfare Impacts of the Mexico Potato Quarantine
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richards,   Timothy J.; Molina,   Ignacio; Hussein,   Osman.
Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tariffs on U.S. potato imports to Mexico were phased out by 1993. Citing phytosanitary issues, in 1996, the Mexican government placed quantitative restrictions on U.S. potato imports and restricted their import only to designated border areas. This article estimates the welfare cost of restricting U.S. potato imports into Mexico. We find that removing trade restrictions may lead to over 1.8 million tons of new imports into Mexico, a gain of consumer surplus of 4.0 billion pesos per year, and a loss of 2.9 billion pesos of producer surplus.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: International trade; Non-tariff barriers; Potatoes; Quarantine; Sanitary and phytosanitary barriers; Welfare loss; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Political Economy; F13; L13; Q13; Q17; C35.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56661

EU Trade Policies: Benchmarking Protection in a General Equilibrium Framework
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antimiani,   Alessandro; Salvatici,   Luca.
This paper deals with the EU's trade policy with two objectives: on the one hand, we study the performance of EU's preferential agreements in granting their partners improved market access; on the other hand, we assess the extent to which domestic sectors are effectively protected.  As far as the first objective is concerned, we construct bilateral indicators of protection based on the applied tariffs faced by each exporter.  In order to do this, an index of trade policy restrictiveness is computed, using the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index as the tariff aggregator.  We also analyze the protection granted to each sector by the existing tariff structure.  In this report, we compute effective rates of protection that overcome the well-known...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Protection; Commercial policy; GTAP model; International trade; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; F17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18856

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Nicaragua
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berthelon,   Matias; Kruger,   Diana; Saavedra,   Diana.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48433

A Proposal for the Design of the Successor to the Kyoto Protocol
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhao,   Jinhua.
The successor to the Kyoto Protocol should impose national ceilings on rich countries’ greenhouse gas emissions and promote voluntary abatement by developing countries. Our proposal gives signatories the option of exercising an escape clause that relaxes their requirement to abate. This feature helps to solve the participation and compliance problems that have weakened the Protocol. We support the use of carefully circumscribed trade restrictions in order to reduce the real or perceived problem of carbon leakage.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Kyoto protocol; Escape clause; Emissions trade; Clean development mechanism; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q54; Q58; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42878

The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labelling for Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anders,   Sven M.; Caswell,   Julie A.
Food product attributes related to geographical origins are a topical issue in global food trade. The provision of geographical labelling may occur through geographical indications under the mandated trade rules of the TRIPS Agreement, trademarks, or country-of-origin labelling. The overall effect of the expansion of geographical labelling on developing countries depends on a complex mix of market opportunities that may yield substantial benefits as well as implementation costs. Increasingly, the analysis of this overall effect will need to evaluate the joint impacts of different forms of geographical labelling on the market position of developing countries.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Developing countries; Geographical labelling; International trade; TRIPS; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; F13; Q13; O19.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42130

Tariffication of Tariff Rate Quotas under oligopolistic competition: the case of the EU import regimes for bananas
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Scoppola,   Margherita.
The paper develops a two-stage capacity constrained duopoly model, in which the mode of competition is endogenous and the constraint is flexible, to investigate the impact of Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQs) and their liberalization. The model predicts that the greater the gap between the price of the licences plus the in-quota tariff and the out-of-quota tariff, the closer the outcome of the game to the pure Cournot outcome. The tariff equivalent changes according to the prevailing mode of competition under the TRQ. The model is used to address the issue of the tariffication of the non-ACP TRQ for EU banana imports. The results suggest that under the TRQ firms competed on quantity and that the tariff equivalent is higher than the tariff introduced by the EU in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tariff rate quota; Oligopoly; Bananas; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; F13; L13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115419

Analisi dei flussi commerciali dei prodotti ittici tra l'UE e i suoi partner mediterranei
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Spagnolo,   Massimo.
The purpose of this paper is the analysis of fishery products exchange between the EU and its Mediterranean partners.  In order to delineate more clearly the framework of trade in fish products among the Mediterranean countries, EU and non-EU members, countries under analysis (only those with a Mediterranean shore) will be divided into 4 groups:  PMM, EU Mediterranean members (France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia);  PCM, candidate Mediterranean countries (Croatia and Turkey);  PPCM, potential candidate Mediterranean countries (Albania and Montenegro);  PTM, third Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Palestinian Authority and Tunisia). In addition to the more recent political agreements...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Regional Trade Agreements; Tariff Scheme; Fish Products Exchange; EU Mediterranean Partners; F13; F14.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48197

Liberalizing Basic Telecommunications: The Asian Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fink,   Carsten; Mattoo,   Aaditya; Rathindran,   Randeep.
The liberalization of the basic telecommunications sector in Asian countries is examined in this paper with a view to identify the elements of good policy and examine how it can be promoted through multilateral negotiations. We find that despite the move away from traditional public monopolies, most Asian governments are still unwilling to allow unrestricted entry, eliminate limits on private and foreign ownership, and establish strong independent regulators. Where comprehensive reform including privatization, competition and regulation has been implemented, there are significantly higher levels of main line availability, service quality and labor productivity. Somewhat surprisingly, there has not been much unilateral liberalization since the last round of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Trade Negotiations; Market Liberalization; Services Trade; Telecommunication Services; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26311

Agricultural Protection Growth in Europe, 1870-1969
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Swinnen,   Johan F.M.
Dramatic changes took place in agricultural policies in Europe in the 19th and 20th century. In the 1860s European nations agreed on a series of trade agreements which spread free trade across the continent. In the 1960s European nations concluded an international agreement which spread heavy government intervention and protection against imports across the continent. This paper offers hypotheses as to the causes of these dramatic changes in agricultural protection.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Political economy; Agricultural distortions; High-income countries; Economic development of Europe; F13; N53; O13; Q18; P16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50296

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Madagascar
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Maret,   Fenohasina.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48551

Modelling Euro-Mediterranean Agricultural Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Garcia Alvarez-Coque,   Jose-Maria; Martinez-Gomez,   Victor; Villanueva,   Miquel.
This paper examines the methodological problems to define a modelling approach to assess the impact of full or limited bilateral liberalisation of agricultural trade flows in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The bilateral trade liberalisation process in the region is framed by complexity, in policy instruments and in the characteristics of the products, in particular fruits and vegetables. Advantages and disadvantages of the general equilibrium and partial equilibrium approaches to simulate trade policy impacts are assessed. Caveats of existing models are related to the representation of specific policy instruments (tariffs, entry prices and other non-tariff measures) and on the seasonal nature of horticultural trade, which is of major importance in the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agriculture in International Trade; Trade Forecasting and Simulation; Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F17; F13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18875

Distortions To Agricultural Incentives in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pomfret,   Richard.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48379

Changing contributions of different agricultural policy instruments to global reductions in trade and welfare
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Croser,   Johanna L.; Anderson,   Kym.
Trade negotiators and policy advisors are keen to know the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to international trade and economic welfare. Nominal rates of assistance or producer support estimates are incomplete indicators, especially when (especially in developing countries) some commodities are taxed and others are subsidized in which case positive contributions can offset negative contributions. This paper develops and estimates a new set of more-satisfactory indicators to examine the relative contribution of different farm policy instruments to reductions in agricultural trade and welfare, drawing on recent literature on trade restrictiveness indexes and a recently compiled database on distortions to agricultural prices for 75...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural price and trade policies; Trade restrictiveness index; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; F15; N57; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58881

Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Protection Induce More Bilateral Trade? Evidence from China's Imports
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Awokuse,   Titus O.; Yin,   Hong.
Most of the previous studies on the effect of IPR protection on international trade have been from the perspective of major industrialized nations. However, much of the current debate on the effects of IPR protection involves large developing countries with high threat of imitation. This study contributes to the literature by analyzing the impact of the strengthening of patent laws in China on its bilateral trade flows. We estimate the effects of patent rights protection on China’s imports at the aggregate and detailed product categories for both OECD (developed) and non-OECD (developing) countries. The empirical results suggest that increased patent rights protection stimulate China’s imports, particularly in the knowledge-intensive product categories....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Intellectual property rights; Patent laws; International trade; International Relations/Trade; F13; 034.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6143

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Chile
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Valdes,   Alberto; Jara,   Esteban.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48391

Trade and SPS Regulations: The Importance of Being Earnest?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jouanjean,   Marie-Agnes; Le Vernoy,   Alexandre.
There is a pending question regarding the impact of food safety standards promulgated by governments or imposed by buyers from the private sector. Their effects on the capacity for developing countries to access developed countries’ markets for high value agricultural and food products is a vivid research theme that up-till-now provided mixed results. While some advocates that food safety standards may hamper exporting abilities, others present evidence that they enable competitiveness and act as a pro-poor growth. This paper contributes to this debate. We offer an analysis on how the intensity of trade flows in fruits and vegetables in Central American countries, Dominican Republic and the U.S. respond to both the level of Sanitary and Phytosanitary...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: SPS – Agricultural Trade – Reputation – Alerts; International Relations/Trade; F13; O13; Q17.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92000

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Mozambique
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alfieri,   Andrea; Arndt,   Channing; Cirera,   Xavier.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48552

Access to OECD Agricultural Market: A Gravity Border Effect Approach
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
This paper uses the border effect estimate from a gravity model to assess the level of trade integration in agricultural markets between 22 OECD countries, over the 1995-2002 period. The empirical analysis shows that using a gravity equation derived from theory, in the estimation of the border effect, matters. A representative estimate of the border effect shows that crossing a national border into the OECD countries induces a trade-reduction effect by a factor of 8. This average value masks substantial differences in market access across the country groups considered, with higher value in trade between EU countries and lower in trade between CEEC countries. However, the trade integration between CEECs and others OECDs increases substantially in the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Border effect; Gravity equation; OECDs; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24543

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Valdes,   Alberto.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48558

The EU's Import Regime for Oranges - Much Ado about Nothing?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Goetz,   Linde; Grethe,   Harald.
EU imports of oranges are restricted not only by ad valorem tariffs but also by the entry price system establishing a minimum import price. In addition, the EU applies a comprehensive system of trade preferences. The hypothesis of this paper is that, in contrast to its complexity, the effectiveness of the EU import system for oranges is low with respect to its goals, i.e. protecting EU producers on the one hand an d creating imports from preference receiving countries on the other. The comparison of import prices for oranges from extra-EU countries with the EU entry price shows that the former are about 40% higher than the latter on average. Also, it is pointed out that at least 72% of extra-EU orange imports during the EU harvest season en ter the EU...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade preferences; Oranges; Tariff rate quota; Entry price; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25604

Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System After Doha
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Srinivasan,   T.N.
The Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), held in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and a work programme (WP) for the WTO involving the negotiating agenda and steps for meeting the challenges facing the multilateral trading system. The paper evaluates the WP, in particular, whether it would redress the unfavourable balance between benefits and costs to developing countries DCs of the agreement that concluded the previous (Uruguay) round of MTN. It discusses the failure of the third session in Seattle to launch a new round in December 1999, and also documents the unfavourable balance. While concluding that with adequate preparation, the negotiators could...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: World Trade Organization (WTO); Multilateral trade negotiations; Developing countries; Antidumping; Trade Related Intellectual Property Services (TRIPS); Trade and labour standards; Trade and environment; Preferential trade agreements; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; F16; F18; O19; O34.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28496

Impacto de los acuerdos de asociacion en el comercio Euromediterraneo de frutas y hortalizas
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Selva,   Maria Luisa Marti; Garcia Alvarez-Coque,   Jose-Maria.
The aim of this research is to discuss a different way to represent the influence of Association Agreements on the agricultural trade between Southern Mediterranean Countries and the European Union in the period 1995-2004. A yearly analysis makes it possible to study trade changes after the Association Agreement between European Union and Southern Mediterranean Countries. For assessment of the Association Agreements, groups of countries with different treatment granted by the EU can separately considered. For these purposes, a gravity model approach could be of help, in particular for differentiated products such as fruits and vegetables.    RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el comercio agrícola entre los países terceros mediterráneos y la...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Association agreements; Gravity model; Trade of fruits and vegetables.; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13; O19.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7998

PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE COSTS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/16/07.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade costs; Gravity; Processed Foods; Geography; Infrastructure; Trade Policy; Inequality; Agribusiness; International Relations/Trade; F1; F13; F14.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9799

Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni; Scoppola,   Margherita.
The paper focuses on the importance of the assumptions made about market structure and firm behaviors in empirical trade policy analysis. It does it with reference to the most recent changes in the EU import regime for bananas, namely the Economic Partnership Agreements and the December 2009 WTO agreement on bananas. The paper’s contribution to the literature on the issues addressed is threefold: it develops two original models which incorporate imperfectly competitive market structures in a spatial modeling framework; it provides an assessment of the degree of market power in international banana trade and, finally, it assesses how the analysis of the implications of the most recent changes in the EU import regimes for bananas is affected by the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bananas; Economic Partnership Agreements; WTO; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q17; Q18; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98985

The Implications of Alternative U.S. Domestic and Trade Policies for Biofuels
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yano,   Yuki; Blandford,   David; Surry,   Yves R.
The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard program (RFS), which involves mandates for various biofuels, is complex and has been often misinterpreted or oversimplified in previous studies. In this paper we analyze the implications of the RFS for the U.S. domestic and international ethanol markets. We demonstrate the vital role of the advanced biofuel mandate within the RFS. Impacts of changes in tariffs on imported fuel ethanol and subsidies for U.S. domestic ethanol production are examined. One of our important findings is that the RFS could result in serious misallocation of resources in both a national and international context. There is a possibility that the United States could be required to import sugarcane-based ethanol to meet the advanced biofuel mandate,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Ethanol; Trade liberalization; Renewable Fuel Standard; Mandate; Subsidies; Industrial Organization; F13; Q18; Q42; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91832

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives In Brazil
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lopes,   Mauro de Rezende; Lopes,   Ignez Vidigal; Oliveira,   Marilene Silva de; Barcelos,   Fabio Campos; Jara,   Esteban; Bogado,   Pedro Rangel.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48390

EFEITOS DE UMA DESONERAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA NA ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA EM CENÁRIOS DE CRIAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE LIVRE COMÉRCIO DAS AMÉRICAS (ALCA)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pereira,   Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira,   Erly Cardoso.
O objetivo desse artigo é determinar os impactos da criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA), a partir de uma desoneração tributária, na economia brasileira. Para isso, foram analisados diversos cenários que contam, além da eliminação das tarifas ao comércio entre os países do continente americano, com redução de 10% dos impostos indiretos que incidem sobre o consumo, sobre os insumos intermediários e sobre a produção brasileira. O modelo do GTAPinGAMS é usado como instrumental analítico, aplicado à versão 6.0 do banco de dados do GTAP. Os resultados indicam que, em todos os cenários de ALCA, a redução dos impostos indiretos em 10% aumentou a competitividade, promoveu o crescimento e o bem-estar do Brasil e elevou a receita tributária. O...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Integração regional; Tributos indiretos; Equilíbrio geral; GTAPinGAMS; Competitividade setorial; Regional integration; Indirect taxes; General equilibrium; GTAPinGAMS; Sectorial competition; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17; R13; H20.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109126

Intersectoral Adjustment and Policy Intervention: the Importance of General Equilibrium Effects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Paul,   Thierry.
We model adjustment costs in a general equilibrium setting using a "transport sector". This sector provides services needed to re-allocate a factor of production across two other sectors. A market imperfection in the transport sector causes adjustment to occur too slowly in the absence of government intervention. The government has a restricted menu of second best policies to remedy this imperfection. Given this restricted menu, the optimal policy choice depends on the government's ability to make commitments. The key to these results is our replacement of the black box of adjustment costs with an explicit model of these costs.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Adjustment costs; Dynamic policies; Time-inconsistency; Markov perfection; Disadvantageous policy; Industrial Organization; F13; J20; J24.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25114

Global food markets by 2030: What roles for farm TFP growth and trade policies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Strutt,   Anna.
Rapid trade-led economic growth in emerging Asia has been shifting the global economic and industrial centres of gravity away from the north Atlantic, raising the importance of Asia in world trade but also altering the commodity composition of trade by Asia and other regions. What began with Japan in the 1950s and Korea and Taiwan from the late 1960s has spread to the much more populous ASEAN region, China and India. This paper examines how that growth and associated structural changes are altering agricultural markets in particular and thereby food security. It does so retrospectively and by projecting a model of the world economy which compares alternative growth strategies, trade policy scenarios and savings behaviors to 2030. Projected impacts on...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Global economy-wide model projections; Asian economic growth and structural change; South-South trade; Booming sector economics; Food security; International Relations/Trade; Marketing; D58; F13; F15; F17; Q17.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124192

Import Protection, Capital Flows, and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sjaastad,   Larry A.; Manzur,   Meher.
This paper focuses on the effect of import protection on the response of the real exchange rate to capital flows. The central hypothesis is that barriers to imports blunt the expenditure and production shifting effects of changes in relative prices, and hence the ability of the real exchange rate to equilibrate the economy in response to international capital flows. Employing a cross-section approach, the study focuses on three broadly similar countries but with very different levels of protection: Argentina, Australia, and Canada. The empirical results are consistent with the central hypothesis.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Import protection; Real exchange rate; International Relations/Trade; Financial Economics; F13; F32; F41.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44073

Five Decades of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48742

An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts on Taiwan of Reducing Tariff Escalation on Agriculture-Related Products in WTO Doha Round Negotiations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Huey-Lin; Chang,   Ching-Cheng; Weng,   Yung-Ho; Hsu,   Sheng-Ming; Hsu,   Shih-Hsun.
Tariff escalation becomes one of the major issues in the new Doha Round negotiation because it is viewed as a stumbling block to the industrialization development for the developing countries.  When tariffs on products escalate with the stage of processing, the effective rate of protection, or the tariff expressed as fractions of value-added after deducting intermediate inputs from product value, also increases. Thus, tariff escalation potentially signals high rates of protection for value-added or processed products, and can inhibit international trade in these goods.  The major purpose of this study is to examine the degrees of tariff escalations in Taiwan’s agriculture-related commodities and the economic consequences to reduce them.  A simplified...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tariff escalation; Tariff wedge; Computable general equilibrium model; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; C68; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51655

Political Economy of Anglo-French Trade, 1689-1899:Agricultural Trade Policies, Alcohol Taxes and War
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nye,   John V.C.
Britain – contrary to received wisdom – was not a free trader for most of the 1800s and, despite repeal of the Corn Laws, continued to have higher tariffs than the French until the last quarter of the century War with Louis XIV from 1689 led to the end of all trade between Britain and France for a quarter of a century. The creation of powerful protected interests both at home and abroad (notably in the form of British merchants, and investors in Portuguese wine) led to the imposition of prohibitively high tariffs on French imports -- notably on wine and spirits -- when trade with France resumed in 1714. Protection of domestic interests from import competition allowed the state to raise domestic excises which provided increased government revenues despite...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Political economy; Agricultural trade policies and war; Economic history of Europe; Alcohol taxes; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; H20; N40; N43; N53; O13.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50295

Ethanol Trade between Brazil and the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Devadoss,   Stephen; Kuffel,   Martin.
The United States has used tax credit and mandate to promote ethanol production.  To offset the tax credit availed by the imported ethanol, the United States instituted an import tariff.  This study ascertains the appropriate U.S. ethanol import tariff corresponding to the U.S. domestic policies by setting the policy-induced ethanol price equal to the free market price.  The theoretical results from a horizontally-related ethanol-gasoline partial equilibrium model of three countries (the United States, Brazil, and the Rest of the World) show that the United States should provide an import subsidy rather than impose a tariff.  The empirical results quantify that this import subsidy is $0.10, instead of a $0.57 import tariff, per gallon of ethanol.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Ethanol imports; Mandate; Subsidy; Tariff; Tax credit; International Relations/Trade; F13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60889

O mercado de carne bovina no Brasil: os efeitos da eliminação das barreiras tarifárias e não-tarifárias
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bender Filho,   Reisoli; Alvim,   Augusto Mussi.
This paper analyses the possible impacts of tariffs and nontariffs barriers elimination on beef market in Brazil. To evaluate the effects of free trade is used a spatial model formulated as Mixed Complementary Problem (MCP). We simulate four sceneries to achieve this purpose: the first simulates the elimination of all trade barriers in a multilateral scope; the second simulates the free trade area creation between Mercosur and EU countries. The third simulates the free trade area formation between the America countries (FTAA); and the fourth considers the elimination of Foot and Mouth Disease in Mercosur countries. In the beef market it is not enough eliminate the tariffs barriers to stimulate the beef production and exportation in Brazil. The major gains...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Beef market; Trade agreements; Non-tariffs barriers.; Agribusiness; C61; F13; F15.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61198

Special Interests versus the Public Interest in Policy Determination
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rausser,   Gordon C.; Roland,   Gerard.
This paper focuses on recent theoretical developments in political economy and what role they might play in explaining and reforming individual country and global distortions in food and agricultural markets. Four groups of forces are isolated: political governance structures emphasizing the role of democratic mechanisms; the design of polycentric structures for assigned governmental authority for setting policy instruments; market structure and other socioeconomic characteristics; and the role of sector mobility and asset diversification. Each of these forces are distilled and data sources are reviewed that will allow econometric specifications that have both explanatory and policy reform implications.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Political economy; Agricultural distortions; Public interest; Vested interests; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; H23; N50; Q18; O13; P16; P26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50294

Non-Tariff Barriers and the Telecommunications Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stephenson,   Sherry M.
This paper discusses the nature, importance, and measurement of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) in services trade with particular reference to telecommunications services. It is shown that although more effectively addressed for the telecom sector at the multilateral level than for other service sectors, NTBs are still widespread and would appear to have a large potential for restricting trade in services. The paper reviews the scope and classification of non-tariff barriers to services trade and sets out an alternative typology for their classification, highlighting the fact that NTBs may be either government-imposed, may result from non-competitive market structures, or from the absence of appropriate regulation. The latter is shown to constitute one of the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Economic Order; Trade Negotiations; Non-Tariff Barriers; Telecommunications Services; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; L96.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26213

Economic and Poverty Impacts of Agricultural, Trade and Factor Market Reforms in China
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhai,   Fan; Hertel,   Thomas W.
Capitalizing on the most recent estimates of agricultural price distortions in China and in other countries, this paper assesses the economic and poverty impact of global and domestic trade reform in China. It also examines the interplay between the trade reforms and factor market reforms aimed at improving the allocation of labor within the Chinese economy. The results suggest that trade reforms in the rest of the world, land reform and hukou reform all serve to reduce poverty, while unilateral trade reforms result in a small poverty increase. Agricultural distortions are important factors in determining the distributional and poverty effects of trade reform packages, although their impacts on aggregate trade and welfare appear to be small. A...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52787

GAME MODELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
In this paper we study some aspects of the question of international environmental regulation from a game theoretic perspective. We address two broad questions. First, we examine the circumstances under which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy by a country in a Stackelberg game will make that country worse off. Second, we study the effects of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments in a Stackelberg game where there is transboundary pollution. We find that there are plausible theoretical circumstances in which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy is not a good idea. Further, we show that in choosing between alternate pollution control instruments, national governments typically face a tradeoff between...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Policy; Open; Economy; Game; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; F13; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28364

Evaluating existing policy flexibilities in WTO agricultural negotiations: different criteria for the selection of sensitive products
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Listorti,   Giulia; Kempen,   Markus; Girardin,   Jean; Kranzlein,   Tim.
Within WTO agricultural negotiations, this paper deals with alternative criteria for the selection of sensitive products. Existing methodologies mostly rely on the analysis of tariffs and trade flows. On the contrary, assessments of the economic impacts on specific groups of stakeholders, namely the domestic agricultural sector, are missing or conducted at a high level of product aggregation. We hence develop a methodology that considers the effects of the selection of sensitive products on domestic agricultural prices. Our model, TRIMAG (Tariff Reduction Impact Model for Agriculture), defined at the 8-digit level, optimizes the domestic agricultural value added subject to a maximum number of sensitive tariff lines. The existing methodologies are applied...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: WTO agricultural negotiations; Market access; Sensitive products; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98986

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN CHINA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huang,   Jikun; Hu,   Ruifa; van Meijl,   Hans; van Tongeren,   Frank W.
China has made a major investment in biotechnology research.  Genetically modified (GM) cotton is widely adopted and the list of GM technologies in trials is impressive.  At the same time there is an active debate on when China should commercialize its GM food crops.  The overall goal of this paper is to provide an economy-wide assessment of these issues under various scenarios.  Based on a unique data from empirical micro-level study and field trial in China and a modified GTAP model, our results indicate that the development of biotechnology has an important impact on China's production, trade and welfare.  Welfare gains far outweigh the public biotechnology research expenditures.  Most gains occur inside China.  Policy makers should put less weight on...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Economic impacts; Biotechnology; Genetically modified crops; China; Crop Production/Industries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C68; D58; F13; O33; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25883

Agricultural Trade Reform and Poverty in Thailand: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Warr,   Peter G.
A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Thailand of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that across the board trade liberalization is poverty-reducing within Thailand, whether other countries participate in the liberalization or not. This poverty reduction occurs among both farm and non-farm households and this qualitative outcome is not dependent on the particular poverty line used in the analysis. Liberalization in agricultural products alone raises poverty incidence among farm households, while reducing it slightly among non-farm households.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52791

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Kazakhstan
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pomfret,   Richard.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48360

Production Response to Increased Imports: The Case of U.S. Sugar
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kennedy,   P. Lynn; Schmitz,   Andrew.
This paper considers how the welfare of U.S. sugar producers can be affected by the use of production controls in the presence of rising sugar imports and falling sugar prices, taking into account the negative externalities associated with U.S. sugar production. Even if production controls are used, producer welfare can be affected negatively under rising imports.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Import quota; Production quota; Supply management; U.S. sugar; Agribusiness; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; International Relations/Trade; Production Economics; Productivity Analysis; F13; F14; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56662

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Cote d’Ivoire
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Abbott,   Philip C.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48522

Distortions to Cotton Sector Incentives in West and Central Africa
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Baffes,   John.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48526

What makes countries initiate WTO disputes on food-related issues?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Goetz,   Christian; Heckelei,   Thomas; Rudloff,   Bettina.
This paper analyses relevant determinants for the probability to initiate a dispute on policy measures under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system. The empirical analysis differs from existing assessments by focusing on agri-food related disputes and provides a more in-depth analysis of specific country and sectoral characteristics not considered in previous studies. Contrary to recent analyses of overall trade disputes, the results show that some determinants such as legal capacity and monetary means are not statistically significant. Own protectionist behaviour, endured protectionism, and the duration of WTO membership, however, could be identified as relevant determinants with the expected direction of impact.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: WTO dispute; Agri-food sector; Binary choice model; International Relations/Trade; C12; C13; F13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/56974

MAKING SENSE OF AGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICY REFORM
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vanzetti,   David; Peters,   Ralf.
Proposals for agricultural trade reform put forward by the main protagonists remain far apart, with little sign of convergence.  In an attempt to progress the negotiations towards a successful outcome, the chairman of the WTO Committee on Agriculture has proposed a compromise.  The alternative proposals by the United States, the European Union and the WTO are analysed with the Agricultural Trade Policy Simulation Model, a static, multi-commodity, multi-region, partial equilibrium trade model.  The estimated annual global welfare gains are $26 billion, $12 billion and $17 billion respectively.  Least developed countries, as a group, gain from the US proposal but are made worse off under the WTO and EU proposals.  Furthermore, in the best case many...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Trade; Modelling; Negotiations; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25858

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America and the Caribbean
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Kym; Valdes,   Alberto.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48575

Economic Loss to the Brazilian Regions Due to the Doha Round Failure
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pereira,   Matheus Wemerson Gomes; Teixeira,   Erly Cardoso; Gurgel,   Angelo Costa.
We build a database and model to develop general equilibrium analysis of the Brazilian economy at the level of the five macro regions. The model is multiregional at global level as also at the Brazilian level. The project is coupled to the GTAP model through disaggregation of the original Brazilian input-output matrix and trade flows and follows the GTAPinGAMS structure and syntax to generate the General Equilibrium Analysis Project for the Brazilian Economy (PAEG).  The regional database is that of the GTAP version 6 and represent the 2001 world economy.  We aggregate the data in seven regions plus the five Brazilian sub-regions and nineteen commodities/sectors to apply the scenario Doha Round to determine the probable losses to the Brazilian regions from...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brazilian regions; General equilibrium; Agribusiness; Trade liberalization; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F13; F15; Q17.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53247

Price Transmission to Ugandan Coffee Growers in a Liberalized Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Musumba,   Mark; Sen Gupta,   Rajorshi.
Replaced with revised version of poster 07/21/11.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Trade Liberalization; Future Prices; Price Transmissions; Ugandan Coffee Growers; Demand and Price Analysis; International Relations/Trade; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; F13.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103906

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Zimbabwe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ndlela,   Daniel; Robinson,   Peter.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48515

Chicken Supreme: How the Indonesian Poultry Sector Can Survive Avian Influenza
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Vanzetti,   David.
Avian influenza is a deadly disease that can spread rapidly through poultry. There are many documented cases of transmission from birds to people, but as yet only rare instances of human to human transmission. Nonetheless, public health officials are concerned about the possibility of a human pandemic, and many countries have policies of banning imports of live birds and poultry meat from infected regions. The potential impacts on Indonesia of a production shock, a shift in consumption or a trade ban are assessed using a heterogeneous product model where imports are differentiated by source. Empirical results suggest the likely trade impacts in Indonesia are minimal because its trade is a small share of production.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Avian Influenza; Trade; Poultry; Indonesia; Livestock Production/Industries; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10384

Competition Regimes in Telecommunications and the International Trading System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Koopmann,   Georg.
In most countries, competition in the telecommunications industry is subject to both sector-specific regulation and more general antitrust policies. At the same time, a process of international market liberalisation is under way in telecommunications which can only be truly effective - and further advance - if appropriate competitive safeguards are in place. Trading partners should agree on certain minimum standards to be observed in this area in order to better combat anticompetitive conduct and avoid international conflicts. The Reference Paper to the WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications is an important step in this direction and may also serve as a model for other network industries. It is a framework of rules which has to be filled with concrete...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulation; Antitrust; Trade Negotiations; Services; International Relations/Trade; F13; L40; L50; L89.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26230

TRADE POLICY AND TIME CONSISTENCY IN AN OLIGOPSONISTIC WORLD MARKET
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gervais,   Jean-Philippe; Lapan,   Harvey E.
This paper investigates the strategic behavior between countries that have purchasing power on the world market for a certain good.  Tariffs and quotas are not equivalent protection instruments in this oligopsonistic market.  Policy active importers would be better off by colluding and setting their trade instrument cooperatively.  In a non-cooperative setting, if production decisions occur before consumption decisions, the ex-ante optimal policy is not time consistent because the ex-post elasticity of the residual foreign export supply curve is lower than the ex-ante elasticity.  However, we show that the importers' inability to irrevocably commit to their trade instrument may be welfare superior to the precommitment solution.  The negative welfare...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Precommitment; Time consistency; Optimal tariff and quota; Oligopsony; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17; D4.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18239

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Turkey
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burrell,   Alison M.; Kurzweil,   Marianne.
-
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48388

Properties of Flexible Functional Forms for Modeling Bilateral Export Supply and Import Demand in Multi-Country Agri-Food Models
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Winter,   Etti Maria; Frohberg,   Klaus.
This paper illustrates the opportunities of incorporating more advanced functional forms into multi-country trade policy models. It suggests the use of flexible forms such as the Symmetric Generalized McFadden Function (SGMF) or the Normalized Quadratic-Quadratic Expenditure System (NQQES). Particularly if issues namely trade in differentiated products, preferential trade and effects of standards and traceability on bilateral trade are considered the NQQES offers attractive properties since it allows estimating variety specific expenditure elasticities which might compensate for example increased certification costs. A second aim of the paper refers to the critique on the handling of model parameters in calibrated policy models. In general, employed...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Bilateral trade modelling; Flexible functions; Calibration; International Relations/Trade; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; B41; C61; F13; Q18; Q17.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24471

Trade Liberalisation with Costly Adjustment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Forteza,   Alvaro; Patron,   Rossana.
The paper analyses the efficiency and the distributional effects of eliminating a tariff in a protected sector, in a Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade with costs of adjustment. The tariff can be eliminated at the onset or after a while. In case of postponing it the government may pre-announce the policy change or may not do it and surprise the private sector. It is shown that while large adjustment costs reduce the efficiency gains from trade liberalisation, small to moderate adjustment costs may raise the efficiency gains from a pre-announced liberalisation. The adjustment costs reduce the effects on factor returns from a sudden unanticipated liberalisation. The distributional effects of trade liberalisations are more complex when the policy is...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Adjustment costs; Trade liberalisation; International Relations/Trade; F11; F13.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44058

Parallel Imports and Innovation in an Emerging Economy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mantovani,   Andrea; Naghavi,   Alireza.
This paper studies the consequences of parallel import (PI) on process innovation of firms heterogeneous in their production technology. In an international setting where foreign markets differ with respect to their intellectual property rights regime, a move by a technologically inferior firm to exploit a new unregulated market can result in imitation and PI. The impact of PI on innovation is determined by the degree of heterogeneity between firms and trade costs. Increasing trade costs shifts from the market share losses brought by PI from the more to the less productive firm. This induces the former to invest more in R&amp;D. At this point, sales in the foreign market become a determinant of the R&amp;D decision by the technologically inferior firm. For...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; Parallel Imports; Innovation; Trade Costs; Welfare; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F12; F13; L11.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60688

Indonesian agricultural trade policy at the crossroads
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Oktaviani,   Rina; Setyoko,   Nur Rakhman; Vanzetti,   David.
Following the global spike in food prices in 2008, there is renewed interest in Indonesia in self-sufficiency as a means of achieving food security. Restrictive trade policies, including specific tariffs on rice and sugar, and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports, have been used in an attempt to meet conflicting objectives of assisting both producers and consumers. Meanwhile, palm oil exports to the European Union are constrained by the importer's concerns about deforestation and its contribution to climate change. Similar constraints may be applied to other commodities as production moves into pristine areas in an attempt to maintain self-sufficiency. On the other hand, more open trade may offer better options to address any...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Trade; Indonesia; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q17.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59109

Gains from trade liberalization with imperfectly competitive world markets. A note.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anania,   Giovanni.
The paper shows how analyses assuming perfect competition can yield a distorted estimation of the expected effects of a trade liberalization when market imperfections exist. The analytical framework adopted is very simple and three extreme imperfect market structures are considered. In the first case, the exporting country maximizes its producer and consumer surplus by intervening in the world market. The second market imperfection considered is the existence of a private firm playing the role of "pure middleman" in the world market. Then the case of a producer-owned marketing board which is granted exclusive export authority is addressed. It is shown that estimates of the impact of a tariff reduction in terms of prices and volume traded obtained assuming...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Trade liberalization; Imperfect markets; Monopoly; Monopsony; Marketing board; International Relations/Trade; F12; F13; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28798

Welfare- and trade-based indicators of national distortions to agricultural incentives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lloyd,   Peter J.; Croser,   Johanna L.; Anderson,   Kym.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48627

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Thailand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Warr,   Peter G.; Kohpaiboon,   Archanun.
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Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/48474

Handelspolitik in der Europaischen Gemeinschaft - Institutioneller Rahmen, Verhaltnis zur Binnenmarktpolitik und Rolle in der Weltwirtschaft
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Koopmann,   Georg.
Das Papier untersucht die Arbeitsweise der Handelspolitik in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, den Zusammenhang zwischen Binnen- und Außenmarktpolitik und weltwirtschaftliche Implikationen der EG-Handelspolitik auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Es wird gezeigt, dass die gemeinsame Handelspolitik weitgehend Reflex der Binnenmarktpolitik ist, aber nicht zur Abschottung des Binnenmarktes geführt hat. Auch das Bestreben der EG, die multilaterale handelspolitische Agenda zu erweitern, entspricht der Binnenmarktlogik, doch würde der WTO damit ein Bärendienst erwiesen. The paper analyses the workings of trade policy in the European Community, it revisits the external dimension of the single European market and discusses broader implications of EC trade policy at various...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Internationale Wirtschaftsordnung; Handelspolitik; Wirtschaftliche Integration; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26271