Consulta: subjectFacets:"H23"
Registros recuperados: 118
Data/hora: 07/06/2024 01:05:58

Environmental Targets and Shadow Prices of Bad Outputs in Organic and Conventional Farming
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huhtala,   Anni; Marklund,   Per-Olov.
We present a framework for deriving shadow prices for negative environmental impacts regulated in agriculture. The shadow prices can be used as indicators of the costs of environmental regulation imposed as reflected in alternative farming technologies adopted. We illustrate our analytical findings with implications of the Finnish water protection policy measures on conventional and organic livestock farms over the period 1994-2002. Generally, the representative organic farm is found to be more technically efficient relative to its own technology than is the conventional representative farm. However, there is no statistical indication of a difference between these two particular representative farms in valuing the costs of undesirable output (manure) at...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental performance; Technology choices; Nutrient surplus; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; C21; Q12; Q21.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24575

Endogenous Discounting and Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov; Zemel,   Amos.
Under risk of abrupt climate change, the occurrence hazard is added to the social discount rate. As a result, the social discount rate (i) increases and (ii) turns endogenous to the global warming policy. The second effect bears profound policy implications that are magnified by economic growth. In particular, we find that greenhouse gases (GHG) emission should be terminated at a finite time so that the ensuing occurrence risk will vanish in the long run. Due to the public bad nature of the catastrophic risk, the second effect is ignored in a competitive allocation and unregulated economic growth will give rise to excessive emissions. In fact, the GHG emission paths under the optimal and competitive growth regimes lie at the extreme ends of the range of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abrupt climate change; Hazard rate; Discounting; Economic growth; Emission policy; H23; H41; O13; O40; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37944

Expert Opinion versus Transaction Evidence: Using the Reilly Index to Measure Open Space Premiums in the Urban-Rural Fringe
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cotteleer,   Geerte; Stobbe,   Tracy; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
Due to economic and population growth farmland and to a lesser extend other undeveloped areas are under pressure in the urban-rural fringe in British Columbia, Canada. The objectives of this paper are to determine if residential property values near Victoria, BC include open-space premiums for farmland, parks or golf courses, and to determine if using assessed values instead of market prices of the property result in the same findings. We estimate a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model with two hedonic pricing equations, one with actual market values as the dependent variable and one with assessed property values, and compare the resulting estimates of shadow prices for open space amenities. Furthermore, we take account of spatial autocorrelation and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Hedonic pricing models; Spatial dependence; Assessed property values; Open space; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Land Economics/Use; R14; R52; C21; Q20; H23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37085

Delayed Action and Uncertain Targets. How Much Will Climate Policy Cost?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Despite the growing concern about actual on-going climate change, there is little consensus about the scale and timing of actions needed to stabilise the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Many countries are unwilling to implement effective mitigation strategies, at least in the short-term, and no agreement on an ambitious global stabilisation target has yet been reached. It is thus likely that some, if not all countries, will delay the adoption of effective climate policies. This delay will affect the cost of future policy measures that will be required to abate an even larger amount of emissions. What additional economic cost of mitigation measures will this delay imply? At the same time, the uncertainty surrounding the global stabilisation target to be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Delayed Action; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44219

Fossil Fuel Extraction and Climate Policy: A Review of the Green Paradox with Endogenous Resource Exploration
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Osterle,   Ines.
Policies aimed at reducing emissions from fossil fuels may increase climate damages. This “Green Paradox” emerges if resource owners increase near-term extraction in fear of stricter future policy measures. Hans-Werner Sinn (2008) showed that the paradox occurs when increasing resource taxes are applied within a basic exhaustible resource model. This article highlights that the emergence of the Green Paradox within this framework relies on the non-existence of a backstop technology and fixed fossil fuel resources. In doing this, it initially presents a basic exhaustible resource model which includes a backstop technology and shows that the implementation of a specific sales tax path is effective in mitigating global warming. Secondly, it considers the case...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Green Paradox; Supply-side dynamics; Climate Policy; Exhaustible Resources; Fossil Fuels; Exploration; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q31; Q54; Q58; H23; H32.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122010

Institutional Impediments to Groundwater Trading: the case of the Gnangara groundwater system of Western Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Skurray,   James H.; Pandit,   Ram; Pannell,   David J.
The development of a market in groundwater usage rights can be inhibited by constraints arising from the institutional context. Such impediments may reduce the potential gains from trade and may generate high transaction costs for prospective traders.  We analyse the regulations and policies influencing groundwater transfers in a case-study area -- the Gnangara groundwater system around Perth, Western Australia -- and identify significant impediments to a groundwater market.  Property rights are found to be conditional, temporary, and vulnerable to amendment. Regulatory approval is required for all transfers. Facilitating infrastructure is lacking, and price information is unavailable. Management area boundaries reflect land ownership and use rather than...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q28; Q38; Q56; Q57; Q58; D02; R52; H41; H23; H11; D23; D47; D78; H44.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117825

Contracting for Environmental Property Rights: The Case of Vittel
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Depres,   Christophe; Grolleau,   Gilles; Mzoughi,   Naoufel.
Based on an authentic case of contracting for environmental property rights, our paper shows several implications of applying the Coase’s propositions. The case study adds empirical content to basic transaction costs concepts by analyzing the design and implementation of a contractual arrangement between a pollutee –a bottler of mineral water Vittel– and several polluting farmers. We analyze the bargaining between land and water rights owners and the bottler Vittel to determine how transaction cost issues (valuation disputes, bi-lateral monopoly conditions, and third-party effects) were overcome and how they succeeded in contracting for environmental property rights. We provide several comparisons of the Vittel case with other similar cases, leading to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Case study; Contracting; Environmental property rights; Environmental-related transactions; Private arrangement; Vittel; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; K23; Q15; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24729

Policy Analysis in a Second-Best World
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Oates,   Wallace E.
This paper first describes the new literature in environmental economics on the socalled "double dividend" and then explores its implications for a broad range of economic issues. The basic finding in this literature is that in a second-best, general equilibrium setting, environmental measures raise costs and prices and thereby reduce the real wage. This rise in the cost of living reduces slightly the quantity of labor supplied in an already highly distorted labor market, giving rise to losses in social welfare that can be large relative to the basic welfare gains from improved environmental policy. These losses may be offset to some extent by using revenues (if any) from the environmental programs to reduce existing taxes on labor. This same line of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulatory policies; Welfare effects; Pre-existing taxes; General equilibrium; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; H23; D52.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10687

Climate change policy in a growing economy under catastrophic risks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov; Zemel,   Amos.
Under risk of catastrophic climate change, the occurrence hazard is added to the social discount rate. As a result, the social discount rate (i) increases and (ii) turns endogenous to the global warming policy. The second effect bears profound policy implications that are magnifed by economic growth. In particular, it implies that green- house gases (GHG) emission should gradually be brought to a halt. Due to the public bad nature of the catastrophic risk, the second effect is ignored in a competitive allocation and unregulated economic growth will give rise to excessive emissions. We find that the GHG emission paths under the optimal and competitive growth regimes lie at the extreme ends of the range of feasible emissions. We derive the Pigouvian hazard...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abrupt climate change; Environmental catastrophes; Economic growth; Emission policy; Hazard rate; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H41; O13; O40; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7132

Agricultural Insurance as an Environmental Policy Tool
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Coble,   Keith H.; Hanson,   Terrill R.; Miller,   J. Corey; Shaik,   Saleem.
This paper examines the possibility that insurance for row crops, livestock, and aquaculture can be used effectively to encourage producers to adopt practices that will improve environmental behavior.  Examples of agricultural environmental insurance are provided and considered in the context of alternative policy mechanisms.  The current state of agricultural insurance and the nonagricultural environmental insurance market are explored.  We also lay out the characteristics of an insurable risk along with the theoretical basis of insurance provision.  An empirical example of an environmental insurance design is provided, and the behavioral implications of such a design are examined.  Finally, we discuss important considerations that should be evaluated...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environment; Insurance; Liability; D81; G22; H23; K13; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43214

Market Power and Output-Based Refunding of Environmental Policy Revenues
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
Output-based refunding of environmental policy revenues combines a tax on emissions with a subsidy to output. With imperfect competition, subsidies can discourage output underprovision. However, when market shares are significant, endogenous refunding suffers compared to a fixed subsidy. Refunding the emissions tax according to market share reduces the incentive to abate, and marginal abatement costs will not be equalized if market shares differ. In a Cournot duopoly, endogenous refunding leads to higher output, emissions, and possibly costs compared to a fixed rebate program. These results hold whether emission rates are determined simultaneously or strategically in a two-stage model.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions tax; Earmarking; Tradable performance standards; Imperfect competition; Cournot; Duopoly; Refunding; Subsidy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; H23; Q2.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10893

Dams
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Duflo,   Esther; Pande,   Rohini.
The construction of large dams is one of the most costly and controversial forms of public infrastructure investment in developing countries, but little is known about their impact. This paper studies the productivity and distributional effects of large dams in India. To account for endogenous placement of dams we use GIS data and the fact that river gradient affects a district's suitability for dams to provide instrumental variable estimates of their impact. We find that, in a district where a dam is built, agricultural production does not increase but poverty does. In contrast, districts located downstream from the dam benefit from increased irrigation and see agricultural production increase and poverty fall. Overall, our estimates suggest that large...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Dams; Development planning; Program evaluation; India; Public Economics; O21; O12; H43; H23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28373

Instrument Choice for Environmental Protection When Technological Innovation Is Endogenous
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.
This paper presents an analytical and numerical comparison of the welfare impacts of alternative instruments for environmental protection in the presence of endogenous technological innovation. We analyze emissions taxes and both auctioned and free (grandfathered) emissions permits. We find that under different sets of circumstances each of the three policies may induce a significantly higher welfare gain than the other two policies. In particular, the relative ranking of policy instruments can crucially depend on the ability of adopting firms to imitate the innovation, the costs of innovation, the slope and level of the marginal environmental benefit function, and the number of firms producing emissions. Moreover, although in theory the welfare impacts of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technological innovation; Externalities; Environmental policies; Welfare impacts; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10812

Should Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards Be Tightened?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Fischer,   Carolyn; Harrington,   Winston.
This paper develops analytical models to estimate the welfare effects of higher Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards on new passenger vehicles. The analysis incorporates a broad range of fuel-and-driving-related externalities, fuel taxes, different assumptions concerning consumers' valuation of fuel saving technologies and their alternative value in enhancing other vehicle attributes, and endogenous vehicle fleet composition. To implement the analysis, we develop estimates of CAFE's impact on local pollution, nationwide congestion, and traffic accidents. We find that higher fuel economy standards can produce anything from moderate welfare gains, to very little or no effect, to substantial welfare losses, depending on how consumers value fuel...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fuel economy standards; Oil dependency; Carbon emissions; Rebound effect; Gasoline tax; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R48; Q48; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10605

Agri-Environmental Program Compliance in a Heterogeneous Landscape
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lankoski,   Jussi E.; Lichtenberg,   Erik; Ollikainen,   Markku.
Heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes may necessitate the use of spatially targeted instrument combinations to implement the social optimum.  But compliance with these policies may require costly enforcement.  This paper examines the design of agri-environmental policies featuring two of the most commonly used instruments, reductions in fertilizer application rates and installation of riparian buffers.  While compliance with buffer strip requirements is verifiable at negligible cost, fertilizer application is only verifiable through costly monitoring.  We derive optimal subsidies for fertilizer reduction and buffer strip set-asides and enforcement strategies for the cases of low and excessive monitoring costs.  An empirical simulation model suggests...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nutrient runoff; Monitoring; Enforcement; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q15; Q18; H23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37797

Modelling Economic Impacts of Alternative International Climate Policy Architectures. A Quantitative and Comparative Assessment of Architectures for Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper provides a quantitative comparison of the main architectures for an agreement on climate policy. Possible successors to the Kyoto protocol are assessed according to four criteria: economic efficiency; environmental effectiveness; distributional implications; and their political acceptability which is measured in terms of feasibility and enforceability. The ultimate aim is to derive useful information for designing a future agreement on climate change control.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Integrated Modelling; International Agreements; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44535

Tax Deductible Spending, Environmental Policy, and the "Double Dividend" Hypothesis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Bento,   Antonio M.
A number of recent studies have shown that the general equilibrium welfare effects of externality-correcting policies depend importantly on pre-existing taxes in the economy, particularly those that distort the labor market. This paper extends the prior literature by allowing for consumption goods that are deductible from labor taxes. These "goods" represent medical insurance, other less tangible fringe benefits, mortgage interest, and so on. The initial tax system effectively subsidizes tax-favored consumption relative to other consumption, in addition to distorting the labor market. We find that incorporating tax-favored consumption may overturn key results from earlier studies. In particular, a revenue-neutral pollution tax (or auctioned pollution...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policies; Distortionary taxes; Tax deductions; Welfare effects; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q28; L51.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10737

Equity and Justice in Global Warming Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kverndokk,   Snorre; Rose,   Adam Z.
Many countries are implementing or at least considering policies to counter increasingly certain negative impacts from climate change. An increasing amount of research has been devoted to the analysis of the costs of climate change and its mitigation, as well as to the design of policies, such as the international Kyoto Protocol, post-Kyoto negotiations, regional initiatives, and unilateral actions. Although most studies on climate change policies in economics have considered efficiency aspects, there is a growing literature on equity and justice. Climate change policy has important dimensions of distributive justice, both within and across generations, but in this paper we survey only studies on the intragenerational aspect, i.e., within a generation. We...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economics of Climate Change; Intragenerational Equity; Distributive Justice; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; D63; H23; H41; Q00.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44230

The Second-Best Use of Social Cost Estimates
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Krupnick,   Alan J.
A significant literature has developed to estimate the damages to third parties from new electricity generation technologies. This paper focuses on how such estimates can be profitably used in the present regulatory environment, and in the potential new environment that may result from restructuring in the electricity industry.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Environment; Social costs; Adders; Externalities; Demand and Price Analysis; H23; L94; L98.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10693

The Benefits of Reduced Air Pollutants in the U.S. from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Toman,   Michael.
Policies that reduce emissions of greenhouse gases can simultaneously alter emissions of conventional pollutants that have deleterious effects on human health and the environment. This paper first describes how these "ancillary" benefits--benefits in addition to reduced risks of climate change--can result from greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation efforts. It then discusses methodologies for assessing ancillary benefits and provides a critical review of estimates associated with reductions of criteria air pollutants. We find that these benefits in the U.S. may be significant, indicating a higher level of "no regrets" greenhouse gas abatement than might be expected based on simple economic calculations of abatement cost. However, the magnitude of ancillary...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas; Ancillary benefits; Air pollution; Co-control benefits; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; I18; Q48.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10496

Comparing Alternative Policies to Reduce Traffic Accidents
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper derives and implements formulas for the welfare effects of differentiated and uniform mileage taxes, gasoline taxes, and per mile insurance premiums, for reducing the external costs of passenger vehicle accidents. The model distinguishes three driver groups and five vehicle groups, and we obtain estimates of external accident costs per mile for each group from crash data. The (average) external accident cost is estimated at 2.2-6.6 cents per mile. Accidents costs differ substantially across drivers of different ages, but only moderately across different vehicles groups. Annual welfare gains from a mileage tax differentiated across drivers and vehicles according to marginal external costs are $9.4 billion in the benchmark case. The uniform...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Traffic accidents; External costs; Pricing policies; Insurance reform; Public Economics; R48; H22; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10674

Why Governments Tax or Subsidize Trade: Evidence from Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gawande,   Kishore; Hoekman,   Bernard.
This paper empirically explores the political-economic determinants of why governments choose to tax or subsidize trade in agriculture. We use a new data set on nominal rates of assistance (NRA) across a number of commodities spanning the last five decades for 64 countries. NRAs measure the effect on domestic (relative to world) price of the quantitative and price-based instruments used to regulate agricultural markets. The data set admits consideration of both taxes and subsidies on exports and imports. We find that both economic and political variables play important roles in determining the within-variation in the NRA data. Based on our results we offer a number of data-driven exploratory hypotheses that can inform future theoretical and empirical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price distortions; Political economy of trade policy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; D78; F11; H23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50300

The Long-Run Effects of Environmental Reform in Open Economies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhao,   Jinhua; Sacheti,   Sandeep.
We compare the short-run and long-run effects of environmental reform and harmonization under autarky and free trade. When trade is driven by environmental distortions rather than real relative advantages, harmonization of environmental policies, even if achieved by lowering standards in one country, can improve short-run aggregate welfare. With the possibility of multiple steady states, long-run considerations favor a "race to the top" rather than a "race to the bottom" even when upward and downward harmonizations are equivalent in the short run. For a country trapped in a low (or bad) steady state, environmental reform may not move it to a high (or good) steady state under autarky. However, under trade, harmonization of policies may enable this country...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International trade and the environment; Environmental policy reform; International harmonization of environmental policies; Environmental dynamics and trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; Q20; F10; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25099

Existe un conflicto entre la globalizacion del turismo y los recursos naturales?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Font,   Antoni Riers; Parrilla,   Javier Capo; Tous,   Teresa Palmer.
La globalización, así como el turismo internacional, son dos de los fenómenos económicos más analizados en los últimos años, tanto por su creciente importancia como por sus visibles efectos sobre la economía. La notable expansión del turismo tiene como origen, en gran parte, las mismas causas que explican la globalización económica, de ahí que, a menudo, se hable de‘globalización turística’. Uno de los argumentos más utilizados por los detractores de la globalización es su elevado impacto en términos ambientales. En este sentido, resulta obligado reflexionar sobre la existencia de un potencial conflicto entre el, cada vez mayor, desarrollo turístico y la conservación de los recursos naturales. Una cuestión ésta que adquiere especial importancia en el caso...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Globalization; Tourism; Environmental Impacts; Management Tools of Natural Resources; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F18; H23; L83; Q34.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7994

Estimating the Welfare Effect of Congestion Taxes: The Critical Importance of Other Distortions Within the Transport System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Bento,   Antonio M.
This paper uses analytical and numerical models to illustrate how the presence of other distortions within the transport system changes the overall welfare effect of a congestion tax. These other distortions include a transit fare subsidy, congestion on competing (unpriced) routes, accident externalities, gasoline taxes, and pollution externalities. Each of these pre-existing distortions can substantially alter the welfare effect of a congestion tax that would be predicted by a first-best analysis. If congestion taxes encourage travel on other congested routes, they can produce sizeable indirect welfare losses. In addition, induced reductions in the demand for gasoline can lead to substantial welfare losses when, as appears to be the case for European...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Congestion tax; Welfare effect; Transit subsidy; Gasoline tax; Accidents; Pollution; Public Economics; R41; H21; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10678

The Political economy of environmental policy with overlapping generations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Rezai,   Amon.
A two-sector OLG model illuminates previously unexamined intergenerational effects of a tax that protects an environmental stock. A traded asset capitalizes the economic returns to future tax-induced environmental improvements, benefiting the current asset owners, the old generation. Absent a transfer, the tax harms the young generation by decreasing their real wage. Future generations benefit from the tax-induced improvement in environmental stock. The principal  intergenerational conflict arising from public policy is between generations alive at the time society imposes the policy, not between generations alive at different times. A Pareto-improving policy can be implemented under various political economy settings.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Open-access resource; Two-sector overlapping generations; Resource tax; Generational conflict; Environmental policy; Dynamic bargaining; Markov perfection; Environmental Economics and Policy; E24; H23; Q20; Q52; Q54.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123718

A Tale of Two Market Failures: Technology and Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jaffe,   Adam B.; Newell,   Richard G.; Stavins,   Robert N.
Market failures associated with environmental pollution interact with market failures associated with the innovation and diffusion of new technologies. These combined market failures provide a strong rationale for a portfolio of public policies that foster emissions reduction as well as the development and adoption of environmentally beneficial technology. Both theory and empirical evidence suggest that the rate and direction of technological advance is influenced by market and regulatory incentives, and can be cost-effectively harnessed through the use of economicincentive based policy. In the presence of weak or nonexistent environmental policies, investments in the development and diffusion of new environmentally beneficial technologies are very likely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Research and development; Environment; Externality; Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; O38; Q28; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10815

The Optimal Climate Policy Portfolio when Knowledge Spills Across Sectors
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper studies the implications for climate policy of the interactions between environmental and knowledge externalities. Using a numerical analysis performed with the hybrid integrated assessment model WITCH, extended to include mutual spillovers between the energy and the non-energy sector, we show that the combination between environmental and knowledge externalities provides a strong rationale for implementing a portfolio of policies for both emissions reduction and the internalisation of knowledge externalities. Moreover, we show that implementing technology policy as a substitute for stabilisation policy is likely to increase global emissions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Change; Development; Innovation; Spillovers; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28; O31; O41; Q54.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92912

Emission Taxes and Tradable Permits: A Comparison of Views on Long Run Efficiency
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pezzey,   John C.V.
We compare three different views on the long run efficiencies of emission taxes which include thresholds, and of tradable emission permits where some permits are initially free. The differences are caused by different assumptions about whether thresholds and free permits should be subsidies given only to firms that produce, or full property rights. Treating tax thresholds, as well as free permits, as property rights would depart from the conventional view, but would allow greater flexibility in making economic instruments both efficient and acceptable. Such flexibility could be very important in achieving efficent control of greenhouse gas emissions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58198

Green industrial policy: trade and theory
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Stevenson,   Megan.
This paper studies the reality and the potential for green industrial policy. We provide a summary of the green industrial policies, broadly understood, for five countries. We then consider the relation between green industrial policies and trade disputes, emphasizing the Brazil-US dispute involving ethanol and the broader US-China dispute. The theory of public policy provides many lessons for green industrial policy. We select four of these lessons, involving the Green Paradox, the choice of quantities versus prices with endogenous investment, the coordination issues arising from emissions control, and the ability of green industrial policies to promote cooperation in reducing a global public bad like carbon emissions.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Green industrial policy; Trade conflicts; Green paradox; Asymmetric information; Coordination games; Participation games; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; F13; F18; H21; H23.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123637

Using Incentives to Buy Land-Use Change in Agriculture for Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pannell,   David J.
In general, the use of incentive payments to landholders in environmental programs is poorly thought through. This article discusses situations where environmental incentive payments are more likely to be a cost-effective response by environmental funders. It is proposed that incentives can be used in two broad ways: to encourage trialling of new practices by landholders, or to compensate landholders for losses resulting from land-use changes. It appears that environmental funders often do not pay sufficient attention to the differences between these two approaches. The first approach only makes sense if the new practices are 'adoptable', and so are expected to remain attractive to landholders beyond the trialling phase. The importance of adoptability and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental subsidies; Incentives; Externalities; Adoption of innovations; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58; H23; H4.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25397

How Large Are the Welfare Costs of Tax Competition?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
Previous literature has shown that competition among regional governments may lead to inefficiently low levels of capital taxation, because governments do not take account of the external benefits of capital flight to other regions. However, the fiscal distortion is smaller the more elastic the supply of capital (for the region bloc), if governments are not perfectly competitive, or they behave in part as a revenue-maximizing Leviathan. There has been very little empirical work on the magnitude of the welfare effects of fiscal competition. This paper presents extensive calculations of the welfare effects using a model that incorporates the possibility of Leviathan behavior, strategic behavior by governments, monopsony power in factor markets, and a wide...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fiscal competition; Tax harmonization; Welfare costs; Leviathan; Strategic behavior; Public Economics; H73; H21; H23.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10848

Invasive Species Management Through Tariffs: Are Prevention and Protection Synonymous?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranjan,   Ram.
This Paper designs a political economy model of invasive species management in order to explore the effectiveness of tariffs in mitigating the risk of invasion. The revenue interests of the government together with the interests of the lobby group competing with the imported agricultural commodity, that is believed to be the vector of invasive species, are incorporated in a Nash Bargaining game. The government, however, also considers the impact of tariffs on long run risks of invasion and decides optimal tariffs based upon its welfare in the pre and post-invasion scenarios. Along with the size of the lobby group, which is a function of the slope of the demand and supply curves, the weights assigned to the various components in the government welfare...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Invasive species; Political economy; Tariffs; Bargaining; Interest groups; Political Economy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; Q17; Q58.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15642

The Impacts of Fees and Taxes on Choices of  Development Timing and Capital Intensity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jou,   Jyh-Bang; Lee,   Tan.
This article compares the effects of various fiscal policies on choices of development timing and capital intensity when rents on housing follow geometric Brownian motion with those when rents follow arithmetic Brownian motion. These policy instruments include fees on capital, housing, and land, and taxes on urban income, and properties both before and after development. Regardless of the motion of rents, when one choice is fixed, the effects of these policy instruments on the other choice are qualitatively the same. When the two choices are determined endogenously, although these policy instruments exhibit the same qualitative effect on the choice of development timing, they may exhibit different effects on the choice of capital intensity if rents on...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Capital intensity; Development Timing; Fees; Taxation; Real Options; International Development; G13; H21; H23; R52.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10352

The French Biodiesel Production: An Assessment of the Impacts and Interaction Effects of Policy Instruments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Doumax,   Virginie.
Replaced with revised  version of paper 07/18/10.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Biofuels; Blend mandate; Subsidy; Social costs; Agricultural and Food Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; Q41; Q42; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61698

Does Britain or the United States Have the Right Gasoline Tax?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Small,   Kenneth A.
This paper develops an analytical framework for assessing the second-best optimal level of gasoline taxation taking into account unpriced pollution, congestion, and accident externalities, and interactions with the broader fiscal system. We provide calculations of the optimal taxes for the US and the UK under a wide variety of parameter scenarios, with the gasoline tax substituting for a distorting tax on labor income. Under our central parameter values, the second-best optimal gasoline tax is $1.01/gal for the US and $1.34/gal for the UK. These values are moderately sensitive to alternative parameter assumptions. The congestion externality is the largest component in both nations, and the higher optimal tax for the UK is due mainly to a higher assumed...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Pollution; Congestion; Accidents; Fiscal interactions; Public Economics; H21; H23; R48.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10461

Distributional Impacts of an Environmental Tax Shift: The Case of Motor Vehicle Emissions Taxes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Walls,   Margaret; Hanson,   Jean.
One of the most common criticisms of pollution taxes is that they are often believed to be inequitable -- i.e., low income households are thought to be disproportionately harmed. In this paper, we assess the distributional impacts of three taxes aimed at reducing emissions from motor vehicles: (i) a tax on total annual emissions, (ii) a tax on emissions rates (in grams per mile), and (iii) a tax on annual miles traveled. We use two alternative measures of economic well-being, annual household income and a constructed measure of lifetime income. We find that all three fees look regressive, both on the basis of annual and lifetime income - though much less so on a lifetime income basis. However, if one of these fees is used to substitute for existing vehicle...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Motor vehicle emissions; Tax incidence; Lifetime income; Political Economy; H22; H23.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10895

Environmental regulation and horizontal mergers in the eco-industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Canton,   Joan; David,   Maia; Sinclair-Desgagne,   Bernard.
This paper considers the environmental policy and welfare implications of a merger between environment firms (i.e., firms managing environmental resources or supplying pollution abatement goods and services). The traditional analysis of mergers in Cournot oligopolies is extended in two ways. First, we show how environmental policy affects the incentives of environment firms to merge. Second, we stress that mergers in the eco-industry impact welfare beyond what is observed in other sectors, due to an extra effect on pollution abatement efforts; this might lead to disagreements between an anti-trust agency seeking to limit market concentration which can be detrimental to consumer surplus and a benevolent regulator who maximizes total welfare.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Eco-industry; Environmental policy; Horizontal mergers; Environmental Economics and Policy; Industrial Organization; D62; H23; L11.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44456

Biological Carbon Sinks: Transaction Costs and Governance
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
Activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in forest and agricultural ecosystems can generate CO2-offset credits that can thus substitute for CO2 emissions reduction. Are biological CO2-uptake activities competitive with CO2 offsets from reduced fossil fuel use? In this paper, it is argued that transaction costs impose a formidable obstacle to direct substitution of carbon uptake offsets for emissions reduction in trading schemes, and that separate caps should be set for emissions reduction and sink-related activities. While a tax/subsidy scheme is preferred to emissions trading for incorporating biologically-generated CO2 offsets, contracts that focus on the activity and not the amount of carbon sequestered are most likely to lead to the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon sequestration; Transaction costs; Climate change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q54; Q23; Q42; H23; D23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/45505

Market-Based Instruments for the Optimal Control of Invasive Insect Species: B. Tabaci in Arizona
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richards,   Timothy J.; Ellsworth,   Peter; Tronstad,   Russell; Naranjo,   Steve.
Invasive insect species represent perhaps one of the most significant potential sources of economic risk to U.S. agricultural production.  Private control of invasive insect species is likely to be insufficient due to negative externality and weaker-link public good problems.  In this study, we compare a system of Pigouvian taxes with tradable permits for invasive species control.  While the emissions control literature shows that taxes are preferred to permits under cost uncertainty, invasive species control involves correlated cost and benefit uncertainty, so we expect a quantity-based system to be preferred.  Monte Carlo simulations of optimal steady-state outcomes confirm our expectations.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Invasive species; Optimal control; Permits; Spatial-temporal model; Taxes.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; H23; L51; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61189

Strategic Interaction and Spatial Multiplier Effects in Local Growth Control Policies: The California Housing Market
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Waldorf,   Brigitte S.; Byun,   Pillsung; Florax,   Raymond J.G.M.
Since the 1970s, growth controls spread across many metropolitan regions in the United States. Several studies address the effects of local growth controls on housing markets, particularly its price effect, which is induced by rising construction cost, constrained housing supply, improved amenities, and market reorientation of homebuilders. However, only few studies explicitly address inter-jurisdictional spatial spillovers and strategic interaction of policy-makers of different jurisdictions in the design of growth control policies. This study focuses on two housing market outcomes, supply of new housing and market orientation, and utilizes a spatial econometric framework to systematically investigate local and global spatial spillovers giving rise to...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Spatial spillovers; Growth controls; Housing supply; Market orientation; Public Economics; C21; H23; H73; R31.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19574

Multi-Period Emissions Trading in the Electricity Sector - Winners and Losers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
Emission trading has become recently more and more import in environmental regulation. In the context of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the directive on a Europewide trading scheme for large immobile sources may be perceived as one of the most important milestones in recent years. Prior to its start, however, a number of very specific design features have to be agreed upon. In the political discussion, the question of how to allocate emission rights is considered as one of the most important issues. So far, a distribution (almost) free of charge is the option of choice. An aspect that has interestingly attracted little attention in the past is the question of how to allocate emission rights over time. This may for example be done on the basis of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abatement costs; Allocation of GHG allowances; Benchmark; Compliance costs; Electricity sector; Multi-period emission trading; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H25; L20; L52; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26314

To Till or Not to Till? Social Profitability of No-Till Technology
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lankoski,   Jussi E.; Ollikainen,   Markku; Uusitalo,   Pekka.
We study from economic and environmental angles under what conditions no-till technology is socially optimal. We demonstrate theoretically that if yield under no-till is equal to or greater than under conventional technology, its adoption is socially optimal provided that herbicide runoff damages under both technologies are close enough. Finnish data shows, however, that only in one case out of three no-till provides higher social returns. In terms of nutrient runoffs no-till performs better than conventional technology. No-till reduces surface runoffs of nitrogen by 58%, and surface runoffs of particulate phosphorus by 70% relative to conventional technology, but causes more than three times higher dissolved phosphorus surface runoffs. The amount of total...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nutrient runoffs; Herbicide runoffs; Buffer strips; Agri-environmental policy; Crop Production/Industries; Q16; Q18; H23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24755

Optimal Soil Management and Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Oueslati,   Walid.
This paper studies the effects of environmental policy on the farmer’s soil optimal management. We consider a dynamic economic model of soil erosion where the intensity use of inputs allows the farmer to control soil losses. Therefore, inputs use induces a pollution which is accentuated by the soil fragility. We show, at the steady state, that environmental tax induces a more conservative farmer behavior for soil, but in some cases it can exacerbates pollution. These effects can be moderated when farmer introduces abatement activity.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Soil erosion; Pollution; Environmental policy; Optimal soil conservation; Abatement activities; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q24; Q28; Q52; H23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24533

When Can Carbon Abatement Policies Increase Welfare? The Fundamental Role of Distorted Factor Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Williams,   Roberton C., III; Goulder,   Lawrence H.
This paper employs analytical and numerical general equilibrium models to assess the efficiency impacts of two policies to reduce U.S. carbon emissions - a revenue-neutral carbon tax and a non-auctioned carbon quota - taking into account the interactions between these policies and pre-existing tax distortions in factor markets. We show that tax interactions significantly raise the costs of both policies relative to what they would be in a first-best setting. In addition, we show that these interactions put the carbon quota at a significant efficiency disadvantage relative to the carbon tax: for example, the costs of reducing emissions by 10 percent are more than three times as high under the carbon quota as under the carbon tax. This disadvantage reflects...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon tax; Carbon quota; Pre-existing taxes; Welfare effects; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; H23; D52.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10514

Are Emissions Permits Regressive?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
Grandfathered emissions permits redistribute income to wealthy households by creating firm rents that ultimately accrue to shareholders. Consequently, they can be highly regressive, even if the poor do not have large budget shares for polluting goods. Using an analytical model, this paper estimates the burden borne by different income groups when emissions permits are used to control power plant emissions of carbon, SO2, and NOx. We also compare the burden borne by poor households under permits with that under emissions taxes, performance standards, technology mandates, and input taxes. And we show how the social costs of policies differ from efficiency costs when society has aversion to inequality.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Equity effects; Pollution controls; Emissions permits; Social welfare function; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H22; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10523

Banking Permits: Economic Efficiency and Distributional Effects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele.
Most analyses of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms focus on the cost effectiveness of “where” flexibility (e.g. by showing that mitigation costs are lower in a global permit market than in regional markets or in permit markets confined to Annex 1 countries). Less attention has been devoted to “when” flexibility, i.e. to the benefits of allowing emission permit traders to bank their permits for future use. In the model presented in this paper, banking of carbon allowances in a global permit market is fully endogenised, i.e. agents may decide to bank permits by taking into account their present and future needs and the present and future decisions of all the other agents. It is therefore possible to identify under what conditions traders find it optimal to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission Trading; Banking; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6362

Environmental Regulation and Horizontal Mergers in the Eco-industry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Canton,   Joan; David,   Maia; Sinclair-Desgagne,   Bernard.
This paper considers the environmental policy and welfare implications of a merger between environment firms (i.e., firms managing environmental resources or supplying pollution abatement goods and services). The traditional analysis of mergers in Cournot oligopolies is extended in two ways. First, we show how environmental policy affects the incentives of environment firms to merge. Second, we stress that mergers in the eco-industry impact welfare beyond what is observed in other sectors, due to an extra effect on pollution abatement efforts; this might lead to disagreements between an anti-trust agency seeking to limit market concentration which can be detrimental to consumer surplus and a benevolent regulator who maximizes total welfare.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Eco-Industry; Environmental Policy; Horizontal Mergers; D62; H23; L11.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37524

Fiscal Interactions and the Costs of Controlling Pollution from Electricity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper quantifies the costs of controlling SO2, carbon, and NOx emissions from power generation, accounting for interactions between environmental policies and the broader fiscal system. We distinguish a dirty technology (coal) that satisfies baseload demand and a clean technology (gas) that is used during peak periods, and we distinguish sectors with and without regulated prices. Estimated emissions control costs are substantially lower than in previous models of fiscal interactions that assume a single, constant returns technology and competitive pricing. The results are reasonably robust to alternative scenarios, such as full price deregulation and market power in the deregulated sector.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity generation; Pollution control; Fiscal interventions; Price regulation; Multiple technology; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H21; H23; L94.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10785

A proposal to correct external effects in the coffee market: a tax on regular coffee and tea to subsidise the fair trade coffee
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Galarraga,   Ibon; Markandya,   Anil.
This paper justifies the need to introduce a tax on regular coffee drinkers in the UK to subsidise the fair trade/organic coffee production. This policy will allow to take full account of the negative external effect of regular coffee production while internalising the positive effect of fair trade initiatives. Designing such a policy is possible and the benefits of it can be calculated. This paper shows how.  Propuesta para corregir las externalidades en el mercado de café: un impuesto sobre el te y el café regular y una subvención sobre el café de Comercio Justo.  El presente artículo justifica la necesidad de introducir un impuesto sobre los consumidores de café y té en el Reino Unido para subvencionar la producción de café orgánico y de Comercio Justo....
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Coffee market; Fair trade; International Relations/Trade; Q18; H23.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7991

How Does Climate Policy Affect Technical Change? An Analysis of the Direction and Pace of Technical Progress in a Climate-Economy Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper analyses whether and how a climate policy designed to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is likely to change the direction and pace of technical progress. The analysis is performed using an upgraded version of WITCH, a dynamic integrated regional model of the world economy. In this version, a non-energy R&amp;D Sector, which enhances the productivity of the capital-labor aggregate, has been added to the energy R&amp;D sector included in the original WITCH model. We find that, as a consequence of climate policy, R&amp;D is re-directed towards energy knowledge. Nonetheless, total R&amp;D investments decrease, due to a more than proportional contraction of non-energy R&amp;D. Indeed, when non-energy and energy inputs are weakly...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; R&amp;D Investments; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50357

Alternative Paths toward a Low Carbon World
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Stabilization Costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90948

Fixed Instruments to Cope with Stock Externalities An Experimental Evaluation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Giordana,   Gaston A.; Willinger,   Marc.
We evaluate the effectiveness of non optimal and temporally inconsistent incentive policies for regulating the exploitation of a renewable common-pool resource. The corresponding game is an N-person discrete-time deterministic dynamic game of T periods fixed duration. Three policy instruments with parameters that remain constant for the whole horizon are evaluated: a pigouvian tax (flat tax), an ambient tax (ambient flat tax) and an instrument combining the two previous ones (mixed flat instrument). We test in the lab the predictions of the model solved for 3 distinct behavioural assumptions: (a) sub-game perfection, (b) myopic behaviour, and (c) joint payoff maximization. We find that subjects behave myopically in the unregulated situation, which agrees...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Policy Instruments; Renewable Common-pool Resources; Dynamic Externalities; Experimental Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D9; D62; H23; H26; H30; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9103

Third Party Effects and Asymmetric Externalities in Groundwater Extraction: The Case of Cherokee Strip in Butte County, California
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Msangi,   Siwa; Howitt,   Richard E.
While water markets have been shown to be beneficial to users, the transfers made through sales can have serious third-party impacts, as has been addressed in the water resources literature. Potential asymmetries arising from the hydrological characteristics of the groundwater basin could seriously affect the distribution of the impacts resulting from these transfers, when taken into account. In this paper we seek to extend the water resources management literature by examining the depletion problem experienced on the Cherokee Strip, in the hills of Butte County, and account for asymmetric external effects in a model of strategic groundwater pumping. The results of this model show that current ordinance restricting water transfers from Butte County does...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; C7; H23.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25436

Environmental Taxes: Dead or Alive?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.
Both theory and recent trends suggest some optimism for the future of environment-related taxes. While new research emphasizes the potentially significant distortions created by environmental taxes and appears to undermine the so-called "double dividend" theory, it also suggests that virtually any environmental policy, including regulations, taxes, and tradable permits, can compound existing distortions in the tax system. Currently, direct environmental taxes, such as per-unit charges on emissions, are only in limited use; however, indirect environmental levies, including taxes on fuels, vehicles, beverage containers, and fertilizers, are growing in importance across the OECD nations. Over the period 1990-1993, environmental taxes as a share of total...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental taxes; Double dividend; Distortions; Tax shifts; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; H21; H23.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10595

Is Pay-As-You-Drive Insurance a Better Way to Reduce Gasoline than Gasoline Taxes?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
Gasoline taxes are widely perceived as the most efficient instrument for reducing gasoline consumption because they exploit all behavioral responses for reducing fuel use, including reduced driving and improved fuel economy. At present, however, higher fuel taxes are viewed as a political nonstarter. Pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) auto insurance, which involves replacing existing lump-sum premiums with premiums that vary in proportion to miles driven, should be more practical, since they do not raise driving costs for the average motorist. We show that when impacts on a broad range of motor vehicle externalities are considered, PAYD also induces significantly higher welfare gains than comparable gasoline tax increases, for fuel reductions below 9%. The reason is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Pay-as-you-drive insurance; Mileage tax; Welfare effects; Motor vehicle externality; Risk and Uncertainty; H21; H23; R48.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10465

Ancillary Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution in the United States from Moderate Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in the Electricity Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Paul,   Anthony; Toman,   Michael; Bloyd,   Cary.
This paper considers how moderate actions to slow atmospheric accumulation of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use also could reduce conventional air pollutants in the United States. The benefits that result would be "ancillary" to greenhouse gas abatement. Moreover, the benefits would tend to accrue locally and in the near term, while benefits from reduced climate change mostly accrue globally and over a time frame of several decades or longer. The previous literature suggests that changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) would be the most important consequence of moderate carbon policies. We calculate these changes in a detailed electricity model linked to an integrated assessment framework to value changes in human health. A tax of $25 per metric ton of carbon...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Greenhouse gas; Ancillary benefits; Air pollution; Co-control benefits; Nitrogen oxides; Sulfur dioxide; Carbon dioxide; Particulates; Health; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; I18; Q48.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10664

THE ECONOMICS OF LAND-ZONING
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Goetz,   Renan-Ulrich; Zilberman,   David.
Land-use restrictions are frequently applied to separate polluting from non-polluting activities. In contrast to the existing literature, we incorporate spatial and intertemporal aspects of the problem simultaneously and determine the border of the zones endogenously. The results, based on a two-stage optimization method, show that non-spatially differentiated Pigouvian taxes on the final emissions are able to establish the socially optimal outcome. Second-best instruments alone, such as a spatially differentiated tax on inputs or outputs are not able to support the socially optimal outcome and need to be complemented by land-zoning or land-use taxes. We compare the efficiency of different spatial environmental policies such as land-use taxes or land...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Land-use taxes; Zoning; Land allocation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; R52; C61; H23; Q24; R38.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21828

Agricultural Price Distortion and Stabilization: Stylized facts and Hypothesis Tests
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Masters,   William A.; Garcia,   Andres F.
This paper describes agricultural policy choices and tests some predictions of political economy theories. It begins with three broad stylized facts: governments tend to tax agriculture in poorer countries, and subsidize it in richer ones, tax both imports and exports more than nontradables, and tax more and subsidize less where there is more land per capita. We test a variety of political-economy explanations, finding results consistent with hypothesized effects of rural and urban constituents’ rational ignorance about small per-person effects, governance institutions’ control of rent-seeking by political leaders, governments’ revenue motive for taxation, and the role of time consistency in policy-making. We also find that larger groups obtain more...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Agricultural price distortions; Political economy; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; D78; F11; H23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50301

Environmentalists' Behaviour and Environmental Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Canton,   Joan.
In this partial equilibrium and static model, the impact of environmentalism on two countries' environmental policies is presented. First, the only (indirect) way environmentalists influence the choice of pollution taxes is through a negative term in the welfare function in Home. It is defined as passive environmentalism (PE). Second, this article is a first attempt to consider domestic environmentalists lobbying a foreign government. It is defined as active environmentalism (AE). Our contribution is threefold. We emphasize first that the way environmentalists act is paramount to study the consequences of their actions. Passive or active environmentalisms have very different impacts on environmental policies. Second, we show that lobbying activities can be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmentalism; Lobby Groups; Positive Environmental Economics; Strategic Environmental Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; D72.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/54303

Food Prices and Blood Cholesterol
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rahkovsky,   Ilya; Gregory,   Christian A.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cost Americans hundreds in billions of dollars. High cholesterol levels, which are closely related to diet habits, are a major contributor to CVD. In this paper we study whether changes in food prices are related to cholesterol levels and whether taxes or subsidies of particular foods would be effective in lowering cholesterol levels and, consequently, CVD costs. We find that prices of vegetables, processed foods, and whole milk and whole grains significantly affect the blood cholesterol levels. Having analyzed the costs and benefits of government interventions, we find that a subsidy of vegetables and whole grains would be the most efficient way to reduce CVD expenditures.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cholesterol; CVD; Cardio-vascular; Food prices; Health; Welfare; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy; D04; D12; D62; H23; I19; Q18.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103566

Modeling Biased Technical Change. Implications for Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; De Cian,   Enrica; Nicita,   Lea.
Climate-economy models aiming at quantifying the costs and effects of climate change impacts and policies have become important tools for climate policy decision-making. Although there are several important dimensions along which models differ, this paper focuses on a key component of climate change economics and policy, namely technical change. This paper tackles the issues of whether technical change is biased towards the energy sectors, the importance of the elasticity of substitution between factors in determining this bias and how mitigation policy is likely to affect it. The analysis is performed using the World Induced Technical Change model, WITCH. Three different versions of the model are proposed. The starting set-up includes endogenous technical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59376

Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Toth,   Russell.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading and a description of the major U.S. programs for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We evaluate these programs along measures of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Emission trading; Power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q25; Q28; D78.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10488

Public Security vs. Private Self-Protection: Optimal Taxation and the Social Dynamics of Fear
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Sacco,   Pier Luigi; Sodini,   Mauro.
In this paper, we develop a simple model of social dynamics governing the evolution of strategic self-protection choices of boundedly rational potential victims facing the threat of prospective offenders in a large population with random matching. We prove that individual (and socially transmitted) fear of exposure to criminal threats may actually condition choices even in the face of objective evidence of declining crime rates, and thereby cause the eventual selection of Pareto inefficient equilibria with self-protection. We also show that a suitable strategy of provision of public security financed through discriminatory taxation of self-protective expenses may actually overcome this problem, and drive the social dynamics toward the efficient no...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Self-Protection; Fear of Crime; Cultural Selection Dynamics; Replicator Dynamics; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; C73; H23; K49.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60747

Wine tax reform: The impact of introducing a volumetric excise tax for wine
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fogarty,   James Joseph; Jakeman,   Guy.
In addition to the GST, alcohol sold in Australia is subject to excise tax. Although both beer and spirits are subject to a volumetric excise tax, wine is subject to an additional value added tax known as the Wine Equalisation Tax (WET). The recent Henry tax review recommended substantial changes to Australian alcohol taxation policy. Here, the implications for the wine industry of the Henry tax review recommendations are explored using a computable general equilibrium model. The results show that: (i) replacement of the WET with a revenue neutral volumetric excise tax would have a small negative impact on the wine industry; (ii) removal of the WET rebate would have a substantial negative impact on small wineries; and (iii) applying a uniform alcohol tax...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Wine; Alcohol taxation; General equilibrium modelling; Demand and Price Analysis; Health Economics and Policy; R13; H23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108667

Should Fuel Taxes Be Scrapped in Favor of Per-Mile Charges?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper discusses the appropriate balance between traditional gasoline taxes and charging by the mile, focusing mainly on economic efficiency considerations. We begin with a brief discussion of the five major passenger vehicle externalities of concern-local pollution, greenhouse warming, oil dependency, traffic congestion, and traffic accidents-summarizing evidence on the dollar value of the externalities for passenger vehicles in the United States. We then discuss how much fuel taxation might be justified to account for these externalities, as well as how much taxation might be appropriate on fiscal grounds, assuming per-mile charges are unavailable. Finally, we discuss to what extent fuel taxation should be replaced with per-mile charges.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Gasoline tax; Mileage tax; Motor vehicle externalities; Fiscal interactions; Public Economics; H21; H23; R48.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10805

Controlling Urban Air Pollution Caused by Households: Uncertainty, Prices, and Income
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chavez,   Carlos A.; Stranlund,   John K.; Gomez,   Walter.
We examine the control of air pollution caused by households burning wood for heating and cooking in the developing world.  Since the problem is one of controlling emissions from nonpoint sources, regulations are likely to be directed at household choices of wood consumption and combustion technologies. Moreover, these choices are subtractions from, or contributions to, the pure public good of air quality. Consequently, the efficient policy design is not independent of the distribution of household income. Since it is unrealistic to assume that environmental authorities can make lump sum income transfers part of control policies, efficient control of air pollution caused by wood consumption entails a higher tax on wood consumption and a higher subsidy for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Urban air pollution; Nonpoint pollution; Environmental policy; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93964

Output-Based Allocation of Environmental Policy Revenues and Imperfect Competition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
Environmental policies with output-based refunding of the revenues effectively combine a tax on emissions with a subsidy to output. Three similar forms exist: tradable performance standards, an emissions tax with rebates, and tradable permits with output-based allocation. Two arguments for including an output subsidy are imperfect competition, in which an environmental regulation alone could exacerbate output underprovision, and imperfect participation, in which imposing a regulation on a subset of polluters could cause output to shift to exempt firms. However, both these scenarios imply that output shares among program participants are likely to be significant. In this situation, output-allocated permits offer less of a subsidy than a fixed rebate, and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission tax; Permit allocation; Earmarking; Tradable performance standards; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H21; H23; Q2.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10764

Uncertainty and the Double Dividend Hypothesis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sartzetakis,   Eftichios S.; Tsigaris,   Panagiotis D.
This paper examines the double dividend hypothesis in the presence of labour income uncertainty. Empirical evidence shows that uncertainty over labour income is particularly significant in developing, while not negligible in developed countries. Under uncertainty, and assuming incomplete capital markets, the tax system plays a role in providing social insurance and a green tax reform influences its effectiveness. We show that the increase in environmental tax reduces consumption risk while the balanced budget decrease in labour income tax increases income risk. We find that the total welfare effect of a green tax reform differs substantially from the case of certainty. The critical parameters determining the existence of a second dividend are the lump sum...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Double Dividend Hypothesis; Environmental Taxation; Labor Income Taxation; Uncertainty; Tax Incidence Analysis; Labor and Human Capital; H21; H23; D62.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7445

Counterfactual approach for assessing agri-environmental policy: The case of the Finnish water protection policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lankoski,   Jussi E.; Ollikainen,   Markku.
This paper applies counterfactual approach to assess the impacts of agri-environmental programs. Counterfactual analysis evaluates policies answering questions: what would have happened if...? We develop a theoretical framework for counterfactual analysis based on the inter-linkages between the behaviour of agents and the response of environmental systems to the economic decisions. We apply our model to assess the performance of the Finnish Agri- Environmental Programme to reduce agricultural nutrient runoff to the Baltic Sea. Counterfactual analysis allows us to determine both the unit effectiveness of the measures included in the Programme and its preventive impact. We demonstrate that the Finnish Agri- Environmental Programme does not achieve its goals,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy evaluation; Counterfactual analysis; Nutrient runoff; The Baltic Sea; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q5; H23; H43.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98993

Optimal alcohol taxes for Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fogarty,   James Joseph.
Objective: To estimate welfare maximising tax rates for beer, wine, and spirits using a mathematical model that considers both the welfare loss alcohol taxes impose on non-abusive consumers and the welfare gains due to alcohol taxes reducing externality costs. Results: Optimal per litre of pure alcohol (LAL) tax rates are substantially different to both current alcohol tax rates and the uniform tax rate recommended as part of the 2010 Australian Government Tax Review. Given an individual consumer utility decision model, the best estimate values of the welfare maximising LAL tax rates are: $37 for beer, $11 for wine, $50 for spirits, and $77 for ready-to-drink spirits. Conclusion: As externality costs and the responsiveness of consumers to price changes are...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tax; Alcohol; Externalities; Demand and Price Analysis; Health Economics and Policy; I18; H23; H21.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108669

Constitutional Rules and Agricultural Policy Outcomes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olper,   Alessandro; Raimondi,   Valentina.
This paper deals with the effect of constitutional rules on agricultural policy outcomes in a panel of observations for more than 70 developing and developed countries in the 1955-2005 period. Testable hypotheses are drawn from recent developments in the comparative politics literature that see political institutions as key elements in shaping public policies. Using differences-in-differences regressions we find a positive effect of a transition into democracy on agricultural protection. However, this average effect masks substantial heterogeneities across different forms of democracy. Indeed, what matters are transitions to proportional (as opposed to majoritarian) democracies, as well as to permanent (as opposed to temporary) democracies. Moreover, while...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distorted incentives; Agricultural and trade policy reforms; National agricultural development; Comparative Political Economics; Agricultural Distortions; Constitutional Rules; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; F14; Q17; Q18; D72; H23; O13; P16.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50304

Effects of the CDM on Poverty Eradication and Global Climate Protection
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rubbelke,   Dirk T.G.; Rive,   Nathan.
In an impure public good model we analyze the effects of CDM transfers on poverty as well as on the global climate protection level. We construct an analytical model of a developing and an industrialized region, both of which independently seek to maximize their utility – a function of private consumption, domestic air quality, and global climate protection. They do so by distributing their finite expenditures across (1) the aggregate consumption good, (2) end-of-pipe pollution control technologies, and (3) greenhouse gas abatement. Based on our analytical findings, we develop two sets of simulations for China in which we vary the rate of the CDM transfer. The simulations differ by the assumption of China’s domestic air quality policy – the first assumes a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ancillary Benefits; CDM; Climate Policy; Impure Public Goods; Transfers; Abatement Technology; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty; Q54; H23; H41; O33.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/46650

River Sharing and Water Trade
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ansink,   Erik; Gengenbach,   Michael; Weikard,   Hans-Peter.
We analyse river sharing games in which a set of agents located along a river shares the available water. Using coalition theory, we find that the potential benefits of water trade may not be sufficient to make all agents in the river cooperate and acknowledge property rights as a prerequisite for trade. Specifically, a complete market for river water may not emerge if there are four or more agents along the river. Instead, a partial market may emerge where a subset of agents trades river water, with the possibility that other agents take some of the river water that passes their territory.
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: River Sharing; Water Trade; Market Emergence; Property Rights; Coalition Stability; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; D74; H23; Q25.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122860

Equity judgments and context dependence: Knowledge, efficiency and incentives
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schilizzi,   Steven.
Distributional equity concerns are often at least as important as economic efficiency and ecological sustainability in environmental and natural resource management policies. Until recently, however, economists have shied away from tackling equity issues, primarily because equity appeared as a slippery concept, varying across people and circumstances. This study takes this context-dependence of equity judgments as a starting point and shows that such dependence, far from being random, is systematic. A series of controlled laboratory treatments with University students were designed to investigate the role on distributional equity judgments of such context factors as knowledge of one’s position in society, how the existence of equity-efficiency tradeoffs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Equity; Fairness; Resource allocation; Environmental policy; Experimental economics; Welfare economics; Public choice; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Public Economics; C92; D03; D63; H23; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100887

Economic Impacts of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug in Florida and the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranjan,   Ram.
Replaced with revised version of paper 12/15/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Invasive Species; Political Economy; Tariffs; Bargaining; Interest Groups; International Relations/Trade; H23; Q17; Q58.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19172

Welfare and Distributional Effects of Road Pricing Schemes for Metropolitan Washington, DC
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Safirova,   Elena; Gillingham,   Kenneth; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Nelson,   Peter; Harrington,   Winston; Mason,   David.
Economists have long advocated congestion pricing as an efficient way of allocating scarce roadway capacity. However, with a few exceptions, congestion tolls are rarely used in practice and strongly opposed by the public and elected officials. Although high implementation costs and privacy issues are alleviated as appropriate technologies are developed, the concerns that congestion pricing will adversely affect low-income travelers remain. In this paper, we use a strategic transportation planning model calibrated for the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to compare the welfare and distributional effects of three pricing schemes: value pricing (HOT lanes), limited congestion pricing, and comprehensive congestion pricing. We find that social welfare gains...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Traffic congestion; Congestion pricing; Value pricing; HOT lanes; HOV lanes; Public Economics; R40; R41; R48; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10697

CONSUMER AND IMPORT TAXES IN THE WORLD WINE MARKET: AUSTRALIA IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Berger,   Nicholas; Anderson,   Kym.
Virtually all countries tax the consumption of wine (and other alcoholic beverages). However, the rates of taxation, and the tax instruments used, vary enormously between countries. This paper details for all OECD and some other countries the consumer tax rates as of 1996, showing specific or ad valorem excise or wholesale sales taxes, import tariffs, export subsidies and value-added or goods-and-services taxes. It also aggregates them into an ad valorem consumer tax equivalent (CTE) at various wine price levels (since many are specific taxes and so their CTE varies with the price). T he consumer tax equivalent tends to be lower the greater a country's per capita production of wine, especially for premium wine. Australia and New Zealand are shown to have...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Consumer wine taxation; GST; Excise taxes; Consumer/Household Economics; H21; H22; H23; F13.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123770

The Social Costs of Electricity: Do the Numbers Add Up?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
Several recent studies have mounted major efforts to estimate the social cost of electricity generation. This paper provides an overview of this literature and a focused qualitative and quantitative comparison of the most comprehensive and rigorous of these studies. The paper also provides a synthesis that can help reduce the cost of future applications of these methods.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity; Environment; Health; Social costs; Adders; Externalities; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; L94; L98.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10856

Output-Based Refunding of Emission Payments: Theory, Distribution of Costs, and International Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sterner,   Thomas; Hoglund,   Lena.
In this paper, we discuss the effect of refunding environmental charges. Taxes often are resisted by polluters because they imply both abatement and tax costs. We show that when charges are refunded, the incentives for abatement are essentially the same as for a tax, but the output reduction that often accompanies a tax scheme is forgone. We describe and examine the refund emissions payment (REP) scheme as a policy instrument for emissions abatement and compare it with taxes and permits with regard to allocative properties, distribution of costs, property rights, and, consequently, the politics of implementation. As an empirical example, the Swedish charge on nitrogen oxides is analyzed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Refunded charge; Incentived-based environmental policy; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10670

Delayed Participation of Developing Countries to Climate Agreements: Should Action in the EU and US be Postponed?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper analyses the cost implications for climate policy in developed countries if developing countries are unwilling to adopt measures to reduce their own GHG emissions. First, we assume that a 450 CO2 (550 CO2e) ppmv stabilisation target is to be achieved and that Non Annex1 (NA1) countries decide to delay their GHG emission reductions by 30 years. What would be the cost difference between this scenario and a case in which both developed and developing countries start reducing their emissions at the same time? Then, we look at a scenario in which the timing of developing countries’ participation is uncertain and again we compute the costs of climate policy in developed and developing countries. We find that delayed participation of NA1 countries has...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Delayed Action; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Uncertain Participation; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44220

Governance and Environmental Policy Integration in Europe: What Can we learn from the EU Emission Trading Scheme?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Buchner,   Barbara K.; Catenacci,   Michela.
The European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is a landmark environmental policy, representing the world's first large-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) trading program.  The coexistence of state actors and top-down processes with stakeholders participation and flexible abatement strategies make the EU ETS a powerful instrument of cross sectoral integration of environmental concerns, which benefits from a high level of interaction among the actors involved and a significant degree of information exchange.  However, the same peculiarities of the system make it difficult to identify a correspondence with a single mode of governance. The EU ETS shows characteristics of the decision making processes and institutions engaged, the tools and instruments used as...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Policy Integration; Climate Change; Emission Trading; EU Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; F53; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9544

REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov; Zemel,   Amos.
Environmental consequences of natural resource exploitation often entail threats of future occurrences of detrimental abrupt events rather than (or in addition to) inflicting a damage gradually. The possibility of abrupt occurrence of climate-change related calamities is a case in mind. The uncertainty associated with the realization of these threats and their public-bad nature complicate the determination of optimal economic response. We analyze the regulation of such environmental threats by means of a Pigouvian hazard tax, based on the shadow cost of the hazard-generating activities. A numerical example illustrates possible effects of the proposed regulation scheme.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental events; Emission; Climate change; Regulation; Pigouvian tax; Hazard rate; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H41; O13; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7150

The Economics of Wind Power: Destabilizing an Electricity Grid with Renewable Power
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Prescott,   Ryan; van Kooten,   G. Cornelis.
In this paper, we examine the impact policy choices, including a carbon tax, on the optimal allocation of power across different generation sources and on future investments in generating facilities. The focus in on the Alberta power grid as it is heavily dependent on fossil fuels and has only limited ties to other power grids, although the model could be extended to a larger and even multiple grids. Results indicate that, as wind penetrates the extant generating mix characterizing the grid, cost savings and emission reductions do not decline linearly, but at a decreasing rate. However, if flexibility is allowed then, as the carbon tax increases to $40 per tCO2 or above, existing coal plants start to be replaced by newly constructed wind farms and natural...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Economics of wind power; Grid system modeling; Operations research; Carbon taxes; Coal power plants; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; H23; Q40; Q42.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37043

Coordinating Development: Can Income-based Incentive Schemes Eliminate Pareto Inferior Equilibria?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bond,   Philip; Pande,   Rohini.
Individuals’ inability to coordinate investment may significantly constrain economic development. In this paper we study a simple investment game characterized by multiple equilibria and ask whether an income-based incentive scheme can uniquely implement the high investment outcome. A general property of this game is the presence of a crossover investment point at which an individual’s incomes from investment and non-investment are equal. We show that arbitrarily small errors in the government’s knowledge of this crossover point can prevent unique implementation of the high investment outcome. We conclude that informational requirements are likely to severely limit a government’s ability to use income-based incentive schemes as a coordination device.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Coordination; Public policy; Income taxation; Implementation; International Development; O21; H23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28436

Dynamic regulation of nonpoint source pollution when the number of emitters is large
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tsur,   Yacov; de Gorter,   Harry.
When a nonpoint source pollution process involves many polluters, each taking his own contribution to aggregate pollution to be negligible, ambient-based policies become ineffective due to lack of strategic interactions between dischargers. We offer a regulation mechanism for this case. The mechanism consists of inter-period and intra-period components. The first exploits ambient (aggregate) information to derive the optimal pollution and aggregate emission processes and the ensuing social price of emission. The intra-period mechanism takes as given the social price of emission and implements the optimal output-abatement-emission allocation across the heterogenous, privately informed firms in each time period. The mechanism gives rise to the full...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: Nonpoint source pollution; Abatement; Stock externality; Dynamic regulation; Markov decision process; Asymmetric information; Crop Production/Industries; C61; D82; H23; L51; Q58.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122124

Employment, Income and Labour Supply Decision of Rural Households : An Economic Analysis of MGNREGS in Tamil Nadu
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Devi,   T. Sivasakthi; Balasubramanian,   R.; Kumar,   B. Ganesh.
In India, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGMGNREGS) is one of the major rural development programmes. It provides guaranteed employment to the rural households for 100 days in a year. This paper has attempted to find out the employment status, income and labour supply decision of the participants and non-participants of MGNREGS in Tamil Nadu. It has also studied the household nutritional security of these households. The study has revealed that the number of migrants in the family, number of livestock units owned, and number of person-days employed in agriculture, nonagriculture and MGNREGS are significantly influenced by the household income of the participants and non-participants of MGNREGS. The analysis of household...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: MGNREGS; Employment; Income; Labour supply; Agricultural and Food Policy; J21; J22; H23; I31.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119400

Optimal Emission Tax with Endogenous Location Choice of Duopolistic Firms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ikefuji,   Masako; Itaya,   Jun-ichi; Okamura,   Makoto.
This paper explores optimal environmental tax policy under which duopoly firms strategically choose the location of their plants in a simple three-stage game. We examine how the relationship between the optimal emission tax and the choice of location of duopoly firms affects the welfare of the home country. We characterize the relationship between the optimal emission tax and the fixed cost, depending on the degree of environmental damage from production. Finally, we show the existence of asymmetric equilibrium in which either firm chooses relocation of its plant even if the duopoly firms are identical ex ante.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Policy; Relocation; Welfare; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; L13.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59377

Fiscal Interactions and the Case for Carbon Taxes over Grandfathered Carbon Permits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper provides simple formulas for adjusting the costs of carbon taxes and tradable carbon permits to account for interactions with preexisting tax distortions in the labor market. Both policies reduce labor supply as they increase product prices and reduce real household wages; the resulting efficiency losses in the labor market can be substantial relative to partial equilibrium abatement costs. However, much of this added cost can be offset-and perhaps more than offset when additional distortions from the tax system are considered-if revenues from carbon taxes or auctioned permits are used to reduce distortionary taxes. Consequently, there can be a strong case on efficiency grounds for using carbon taxes or auctioned permits over grandfathered...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon taxes; Carbon permits; Fiscal interactions; Revenue recycling; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H21; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10509

Vietnam’s New Environmental Tax Law: What Will it Cost? Who Will Pay?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Coxhead,   Ian A.; Van Chan,   Nguyen.
We examine the effects of a proposed environmental tax in a small open developing economy, using an applied general equilibrium model linked to a household survey database. The burden of the tax, applied primarily to fossil fuels, is passed forward by non-traded industries and backward by industries selling into the world market. It causes efficiency and competitiveness losses equivalent to those of a real exchange rate appreciation, and since export industries are in general highly labor-intensive, is regressive and thus poverty-increasing. The budget-neutral use of increased tax revenues to raise spending on anti-poverty programs can offset most of the losses of poor households, but does not create new jobs. The extent of overall losses and their...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon tax; Environmental tax; Poverty; Labor market; General equilibrium; Vietnam; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; H23; O53; Q52.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116704

The Welfare Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in German Pork Production
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Heinrich,   Barbara; von Cramon-Taubadel,   Stephan.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are an externality of the pork production process. To respond to climate change concerns and reduce GHG emissions, internalizing this external effect using a market-based economic instrument would be economically efficient. We calculate the welfare effects of GHG emissions using a partial equilibrium model of the German pork market. Sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the impacts of emission prices and emission rates on the welfare effects of reducing GHG emissions. Potential overall welfare gains amount to roughly € 360,000 in the base setting and increase to roughly € 3 million when emission prices are tripled. This sensitivity highlights the need for more dependable estimates of key parameters such as emission...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Welfare effects; Greenhouse gas emissions; Pork production; Partial equilibrium model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; H23; Q18; Q54.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108793

Impact of Revised CO2 Growth Projections for China on Global Stabilization Goals
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blanford,   Geoffrey J.; Richels,   Richard G.; Rutherford,   Thomas F.
Recent growth in carbon dioxide emissions from China’s energy sector has exceeded expectations. In a major US government study of future emissions released in 2007 (1), participating models appear to have substantially underestimated the near-term rate of increase in China’s emissions.  We present a recalibration of one of those models to be consistent with both current observations and historical development patterns. The implications of the new specification for the feasibility of commonly discussed stabilization targets, particularly when considering incomplete global participation, are profound.  Unless China’s emissions begin to depart soon from their (newly projected) business-as-usual path, stringent stabilization goals may be unattainable. The...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Energy-Economy Modeling; China; Economic Growth Rates; Energy Intensity; International Climate Policy; Q48; H23; O13.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42921

Early Emissions Reduction Programs: An Application to CO2 Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Toman,   Michael.
In the wake of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which, if implemented, would oblige the United States and other industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2008-2012, a number of proposals have been offered to increase the incentives for reducing emissions over the nearer term. The existence of an interim period between setting and implementing environmental goals is ubiquitous in environmental policymaking. The existence of this interim period gives rise to several potential rationales for early emissions reductions. In this paper we use a series of simple models and numerical illustrations to analyze some aspects of the performance of early emissions reduction programs in the case of GHGs. We show that there is a compelling economic...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Early reduction credits; Carbon emissions; Welfare impacts; Permit banking; Cap-and-trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H23; Q48.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10791

The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Portney,   Paul R.; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Gruenspecht,   Howard K.; Harrington,   Winston.
This paper discusses several rationales for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) program, including reduced oil dependence, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the possibility that fuel saving benefits from higher standards might exceed added vehicle costs. We then summarize what can be said about the welfare effects of tightening standards, accounting for prior fuel taxes, and perverse effects on congestion and traffic accidents through the impact of improved fuel economy on the incentive to drive. Implications of CAFE on local air pollution, and the controversy over CAFE, vehicle weight, and road safety, are also discussed. Finally, we describe ways in which the existing CAFE program could be substantially improved and identify a variety of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Fuel economy; Externalities; Oil dependency; Vehicle safety; Climate change; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; R48; Q48; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10863

The Impact of First and Second Pillars' Aids from CAP on Farm Profits in France
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Osuch,   Amanda.
The aim of the paper is to present a picture of the distribution of direct aids ("first" and "second" pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy or CAP) and their impact on farm profits among France in the year 2002. Analysis on separated impacts of each of these direct support schemes on farm profits among France allowed to assess whether these aids reduce or increase gaps between average farm profits between French departements (French administrative divisions).
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Common Agricultural Policy; Direct aids; Farm profit; Less-favoured areas; Agricultural and Food Policy; H23; Q23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24576

Can Climate Change Mitigation Policy Benefit the Israeli Economy? A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Palatnik,   Ruslana Rachel; Shechter,   Mordechai.
The growing attention to global warming due to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the process of fossil fuel--based energy production is expressed in the Kyoto Protocol, which prescribes, on average, a 7 percent reduction in GHG emissions for developed countries. Although Israel was not included in the list of the obligated countries ("Annex A"), it should consider the economic implications of participating in the emission reduction effort, as such a commitment becomes highly feasible following the Bali roadmap which oblige a successor to the Kyoto Protocol to launch negotiations including all parties to the UNFCCC on a future framework, stressing the role of cooperative action and of common though differentiated responsibility. This study aimed to quantify...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Computable General Equilibrium; Climate Change; Environmental Policy; Double Dividend; Israel; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; D58; H23; Q43; Q48; Q52.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6361

Tax Rules, Land Development, and Open Space
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Simpson,   R. David.
Concern about "open space" is growing. Conservation advocates worry that private land use decision-makers preserve too little open space. Yet private land developers are deciding on their own to preserve open space in new developments because it provides amenities to purchasers of lots. Moreover, tax provisions provide incentives for preserving more open space than would be privately optimal. Many jurisdictions have adopted "use-value assessment" standards granting favorable tax treatment to lands maintained in open space. Also, donations of open space can be deducted from income in computing tax liabilities. Both factors may be empirically important, although tax deductibility may have larger conservation effects than does use-value assessment. These...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Income tax; Property tax; Tax deductions; Use-value assessment; Ecosystem services; Open space; Conservation; Amenity value; Land Economics/Use; H23; H41; H71; R14.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10741

Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of the Economic and Land-use Interfaces of Bio-energy Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Abdula,   Rahimaisa D.
This paper explores the inter-sectoral and land-use dynamics behind the development of bio-energy as a climate change policy through a computable general equilibrium (CGE) with a land use change (LUC) model. It assesses the economic and social costs of bio-energy development both in terms of the financial investment needed for its market penetration and in terms of the trade-offs its future supply will entail upon the land-use system. It analyzes how policies directed to develop bio-energy alters the pattern of energy mix and land utilization in the economy and how these changes in turn contribute to carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation. Policies analyzed in the study include carbon tax with revenues recycled upon bio-energy subsidy and upon direct tax...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D58; Q4; Q52; H23; O13.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25536

Emissions Pricing, Spillovers, and Public Investment in Environmentally Friendly Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
In a second-best world of below-optimal pollution pricing, the public return to R&amp;D may be greater than under Pigouvian pricing, due to excess benefits of increasing abatement, or it may be lower, since private actors lack the incentives to take full advantage of the new, cleaner technologies. This paper uses a simple model to demonstrate the interaction between environmental policies, R&amp;D externalities, and the social return to innovation. The results indicate that strong public support for innovation is only justified if at least a moderate emissions policy is in place and spillover effects are significant. Furthermore, in most cases, policy constraints that limit regulatory burdens tend to further limit the scope for public support, even when...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions price; Technological innovation; Spillovers; R&amp;D policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10648

Agri-Environmental Policies When the Spatial Pattern of Biodiversity Reserves Matters
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bamiére,   Laure; David,   Maia; Vermont,   Bruno.
The aim of this paper is to compare different policy instruments for cost-effective habitat conservation on agricultural lands, when the desired spatial pattern of reserves is a random mosaic. We use a spatially explicit mathematical programming model which studies the farmers' behavior as profit maximizers under technical and administrative constraints. Facing different policy measures, each farmer chooses its land-use at the field level, which determines the landscape at the regional level. A spatial pattern index (Ripley L function) is then associated to the obtained landscape, indicating on the degree of dispersion of the reserve. We compare a subsidy per hectare of reserve with an auction scheme and an agglomeration malus. We find that the auction is...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental policies; Biodiversity; Mathematical programming; Spatial optimization; Reserve design; Cost-efficiency; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; Q57; Q12; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114239

Tradable Substitution Rights: Simulation of the Cost-Efficiency of a Nitrogen Reduction in the Pig Finishing Sector
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carlier,   Peter Jan; Lauwers,   Ludwig H.; Mathijs,   Erik.
To comply with the European Nitrate Directive, the Flemish manure policy has been elaborated mainly on the base of command and control measures (maximum fertilisation limits etc.). In literature, however, tradable permits are described as a cost efficient and effective instrument. Applied to nutrient emission they might offer an alternative for the current, expensive manure policy. In this publication both policy instruments are compared by means of simulation models. Based on accountacy data from 190 pig finishing farms, it is shown that tradable rights may result in cost savings of over 88%, compared to the most cost efficient command and control model. This result indicates that tradable permits at least need to be considered as a plausible policy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Tradable permits; Agriculture; Command and control; Nitrogen; Linear programming; Livestock Production/Industries; C61; D23; H23; Q58; Q52.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24746

Effective Environmental Protection in the Context of Government Decentralization
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zhang,   ZhongXiang.
China has shifted control over resources and decision making to local governments and enterprises as the result of the economic reforms over the past three decades. This devolution of decision-making to local levels and enterprises has placed environmental stewardship in the hands of local officials and polluting enterprises who are more concerned with economic growth and profits than the environment. Therefore, effective environmental protection needs their full cooperation. Against this background, this paper discusses a variety of tactics that China’s central government has been using to incentivize local governments, and a number of market-based instruments, supporting economic policies, environmental performance ratings and disclosure and cooperation...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Effective Environmental Protection; Incentive Structure; Economic Instruments; Industrial Policy; Financial Institutions; Government Decentralization; China; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q56; Q58; Q43; Q48; H23; H75; R51.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/101295

Does Nature Limit Environmental Federalism?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; Schwabe,   Kurt A.; Mansfield,   Carol.
This research considers whether the principles developed to analyze the optimal jurisdiction for producing public goods can be applied in cases where regulations of private activities provide the primary means to deliver different amounts of public and quasi-public goods. The analysis evaluates how devolution affects the development of benefit cost analyses for regulations and the role of economic versus environmental factors in defining the extent of the regulatory market. Using a study of nutrient control for the Neuse River in North Carolina, the analysis develops area specific measures of the benefits and costs of regulations and illustrates how changes in the composition of the areas allowed to "count" for policy design can affect decisions about the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental federalism; Benefit-cost analysis; Nutrient control; Environmental Economics and Policy; H11; H23; Q28.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10684

WATERSHED CONSERVATION AND EFFICIENT GROUNDWATER PRICING
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Roumasset,   James A.; Pitafi,   Basharat A.K.
Conserving the watershed can help to preserve the groundwater supplies by avoiding loss of recharge. Preventing overuse of available water through pricing reforms can also substantially increase benefits from groundwater stock. Since efficiency prices are generally higher than the inefficient, status quo prices, efficiency pricing may be politically infeasible and watershed conservation may be considered as an alternative. Using Pearl Harbor water district as an example, we find that pricing reform yields large welfare improvement (about $900 million) and is welfare-superior to watershed conservation unless the latter prevents over 10% loss of recharge. In addition, watershed conservation is more valuable at efficiency pricing than at the status quo prices.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Watershed conservation; Water pricing; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D62; H21; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/20133

Invasive Species Management through Tariffs: Are Prevention and Protection Synonymous?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranjan,   Ram.
Replaced with revised version of paper 12/15/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Invasive Species; Political Economy; Tariffs; Bargaining; Interest Groups; International Relations/Trade; H23; Q17; Q58.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19515

Special Interests versus the Public Interest in Policy Determination
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rausser,   Gordon C.; Roland,   Gerard.
This paper focuses on recent theoretical developments in political economy and what role they might play in explaining and reforming individual country and global distortions in food and agricultural markets. Four groups of forces are isolated: political governance structures emphasizing the role of democratic mechanisms; the design of polycentric structures for assigned governmental authority for setting policy instruments; market structure and other socioeconomic characteristics; and the role of sector mobility and asset diversification. Each of these forces are distilled and data sources are reviewed that will allow econometric specifications that have both explanatory and policy reform implications.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Political economy; Agricultural distortions; Public interest; Vested interests; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; H23; N50; Q18; O13; P16; P26.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50294

Carbon Abatement in the Fuel Market with Biofuels: Implications for Second-Best Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Crago,   Christine Lasco; Khanna,   Madhu.
A carbon tax would penalize carbon intensive fuels like gasoline and shift fuel consumption to less carbon intensive alternatives like biofuels. Since biofuel production competes for land with agriculture, a carbon tax could raise land rents, divert land towards fuel production, and raise agricultural prices. This paper analyzes the welfare effect of a carbon tax on fuel with gasoline and biofuel as available fuel choices, in the presence of a labor tax and biofuel subsidy. The second-best optimal carbon tax is also quantified. Findings show that when biofuels is part of the fuel mix, the carbon tax has a commodity price effect which arises from tax-induced changes in land rent. The commodity price effect could exacerbate or attenuate the tax interaction...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Carbon tax; Optimal fuel tax; Biofuel; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q42; Q48; Q54; H23.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60894

Can the lack of coordination between an agricultural authority and a water agency generate inefficiencies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Martin,   Elsa; Stahn,   Hubert.
The point of departure of this work is the situation occurring in the Crau area (South-East of France). In this region, organic farmers use surface water for irrigation and excess water percolates into an aquifer that is used as a source for local residents. In contrast to the standard framework, agricultural production thus increases groundwater levels. In this paper, using a dynamic model, we derive the myopic and socially optimal food and water consumption paths. The first aim is to bring to the fore that an intervention is needed and that, in such a specific case, the environment can be protected thanks to some "good" production incentives. We then analyze the problem of coordination that can occur when two distinct local authorities - an agricultural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Agricultural policy; Water policy; Coordination of policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91811

Combining Rate-Based and Cap-and-Trade Emissions Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
Rate-based emissions policies (like tradable performance standards) fix average emissions intensity, while cap-and-trade policies fix total emissions. This paper shows that unfettered trade between rate-based and cap-and-trade programs always raises combined emissions, except when product markets are related in particular ways. Gains from trade are fully passed on to consumers in the rate-based sector, resulting in more output and greater emissions allocations. We consider a range of policy options to offset the expansion, including unilateral ones when jurisdictional differences require. The cap-and-trade jurisdiction could impose an "exchange rate" to adjust for relative permit values, but marginal abatement cost equalization is sacrificed. Still, that...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Permit allocation; Tradable performance standards; Climate; Greenhouse gases; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H3; Q2; Q48.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10713

In or Out: Efficient inclusion of installations in an Emissions Trading Scheme?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Betz,   Regina; Sanderson,   Todd; Ancev,   Tihomir.
Regulators around the world are currently considering national emissions trading systems (ETS) as a cost-effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ETS installations coverage is one of the numerous design issues confronting them. ‘Blanket coverage’ that includes all an economy’s industrial emitters of greenhouse gases has some intuitive appeal. Although it seems equitable it does not, however, take into full account all the costs related to the extent of coverage.   This report shows how an alternative approach of ‘efficient coverage’ can achieve the same emission reduction outcome at lower social cost. The approach is based on maximising the benefits of including installations in an ETS, while at the same time taking into account all relevant...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Emissions Trading Scheme; Environmental Policy; Installation Coverage; Transaction costs.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q50; Q58; H23.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94877

Comparing the Marginal Excess Burden of Labor, Petrol, Cigarette, and Alcohol Taxes: An Application to the United Kingdom
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper develops an analytical framework for comparing the marginal excess burden (MEB) of labor taxes and various commodity taxes, allowing for externalities and interactions between the taxes, and applies the analysis to the United Kingdom. Due to parameter uncertainty and model simplifications the results should be viewed with caution, nonetheless there are some useful insights. For example, even though taxes on petrol and cigarettes confer externality benefits, and these goods are relatively weak leisure substitutes, the MEB of these taxes may substantially exceed that of the labor income tax, except under "high" scenarios for externality benefits. In contrast the MEB for alcohol taxes may be smaller than that of the labor tax, though it is still...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Welfare cost; Labor tax; Cigarette tax; Alcohol tax; Petrol tax; Externalities; Political Economy; H21; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10860

How Should Metropolitan Washington, DC, Finance Its Transportation Deficit?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
It is widely perceived that projected public spending on transportation infrastructure in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area for the next 20 years will not be enough to halt, let alone reverse, the trend of increasing traffic congestion. Consequently, there has been much debate about how additional sources of local revenues might be raised to finance more transportation spending. This paper develops and implements an analytical framework for estimating the efficiency costs of raising $500 million per annum in local revenue from five possible sources. These sources are increasing labor taxes, property taxes, gasoline taxes, transit fares, and implementing congestion taxes. Our model incorporates congestion and pollution externalities, and it allows for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transportation; Taxes; Washington DC; Welfare cost; Public Economics; R48; H21; H23.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10552

Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Bento,   Antonio M.
This paper explores the interactions between taxes on work-related traffic congestion and pre-existing distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation at the margin, when revenues are returned in lump-sum transfers. We find that the resulting efficiency loss in the labor market can be larger than the Pigouvian efficiency gains from internalizing the congestion externality. In contrast, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes the net impact on labor supply is positive, and the efficiency gain in the labor market can raise the overall welfare gains of the congestion tax by as much as 100 percent. Recycling congestion tax revenues in public...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Congestion taxes; Pre-existing tax distortions; General equilibrium; Welfare effects; Public Economics; R41; H21; H23.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10548

Internationaler Handel und multifunktionale Landwirtschaft : Ein Agrarsektormodell zur Analyse Politischer Optionen und Entscheidungsunterstutzung
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weber,   Gerald.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural sector; Policy analysis; Agricultural trade; Multifunctionality; External effects; Taxes; Subsidies; Sector modeling; International Relations/Trade; C61; C69; D62; H23; H41; Q71; Q18.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18824

FIRMS’ RESPONSES TO NUTRITIONAL POLICIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Duvaleix-Treguer,   Sabine; Hammoudi,   Hakim; Rouached,   Lamia; Soler,   Louis-Georges.
The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of nutritional policies on the behavior of firms, particularly in terms of food quality and prices, and to assess the potential impacts of such policies from a public health point of view. We determine how new products that are nutritionally improved can emerge in a market where incumbent firms offer competing unhealthy products. We also highlight a non-intentional effect of such policies: if consumer heterogeneity is high, then an information policy may simultaneously provide health benefits to the population as a whole but worsen the health of consumers that are less aware of nutritional effects. For a given level of nutritional tax, we determine the optimal threshold that firms must meet to avoid taxation....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nutrition policy; Product differentiation; Firms’ strategies; Taxation; Quality standards; Public health; Agricultural and Food Policy; Consumer/Household Economics; Demand and Price Analysis; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; Health Economics and Policy; L15; I18; H23.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116399

Incorporating environmental impacts into value added from organic and conventional farming
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Huhtala,   Anni; Marklund,   Per-Olov.
Replaced with revised version of paper 07/16/05.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: National income accounting; Environmental performance; Technology choices; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; O47; Q18; Q25.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19259

Rebating Environmental Policy Revenues: Output-Based Allocations and Tradable Performance Standards
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
Political pressure often exists to earmark environmental tax revenues or permit rents to the industry affected by the regulation. This paper analyzes schemes that rebate revenues based on output shares: tradable performance standards, an emissions tax with market-share rebates, and tradable permits with output-based allocation. All three policies effectively combine a tax on emissions with a subsidy to output. The result is a shifting of emissions control efforts toward greater emissions rate reduction and less output contraction, with higher marginal costs of control and lower output prices compared to the social optimum, given any targeted level of abatement. These welfare costs depend on the degree of output substitutability and are likely to be much...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission tax; Permit allocation; Earmarking; Tradable performance standards; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; H23; Q2.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10709

Recent Developments in Farm Labour Availability in India and Reasons behind its Short Supply
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alha,   Akhil; Yonzon,   Bijoyata.
The agricultural sector is India has been characterized with high supply of labour than demand, low wages, skewed distribution of land, and limited options of earning livelihood. This sector has undergone a vast change in recent past, mainly due to the increased rural-to-urban migration and partly due to the inception of MGNREGS and other public works. The structural changes in Indian economy in recent past have made male-migration a lucrative phenomenon while schemes like MGNREGS are found to be attractive for females in rural locations due to various reasons discussed in the paper. This has caused a shortage of farm labour and consequently, an upward push in agricultural wages. The study has suggested that there is a need to implement MGNREGA and other...
Tipo: Article
Palavras-chave: MGNREGS; Farm labour; Rural employment; Labour availability; Agricultural and Food Policy; J22; J61; J23; H23.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119388