Consulta: subjectFacets:"Q28"
Registros recuperados: 269
Data/hora: 01/06/2024 09:31:54

Information on sellers and buyers characteristics: added value to explain price formation at primary fish markets in managed French scallop fisheries
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Lesur-irichabeau, Gabrielle; Guyader, Olivier; Fresard, Marjolaine; Leroy, C.; Latouche, K.; Le Grel, L.
The aim of this article is to explore, through a hedonic approach, the factors that might explain the price variability for the French-managed fishery of scallop at primary fish markets. In addition to factors classically identified in the current literature like intrinsic product characteristics or markets situation, the characteristics of operators are tested. The relationships of loyalty between sellers and buyers, and market assiduity are notably considered.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Buyer and seller characteristics; Fisheries management; Hedonic price; Market behaviour; Market structure; Scallop; Q21; Q22; Q28; C10; L11.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00301/41252/40442.pdf

Banking on "Green Money": Are Environmental Financial Responsibility Rules Fulfilling Their Promise?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James.
Financial responsibility rules are an increasingly common form of environmental regulation. Currently, the operators of landfills, underground petroleum storage tanks, offshore rigs, and oil tankers must demonstrate the existence of adequate levels of capital as a precondition to the legal operation of their businesses. Environmental financial responsibility ensures that firms possess the resources to compensate society for pollution costs created in the course of business operations. In addition to providing a source of funds for victim compensation and pollution remediation, financial responsibility is thought to motivate better decision-making, particularly regarding the management of long-term risks. This article describes both the promise of financial...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Financial responsibility; Environmental liability; Waste disposal; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; L51; K32.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10592

Buyback Programs: Goals, Objectives, and Industry Restructuring in Fisheries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kirkley,   James E.; Walden,   John B.; Waters,   James R.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries has conducted several buyback programs to reduce harvesting capacity in fisheries.  These programs have attempted to maximize capacity reduction given a fixed budget.  However, restructuring issues have not been considered.  We explore the possibility of satisfying three different buyback objective  We examine the black sea bass trap fishery and determine the number of vessels given different allowable catch levels and objectives of maximizing technical efficiency, capacity utilization, and vessels in the fishery.  We find considerable variation in the number of vessels allowed to remain in the fishery given the different objectives.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Capacity utilization; Data Envelopment Analysis; Fishery buyback programs; Fishing capacity; C61; D24; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43422

How Do Public Disclosure Pollution Control Programs Work? Evidence from Indonesia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Afsah,   Shakeb; Blackman,   Allen; Ratunanda,   Damayanti.
Although a growing body of evidence suggests that publicly disclosing information about plants' environmental performance can motivate emissions reductions, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. To help fill this gap, this paper presents original data from a survey of plants participating in the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER), Indonesia's widely-acclaimed public disclosure program. These data suggest that a key means by which PROPER spurs abatement is improving factory managers' information about their own plants' emissions and abatement opportunities. This finding contrasts with the prevailing view in the literature that public disclosure enhances pressures to abate placed on firms by external agents such as community...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Public disclosure; Environment; Voluntary regulation; Informal regulation; Indonesia; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; O13.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10515

The Next Generation of Market-Based Environment Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stavins,   Robert N.; Whitehead,   Bradley W.
We examine what will be required if market-based environmental policy instruments are to become a major force in U.S. environmental policy. We define market-based instruments, and specify five categories: pollution charges; tradable permits; deposit refund systems; reducing market barriers; and eliminating government subsidies. We review major U.S. applications, including: EPA's emissions trading program; the leaded gasoline phasedown; water quality permit trading; CFC trading; SO2 allowance trading; and the RECLAIM program. We assess the U.S. experience in terms of the relatively limited use of these instruments and in terms of the mixed record of performance of implemented instruments. We ask how the next generation of market-based instruments can be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10640

A note on the performance measure of conservation auctions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Latacz-Lohmann,   Uwe; Schilizzi,   Steven.
We argue that previous assessments of discriminatory-price conservation auctions may have systematically overestimated their performance relative to uniform-payment schemes due to an inappropriate counterfactual comparison. We demonstrate that the cost curve (and not the bid curve) is the relevant supply curve when a uniform payment is offered and provide a theoretically rigorous counterfactual based on that insight. We estimate that the performance of BushTender may have been overrated by more than 50%.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Auctions; Procurement; Tenders; Conservation; Economic experiments; Model validation; Plus: assessment method; Agricultural policy; Environmental policy; Market-based instruments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; C91; C92; D44; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100885

On the Implications of Technological Innovation for Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper draws on a number of recent studies to shed light on several policy issues raised by the impact of environmental policies on technological innovation. First, to what extent does induced innovation raise the overall net benefits to society from environmental policies? Second, how does induced innovation affect the appropriate choice among alternative environmental policy instruments? Third, how does it affect the optimal stringency of environmental regulations? Fourth, should environmental policies be supplemented with additional policies to promote innovation, such as research contracts or prizes for new technologies?
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Technological innovation; Pollution control; Instrument choice; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10797

Bankruptcy Risk and Imperfectly Enforced Emissions Taxes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stranlund,   John K.; Zhang,   Wei.
Under favorable but reasonable conditions, an imperfectly enforced emissions tax produces the efficient allocation of individual emissions control; aggregate emissions are independent of whether enforcement of the tax is sufficient to induce the full compliance of firms, and differences in individual violations are independent of firm-level differences. All of these desirable characteristics disappear when some firms under an emissions tax risk bankruptcy—the allocation of emissions control is inefficient, imperfect enforcement causes higher aggregate emissions, and financially insecure firms choose higher violations.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bankruptcy; Emissions Taxes; Limited Liability; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; Q28; Q58.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42127

REGULATING IRRIGATION VIA BLOCK-RATE PRICING: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bar-Shira,   Ziv; Finkelshtain,   Israel; Simhon,   Avi.
In this paper, we adapt Burtless and Hausman’'s (1978) methodology in order to estimate farmer's’ demand for irrigation water under increasing block-rate tariffs and empirically assess its effect on aggregate demand and inter-farm allocation efficiency.  This methodology overcomes the technical challenges raised by increasing block rate pricing and accounts for both observed and unobserved technological heterogeneity among farmers.  Employing a micro panel data documenting irrigation levels and prices in 185 Israeli agricultural communities in the period 1992-1997 we estimate water demand elasticity at -–0.3 in the short run (the effect of a price change on demand within a year of implementation) and –-0.46 in the long run.  We also find that, in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Block-Rate Pricing; Irrigation; C13; Q15; Q28; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14982

Delayed Action and Uncertain Targets. How Much Will Climate Policy Cost?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Despite the growing concern about actual on-going climate change, there is little consensus about the scale and timing of actions needed to stabilise the concentrations of greenhouse gases. Many countries are unwilling to implement effective mitigation strategies, at least in the short-term, and no agreement on an ambitious global stabilisation target has yet been reached. It is thus likely that some, if not all countries, will delay the adoption of effective climate policies. This delay will affect the cost of future policy measures that will be required to abate an even larger amount of emissions. What additional economic cost of mitigation measures will this delay imply? At the same time, the uncertainty surrounding the global stabilisation target to be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Delayed Action; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44219

Marine Protected Areas as Fishery Policy: A Discussion of Potential Costs and Benefits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sanchirico,   James N.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are currently receiving considerable attention as a "new" tool to control overexploitation. Many advocates argue that MPAs will provide a plethora of benefits ranging from improved habitat to higher fish stocks with little costs. Fishermen argue, not surprisingly, that the costs resulting from closing areas could be significant and need to be considered in the debate. In this paper, a set of biological, industry, and management hypotheses drawn from the literature analyzing the effects of MPAs are discussed. In doing so, a framework is presented that can be used to assess the expected returns to society from investing in MPAs.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Renewable resources; Fisheries; Marine protected areas; No-take zones; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10728

Institutional Impediments to Groundwater Trading: the case of the Gnangara groundwater system of Western Australia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Skurray,   James H.; Pandit,   Ram; Pannell,   David J.
The development of a market in groundwater usage rights can be inhibited by constraints arising from the institutional context. Such impediments may reduce the potential gains from trade and may generate high transaction costs for prospective traders.  We analyse the regulations and policies influencing groundwater transfers in a case-study area -- the Gnangara groundwater system around Perth, Western Australia -- and identify significant impediments to a groundwater market.  Property rights are found to be conditional, temporary, and vulnerable to amendment. Regulatory approval is required for all transfers. Facilitating infrastructure is lacking, and price information is unavailable. Management area boundaries reflect land ownership and use rather than...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q28; Q38; Q56; Q57; Q58; D02; R52; H41; H23; H11; D23; D47; D78; H44.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117825

Utilizing Contingent Claims to Improve the Management of CAFOs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gramig,   Benjamin M.; Skees,   Jerry R.; Black,   J. Roy.
We propose a market-based approach to reducing the environmental risk posed by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).  The dual problems of hidden information and hidden action faced by policymakers are considered alongside the competing incentives faced by the CAFO manager in a multiple principal-agent setting.  A new approach that uses insurance-like contracts is introduced by use of the specific example of a swine operation with a lagoon-based manure management system.  Index-based contingent claims contracts in tandem with third-party auditing and waste hauling options are introduced as a complement to regulatory frameworks designed to reduce negative externalities from production.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Animal feeding operations; Asymmetric information; Environmental risk; Insurance; Public policy; Regulation; D82; G22; L51; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43346

Accumulative Pollution, "Clean Technology," and Policy Design
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Withagen,   Cees; Toman,   Michael.
Environmental policymakers must address the adverse effects of a number of pollutants that accumulate in the environment. Goals for the regulation of these damages often involve holding long-term emissions below a level deemed to be "dangerous", or outright banning of offending products or processes along with subsidization of more "green" alternatives. This paper builds upon previous studies by Keeler, Spence, and Zeckhauser (1971) and Tahvonen and Withagen (1996) in addressing the optimal long-term management of an accumulative but assimilatable pollutant through policies that restrict more damaging production processes and thereby induce more benign alternatives. Using a simple general equilibrium approach, we consider the possibility that the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stock externalities; Nonconvexities; Sustainable development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; D62.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10748

Landowner response to policies regulating land improvements: lease or search for other options?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Eija,   Pouta; Sami,   Myyra; Kyosti,   Pietola.
Land improvements with long pay-back periods are often delayed on leased agricultural land, resulting in social costs through land degradation, decreased land productivity and environmental problems. An important question is thus how landowners would respond to regulations and mandates concerning land improvements. Based on a landowner survey, we analyse landowner choices under certain land improvement regulations, using the currently dominant choice of leasing land for agricultural use as the benchmark. The results indicated that land leasing will continue to increase in the future, but if the landowner mandate to co-finance costly land improvements is increased, landowners are predicted to respond significantly to these mandates and search for other land...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Contingent behaviour; Latent class model; Landlord; Land use; Heterogeneity; Land Economics/Use; Q15; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114770

Science, Politics, and U.S. Forest Law: The Battle over the Forest Service Planning Rule
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hoberg,   George.
This paper reviews the battles over the Forest Service planning rule that culminated in the November 2000 revising of the regulations implementing the National Forest Management Act. In a departure from the agency's emphasis on multiple use, the rule established ecological sustainability as the key objective guiding planning for the national forests. The supporting material explicitly states that "it is based on the recommendation of an eminent committee of scientists." This paper examines the Committee of Scientists and the NFMA rule as a case study in the relation between science and politics in the development and implementation of statutory standards for management of the National Forest System. The conclusion considerations the broader question of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Forest Service; Planning; National Forest Management Act; Committee of Scientists; Multiple use; Sustainability; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; K00; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10604

Controlling a Stock Pollutant with Endogenous Abatement Capital and Asymmetric Information
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhang,   Jiangfeng.
Non-strategic firms with rational expectations make investment and emissions decisions. The investment rule depends on firms' beliefs about future emissions policies. We compare emissions taxes and quotas when the (strategic) regulator and (nonstrategic) firms have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and all agents use Markov Perfect decision rules. Emissions taxes create a secondary distortion at the investment stage, unless a particular condition holds; emissions quotas do not create a secondary distortion. We solve a linear-quadratic model calibrated to represent the problem of controlling greenhouse gasses. The endogeneity of abatement capital favors taxes, and it increases abatement.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution control; Investment; Asymmetric information; Rational expectations; Choice of instruments; Environmental Economics and Policy; C61; D8; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25071

Consequences of EU Biofuel Policies on Agricultural Production and Land Use
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Banse,   Martin; van Meijl,   Hans; Woltjer,   Geert B.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D58; Q13; Q24; Q27; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94666

The Choice of Management Practices: What Determines the Design of an Environmental Management System?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anton,   Wilma Rose Q.
This paper examines whether differential incentives exist in the adoption of environmental management practices (EMPs) with varying features that often make up the design of environmental management systems implemented by firms. Estimation of multivariate probit models reveals that greater consumer, regulatory and investor pressures are positively related to the adoption of EMPs that directly enhance a firm's green image. In addition, potential liability costs are positively associated with adopting broad-based EMPs while regulatory pressures are not generally found to have any significant relationship with environmental efforts that improve and address compliance issues. Results also reveal that competitive pressures arising from environmental efforts by...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental management system; Environmental management practice; Environmental self-regulation; Voluntary adoption; Multivariate probit; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q5; L5 –; L1 –; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19503

A Safety Valve for Emissions Trading
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stranlund,   John K.
This paper considers the optimal design of an emissions trading program that includes a safety valve tax that allows pollution sources to escape the emissions cap imposed by the aggregate supply of emissions permits. I demonstrate that an optimal hybrid emissions trading/emissions tax policy involves a permit supply that is strictly less than under a pure emissions trading scheme and a safety valve tax that exceeds the optimal pure emissions tax as long as expected marginal damage is an increasing function. While the expected level of emissions under a hybrid policy may be more or less than under pure emissions trading or a pure emissions tax, under the assumption that uncertainty about aggregate marginal abatement costs is symmetric the most likely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions Taxes; Emissions Trading; Uncertainty; Safety Valve; Hybrid Emissions Control; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53125

Do Interest Groups Compete?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ando,   Amy Whritenour.
This paper conducts a test of the hypothesis that interest groups compete strategically for influence with a policy-making agency. It adapts econometric methodology from the empirical industrial organization literature that was designed to work with discrete game-theoretic models, and uses data on whether or not supporting and opposing interest groups submitted comments to the Fish and Wildlife Service about each of 173 proposals to add new species to the endangered species list. The results imply that groups do respond to variations in the expected costs and benefits of a listing when deciding whether to pressure the agency. There is no support, however, for the hypothesis that the levels of pressure exerted by the groups emerge from the Nash equilibrium...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Interest groups; Strategic competition; Empirical game theory; Endangered species; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; C25; C72; D72; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10732

Effects of Low-cost Offsets on Energy Investment – New Perspectives on REDD –
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Golub,   Alexander; Fuss,   Sabine; Szolgayova,   Jana; Obersteiner,   Michael.
Tropical deforestation is one of the major sources of carbon emissions, but the Kyoto Protocol presently excludes avoiding these specific emissions to fulfill stabilization targets. Since the 13th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in 2007, where the need for policy incentives for the reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) was first officially recognized, the focus of this debate has shifted to issues of implementation and methodology. One question is how REDD would be financed, which could be solved by integrating REDD credits into existing carbon markets. However, concern has been voiced regarding the effects that the availability of cheap REDD credits might have on energy investments and the development of clean...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Real Options; Energy Investment; Cap-And-Trade; REDD; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50402

Cross-Border Environmental Management and the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Bannister,   Geoffrey J.
The considerable difficulties associated with cross-border environmental management are compounded when polluters are unlicensed micro-enterprises such as auto repair shops and traditional brick kilns; such "informal sector" firms are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Cd. Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led, binational initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Cd. Juarez's approximately 350 informal brick kilns. We draw three lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led cross-border initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public sector initiatives -- but they require...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: US-Mexican border; Informal sector; Environment; Brickmaking; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O54; L61; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10600

Can Co-Management Improve the Governance of   A Common- Pool Resource? Lessons From A Framed Field Experiment in A Marine Protected Area in the Colombian Caribbean
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moreno-Sanchez,   Rocio del Pilar; Maldonado,   Jorge Higinio.
Complexities associated with the management of common pool resources (CPR) threaten governance at some marine protected areas (MPA). In this paper, using economic experimental games (EEG), we investigate the effects of both external regulation and the complementarities between internal regulation and non-coercive authority intervention—what we call co-management—on fishermen’s extraction decisions. We perform EEG with fishermen inhabiting the influence zone of an MPA in the Colombian Caribbean. The results show that co- management exhibits the best results, both in terms of resource sustainability and reduction in extraction, highlighting the importance of strategies that recognize communities as key actors in the decision-making process for the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Common-pool resources; Governance; Co-management; Experimental economic games; Fisheries; Latin America.; Environmental Economics and Policy; C93; C72; D02; D70; Q01; Q22; Q28; C23; C25.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60731

Upstream Pollution, Downstream Waste Disposal, and the Design of Comprehensive Environmental Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Walls,   Margaret; Palmer,   Karen L.
Many environmentalists and policymakers are shifting their focus from media-specific pollution problems to product-specific, life-cycle environmental problems. In this paper, we develop a model of production and consumption that incorporates life-cycle environmental externalities-specifically, an upstream manufacturing byproduct, air or water pollution from manufacturing, and downstream solid waste disposal. We then use the model to derive optimal government policies to address all three externalities. We assume throughout that a Pigovian tax on waste disposal is precluded because of the potential for illegal dumping. We then examine four cases: one in which Pigovian taxes on the upstream externalities are feasible, one in which such taxes are infeasible,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Life-cycle externalities; Solid waste; Deposit-refund; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10837

Ecosystem Services and Western U.S. Rangelands
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Skaggs,   Rhonda K.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94652

Valuation of Carbon Forestry and the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme: A Real Options Approach Using the Binomial Tree Method
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tee,   James; Scarpa,   Riccardo; Marsh,   Dan; Guthrie,   Graeme.
Under the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme, new forests planted on/after 1st January 1990 can earn carbon credits. These credits have to be repaid upon forest harvest. This paper analyses the effects of this carbon scheme on the valuation of bareland, on which radiata pine is to be planted. NPV/LEV and Real Options methods are employed, assuming stochastic timber and carbon prices. Valuation increases significantly and rotation age is likely to be lengthened. We include a scenario analysis of potential implications of rotation age lengthening on carbon stock management in New Zealand.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS); Climate change policy; Kyoto Protocol; Real options; Carbon forestry; Tradable permit; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Q23; Q28; Q54.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/123665

Do Consumers React to the Shape of Supply? Water Demand under Heterogeneous Price Structures
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olmstead,   Sheila M.; Hanemann,   W. Michael; Stavins,   Robert N.
Urban water pricing provides an opportunity to examine whether consumers react to the shape of supply functions. We carry out an empirical analysis of the influence of price and price structure on residential water demand, using the most price-diverse, detailed, household-level water demand data yet available for this purpose. We adapt the Hausman model of labor supply under progressive income taxation to estimate water demand under non-linear prices. Ours is the first analysis to address both the simultaneous determination of marginal price and water demand under block pricing and the possibility of endogenous price structures in the cross section. In order to examine the possibility that consumers facing block prices are more price-responsive, all else...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-linear pricing; Water demand; Price elasticity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D12; Q21; Q25; Q28; L95.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10672

Rice versus Shrimp Production in Thailand: Is There Really a Conflict?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mekhora,   Thamrong; McCann,   Laura M.J.
Shrimp farming in Thailand has had disastrous effects on the environment in the past, which has prompted a government ban on shrimp production in inland areas.  However, a new low-salinity shrimp farming system has developed that seems to have fewer disease and environmental problems than previous systems but competes with rice production for land and water resources.  The present study found that shrimp farming exhibits increasing returns to scale and is much more profitable than rice farming, which offers opportunities for rice farmers to improve their incomes through diversification.  No evidence was found for external environmental effects of shrimp production on rice production or vice versa.  A total ban on shrimp production in rice farming areas...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environment; Rice; Shrimp; Technical change; Thailand; Q12; Q16; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43217

The Pollution Haven Hypothesis: A Geographic Economy Model in a Comparative Study
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kheder,   Sonia Ben; Zugravu,   Natalia.
Although based on theoretical foundations, the pollution haven hypothesis has never been clearly proven empirically. In this study, we re-examine this hypothesis by a fresh take on both its theoretical and empirical aspects. While applying a geographic economy model on French firm-level data, we confirm the hypothesis for the global sample. Through sensitivity analysis, we validate it for Central and Eastern European countries, emerging and high-income OECD countries, but not for the major part of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries. Finally, we show that the pollution haven hypothesis is confirmed in the strongest manner for emerging economies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: FDI; Environmental Regulation; Economic Geography; Pollution Haven Hypothesis; Environmental Economics and Policy; F12; F18; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44223

The Role of Health Risk Assessment and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental Decision Making in Selected Countries: An Initial Survey
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mazurek,   Janice V.
This paper seeks to inform the current "regulatory reform" effort in the U.S. by describing how information from risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses is used by decision makers in six other industrialized countries. In Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada and the European Union decision makers deal with uncertainties associated with risk assessments differently than in the U.S. They are less likely to employ "default assumptions" to bridge uncertainties and instead tailor risk  evaluations to the chemical in question. Furthermore, while U.S. agencies are sometimes required to pair information from risk assessments with data from cost-benefit analyses in order to estimate how much it costs to stem or avert environmental and health...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulatory reform; Risk assessment; Cost-benefit analysis; International environmental; Regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10475

Instrument Choice for Environmental Protection When Technological Innovation Is Endogenous
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.
This paper presents an analytical and numerical comparison of the welfare impacts of alternative instruments for environmental protection in the presence of endogenous technological innovation. We analyze emissions taxes and both auctioned and free (grandfathered) emissions permits. We find that under different sets of circumstances each of the three policies may induce a significantly higher welfare gain than the other two policies. In particular, the relative ranking of policy instruments can crucially depend on the ability of adopting firms to imitate the innovation, the costs of innovation, the slope and level of the marginal environmental benefit function, and the number of firms producing emissions. Moreover, although in theory the welfare impacts of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technological innovation; Externalities; Environmental policies; Welfare impacts; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10812

The Near-Term Impacts of Carbon Mitigation Policies on Manufacturing Industries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Ho,   Mun S.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Zhang,   Xuehua.
Who will pay for new policies to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions in the United States? This paper considers a slice of the question by examining the near-term impact on domestic manufacturing industries of both upstream (economy-wide) and downstream (electric power industry only) carbon mitigation policies. Detailed Census data on the electricity use of four-digit manufacturing industries is combined with input-output information on interindustry purchases to paint a detailed picture of carbon use, including effects on final demand. This approach, which freezes capital and other inputs at current levels and assumes that all costs are passed forward, yields upper-bound estimates of total costs. The results are best viewed as...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Distribution of carbon mitigation costs; Industrial impacts of carbon policies; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10706

The Certainty of Confronting Uncertainty in the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Effort
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hershner,   Carlton.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Restoration; TMDL; Chesapeake Bay; Adaptive Management; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q00; Q01; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117401

VALUING TRADEABLE CO2 PERMITS FOR OECD COUNTRIES
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Liu,   Xuemei.
We estimate a structural model of OECD countries in which GDP and CO2 emissions are endogenous.  We use the estimated model to simulate the price of tradeable CO2 permits and the efficiency gains from trade.  Our estimated prices are high, relative to previous estimates, and the efficiency gains are substantial.  We also find, contrary to previous literature, that higher income is associated with reduced emissions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradeable permits; Greenhouse gasses; Carbon reductions; Environmental Kuznets curve; F17; Q28; Q43; Farm Management.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25054

The Value of Information: A Background Paper on Measuring the Contribution of Space-Derived Earth Science Data to National Resource Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: MacAuley,   Molly K.
This study, prepared at the request of the Office of Earth Science at the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), describes a general framework for conceptualizing the value of information and illustrates how the framework might be used to value information from earth science data collected from space. The framework serves two purposes. One purpose is provision of a common basis by which to conduct and evaluate studies of the value of earth science information that serves a variety of uses, from improving environmental quality to protecting public health and safety. The second purpose is to better inform decision-makers about the value of data and information. Decision-makers comprise three communities: consumers and producers of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Value of information; Earth science; Natural resource economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O32; O38; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10839

Basing Superfund Cleanups on Future Land Uses: Promising Remedy or Dubious Nostrum?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris; Hersh,   Robert; Probst,   Katherine N.
Supporters of the effort to link cleanups at hazardous waste sites to the sites' expected land uses claim that amending language in the federal Superfund statute to allow this may yield a number of benefits. These include rationalizing the cleanup process and decreasing cleanup costs, promoting economic development in the local communities that host Superfund sites, and helping such communities exercise more control over the cleanups. However, interviews with Superfund stakeholders and a detailed case study call into question these arguments. The current role of land use in cleanup, uncertainties about whether economic development is likely at the bulk of Superfund sites, the long-run viability of institutional controls, the willingness of communities to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Land use; Economic development; Superfund; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; R52.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10540

Strategic Choice of International Emissions Trading Scheme in an Open Economy with Perfect Competition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boom,   Jan Tjeerd.
Emissions trading can be organized in several ways. In particular, private emissions trading can be organized as permit trading, or as credit trading. The schemes have a different impact on output with credit trading leading to a higher output level than permit trading. This paper analyzes what the optimal choice of emissions trading scheme is in a model with international trade and perfect competition in the product and emission quota market. Furthermore, I discuss whether it is optimal for the country to allow its firms to trade emissions internationally. The paper shows that countries want to use these schemes in different circumstances, depending on whether they import or export the good. Furthermore, it is shown that in several cases, countries...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Emissions trading; Credit trading; International trade; Perfect competition; Strategic behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; F10; L51; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24196

Modelling Economic Impacts of Alternative International Climate Policy Architectures. A Quantitative and Comparative Assessment of Architectures for Agreement
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper provides a quantitative comparison of the main architectures for an agreement on climate policy. Possible successors to the Kyoto protocol are assessed according to four criteria: economic efficiency; environmental effectiveness; distributional implications; and their political acceptability which is measured in terms of feasibility and enforceability. The ultimate aim is to derive useful information for designing a future agreement on climate change control.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Integrated Modelling; International Agreements; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44535

Double Dividend with Trade Distortions: Analytical Results and Evidence from Chile
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beghin,   John C.; Dessus,   Sebastien.
The double-dividend debate evolves around the possibility (or not) of substituting environmental taxes for more distortionary taxes to reduce both pollution degradation and/or damages (the first dividend) and the excess burden of existing taxes (the second dividend), without eroding tax revenues. This paper contributes to the double dividend debate with a formal analysis and some numerical evidence emphasizing trade and environmental distortions. The substitution of environmental taxes for trade distortions has been neglected in the double-dividend debate, which has centered on labor market distortions. Conditions for the existence of a double dividend are derived for different characterizations of preferences and policy menus. We empirically explore the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Double dividend; Trade and environment; Piecemeal reform; Policy coordination; Chile; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q28; H21.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18569

Lessons for the Forest Service from State Trust Land Management Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fairfax,   Sally.
This paper argues that state trust land management experience is potentially a source of valuable insights and examples for the U.S. Forest Service. The paper sketches historic and current trends in public resource administration to define what constitutes useful new ideas which might aid the agency in its present crisis. In spite of being this nation's oldest approach to public resource management, the state trust lands are an appropriate source of new ideas in an era in which, the paper suggests: (1) the courts are receding as a major source of executive accountability, (2) the legitimacy of federal agencies, particularly those whose authority is rooted in science, is declining, and (3) the institutional framework for public resource management is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: State; Trust principles; Non-delegation; Arbitrary and capricious; Prudence; Portfolio; Risk management; Institutional flexibility; Land Economics/Use; H41; H39; N5; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10780

Tax Deductible Spending, Environmental Policy, and the "Double Dividend" Hypothesis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Bento,   Antonio M.
A number of recent studies have shown that the general equilibrium welfare effects of externality-correcting policies depend importantly on pre-existing taxes in the economy, particularly those that distort the labor market. This paper extends the prior literature by allowing for consumption goods that are deductible from labor taxes. These "goods" represent medical insurance, other less tangible fringe benefits, mortgage interest, and so on. The initial tax system effectively subsidizes tax-favored consumption relative to other consumption, in addition to distorting the labor market. We find that incorporating tax-favored consumption may overturn key results from earlier studies. In particular, a revenue-neutral pollution tax (or auctioned pollution...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policies; Distortionary taxes; Tax deductions; Welfare effects; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q28; L51.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10737

Sustainable Decision-making: The State of the Art from an Economics Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Toman,   Michael.
Government, corporate and other decision makers are more and more often being urged to 'act sustainably' and to pursue policy paths toward 'sustainable development.' However, application of these concepts is hampered by serious interdisciplinary disagreements about the interactions of humans with their environment. Moreover, reducing disagreements about sustainability cannot be achieved solely through an improvement in scientific knowledge. These observations lead me to express skepticism about the capacity of any more or less mechanistic rule, economic, scientific or otherwise, to provide definitive and reliable answers about sustainable policies or conduct. However, there are processes and procedures that can help guide decision-making. I underscore the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sustainable development; Cost-benefit analysis; Intergenerational equity; Multicriteria analysis; Social values; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; A12; A13; B41; D61; D63; H43; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10602

Market Structure and Environmental Innovation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Montero,   Juan-Pablo.
This paper studies firms’ incentives to invest in environmental R&amp;D under different market structures (Cournot and Bertrand) and environmental policy instruments (emission standards, taxes, tradable permits and auctioned permits). Because of market strategic effects, R&amp;D incentives vary widely across market structures and instruments. For example, when firms’ products are strategic substitutes (i.e., Cournot), either emission standards, taxes or auctioned permits can provide the most incentives. But when firms’ products are strategic complements, either taxes or auctioned permits provide the most incentives. If markets are perfectly competitive, however, permits and emission standards offer similar incentives that are lower than those offered by...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environment; Regulation; Market structure; Innovation; Marketing; Environmental Economics and Policy; L13; L50; Q28.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44294

Optimal Control of Spreading Biological Invasions: For How Long Should We Apply the Brake?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carrasco,   Luis Roman; MacLeod,   Alan; Knight,   John D.; Baker,   Richard; Mumford,   John D.
Identifying the optimal switching point between different invasive alien species (IAS) management policies is a very complex task and policy makers are in need of modelling tools to assist them. In this paper we develop an optimal control bioeconomic model to estimate the type of optimal policy and switching point of control efforts against a spreading IAS. We apply the models to the case study of Colorado potato beetle in the UK. The results demonstrate that eradication is optimal for small initial sizes of invasion at discovery. High capacity of the agency to reduce spread velocity for several years leads to smaller total overall costs of invasion and makes eradication optimal for larger sizes of initial invasion. In many cases, it is optimal to switch...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Barrier zone; Biosecurity; Dynamic optimization; Eradication; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; Pest risk analysis; Reaction-diffusion.; Risk and Uncertainty; Q1; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50940

Invasive Species Control over Space and Time:  Miconia calvescens on Oahu, Hawaii
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burnett,   Kimberly M.; Kaiser,   Brooks A.; Roumasset,   James A.
The optimal size and location of an invasive species population depend upon spatially differentiated biological growth, economic costs, and damages.  Although largely absent from most economic models, spatial considerations matter because the likelihood and magnitude of the invasion vary spatially and the threatened assets may be unevenly distributed across space.  We map the current and future populations of an invasive species, Miconia calvescens, on Oahu, Hawaii, and the potential damages to water quantity, quality, and endangered-species habitat, and weigh these against treatment costs.  We find that optimal densities vary from approximately 1% to 18% cover throughout the island.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Geographical Information Systems; Hawaii; Invasive species; Miconia calvescens; Oahu; Spatial analysis; Watershed; Q23; Q25; Q28; Q51; Q57.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37274

Brownfields Redevelopment in Wisconsin: A Survey of the Field
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris; Crooks,   Lisa; Hersh,   Robert.
As the third paper in our three-part series on Wisconsin brownfields, this paper reports the results of a survey on the objectives of brownfields redevelopment, constraints to the redevelopment, the role of the state's Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and institutional controls. The 260 survey respondents include elected officials, staff from economic development and planning agencies, attorneys, private sector representatives, and professionals at nonprofit organizations. We find that: 1) respondents value both economic and environmental gains associated with brownfields redevelopment; 2) the high costs of cleanup are the principal barrier to brownfields redevelopment; 3) no single factor stands out as constraining DNR's ability to oversee cleanups;...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brownfields; Contamination; Hazardous waste; Regulatory reform; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10443

Prescriptive use of Environmental Indices: A "How To" Guide for Conservation Programs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cattaneo,   Andrea.
A framework for analyzing conservation programs that rank applications using environmental indices is presented. We derive the optimal bid from the farmer's perspective for both land retirement and working lands agri-environmental payment programs and we analyze how these solutions depend on program design parameters. The distinction is made between environmental objectives based on whether the farmer exercises control or not over the level proposed in a bid to participate in a program. The optimization model is solved analytically for two cases - a land retirement and a working lands program - highlighting the differences in the results.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental payments; Program design; Participation incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; C6; H57; Q21; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24764

Of Experts, Politicians and Beasts: Setting Priorities in Farm Animal Conservation Choices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fadlaoui,   Aziz; Roosen,   Jutta; Baret,   Philippe V.
We consider the choice of farm animal breeds for conservation programmes. Based on an analysis of past decisions in EU member countries to enter breeds into the conservation programmes of rural development plans and based on the results of an expert survey among breed societies and scientists, we find an inconsistency in the valuation of breed characteristics. Policy makers seem to be less concerned about considering true extinction risk and diversity and more about cultural values and about means to benefit a larger number of farmers for raising rare breeds.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Animal genetic resources; Conservation; Expert survey; Farm animal breeds; Revealed policy preferences; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24546

Intel's XL Permit: A Framework for Evaluation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Mazurek,   Janice V.
The paper develops a framework to evaluate permits granted to firms under the Environmental Protection Agency's Project XL -- with emphasis on the novel air permit granted to the Intel Corporation. We describe the permit, the process that created it, and the types of costs and benefits likely to arise from this type of "facility-specific" regulatory arrangement. Among other things, the paper describes the permit's impact on environmental quality, production costs, transaction costs, and Intel's strategic market position. The paper also considers how an estimate of the costs and benefits -- both to Intel and society -- might be estimated. While facility-specific regulation typically conjures images of production cost savings as processes are re-engineered...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Project XL; Tailored regulation; Environmental regulation; Cost-benefit analysis; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; L51; Q28; L63; K32.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10666

Limited Cooperation in International Environmental Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Sacheti,   Sandeep.
Governments' desire to ameliorate environmental problems may conflict with other goals. Policy levels which balance different objectives can be altered by policy changes in other countries. A decrease in the importance of the pollution problem, or an increase in its global extent, increase the likelihood that tighter environmental regulations in one region induce laxer policies elsewhere. The transboundary character and the importance of environmental externalities also affect the amount of cooperation needed to improve members' welfare in a coalition. More global pollution problems require a larger coalition. However, the critical coalition size may be larger or smaller for more severe problems.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Limited cooperation; International environmental agreements; Strategic complements and substitution; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; H21; L13; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6286

Comparing Price and Non-price Approaches to Urban Water Conservation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Olmstead,   Sheila M.; Stavins,   Robert N.
Urban water conservation is typically achieved through prescriptive regulations, including the rationing of water for particular uses and requirements for the installation of particular technologies. A significant shift has occurred in pollution control regulations toward market-based policies in recent decades. We offer an analysis of the relative merits of market-based and prescriptive approaches to water conservation, where prices have rarely been used to allocate scarce supplies. The analysis emphasizes the emerging theoretical and empirical evidence that using prices to manage water demand is more cost-effective than implementing non-price conservation programs, similar to results for pollution control in earlier decades. Price-based approaches also...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Water Conservation; Market-based Approaches; Policy Instrument Choice; Water Price; Q25; Q28; Q58; L95.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42919

Market-Based Approaches to CO2 Emissions: Implications for Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Raymond,   Leigh; Shively,   Gerald E.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; H00; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94505

Evaluating conservation auctions with limited information: the policy maker’s predicament
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schilizzi,   Steven; Latacz-Lohmann,   Uwe.
Buying environmental services from private landholders using tendering mechanisms are usually subject to a budget constraint. Auction theory has mostly focused on target-constrained auctions and is less well developed for this type of auction. This paper examines a theoretical model specifically developed for budget-constrained tenders and assesses its capacity to predict tendering performance under information limitations typical of those found in field applications. But this assessment cannot be done without complementing the model with controlled laboratory experiments. Subject to their external validity, we find that the model is able to make the correct policy recommendation when comparing the tender to an equivalent fixed price scheme, even when the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Auctions; Procurement; Tenders; Conservation; Economic experiments; Model validation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; C91; C92; D44; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100884

The Economics of "When" Flexibility in the Design of Greenhouse Gas Abatement Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Toman,   Michael; Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Anderson,   John W.
This paper focuses on the economic desirability of the fixed and relatively short-term greenhouse gas targets and timetables in the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol provides flexibility in which greenhouse gases to control, where control can be implemented, and what domestic policy measures are used. However, the Protocol does not allow much flexibility in when emission reductions take place in pursuit of longer-term environmental goals. Nor does it allow more flexible shorter-term environmental targets through price-based policy instruments that balance environmental goals and compliance costs. The relative inflexibility of the Protocol with respect to these elements may derive, in part, from a misplaced analogy between the global warming issue and the highly...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change policy; Kyoto Protocol; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10763

Auswertung von Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems zur Abschätzung von Wirkungen der EU-Agrarreform auf Umwelt und Landschaft
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Osterburg,   Bernhard; Nitsch,   Heike; Laggner,   Birgit; Roggendorf,   Wolfgang.
Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Arbeitsbericht entstand im Rahmen des F+E-Vorhabens „Naturschutzfachliche Bewertung der GAP - Effizienzsteigerung durch Nutzung bestehender Datenbestände“, das durch das Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit gefördert wurde. Ziel dieses Projektes war die Untersuchung flächenbezogener Auswirkungen der im Jahr 2003 beschlossenen EU-Agrarreform in Hinblick auf naturschutzrelevante Fragestellungen.                                                                                                                        Grundlage für quantitative Analysen bildeten die Daten des Integrierten Verwaltungs- und Kontrollsystems (InVeKoS), Fachkarten zu...
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Agrarreform; InVeKoS-Daten; Flächennutzung; Grünland; Naturschutz; Agricultural reform; IACS-data; Land use; Grassland; Nature conservation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/104011

Economic Evaluation of Catch Share Program: Rhode Island Fluke Fishery Sector Pilot Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Anderson,   Christopher M.; Uchida,   Hirotsugu; Scheld,   Andrew M.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Catch share; Sector allocation; Fishery management; Demand and Price Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61729

AD-DICE: An Implementation of Adaptation in the DICE Mode
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Bruin,   Kelly C.; Dellink,   Rob B.; Tol,   Richard S.J.
Integrated Assessment Models (IAMS) have helped us over the past decade to understand the interactions between the environment and the economy in the context of climate change. Although it has also long been recognized that adaptation is a powerful and necessary tool to combat the adverse effects of climate change, most IAMs have not explicitly included the option of adaptation in combating climate change. This paper adds to the IAM and climate change literature by explicitly including adaptation in an IAM, thereby making the trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation visible. Specifically, a theoretical framework is created and used to implement adaptation as a decision variable into the DICE model. We use our new AD-DICE model to derive the adaptation...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integrated Assessment Modelling; Adaptation; Climate Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9548

Piecemeal Reform of Trade and Environmental Policy When Consumption Also Pollutes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Metcalfe,   Mark R.; Beghin,   John C.
The design of trade and environmental policy pays increasing attention to pollution linked to trade liberalization and generated by consumption. We incorporate endogenous (price-responsive) consumption pollution into a dual trade model to assess welfare effects of coordinated trade and environmental piecemeal reform in a small, open and distorted economy. Pollution is generated by production and consumption. Producers control the level of pollution and face incentives to abate both types of pollution. We identify sufficient conditions for welfare-improving reforms of trade and environmental policies. An additional domestic environmental policy instrument must be imposed on exportables because of their supply response to foreign environmental taxes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Trade and environment; Piecemeal reform; Policy coordination; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F13; Q28; H21.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18362

Challenges and Opportunities for Water of the Rio Grande
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rister,   M. Edward; Sturdivant,   Allen W.; Lacewell,   Ronald D.; Michelsen,   Ari M.
The Rio Grande has headwaters in Colorado, flows through New Mexico, and serves as the United States.–Mexico border in Texas, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Snow melt in Colorado and northern New Mexico constitutes the water river supply for New Mexico and the El Paso region, whereas summer monsoonal flow from the Rio Conchos in Mexico and tributaries, including the Pecos River, provides the Rio Grande flow for southern Texas. The region is mostly semiarid with frequent long-term drought periods but is also characterized by a substantial irrigated agriculture sector and a rapidly growing population. International treaties and interstate compacts provide the rules for allocation of Rio Grande waters between the United States and Mexico and among...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Agricultural economics; Conservation; Irrigation; Natural resources; Renewable resources; Resources; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q5; Q15; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113529

The Positive Political Economy of Instrument Choice in Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Keohane,   Nathaniel O.; Revesz,   Richard L.; Stavins,   Robert N.
In the realm of environmental policy instrument choice, there is great divergence between the recommendations of normative economic theory and positive political reality. Four gaps stand out. First, despite the advantages of market-based policy instruments, they have been used to a minor degree, compared with conventional, command-and-control instruments. Second, pollution-control standards have typically been much more stringent for new than for existing sources, despite the inefficiency of this approach. Third, in the few instances in which market-based instruments have been adopted, they have nearly always taken the form of grandfathered tradeable permits, rather than auctioned permits or pollution taxes, despite the advantages in some situations of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; H11; P16; K32; Q28.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10759

DETECTING EVIDENCE OF NON-COMPLIANCE IN SELF-REPORTED POLLUTION EMISSIONS DATA: AN APPLICATION OF BENFORD'S LAW
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dumas,   Christopher F.; Devine,   John H.
The paper introduces Digital Frequency Analysis (DFA) based on Benford's Law as a new technique for detecting non-compliance in self-reported pollution emissions data. Public accounting firms are currently adopting DFA to detect fraud in financial data. We argue that DFA can be employed by environmental regulators to detect fraud in self-reported pollution emissions data. The theory of Benford's Law is reviewed, and statistical justifications for its potentially widespread applicability are presented. Several common DFA tests are described and applied to North Carolina air pollution emissions data in an empirical example.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Benford; Digital frequency analysis; Pollution monitoring; Pollution regulation; Enforcement; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21740

A Tale of Two Market Failures: Technology and Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jaffe,   Adam B.; Newell,   Richard G.; Stavins,   Robert N.
Market failures associated with environmental pollution interact with market failures associated with the innovation and diffusion of new technologies. These combined market failures provide a strong rationale for a portfolio of public policies that foster emissions reduction as well as the development and adoption of environmentally beneficial technology. Both theory and empirical evidence suggest that the rate and direction of technological advance is influenced by market and regulatory incentives, and can be cost-effectively harnessed through the use of economicincentive based policy. In the presence of weak or nonexistent environmental policies, investments in the development and diffusion of new environmentally beneficial technologies are very likely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Research and development; Environment; Externality; Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; O38; Q28; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10815

Economies of Scale and Technical Efficiency in Community Water Systems
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Harrington,   Winston; Pizer,   William A.; Gillingham,   Kenneth.
In this study we use datasets from the 1995 and 2000 Community Water Supply surveys to examine the production costs of water supply systems. We first estimate the economies of scale in water supply by estimating the total unit cost as well as individual component cost elasticities. For total unit cost elasticity, we find that a 1% increase in production reduces unit costs by a statistically significant 0.16%. For individual component cost elasticities, we find that higher economies of scale exist in capital costs, outside costs, other costs, and materials costs; labor costs and energy costs exhibit lower but still positive economies of scale. These economies of scale may reflect production economies or suggest that larger systems are better than smaller...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Small water systems; Water supply; Capacity development; Economies of scale; Community water systems; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10788

The Brownfield Bargain: Negotiating Site Cleanup Policies in Wisconsin
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hersh,   Robert; Wernstedt,   Kris.
In this paper, the first part of our three-part study on the development of brownfields policy in Wisconsin, we examine the regulatory history of the brownfields policy. We start with the 1978 Hazardous Substance Spill Law, the antecedent to the brownfields regulatory reform of the 1990s, and examine the interaction of policy entrepreneurs in both the public and the private sectors that has led to innovation. We follow this by exploring the response of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to reform efforts, looking at both how it anticipated and led some of the efforts and how it addressed demands placed on it by the state legislature and executive. We then discuss the central role that the state's Brownfields Study Group has played in moving...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brownfields; Policy innovation; Regulatory history; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10727

The Optimal Climate Policy Portfolio when Knowledge Spills Across Sectors
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper studies the implications for climate policy of the interactions between environmental and knowledge externalities. Using a numerical analysis performed with the hybrid integrated assessment model WITCH, extended to include mutual spillovers between the energy and the non-energy sector, we show that the combination between environmental and knowledge externalities provides a strong rationale for implementing a portfolio of policies for both emissions reduction and the internalisation of knowledge externalities. Moreover, we show that implementing technology policy as a substitute for stabilisation policy is likely to increase global emissions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Change; Development; Innovation; Spillovers; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28; O31; O41; Q54.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/92912

The Paparazzi Take a Look at a Living Legend: The SO2 Cap-and-Trade Program for Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) presents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. This paper provides an overview of the origins, design, and performance of the U.S. acid rain program, and an analysis of its specific features and its adaptability as a model for addressing other pollution problems, such as control of NOX or CO2 emissions. The program also has resulted in innovation through changes in organizational technology, in the organization of markets, and through experimentation at individual boilers, much of which arguably would...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Sulfur dioxide; SO2; Health benefits; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10665

Bargaining on Ecological Main Structures for Natural Pest Control: Modelling Land Use Regulations as Common Property Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nuppenau,   Ernst-August.
In this paper we argue that the loss of bio-diversity hould be of concern for farmers, though it seems to be of little or no concern to them at the moment. As diversity is a component of nature that controls the growth of pests, a loss of bio-diversity means increased exposure to pests, danger of crop failures and, in the long run, lower average yields and profits. So far farmers buy costly pesticides for compensating the reduction of bio-diversity. We argue that institutional problems are the reason why farmers are not concerned with bio-diversity, and show that under pure private property rights farmers have interest in pesticides and not in bio-diversity as a measure of crop protect because they have perhaps to devote land to the natural eco-system. In...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Common property management; Institution; Crop risk; Bio-diversity; Land Economics/Use; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25600

Equal Emissions per Capita over Time - A Proposal to Combine Responsibility and Equity of Rights
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
After Future climate policy regimes may be based on the Kyoto-Protocol or on other policy instruments such as carbon-taxes. Any effective regime based on the Protocol requires the determination of the concrete contributions by each Party. This involves namely the time of contribution and the quantification of the contribution itself. By now many proposals exist for the two issues, as for example thresholds like GDP per capita for the question of timing or emissions per capita for an allocation of emission rights. Based on the two justice principle responsibility and equity of rights that form the basis for the so-called Brazilian Proposal and Contraction &amp; Convergence respectively, a new approach is developed: Future emission rights are allocated on...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Brazilian Proposal; CDM; Contraction &amp; Convergence; Equity; Post 2012 climate regime; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26240

Using Environmental Benefit-Cost Analysis to Improve Government Performance
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Farrow,   Scott; Toman,   Michael.
In this paper we first describe the legal and administrative basis of mandates that variously require and eschew economic measures for environmental management. We then summarize the steps involved in benefit-cost analysis and what can and cannot be accomplished with such information. Our basic conclusion is that while the approach is not perfect, benefit-cost analysis has a solid methodological footing and provides a valuable performance measure for an important governmental function, improving the well-being of society. However, benefit-cost analysis requires analytical judgements which, if done poorly, can obfuscate an issue or worse, provide a refuge for scoundrels in the policy debate. We conclude the article with specific suggestions for both the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Environmental regulation; Regulatory reform; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; D61; H43.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10598

Emission Taxes and Tradable Permits: A Comparison of Views on Long Run Efficiency
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pezzey,   John C.V.
We compare three different views on the long run efficiencies of emission taxes which include thresholds, and of tradable emission permits where some permits are initially free. The differences are caused by different assumptions about whether thresholds and free permits should be subsidies given only to firms that produce, or full property rights. Treating tax thresholds, as well as free permits, as property rights would depart from the conventional view, but would allow greater flexibility in making economic instruments both efficient and acceptable. Such flexibility could be very important in achieving efficent control of greenhouse gas emissions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58198

Regulating Industrial Water Pollution in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Harrington,   Winston.
The performance of the industrial point-source water pollution abatement program in the U.S. Clean Water Act is examined. I begin with a brief description of the statute and then turn to a description of the process used to develop the rules that govern effluent discharges. This is followed by a discussion of the outcomes resulting from efforts to apply these rules to industrial pollutant sources. Two types of outcomes are considered: administrative outcomes and outcomes in the water. Last, the issue of implementation is discussed: how the Clean Water Act may have affected the incentives governing the behavior of industrial dischargers, municipal waste treatment plant operators, and regulators. Surprisingly, there is some evidence that the Clean Water Act,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Effluent guidelines; Indirect dischargers; Water quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10608

Valuing the Risk of Death and Injury from Landmines in Thailand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Barns,   Sandra A.; Cameron,   Michael P.; Gibson,   John; Lim,   Steven; Marsh,   Dan; Scrimgeour,   Frank G.; Tressler,   John.
This paper presents estimates of the benefits of clearing landmines in rural Thailand using the contingent-valuation (CV) method. The data came from a survey where we asked 341 respondents referendum-type questions that elicit their willingness to pay for landmine clearance. Our estimates imply a value of a statistical life of between US$0.2-0.3 million. The survey also provides estimates of the injury risk-death risk tradeoff and the implicit value of statistical injury. These estimates suggest that the value of lives and injuries saved from mine clearing is likely to be at least an order of magnitude greater than those used in existing studies of mine clearing. Linking a household expenditure survey involving the same sample enables the relationship...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Contingent valuation; Landmines; Value of statistical life; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Political Economy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; J17; J28; 022; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/97797

Water Pollution Taxes: A Good Idea Doomed to Failure?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James.
Water pollution taxes, or effluent fees, have long been advocated by environmental economists as a regulatory approach to cost effectively achieve water quality improvements. The article reviews the arguments in favor of taxes and traces the history of the idea in U.S. policy debates. Particular attention is given to the institutional challenges presented by a tax system and its application in watershed contexts where transport phenomena are important. The article also addresses the question of why effluent taxes are so rarely seen in practice.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Water quality; Effluent fees; Market-based incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10611

Using Incentives to Buy Land-Use Change in Agriculture for Environmental Benefits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pannell,   David J.
In general, the use of incentive payments to landholders in environmental programs is poorly thought through. This article discusses situations where environmental incentive payments are more likely to be a cost-effective response by environmental funders. It is proposed that incentives can be used in two broad ways: to encourage trialling of new practices by landholders, or to compensate landholders for losses resulting from land-use changes. It appears that environmental funders often do not pay sufficient attention to the differences between these two approaches. The first approach only makes sense if the new practices are 'adoptable', and so are expected to remain attractive to landholders beyond the trialling phase. The importance of adoptability and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental subsidies; Incentives; Externalities; Adoption of innovations; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; Q57; Q58; H23; H4.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25397

Asset Pricing in Created Markets for Fishing Quotas
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Papps,   Kerry L.; Sanchirico,   James N.
We investigate the applicability of the present-value asset pricing model to fishing quota markets by applying instrumental variable panel data estimation techniques to 15 years of market transactions from New Zealand's individual fishing quota market. In addition to the influence of current fishing rents (as measured by lease prices), we explore the effect of market interest rates, risk, and expected changes in future rents on quota asset prices. Controlling for these other factors, the results support a fairly simple relationship between quota asset and contemporaneous lease prices. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the results indicate that quota asset prices are positively related to declines in interest rates, lower levels of risk, expected...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradable permits; Individual transferable fishing quota; Asset pricing; Fisheries; Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28; D40; L10.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10639

Comparing the Effectiveness of Regulation and Pro-Social Emotions to Enhance Cooperation: Experimental Evidence from Fishing Communities in Colombia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lopez,   Maria Claudia; Murphy,   James J.; Spraggon,   John M.; Stranlund,   John K.
This paper presents the results from a series of framed field experiments conducted in fishing communities off the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The goal is to investigate the relative effectiveness of exogenous regulatory pressure and pro-social emotions in promoting cooperative behavior in a public goods context. The random public revelation of an individual’s contribution and its consequences for the rest of the group leads to significantly higher public good contributions and social welfare than regulatory pressure, even under regulations that are designed to motivate fully efficient contributions.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Public goods; Field experiments; Pro-social emotions; Social dilemma; Regulation; Enforcement.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C93; H41; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/53126

The likely regional impacts of an agricultural emissions policy in New Zealand: Preliminary analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sin,   Isabelle; Brunton,   Emma; Hendy,   Joanna; Kerr,   Suzi.
Hendy and Kerr (2005b) find that an emissions charge on agricultural methane and nitrous oxide of $25 per tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent would be likely to reduce New Zealand‘s net land-use related emissions for commitment period one in the order of 3%, with full accounting. The costs per farmer and as a percentage of profit would be very high. This paper considers the regional impacts of such a policy in New Zealand by allocating the emission charge across space according to the location of animals. We then combine our emissions charge information with data on the socio-economic characteristics of the affected areas. Obviously rural areas are heavily affected. In many respects, for example median income, ethnic mix, and percentage of working...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Land use; Social impacts; Methane; Nitrous oxide; Dairy; Sheep; Beef; Distribution of costs; Regional; Agribusiness; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Livestock Production/Industries; Q25; Q28; R14.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98506

How Large Are the Welfare Gains from Technological Innovation Induced by Environmental Policies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.; Fischer,   Carolyn.
This paper examines whether the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces future abatement costs are larger or smaller than the “Pigouvian” welfare gains from optimal pollution control. The relative welfare gains from innovation depend on three key factors ¾ the initially optimal level of abatement, the speed at which innovation reduces future abatement costs, and the discount rate. We calculate the welfare gains from innovation under a variety of different scenarios. Mostly they are less than the Pigouvian welfare gains. To be greater, innovation must reduce abatement costs substantially and quickly and the initially optimal abatement level must be fairly modest.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Welfare; Regulation; Endogenous; Technological; Change; R&amp;D; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q28; O32; O33.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10448

Controlling Ozone and Fine Particulates: Cost Benefit Analysis with Meteorological Variability
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Bergin,   Michelle S.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Russell,   Armistead G.
In this paper, we develop an integrated cost-benefit analysis framework for ozone and fine particulate control, accounting for variability and uncertainty. The framework includes air quality simulation, sensitivity analysis, stochastic multi-objective air quality management, and stochastic cost-benefit analysis. This paper has two major contributions. The first is the development of stochastic source-receptor (S-R) coefficient matrices for ozone and fine particulate matter using an advanced air quality simulation model (URM-1ATM) and an efficient sensitivity algorithm (DDM-3D). The second is a demonstration of this framework for alternative ozone and PM2.5 reduction policies. Alternative objectives of the stochastic air quality management model include...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ambient air; Ozone; Particulate matter; Risk management; Public policy; Cost-benefit analysis; Variability and uncertainty; Stochastic simulation; Stochastic multi-objective programming; Decision-making; National Ambient Air Quality Standards; Environmental Economics and Policy; C6; Q2; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10735

The Benefits and Costs of Informal Sector Pollution Control: Mexican Brick Kilns
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Newbold,   Stephen C.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang; Cook,   Joseph H.
In developing countries, urban clusters of manufacturers which are "informal"-small-scale, unlicensed and virtually unregulated-can have severe environmental impacts. Yet pollution control efforts have traditionally focused on large industrial sources, in part because the problem is not well understood. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of four practical strategies for reducing emissions from traditional brick kilns in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. To our knowledge, it is the first such analysis of informal sources. We find very significant net benefits for three of the four control strategies. These results suggest that informal polluters should be a high priority for environmental regulators.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Informal sector; Air pollution; US-Mexico Border; Brick kiln; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O17; O54; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10532

Using Alternative Regulatory Instruments to Control Fixed Point Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
Should developing countries eschew conventional command and control regulatory instruments that are increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on 'alternative' instruments based on economic incentives and community pressure? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to fixed point air pollution. The paper discusses the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of alternative instruments, reviews both industrialized country and developing country experiences with them, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that regulators in developing countries typically operate under severe financial and institutional constraints. Given these constraints, pure economic incentive instruments are generally not practical since they involve...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market based instruments; Economic incentives; Informal regulation; Developing country; Industrial air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; O13.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10689

Taxes Versus Quantities for a Stock Pollutant with Endogenous Abatement Costs and Asymmetric Information
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhang,   Jiangfeng.
Non-strategic firms with rational expectations make investment and emissions decisions. The investment rule depends on firms’ beliefs about future emissions policies. We compare emissions taxes and quotas when the (strategic) regulator and (nonstrategic) firms have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and all agents use Markov Perfect decision rules. Emissions taxes create a secondary distortion at the investment stage, unless a particular condition holds; emissions quotas do not create a secondary distortion. We solve a linear-quadratic model calibrated to represent the problem of controlling greenhouse gasses. The endogeneity of abatement capital favors taxes, and it increases abatement.
Tipo: Thesis or Dissertation
Palavras-chave: Pollution control; Investment; Asymmetric information; Rational expectations; Choice of instruments; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; C61; D8; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42877

Forest Carbon Sinks: European Union, Japanese, and Canadian Approaches
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Amano,   Masahiro; Sedjo,   Roger A.
This report compares the approaches of the governments of Japan, Canada, and the European Union member countries toward using carbon sinks to meet their respective Kyoto Protocol carbon reduction targets. Various policies have been proposed by which governments can sequester carbon by promoting afforestation and reforestation, slowing deforestation, and undertaking forest management activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4. At this time, carbon emissions reduction programs are still under development, both within individual countries and within the context of the protocol. Although some of the details have been worked out, concrete definitions are often still lacking, especially as regards impermanence of forests, additionality, leakage, and socioeconomic and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate; Sinks; Kyoto Protocol; Forestry; Canada; Japan; European Union; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F01; Q23; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10913

Analysis of Participation in Multifunctional Agriculture:  U.S. Rice Farms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tur Cardona,   Juan; Wailes,   Eric J.; Dixon,   Bruce L.; Danforth,   Diana M.
Multifunctional agriculture is particularly fundamental to some working lands conservation policies and programs, such as the Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP), Conservation Security Program (CSP) and Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP). Farmers can also be engaged in providing recreational and agri-tourism services such as hunting, fishing, bird-watching, farm tours, petting zoos and hospitality services. Using the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) we analyze factors associated with participation in conservation, recreation and agri-tourism activities as a function of farm structure, farm financial measures, production practices, and socio-demographic characteristics of the farm operator. To estimate the functional...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Multifunctional agriculture; Agri-environmental policy; Rice; Logistic model; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Crop Production/Industries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q18; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119750

Designing REDD+ Schemes to Address Permanence Concerns: Empirical Evidence from Kenya
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Veronesi,   Marcella; Schlondorn,   Tim; Zabel,   Astrid; Engel,   Stefanie.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an important topic in the debate on policies to mitigate climate change. This is the first study to test and compare the environmental impact of different REDD+ payment schemes in the field, and provide some insights on the effectiveness of different policies with respect to the permanence of forest-based emission reductions. This study implements a stated preference experiment of time allocation in the unique setting of the Kasigau Corridor REDD+ Project in Kenya, where charcoaling is a major source of forest degradation. The impact on time allocation is analyzed under the presumption that a hypothetical agricultural policy or an eco-charcoaling policy was introduced. We find that a...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: REDD; Permanence; Deforestation; Labor; Kenya; International Development; I38; J22; O13; Q18; Q23; Q28; Q56.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124131

Market-Based Instruments for the Optimal Control of Invasive Insect Species: B. Tabaci in Arizona
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Richards,   Timothy J.; Ellsworth,   Peter; Tronstad,   Russell; Naranjo,   Steve.
Invasive insect species represent perhaps one of the most significant potential sources of economic risk to U.S. agricultural production.  Private control of invasive insect species is likely to be insufficient due to negative externality and weaker-link public good problems.  In this study, we compare a system of Pigouvian taxes with tradable permits for invasive species control.  While the emissions control literature shows that taxes are preferred to permits under cost uncertainty, invasive species control involves correlated cost and benefit uncertainty, so we expect a quantity-based system to be preferred.  Monte Carlo simulations of optimal steady-state outcomes confirm our expectations.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Externalities; Invasive species; Optimal control; Permits; Spatial-temporal model; Taxes.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; H23; L51; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61189

Cost Heterogeneity and the Potential Savings from Market-Based Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Stavins,   Robert N.
Policy makers and policy analysts are frequently faced with situations where it is unclear whether market-based instruments hold real promise of reducing costs, relative to conventional command-and-control approaches. We develop rules-of-thumb that can be employed with minimal amounts of information to estimate the potential cost savings associated with marketbased policies, with an application to the environmental policy realm. Our hope is that these simple formulae can aid policy analysts and policy makers in the early stages of exploring alternative policy instruments by helping them identify approaches that merit greater attention and more detailed analysis. We illustrate the use of the rules-of-thumb with an application to nitrogen oxides control in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Policy instruments; Cost-effective; Market-based; Tradable permits; Uniform standards; Industrial Organization; Q28; Q38.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10577

Environmental Services Programs for the Chesapeake Bay
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Shabman,   Leonard A.; Rose,   Bob; Stephenson,   Kurt.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Ecosystem Services; Payment for Ecosystem Services; Water Quality; Chesapeake Bay; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q53; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117405

The Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation Payments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ferraro,   Paul J.; Simpson,   R. David.
Intact ecosystems provide important global services. Many valuable ecosystems are located in low-income countries in which citizens are not in a position to provide global public goods gratis. To address this problem, international conservation and development donors have been making substantial investments in habitat conservation. Among the more common conservation schemes are interventions aimed at encouraging commercial activities that produce ecosystem services as joint products. We argue that it would be more cost-effective to pay for conservation performance directly. We use a simple yet general model to establish three conclusions. First, the overall cost of conservation is least when direct payments are employed. Second, the donor will generally...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Conservation; Cost-effective; Incentives; Agricultural Finance; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10800

Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stavins,   Robert N.
Environmental policies typically combine the identification of a goal with some means to achieve that goal. This chapter for the forthcoming Handbook of Environmental Economics focuses exclusively on the second component, the means - the "instruments" - of environmental policy, and considers, in particular, experience around the world with the relatively new breed of economic-incentive or market-based policy instruments. I define these instruments broadly, and consider them within four categories: charge systems; tradable permits; market friction reductions; and government subsidy reductions. Within charge systems, I consider: effluent charges, deposit-refund systems, user charges, insurance premium taxes, sales taxes, administrative charges, and tax...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market-based policy; Economic incentives; Tradable permits; Emission taxes; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10909

Research on Socioeconomic Impacts of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Alberta
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Adamowicz,   Wiktor L.; Arnot,   C.; Boxall,   Peter C.; Dridi,   Chokri; Goddard,   Ellen W.; Jordan,   M.; Forbes,   K.; Laate,   K.; Myshaniuk,   K.; Parlee,   B.; Petigara,   M.; Unterschultz,   James R.; Zimmer,   N.
This report summarizes a series of projects undertaken by staff and students in the Department of Rural Economy which examine various socio-economic aspects of chronic wasting disease and its effect on a range of stakeholders in Alberta. The four projects included exploring impacts on the cervid farming industry, hunters, the general Albertan public, and certain Aboriginal groups. General results from these studies are presented with references that provide a more thorough analysis and discussion.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Chronic wasting disease; Socio-economic impacts; Aboriginals; Farming industry; Livestock Production/Industries; Production Economics; Q12; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98686

The Precautionary Principle Revisited: Its Interpretations and their Conservation Consequences
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tisdell,   Clement A.
The precautionary principle was included in 1992 in the Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development and is a part of important international agreements and documents, for example, the Convention on Biological Diversity. Yet the interpretation of this principle is not straightforward as a guide for environmental policy – a variety of interpretations are possible. This paper identifies and examines various economic versions of the principle. Furthermore, it shows that different economic versions of the principle can give rise to conflicting policy recommendations for resource conservation. In addition, it demonstrates that applications of the principle do not always favour (natural) resource conservation (for example, biodiversity conservation) although...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Biodiversity; Conservation; Climate change; Flexibility; Learning; Precautionary principle; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q28; Q3; H43.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55339

Are Preferences for Environmental Quality Sensitive to Financial Funding Schemes? Evidence from a Marine Restoration Programme in the Black Sea
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Remoundou,   Kyriaki; Koundouri,   Phoebe; Adaman,   Fikret; Nunes,   Paulo A.L.D.
This paper uses a non-market valuation study to elicit consumers’ preferences for a marine restoration programme in the Black Sea aiming to reduce the level of public health risk from bathing and improve water quality and the overall level of marine biodiversity. In this context, we administer a stated choice experiment in coastal settlements in Ukraine and Turkey and employ two tax revenue reallocation schemes as payment vehicles. One proposes the financing of the marine restoration programme by the reduction of the public budget for renewable energy and the second by the reduction of the public budget on training for civil servants. We examine the stated preferences and the subsequently derived economic value estimates in the two treatments with the aim...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Non-Market Valuation; Stated Choice Experiment; Payment Vehicle; Tax Revenues Reallocation; Marine Resources; Black Sea; Marine Biodiversity; Developing Countries; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/108204

The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Jenkins,   Robin R.; Martinez,   Salvador A.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Podolsky,   Michael J.
This paper examines the impact of two popular solid waste programs on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the residential solid waste stream. We examine a unique, national, household-level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. We find that access to curbside recycling has a significant and substantial positive effect on the percentage recycled of all five materials and that the level of this effect varies across different materials. The length of the recycling program's life has a significant and positive effect on two of the five materials and a mandatory recycling requirement does not affect any materials. The level...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Solid waste; Recycling; Unit pricing; Incentives; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H31.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10798

Multi-Period Emissions Trading in the Electricity Sector - Winners and Losers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
Emission trading has become recently more and more import in environmental regulation. In the context of controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the directive on a Europewide trading scheme for large immobile sources may be perceived as one of the most important milestones in recent years. Prior to its start, however, a number of very specific design features have to be agreed upon. In the political discussion, the question of how to allocate emission rights is considered as one of the most important issues. So far, a distribution (almost) free of charge is the option of choice. An aspect that has interestingly attracted little attention in the past is the question of how to allocate emission rights over time. This may for example be done on the basis of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Abatement costs; Allocation of GHG allowances; Benchmark; Compliance costs; Electricity sector; Multi-period emission trading; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; H25; L20; L52; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26314

On the Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the International Climate Regime
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven; Jung,   Martina.
As GHG emissions did not decline as anticipated early of the 1990ties Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) recently gained more and more attention as a climate change mitigation option. However, CO2 suppressed in geological reservoirs is likely to lead to future releases of the CO2 stored. This "non-permanence" must be considered if an environmentally sound policy is desired. Against this background, the present article analyses a potential integration of CCS in the international climate regime. It is based on existing rules and modalities regarding non-permanence of sequestration in the Land use, Land-use change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector. Interestingly, the experience from LULUCF has almost completely been neglected during the discussion on CCS. We argue...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage; Permanence; Sequestration; LULUCF; Climate Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q38; Q48.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26279

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) - Liability for Non-Permanence under the UNFCCC
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven; Jung,   Martina.
Prior to CoP 10, our discussion paper "On the Integration of Carbon Capture and Storage into the International Climate Regime" argued that carbon capture and storage (CCS) was similar to carbon sequestration in the area of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). This was criticized by several readers who observed that treating CCS as a removal activity (sink) would not be compatible with the UNFCCC sink definition, what we already had mentioned in the paper. The present paper is based on the UNFCCC definition and analyses how CCS could be integrated into the climate regime. As CO2 may re-enter the atmosphere after injection into geological reservoirs, the question of long-term liability has to be considered. Apart from this aspect, additional...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage; CDM; Climate Change; UNFCCC; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q40.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26131

Market Power in Tradable Emission Markets: A Laboratory Testbed for Emission Trading in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cason,   Timothy N.; Gangadharan,   Lata; Duke,   Charlotte.
In theory, competitive emission permit markets minimise total abatement cost for any emission ceiling. Permit markets are often imperfectly competitive, however, if they are thin and dominated by large firms. The dominant firm(s) could exercise market power and increase other firms’ costs of pollution control, while reducing their own emission control costs. This paper reports a testbed laboratory experiment to examine whether a dominant firm can exercise market power in a permit market organised using the double auction trading institution. Our parameters approximate the abatement costs of sources in a proposed tradable emissions market for the reduction of nitrogen in the Port Phillip Watershed in Victoria, Australia. We vary across treatments the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Market Power; Emission Permits; Experiments; Environmental Regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; C91; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57841

Discussion: Water Scarcity–Future Uses and Implications for Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Willis,   David B.
The three articles presented at this invited session examine the evolution of water policy planning and the implementation of regulatory tools to achieve water conservation objectives. Two articles focus on Texas water issues and the third focuses on the Georgia planning experience. Each article clearly illustrates the value of sharing advances in hydrologic and economic modeling with local community stakeholder groups to facilitate the credible development of regional water management plans. Moreover, each article hints that stronger regulatory tools may be needed to achieve long-run policy objectives.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conservation; Regulation; Water policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113530

Environmental Information Disclosure: Three Cases of Policy and Politics
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beierle,   Thomas C.
One of the most notable innovations in environmental management in the past 15 years has been the use of environmental information disclosure as a strategy for improving firms’ environmental performance. Following the Environmental Protection Agency’s success with the Toxics Release Inventory, the agency and Congress initiated a number of other disclosure initiatives. This discussion paper documents the experience of three of these: risk management planning, materials accounting, and the Sector Facility Indexing Project. The paper examines the benefits and costs of these programs, their effectiveness, and the dynamics by which disclosure works.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Disclosure; Toxics Release Inventory; Risk management planning; Materials accounting; Sector Facility Indexing Project; Right-to-know; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10527

Optimal Soil Management and Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Oueslati,   Walid.
This paper studies the effects of environmental policy on the farmer’s soil optimal management. We consider a dynamic economic model of soil erosion where the intensity use of inputs allows the farmer to control soil losses. Therefore, inputs use induces a pollution which is accentuated by the soil fragility. We show, at the steady state, that environmental tax induces a more conservative farmer behavior for soil, but in some cases it can exacerbates pollution. These effects can be moderated when farmer introduces abatement activity.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Soil erosion; Pollution; Environmental policy; Optimal soil conservation; Abatement activities; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q24; Q28; Q52; H23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24533

Are Emissions Permits Regressive?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
Grandfathered emissions permits redistribute income to wealthy households by creating firm rents that ultimately accrue to shareholders. Consequently, they can be highly regressive, even if the poor do not have large budget shares for polluting goods. Using an analytical model, this paper estimates the burden borne by different income groups when emissions permits are used to control power plant emissions of carbon, SO2, and NOx. We also compare the burden borne by poor households under permits with that under emissions taxes, performance standards, technology mandates, and input taxes. And we show how the social costs of policies differ from efficiency costs when society has aversion to inequality.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Equity effects; Pollution controls; Emissions permits; Social welfare function; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H22; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10523

The Promotion of Rural Tourism in Korea and Other East Asia Countries: Policies and Implementation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lee,   Jae-Ouk; Thomson,   Kenneth J.
Within a context of global trade liberalisation and constrained national budgets, agriculture in many countries has proved incapable of sustaining household livelihoods an d socio-economic development in rural areas. The post-war industrial success of several Asian countries has suggested various alternatives for rural development, including tourism for domestic and possibly foreign visitors. After outlining the economic characteristics of rural tourism and its policies, this paper reviews the evolution of government policies in this area in East Asia, including the establishment of "tourist farms" and "pilot scheme" villages in Korea since the 1980s. A field survey of some 200 Korean village leaders and others, undertaken in 2004, is reported as to the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural tourism; Korea; East Asia; Tourism policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O18; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25769

Banking Permits: Economic Efficiency and Distributional Effects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele.
Most analyses of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms focus on the cost effectiveness of “where” flexibility (e.g. by showing that mitigation costs are lower in a global permit market than in regional markets or in permit markets confined to Annex 1 countries). Less attention has been devoted to “when” flexibility, i.e. to the benefits of allowing emission permit traders to bank their permits for future use. In the model presented in this paper, banking of carbon allowances in a global permit market is fully endogenised, i.e. agents may decide to bank permits by taking into account their present and future needs and the present and future decisions of all the other agents. It is therefore possible to identify under what conditions traders find it optimal to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission Trading; Banking; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6362

Accidents Waiting to Happen: Liability Policy and Toxic Pollution Releases
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alberini,   Anna; Austin,   David H.
Proponents of environmental policies based on liability assert that strict liability imposed on the polluter will induce firms to handle hazardous wastes properly and to avoid disposing them into the environment. Economic theory and a few well-publicized cases, however, suggest that a number of factors may dilute the incentives posed by strict liability. In this paper, we run regressions relating unintended releases of pollution into the environment (aggregated at the state level, and followed over nine years from 1987 to 1995) to the imposition of strict liability on the polluter, exploiting variation across states in the liability provisions of their mini-Superfund laws, and in the years these were adopted. We experiment with instrumental variable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Strict liability; Toxic spills; Policy endogeneity; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; C33; K32.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10450

Enforcing Environmental Regulation: Implications of Remote Sensing Technology
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: MacAuley,   Molly K.; Brennan,   Timothy J.
We review economic models of environmental protection and regulatory enforcement to highlight several attributes that are particularly likely to benefit from new enforcement technologies such as remote sensing using satellites in space. These attributes include the quantity and quality of information supplied by the new technologies; the accessibility of the information to regulators, regulatees, and third parties; the cost of the information; and whether the process of information collection can be concealed from the observer. Satellite remote sensing is likely to influence all of these attributes and in general, improve the efficacy of enforcement.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental regulation; New technologies; Remote sensing; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10464

Implementing the Clean Development Mechanism: Lessons from U.S. Private-Sector Participation in Activities Implemented Jointly
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lile,   Ronald D.; Powell,   Mark R.; Toman,   Michael.
The "Clean Development Mechanism" (CDM) contained in the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides, for the first time, the capacity for industrialized countries to claim credits for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions or offsets undertaken in cooperation with host developing countries. However, the Protocol provides no guidance on how these cooperative activities for GHG reduction and sustainable development would be undertaken in practice, including the particularly important issue of the relationship of the private sector vis-à-vis government institutions in designing, financing, and securing approval for jointly implemented GHG abatement projects. The pilot program for "Activities...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Joint implementation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; F21.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10868

Initial Allocation Effects in Permit Markets with Bertrand Output Oligopoly
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Calford,   Evan M.; Heinzel,   Christoph; Betz,   Regina.
We analyse the efficiency effects of the initial permit allocation given to firms with market power in both permit and output market. We examine two models: a long- run model with endogenous technology and capacity choice, and a short-run model with fixed technology and capacity. In the long run, quantity pre-commitment with Bertrand competition can yield Cournot outcomes also under emissions trading. In the short run, Bertrand output competition reproduces the effects derived under Cournot competition, but displays higher pass-through profits. In a second-best setting of overallocation, a tighter emissions target tends to improve permit-market efficiency in the short run.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Initial permit allocation; Bertrand competition; EU ETS; Endogenous technology choice; Kreps and Scheinkman; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; L13; Q28; D43.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/95066

What Has Kyoto Wrought? The Real Architecture of International Tradable Permit Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hahn,   Robert W.; Stavins,   Robert N.
We investigate a central issue in the climate change debate associated with the Kyoto Protocol: the likely performance of international greenhouse gas trading mechanisms. Virtually all design studies and many projections of the costs of meeting the Kyoto targets have assumed that an international trading program can be established that minimizes the costs of meeting overall goals. This conclusion rests on several simplifying assumptions. We focus on one important issue that has received little, if any, attention: the interaction between an international trading regime and a heterogeneous set of domestic greenhouse policy instruments. This is an important issue because the Protocol explicitly provides for domestic sovereignty regarding instrument choice,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Tradable permits; International policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10747

Research Frontiers in the Economics of Climate Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Toman,   Michael.
Academic and policy debates over climate change risks and policies have stimulated economic research in a variety of fields. In this article I briefly discuss eight overlapping areas of current research in which further effort particularly is warranted. These areas include decision criteria for policy; risk assessment and adaptation; uncertainty and learning; abatement cost and the innovation and diffusion of technology; and the credibility of policies and international agreements. Further analysis in these areas not only will advance academic understanding but also will provide insights of considerable importance to policymakers.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Sustainable development; Integrated assessment; Environmental uncertainty; Environmental policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10507

MARKET-BASED SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: DISCUSSION
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Woodward,   Richard T.
There is rapidly growing interest in the use of market-based (MB) instruments in environmental policy. The papers in this session discuss three relatively new areas for such policies: groundwater contamination, nonpoint source surface-water pollution and carbon sequestration. The papers point out the potential for MB policies in these areas, but significant challenges remain. This comment highlights challenges related to five issues: monitoring and enforcement, trading ratios, baselines, transaction costs, and risk and uncertainty. All these issues must be addressed before MB policies can take the full step from economic theory to regulatory reality.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Global warming; Carbon sequestration; Groundwater contamination; Nonpoint pollution; Effluent trading; Tradable emissions permits; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; Q28; Q25.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15501

Accidents Waiting to Happen: Liability Policy and Toxic Pollution Releases
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Alberini,   Anna; Austin,   David H.
Proponents of environmental policies based on liability assert that strict liability imposed on polluters induces firms to handle hazardous wastes properly. We run regressions relating unintended pollution releases to strict liability imposed on polluters, exploiting variation across states and over time in the liability provisions of state mini-Superfund laws. Strict liability reduces the frequency and severity of pollution releases, provided it is modeled endogenously with the latter. Its effects vary with firm size. Partially sheltered from liability, small firms may have specialized in riskier production processes, but their number has not necessarily grown in response to the states' liability policy.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Strict liability; Negligence; Hazardous waste; State environmental policy; Endogenous policy adoption; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; D72; K13.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10518

A Model of Producer Incentives for Livestock Disease Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ranjan,   Ram; Lubowski,   Ruben N.
We examine the management of livestock diseases from the producers' perspective, incorporating information and incentive asymmetries between producers and regulators. Using a dynamic model, we examine responses to different policy options including indemnity payments, subsidies to report at-risk animals, monitoring, and regulatory approaches to decreasing infection risks when perverse incentives and multiple policies interact. This conceptual analysis illustrates the importance of designing efficient combinations of regulatory and incentive-based policies.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Livestock disease; Asymmetric information; Reporting; Indemnities; Risk management; Livestock Production/Industries; C61; D82; Q12; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15653

Fiscal Interactions and the Costs of Controlling Pollution from Electricity
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper quantifies the costs of controlling SO2, carbon, and NOx emissions from power generation, accounting for interactions between environmental policies and the broader fiscal system. We distinguish a dirty technology (coal) that satisfies baseload demand and a clean technology (gas) that is used during peak periods, and we distinguish sectors with and without regulated prices. Estimated emissions control costs are substantially lower than in previous models of fiscal interactions that assume a single, constant returns technology and competitive pricing. The results are reasonably robust to alternative scenarios, such as full price deregulation and market power in the deregulated sector.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity generation; Pollution control; Fiscal interventions; Price regulation; Multiple technology; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H21; H23; L94.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10785

Marine Protected Areas in Fisheries Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Greenville,   Jared W.; MacAulay,   T. Gordon.
The use of protected areas as a fishery management tool has been suggested as a hedge against management failures and variation in harvests. A stochastic bioeconomic model of a two-species fishery will be used to test the performance of protected areas as a management tool in a fishery with heterogenous environments. Protected areas are analysed under density-dependent and sink-source dispersal relationships between environments within the fishery. The model is applied to Manning Bioregion in NSW. Protected area performance as a tool for fisheries will be analysed given the existing management arrangement. The focus of the study is placed on the biological and economic characteristics that yield benefits to the fishery.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Fisheries; Fisheries management; Bioeconomics; Marine protected areas; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q2; Q22; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25532

Do Current U.S. Ethanol Policies Make Sense?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yano,   Yuki; Blandford,   David; Surry,   Yves R.
Tipo: Report
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Q48; Q42; Q27; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93686

Water sharing for the environment and agriculture in the Broken catchment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Farquharson,   Robert J.; Ramilan,   Thiagarajah; Stewardson,   Michael; Beverly,   Craig; Vietz,   Geoff; George,    Brendan; Dassanyake,   K.; Sammonds,   M.
The Commonwealth of Australia Water Act 2007 changed the priority for water use in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) to first ensure environmentally sustainable levels of extraction and then to maximise net economic returns to the community from water use. The Murray- Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) is expected to deliver a draft Basin Plan in 2011 providing a framework for future water planning. The Plan will include Sustainable Diversion Limits (SDLs) which define water diversions for consumption while maintaining environmental assets and ecosystem functions. The 2009 MDBA Concept Statement acknowledged that in some areas less information is available to determine the SDLs. The 2010 MDBA Guide to the Basin Plan proposed SDLs reducing the current long-term...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Water sharing; Environment; Agriculture; Murray-Darling Basin; Broken catchment; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100547

How Does Climate Policy Affect Technical Change? An Analysis of the Direction and Pace of Technical Progress in a Climate-Economy Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; Massetti,   Emanuele; Nicita,   Lea.
This paper analyses whether and how a climate policy designed to stabilize greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is likely to change the direction and pace of technical progress. The analysis is performed using an upgraded version of WITCH, a dynamic integrated regional model of the world economy. In this version, a non-energy R&amp;D Sector, which enhances the productivity of the capital-labor aggregate, has been added to the energy R&amp;D sector included in the original WITCH model. We find that, as a consequence of climate policy, R&amp;D is re-directed towards energy knowledge. Nonetheless, total R&amp;D investments decrease, due to a more than proportional contraction of non-energy R&amp;D. Indeed, when non-energy and energy inputs are weakly...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; R&amp;D Investments; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50357

Alternative Paths toward a Low Carbon World
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Policy; Stabilization Costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90948

Fixed Instruments to Cope with Stock Externalities An Experimental Evaluation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Giordana,   Gaston A.; Willinger,   Marc.
We evaluate the effectiveness of non optimal and temporally inconsistent incentive policies for regulating the exploitation of a renewable common-pool resource. The corresponding game is an N-person discrete-time deterministic dynamic game of T periods fixed duration. Three policy instruments with parameters that remain constant for the whole horizon are evaluated: a pigouvian tax (flat tax), an ambient tax (ambient flat tax) and an instrument combining the two previous ones (mixed flat instrument). We test in the lab the predictions of the model solved for 3 distinct behavioural assumptions: (a) sub-game perfection, (b) myopic behaviour, and (c) joint payoff maximization. We find that subjects behave myopically in the unregulated situation, which agrees...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Policy Instruments; Renewable Common-pool Resources; Dynamic Externalities; Experimental Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D9; D62; H23; H26; H30; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9103

Working Farm Participation and Acreage Enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lambert,   Dayton M.; Sullivan,   Patrick; Claassen,   Roger.
Among Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) participants, there is a distinction between farm households using the program to ease out of farming and those using the program to augment production receipts. We find evidence that factors other than crop or livestock revenue and environmental factors are associated with program participation and acreage enrollment among farmers who continue agricultural production. Program payments and farm size are positively associated with the amount of land enrolled in the CRP, and characteristics of participants in land retirement and working-lands CRP components are similar.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Acreage enrollment; Conservation Reserve Program; Land retirement; Program participation; Working farms; Working-land conservation; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6620

Analysis of Participation in Multifunctional Agriculture:  U.S. Rice Farms
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tur Cardona,   Juan; Wailes,   Eric J.; Dixon,   Bruce L.; Danforth,   Diana M.
Multifunctional agriculture is particularly fundamental to some working lands conservation policies and programs, such as the Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP), Conservation Security Program (CSP) and Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP). Farmers can also be engaged in providing recreational and agri-tourism services such as hunting, fishing, bird-watching, farm tours, petting zoos and hospitality services. Using the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) we analyze factors associated with participation in conservation, recreation and agri-tourism activities as a function of farm structure, farm financial measures, production practices, and socio-demographic characteristics of the farm operator. To estimate the functional...
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Multifunctional agriculture; Agri-environmental policy; Rice; Logistic model; Agricultural and Food Policy; Land Economics/Use; Q18; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119768

Welfare Gains under Tradeable CO₂ Permits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Liu,   Xuemei.
Most environmentalists favor the reduction in CO2 emissions but oppose international trade in emissions permits Although economic theory provides a strong case in favor of trade in permits) there is little empirical evidence of the size of potential benefits. We estimate the benefits of this trade for OECD countries.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradeable permits; Greenhouse gasses; Carbon reductions; Environmental Economics and Policy; F17; Q28; Q43.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6254

Eficácia e evolução dos indicadores socioeconômicos de famílias beneficiadas pelo programa de combate à pobreza rural /Projeto São José no Estado do Ceará
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Khan,   Ahmad Saeed; Silva,   Lucia Maria Ramos.
The objective of this study was to verify the evolution of economic indicators of the families, living in 27 communities, benefited by Rural Poverty Reduction Program in the state of Ceará. For this purpose, the years of 1998 (base year) and 2001 were selected. The information was obtained from the beneficiaries of projects such as water supply, rural electrification, agriculture mechanization and land reform. The results allowed to conclude that there was an improvement in living conditions, acquisition of durable goods and income level of population benefited by the Program. Also, comparison between per capita income of these families and rural population of the state was made.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Efficacy; Welfare; Ceará; Agribusiness; Q12; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61927

Regulating Stock Externalities Under Uncertainty
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Pizer,   William A.
Using a simple analytical model incorporating benefits of a stock, costs of adjusting the stock, and uncertainty in costs, we uncover several important principles governing the choice of price-based policies (e.g., taxes) relative to quantity-based policies (e.g., tradable permits) for controlling stock externalities. Applied to the problem of greenhouse gases and climate change, we find that a price-based instrument generates several times the expected net benefits of a quantity instrument. As in Weitzman (1974), the relative slopes of the marginal benefits and costs of controlling the externality continue to be critical determinants of the efficiency of prices relative to quantities, with flatter marginal benefits and steeper marginal costs favoring...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stock; Externality; Regulation; Policy; Uncertainty; Price; Quantity; Tax; Tradable permit; Pollution; Climate change; Greenhouse Gas; Instrument choice; Risk and Uncertainty; Q28; D81; C61.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10471

Do Lower Prices For Polluting Goods Make Environmental Externalities Worse?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Brennan,   Timothy J.
Lower prices for polluting goods will increase their sales and the pollution that results from their production or use. Conventional intuition suggests that this relationship implies a greater need for environmental policy when prices of "dirty" goods fall. But the economic inefficiency resulting overproduction of polluting goods may fall, not rise, as the cost of producing those goods falls. While lower costs exacerbate overproduction, they also reduce the difference between private benefit and the total social cost--the sum of private and external costs--associated with that overproduction. We derive a test, based on readily observed or estimated parameters for conditions in which the latter effect outweighs the former. In such cases, making a dirty good...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Regulatory policy; Externalities; Electricity restructuring; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; L51; L94.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10776

Food or Fuel? Choices and Conflicts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Elam,   Thomas E.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Ethanol; Corn Prices; Biofuels Policy; Tax Credits; RFS; Food versus Fuel; Food Security and Poverty; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q28; Q11.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94664

Marion Clawson's Contribution to Forestry
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.
Marion Clawson passed away in April 1998 at the age of 92. He was a giant in the field of resource and environmental economics who devoted the last decade and one-half of his professional career to forest and forest related issues. He produced over 30 professional books and hundreds of papers. This paper presents a broad overview of his career as an economist, with a focus on his work in and influence on forestry and forest policy. From the early 1970s through to his last professional book in 1983, and his final professional contributions in the mid 1990s, Clawson devoted most of his professional efforts to forest issues. His influence on forests and forest policy was substantial, especially in the context of public policy toward America's publicly owned...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Marion Clawson; Forest; Economics; Resources; Policy; Timber; Recreation; History; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; B31; Q10; Q20; Q23; Q24; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10755

Temporal Reliability of Estimates from Contingent Valuation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carson,   Richard T.; Hanemann,   W. Michael; Kopp,   Raymond J.; Krosnick,   Jon A.; Mitchell,   Robert C.; Presser,   Stanley; Ruud,   Paul A.; Smith,   V. Kerry.
In 1992 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) convened a panel of prominent social scientists to assess the reliability of natural resource damage estimates derived from contingent valuation (CV). The product of the panel's deliberations was a report that laid out a set of recommended guidelines for CV survey design, administration, and data analysis. This paper focuses on one of these guidelines -- the Panel's call for the "temporal averaging" of willingness-to-pay (WTP) responses obtained from CV surveys as one method for increasing their reliability. The panel suggested: "Time dependent measurement noise should be reduced by averaging across independently drawn samples taken at different points in time. A clear and substantial time...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contingent valuation; Natural resource damages; Passive use; Exxon Valdez; Reliability; Environmental Economics and Policy; D60; D61; K32; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10580

Regulation of Stock Externalities with Correlated Costs
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhang,   Jiangfeng.
We study a dynamic regulation model where firms' actions contribute to a stock externality. The regulator and firms have asymmetric information about serially correlated abatement costs. With price-based policies such as taxes, or if firms trade quotas efficiently, the regulator learns about the evolution of both stock and costs. This ability to learn about costs is important in determining the ranking of taxes and quotas, and in determining the value of a feedback rather than an open-loop policy.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution control; Asymmetric information; Learning; Correlated costs; Choice of instruments; Environmental Economics and Policy; C61; D8; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25077

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CO-REGULATORY APPROACHES TO FOOD SAFETY CONTROLS
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hussein,   Mohamud; Fearne,   Andrew; Martinez,   Marian Garcia; Di Falco,   Salvatore.
Food safety controls are currently enforced in the UK by a variety of regulatory approaches that considerably differ in their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving social goals of safe food supply and improved consumer confidence. Aim of this study is to establish whether a coregulatory enforcement of these controls is more cost-effective than the traditional command-and- control enforcement modes. First of its kind, the study reviewed a vast theoretical literature on economics of food safety and incentives to develop a conceptual framework and appropriate methodology for comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of co-regulatory approaches to food hygiene controls in the UK meat industry. A panel data on costs and compliance of 710 meat firms operating...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cost-effectiveness; Co-regulation; Food safety; Incentives; Panel data modelling; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; C23; K32; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91725

The European Emission Trading Scheme and Renewable Energy Policies: Credible Targets for Incredible Results?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Borghesi,   Simone.
This paper discusses the merits and limits of the recent European energy policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions, devoting particular attention to the European Trading System of carbon permits and to the measures that the European Union has adopted to promote renewable energy sources. From the comparison of past goals and present results, it is argued that more credible targets for carbon emission reductions and renewable shares would probably help the transition towards an alternative energy system and the necessary reduction of greenhouse gases.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution; Sustainable Development; Climate Change; Fossil Fuels; Energy Policy; European Union; European Trading System (ETS); Cap-And-Trade; Renewable Energy Sources; Credibility; Environmental Economics and Policy; L11; Q28; Q38; Q42; Q43; Q48.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98099

How Large Are the Welfare Gains from Technological Innovation Induced by Environmental Policies?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Pizer,   William A.; Fischer,   Carolyn.
This paper examines whether the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces future abatement costs are larger or smaller than the "Pigouvian" welfare gains from optimal pollution control. The relative welfare gains from innovation depend on three key factors - the initially optimal level of abatement, the speed at which innovation reduces future abatement costs, and the discount rate. We calculate the welfare gains from innovation under a variety of different scenarios. Mostly they are less than the Pigouvian welfare gains. To be greater, innovation must reduce abatement costs substantially and quickly and the initially optimal abatement level must be fairly modest.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Innovation; Welfare; Regulation; Endogenous; Technological; Change; R&amp;D; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q28; O32; O33.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10621

Catch-Quota Balancing in Multispecies Individual Fishing Quotas
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sanchirico,   James N.; Holland,   Daniel S.; Quigley,   Kathryn; Fina,   Mark.
Individual fishery quotas (IFQs) are an increasingly prevalent form of fishery management around the world, with more than 170 species currently managed with IFQs. Yet, because of the difficulties in matching quota holdings with catches, many argue that IFQs are not appropriate for multispecies fisheries. Using on-the-ground-experience with multispecies IFQ fisheries in Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada, we assess the design and use of catch-quota balancing mechanisms. Our methodology includes a mix of interviews with fishery managers, industry representatives, and brokers, literature review, and data analysis. We find that a combination of incentives and limits on use rates for the mechanisms provide sufficient flexibility to the quota owner...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Natural resources; Created markets; Tradable permits; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28; D40; L10.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10543

Policy Instruments for Climate Change: How Can National Governments Address a Global Problem?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stavins,   Robert N.
There continues to be great debate about the desirability of taking actions to limit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions, but it is important to consider policy instruments that can be employed to meet targets that may eventually be forthcoming. The theoretical advantages of market-based instruments, such as carbon taxes and systems of tradable carbon rights, are striking. In the U.S. domestic context, grandfathered tradable permits will probably be the preferred approach (if any) in the short run, although revenueneutral carbon taxes will hold greater promise in the long run. In the international context, a system of international tradable permits could provide important advantages over alternative approaches, but it is difficult to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Global climate change; Policy instruments; Political and institutional barriers; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q4.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10757

ROLNICTWO OBSZARÓW GÓRSKICH BAWARII PRZYKŁADEM DLA KARPAT POLSKICH? STUDIUM PORÓWNAWCZE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sroka,   Wojciech; Pieniadz,   Agata.
Niniejsze opracowanie przyjmuje formę analizy porównawczej i przedstawia wyniki badań opinii ekspertów na temat stanu oraz kierunków rozwoju obszarów wiejskich i rolnictwa w gminach górskich położonych na terenie Karpat Polskich i Alp Niemieckich. Badania wskazują, iż rolnictwo oraz obszary wiejskie subregionu karpackiego wkracza powoli na drogę rozwojową, którą rolnictwo subregionu alpejskiego ma już w pewnym sensie za sobą. Wydaje się, iż krótki okres stosowania WPR nie spowodował w subregionie karpackim wyraźnych zmian strukturalnych. Rolnictwo Alp Niemieckich jest lepiej dostosowane do specyficznych warunków produkcji rolniczej oraz jest w stanie zapewnić odpowiednie dochody ludności rolniczej. Świadczy o tym chociażby wyższy odsetek rodzin...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Rolnictwo górskie; Perspektywy rozwoju; Wsparcie; Polska; Bawaria; Berglandwirtschaft; Entwicklungsperspektiven; Förderung; Polen; Bayern.; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Farm Management; International Development; O13; Q18; Q28; R11; R23.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91913

Environmental policy and wage setting
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Campo,   Maria Luz.
This paper studies the interaction between the performance of firms and unions and the environmental policy chosen by governments when there is a negative environmental externality from production of a good which only affects the country where the firm is located. I assume that governments choose an upper limit on emissions, unions choose the wage rates and firms choose the employment level. Specifically, I analyze the effect that unionized labor markets have on environmental policy.   Resumen: En este artículo estudiamos el efecto del comportamiento de empresas y trabajadores sobre la política medioambiental, cuando existe contaminación local. Suponemos que el gobierno elige la política medioambiental, basada en un límite sobre las emisiones, mientras que...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Monopoly union model; Emission standards; Environmental Economics and Policy; J30; J51; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28730

Combining Climate and Energy Policies: Synergies or Antagonism? Modeling interactions with energy efficiency instruments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lecuyer,   Oskar; Bibas,   Ruben.
In addition to the already present Climate and Energy package, the European Union (EU) plans to include a binding target to reduce energy consumption. We analyze the rationales the EU invokes to justify such an overlapping and develop a minimal common framework to study interactions arising from the combination of instruments reducing emissions, promoting renewable energy (RE) production and reducing energy demand through energy efficiency (EE) investments. We find that although all instruments tend to reduce emissions and a price on carbon tends to give the right incentives for RE and EE too, the combination of more than one instrument leads to significant antagonisms regarding major objectives of the policy package. The model allows to show in a single...
Tipo: Working Paper
Palavras-chave: Renewable Energy; Energy Efficiency; Energy Policy; Climate Policy; Policy Interaction; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q28; Q41; Q48; Q58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120049

Efficiency Gains and Cost Reductions from Individual Transferable Quotas: A Stochastic Cost Frontier for the Australian South East Fishery
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kompas,   Tom; Che,   Tuong Nhu.
In this paper efficiency gains and associated cost reductions from increases in traded quota are estimated with a stochastic cost frontier for the Australian South East Trawl Fishery (SETF). Estimation of this frontier also provides key information on the relative importance of input costs in the SETF, returns to scale, variations in costs as a result of trade in quota and the economic performance of each fishing vessel, year to year. Final estimations indicate that increases in the volume of quota traded have resulted in considerable efficiency gains and cost reductions in the SETF, ranging from 1.8 to 3.5 cents per kilogram for surveyed vessels for every one per cent increase in the volume of quota traded, or 1 to 2.4 per cent of total variable costs,...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Individual transferable quotas; Stochastic cost frontier; Fishery efficiency; International Relations/Trade; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/57907

Role of Watershed Management in Bridging Demand – Supply Gap of Fodder for Enhancing Livestock Production in Shivaliks, Haryana
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Arya,   Swarn Lata; Panwar,   Pankaj; Yadav,   R.P.
Watershed programme is an important intervention in dryland areas to improve livestock productivity through increased feed and fodder supply. The present study has focused on the impact of watershed interventions on crop-livestock linkages with particular emphasis on how the interventions have affected the quantity of stovers/straws as livestock feeding materials in bridging the demand-supply gap. The study has been carried out in three typical Shivalik foothill watersheds (two treated and one untreated) in the Panchkula district of Haryana state. The impact of watershed development programme has been estimated by adopting both with and without approach and before and after approach. The untreated watershed has derived 65 per cent of its total income from...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Fodder; Demand-supply gap; Watershed management; Livestock production; Shivaliks; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q01; Q15; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118230

Buyback Programs for Capacity Reduction in the U.S. Atlantic Shark Fishery
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Larkin,   Sherry L.; Keithly,   Walter R., Jr.; Adams,   Charles M.; Kazmierczak,   Richard F., Jr.
Declining fishery stocks, increasing fishing effort and adverse market conditions have produced difficult financial situations for fishermen worldwide.  Several high-valued fisheries are considered to be overcapitalized.  The purchase and permanent retirement of fishing vessels and/or permits under a buyback program is one approach for reducing fishing capacity.  Evidence from previous programs, however, suggests that buybacks are not a panacea for solving overcapacity problems.  Whether such programs can help rebuild stocks and improve the financial condition of fleets in any specific fishery depends on a multitude of factors.  We consider the potential of a buyback program for the U.S. Atlantic shark fishery.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Buyback programs; Fishing capacity; Fishing permits; Latent permits; Marine fisheries; Vessel decommissioning schemes; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43423

Cleaning Up the Nuclear Weapons Complex: Exploring New Approaches
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Probst,   Katherine N.; Pilling,   Carolyn A.; Dunn,   Karen T.
In recent years, policy experts have increasingly decried the "piecemeal" approach to environmental protection embodied in existing laws and regulations. This paper analyzes one aspect of the call for more integration: the feasibility and advisability of developing an integrated approach to regulating the cleanup of the nation's nuclear weapons complex. The Cold War has left an unprecedented set of difficulties at sites across the country where vast quantities of hazardous and radioactive materials must be properly managed. Regulatory fragmentation--particularly the phenomenon of multiple regulators and regulations driving the allocation of resources in an uncoordinated fashion--is nowhere more evident than in the current statutory and regulatory framework...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Nuclear weapons complex; Integration; Environmental law; Environmental regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; H56; K32; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10765

Modeling Biased Technical Change. Implications for Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carraro,   Carlo; De Cian,   Enrica; Nicita,   Lea.
Climate-economy models aiming at quantifying the costs and effects of climate change impacts and policies have become important tools for climate policy decision-making. Although there are several important dimensions along which models differ, this paper focuses on a key component of climate change economics and policy, namely technical change. This paper tackles the issues of whether technical change is biased towards the energy sectors, the importance of the elasticity of substitution between factors in determining this bias and how mitigation policy is likely to affect it. The analysis is performed using the World Induced Technical Change model, WITCH. Three different versions of the model are proposed. The starting set-up includes endogenous technical...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technical Change; Climate Policy; Stabilization Cost; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59376

Environmental Options and Technological Innovation: An Evolutionary Game Model
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Antoci,   Angelo; Borghesi,   Simone; Galeotti,   Marcello.
This paper analyses the effects on economic agents' behaviour of an innovative environmental protection mechanism that the Public Administration of a tourist region may adopt to attract visitors while protecting the environment. On the one hand, the Public Administration sells to the tourists an environmental call option that gives them the possibility of being (partially or totally) reimbursed if the environmental quality in the region turns out to be below a given threshold level. On the other hand, it offers the firms that adopt an innovative, non-polluting technology an environmental put option that allows them to get a reimbursement for the additional costs imposed by the new technology if the environmental quality is above the threshold level. The...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Bonds; Call and Put Options; Technological Innovation; Evolutionary Dynamics; Environmental Economics and Policy; C73; D62; G10; O30; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55289

INSTITUTIONS AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE: THE CASE OF FOREST AND GRAZING LANDS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gebreegziabher,   Zenebe.
Land is an essential factor of production for agriculture, horticulture, forestry as well as other land related activities. Institutions that govern its use determine the sustainability and efficient use of this essential resource. In Ethiopia all land is publicly owned. Such an institutional setting has resulted in major degradation of Ethiopia’s land resources and dissipation of the resource rent, as available forest and grazing lands are exploited in a suboptimal fashion. An alternative to current institutional setting is to assign private property institution, but this will lead to welfare costs. In this paper, we examine the welfare effects (from consumer perspective) of change in institutional setting to forest and grazing lands using a unique data...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Institutions; Sustainable land use; Economic welfare.; Environmental Economics and Policy; K11; Q12; Q2; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51639

Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.; Krupnick,   Alan J.; Palmer,   Karen L.; Toth,   Russell.
For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The SO2 allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading and a description of the major U.S. programs for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We evaluate these programs along measures of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Sulfur dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Emission trading; Power plants; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; Q25; Q28; D78.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10488

Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kerr,   Suzi; Newell,   Richard G.
The theory of environmental regulation suggests that economic instruments, such as taxes and tradable permits, create more effective technology adoption incentives than conventional regulatory standards. We explore this issue for an important industry undergoing technological responses to a dramatic decrease in allowed pollution levels - the petroleum industry's phasedown of lead in gasoline. Using a panel of refineries from 1971 to 1995, we provide some of the first direct evidence that alternative policies affect the pattern of adoption in expected ways. Importantly, we find that the tradable permit system used during the lead phasedown provided incentives for more efficient technology adoption decisions. Where environmentally appropriate, this suggests...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology; Adoption; Diffusion; Environment; Regulation; Lead; Gasoline; Tradable permit; Incentive-based policy; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; C41; L71; O31; O33; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10834

Land Retirement Program Design and Empirical Assessments In the Presence of Crop Insurance Subsidies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hennessy,   David A.; Miao,   Ruiqing; Feng,   Hongli.
The U.S. Federal Government implements environmental, biofuels and crop insurance programs that influence land use. They are not well-integrated in that cost savings from crop insurance subsidies are not acknowledged when screening land for retirement or when calculating the cost of land retirement programs. We identify and evaluate an optimal benefit index for enrollment in a land retirement program that includes a sub-index to rank land according to insurance subsidy savings. All else equal, land ranked higher in the Lorenz stochastic order should be retired first. Empirical analysis based on field level data will be provided.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agro-environmental policy; Budget; Conservation reserve program; Crop failure; Environmental benefit index; Lorenz order; Land Economics/Use; Risk and Uncertainty; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/104002

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: FINDINGS OF A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN CENTRAL, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wolz,   Axel; Buchenrieder,   Gertrud; Markus,   Richard.
Rising energy prices for fossil fuels, the unreliable supply of energy imports during the last winters and – concerning the 12 new members states (NMS) – the demand by the European Union (EU) for developing National Renewable Energy Action Plans have stimulated the national discussion and political action on renewable energy (RE) among all European countries. Particularly among the 12 NMS the share of RE has increased during the last years. Among the candidate and potential candidate countries (CC and PCC) the discussion on RE has just started. When looking at the impact of RE on agricultural and rural development the effects are relatively small. An expansion of rape seed cultivation and, to a smaller extent, of the production of wood pellets could be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Renewable energy; Comparative survey; Agricultural and rural development; New members states of the EU; Candidate and potential candidate countries.; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; International Development; Political Economy; Public Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O52; Q10; Q28; Q42; R11.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94719

Pollution Regulation and the Efficiency Gains from Technological Innovation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
Previous studies suggest that emissions taxes are more efficient at stimulating the development of improved pollution abatement technologies than other policy instruments, such as (non-auctioned) tradable emissions permits. We present results from a competitive model that cast some doubt on the empirical importance of this assertion. For example, we find that efficiency in the market for "environmental R&amp;D" under tradable permits is typically less than 6 percent lower than that under an emissions tax for innovations that reduce pollution abatement costs by 10 percent or less. However the discrepancy is more significant in the case of more major innovations. We also find that the presence of R&amp;D spillovers per se does not necessarily imply large...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions tax; Tradable emissions permits; Performance standard; R&amp;D; Efficiency effects; Patents; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10653

Controlling Urban Air Pollution Caused by Households: Uncertainty, Prices, and Income
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chavez,   Carlos A.; Stranlund,   John K.; Gomez,   Walter.
We examine the control of air pollution caused by households burning wood for heating and cooking in the developing world.  Since the problem is one of controlling emissions from nonpoint sources, regulations are likely to be directed at household choices of wood consumption and combustion technologies. Moreover, these choices are subtractions from, or contributions to, the pure public good of air quality. Consequently, the efficient policy design is not independent of the distribution of household income. Since it is unrealistic to assume that environmental authorities can make lump sum income transfers part of control policies, efficient control of air pollution caused by wood consumption entails a higher tax on wood consumption and a higher subsidy for...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Urban air pollution; Nonpoint pollution; Environmental policy; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93964

The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen.
Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs), most notably those that enhance energy efficiency. In the medium term, the effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economics research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The most obvious lessons from this research are that widespread diffusion of CFTs may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Technology diffusion; Climate change; Developing countries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O38; Q25; Q28; O48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10574

Economic Effects of Environmental Taxation on Chemical Fertilizers
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kim,   Chang-Gil; Stoecker,   Arthur L.
This paper analyzes the economic effects of environmental taxes on chemical fertilizer in producing rice. A charge of 10 percent tax on nitrogen fertilizer leads to a reduction in fertilizer use of 1.5 percent without changing rice yield, but the farm income is reduced by 0.6 percent. The tax rate of 100 percent leads to a reduction of 14.6 percent in fertilizer use, a 0.4 percent reduction in rice yield, and a 3.6 percent reduction in farm income. A significant feature of eco-taxes imposed on chemical fertilizers is their revenue potential, which could contribute to increasing government budgets for finance pollution control programs, such as education and R&amp;D. This study provides an insight into the application of market-based instrument to achieve...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Polluter-pays-principle; Nonpoint pollution; Environmental tax; Nitrogen fertilizer; Negative externalities; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q52.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25501

The Evolution of NOx Control Policy for Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Evans,   David A.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) contribute to formation of particulate matter and ozone, and also to acidification of the environment. The electricity sector is responsible for about 20% of NOx emissions in the United States, and the sector has been the target of both prescriptive (command-and-control) and flexible (cap-and-trade) approaches to regulation. We summarize the major NOx control policies affecting this sector, and provide some perspectives as to their effectiveness. While both prescriptive and flexible approaches continue to play an important role, significant new proposals have wholly embraced a cap-and-trade approach.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions trading; Cap and trade; Air pollution; Cost-benefit analysis; Electricity; Particulates; Ozone; Nitrogen oxides; Acid rain; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q4; D62; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10645

Water Markets and Third Party Effects
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bourgeon,   Jean-Marc; Easter,   K. William; Smith,   Rodney B.W.
We examine the potential effects of water trading on aggregate welfare and income distribution across the agricultural and service sector of a small rural economy. We show that per capita welfare (real income) of agents in the region increase with increased water trading. Not surprisingly, if enough agents leaves the region (income flight), nominal income can fall. If the share of household income spent on services is large (small) relative to the cost share of services in agricultural production, then the service price increases (decreases) with increased water trading. Typically when the service price falls (increases) farmers win (lose), service providers lose (win) and agricultural service providers almost always lose. Thus, a natural conflict emerges...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R0.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25616

Discounting the Distant Future: How Much Do Uncertain Rates Increase Valuations?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Pizer,   William A.
Costs and benefits in the distant future-such as those associated with global warming, long-lived infrastructure, hazardous and radioactive waste, and biodiversity-often have little value today when measured with conventional discount rates. We demonstrate that when the future path of this conventional rate is uncertain and persistent (i.e., highly correlated over time), the distant future should be discounted at lower rates than suggested by the current rate. We then use two centuries of data on U.S. interest rates to quantify this effect. Using both random walk and mean-reverting models, we compute the certainty-equivalent rate that is, the single discount rate that summarizes the effect of uncertainty and measures the appropriate forward rate of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Discounting; Uncertainty; Interest rate forecasting; Climate policy; Intergenerational equity; Risk and Uncertainty; D90; E47; C53; H43; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10743

The Market-based Lead Phasedown
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Rogers,   Kristian.
The U.S. lead phasedown was effective in meeting its environmental objectives, and did so more quickly with the allowance of permit banking. The marketable lead permit system was highly costeffective, saving hundreds of millions of dollars relative to comparable policies not allowing trading or banking. Estimates suggest that transaction costs brought about only a modest reduction in program efficiency. The market-based nature of the program also provided incentives for more efficient adoption of new lead-removing technology, relative to a uniform standard. Distributionally, it is likely that the program was actually more responsive to the cost concerns of small refiners than a similar uniform standard would have been. The flexibility of the program likely...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Lead phasedown; Gasoline; Tradable permit; Market-based policy; Technology adoption; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q21.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10445

Environmental and Technology Policies for Climate Change and Renewable Energy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Newell,   Richard G.
We assess different policies for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and promoting the innovation and diffusion of CO2-reducing power technologies: (1) emissions price, (2) tax on fossil power, (3) tradable emissions performance standard, (4) market share requirement for renewables, (5) renewables production subsidy, and (6) R&amp;D subsidy for renewables. We evaluate the relative performance of the policies according to incentives they provide along different avenues for emissions reduction, their efficiency, and other salient outcomes. We also assess how the nature of technological progress-whether it occurs by learning by doing or R&amp;D investment and the degree of knowledge spillovers -affects the desirability of different policies. In a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environment; Technology; Policy instruments; Climate change; Renewable energy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q21; Q28; Q48; O38.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10789

Does tendering conservation contracts with performance payments generate additional benefits?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Schilizzi,   Steven; Breustedt,   Gunnar; Latacz-Lohmann,   Uwe.
Policy makers aiming to get private landholders to supply non-marketed environmental services may need to provide efficient economic incentives. Two ideas have been explored to achieve this: linking contract payments to environmental outcomes and submitting the contracts to competitive tender. This paper investigates whether there are any gains to be had by combining the potential benefits of both approaches. Landholders’ risk aversion to only partially controlled outcomes may offset incentive effects if the fall in participation outweighs any increases in individual effort. Controlled lab experiments were designed on the basis of a theoretical model and were run in two countries, with varying rates of payments linked to environmental outcomes. Results...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Conservation tenders; Auctions; Incentive contracts; Agricultural policy; Environmental policy; Market-based instruments; Experimental economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; C92; D44; D82; D86; H57; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/100883

Use of Penalties and Rewards in Agri-Environmental Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Yano,   Yuki; Blandford,   David.
Achieving high compliance rates in incentive-based agri-environmental schemes is an important issue. This paper explores the use of a mixed penalty-reward approach under heterogeneous compliance costs. Specifically, we examine the use of a “compliance reward” under asymmetric information and output price uncertainty. Using a budget-neutral approach, three possible sources of financing are considered: 1. funds obtained by reducing monitoring effort; 2. the proceeds of fines collected from participating farmers who are inspected and found not to be in compliance; and 3. money saved by reducing the number of farmers enrolled. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each source of funding and analyze them numerically for both risk-neutral and...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental policy; Moral hazard; Penalties; Payments for compliance; Q12; Q20; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36873

The Effects of ITQ Management on Fishermen’s Welfare When the Processing Sector is Imperfectly Competitive
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: McEvoy,   David M.; Brandt,   Sylvia J.; Lavoie,   Nathalie; Anders,   Sven M.
In this paper we use a general model of imperfect competition to predict welfare changes within an open-access fishery transitioning to individual transferable quota (ITQ) management. Although related research has explored the effects of market power in the harvesting sector on ITQ performance, none have considered the implications of an imperfectly competitive processing sector. This study addresses this question specifically in the context of the Atlantic herring fishery, although its implications are relevant to all fisheries with similar industry structure. Our results show that ITQs could have a negative impact on fishermen’s welfare when processors have market power and the cap on aggregate harvest is binding or becomes binding with the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: ITQ; Imperfect competition; Welfare analysis; Fisheries; Risk and Uncertainty; D43; Q22; Q28; L13.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7389

Electricity Restructuring and Regional Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Palmer,   Karen L.; Burtraw,   Dallas.
This paper investigates the regional air pollution effects that could result from new opportunities for inter-regional power transmission in the wake of more competitive electricity markets. The regional focus is important because of great regional variation in the vintage, efficiency and plant utilization rates of existing generating capacity, as well as differences in emission rates, cost of generation and electricity price. Increased competition in generation could open the door to changes in the regional profile of generation and emissions. We characterize the key determinant of changes in electricity generation and transmission as the relative cost of electricity among neighboring regions. In general, low cost regions are expected to export power...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Air pollution; Electricity restructuring; Transmission; Environmental Economics and Policy; L94; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10766

Estimating Amenity Values: Will It Improve Farmland Preservation Policy?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Duke,   Joshua M.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Land Use; Conservation; Conservation Easements; Stated Preference; Land Economics/Use; Q18; Q28; Q51; Q58.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94682

Agricultural Production with Change and Uncertainty: A Temporal Case Study Simulation of Colorado Potato Beetle
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Heikkila,   Jaakko; Peltola,   Jukka.
Changes in climatic and policy environments combined with uncertainty related to stochastic environmental fluctuations make design of invasive pest policy challenging. These external changes are often exacerbated by changes in the species characteristics. We discuss facing local change and uncertainty when deciding ex ante on a specific policy strategy. Our empirical case deals with an invasive agricultural pest, Colorado potato beetle, and agricultural production in Finland. Invasions are modelled as temporally random events and stochasticity in key variables is built into the analysis. The viability of two specific policy options is evaluated given uncertainty and local change.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Colorado potato beetle; Protected zone; Zone protegee; Invasive alien species; Crop Production/Industries; Q1; Q28; Q58.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24679

Desirability, Challenges, and Methods of Protecting Farmland
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Lynch,   Lori.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; R14.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94683

AGRICULTURAL PRICE VOLATILITY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: The Impact of Multiple Objectives on Commodity Prices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fuss,   Sabine; Havlik,   Petr; Szolgayova,   Jana; Obersteiner,   Michael; Schmid,   Erwin.
Agricultural price volatility has moved to the forefront of research efforts and political discussion, where much work is already being undertaken with respect to the impact of fluctuations in input prices (e.g. fertilizer, feed and energy). In this paper we also want to take into account the impact of climate change on prices via increased volatility in crop yields. In addition, we analyze the impact of having multiple objectives competing for the land on which crops are grown. In particular, we want to address the concerns that have been voiced about biofuel targets and calls for prioritization of food security.
Tipo: Presentation
Palavras-chave: Energy; Food security; Food price volatility; Optimization under uncertainty; Risk and Uncertainty; Q12; Q18; Q28; C61; D81.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122539

On the Choice of Cost and Effectiveness Indicators in the Context of the European Water Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sinabell,   Franz; Schmid,   Erwin.
The Water Framework Directive requires EU Member States to analyse economic impacts of the Directive's implementation. To reach a "good status", instruments have to be judged according to their cost-effectiveness. We evaluate costs and effects of measures to reduce nitrate emission of Austrian agriculture. Results are based on a model that integrates production decisions with stochastic environmental outcomes. The Directive's requirement to involve stakeholders may make it necessary to take a large number of indicators into consideration. We find that alternative calculations of the effectiveness criterion give different rankings of the most effective combination of measures.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Sustainable water management; Environmental policy; Cost-effectiveness analysis; Eco-eco-modelling; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q18.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25394

Climate Change Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Shogren,   Jason F.; Toman,   Michael.
Having risen from relative obscurity as few as ten years ago, climate change now looms large among environmental policy issues. Its scope is global; the potential environmental and economic impacts are ubiquitous; the potential restrictions on human choices touch the most basic goals of people in all nations; and the sheer scope of the potential response - a significant shift away from using fossil fuels as the primary energy source in the modern economy -is daunting. In this paper, we explore the economics of climate change policy. We examine the risks that climate change poses for society, the benefits of protection against the effects of climate change, and the costs of alternative protection policies. We organize our discussion around three broad...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Incentive-based policy; International environmental cooperation; Benefit-cost analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10767

The Price-Elasticity of Stumpage Sales from Federal Forests
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Ando,   Amy Whritenour.
This paper explores the influence of the behavior of the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management on effective public policy toward the national forests. It shows that fluctuations in stumpage sales from such forests have been large. Furthermore, those fluctuations could well have a significant impact on the price elasticity of harvest even with large stocks of uncut volume under contract. System analysis of harvest and sale patterns in nine regions during the period 1951-1992 shows that stumpage sales displayed little correlation with prices during the period; the positive price elasticity of harvest seems to have been induced largely by the behavior of logging firms. However, it finds a positive link between National Forest budgets and annual sales....
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Stumpage; Harvest; Sales; National Forests; Budget; Price elasticity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10456

Auctioning Conservation Payments using Environmental Indices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Cattaneo,   Andrea.
A framework for analyzing conservation programs that rank applications using environmental indices is presented. We derive the optimal bid from the farmer's perspective for both land retirement and working lands agri-environmental payment programs and we analyze how these solutions depend on program design parameters. The distinction is made between environmental objectives based on whether the farmer exercises control or not over the level proposed in a bid to participate in a program. The optimization model is solved analytically for two cases - a land retirement and a working lands program - highlighting the differences in the results. For land retirement programs we conclude that, for the cases considered, the exogenous environmental performance does...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental payments; Program design; Participation incentives; D8; H5; Q28; Environmental Economics and Policy.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25438

Output-Based Refunding of Emission Payments: Theory, Distribution of Costs, and International Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sterner,   Thomas; Hoglund,   Lena.
In this paper, we discuss the effect of refunding environmental charges. Taxes often are resisted by polluters because they imply both abatement and tax costs. We show that when charges are refunded, the incentives for abatement are essentially the same as for a tax, but the output reduction that often accompanies a tax scheme is forgone. We describe and examine the refund emissions payment (REP) scheme as a policy instrument for emissions abatement and compare it with taxes and permits with regard to allocative properties, distribution of costs, property rights, and, consequently, the politics of implementation. As an empirical example, the Swedish charge on nitrogen oxides is analyzed.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Refunded charge; Incentived-based environmental policy; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; H23.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10670

TAXES AND QUOTAS FOR A STOCK POLLUTANT WITH MULTIPLICATIVE UNCERTAINTY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hoel,   Michael; Karp,   Larry S.
Replaced with revised version of paper 02/06/06.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution control; Asymmetric information; Taxes and quotas; Stochastic control; Global warming; Multiplicative disturbances; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25030

Bankruptcy Risk and the Performance of Tradable Permit Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stranlund,   John K.; Zhang,   Wei.
We study the impact of bankruptcy risk on markets for tradable environmental and natural resource permits. We find that firms that risk bankruptcy demand more permits than if they were financially secure. Consequently, bankruptcy risk in a competitive market for tradable property rights causes an inefficient distribution of individual choices among regulated firms. Moreover, the equilibrium distribution of permits is not independent of the initial distribution of permits. In fact, the inefficiency that is associated with bankruptcy risk is mitigated if financially insecure firms are given a larger share of the initial allocation of permits.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Bankruptcy; Tradable permits; Permit markets; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; Q28; Q58.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7384

Delayed Participation of Developing Countries to Climate Agreements: Should Action in the EU and US be Postponed?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosetti,   Valentina; Carraro,   Carlo; Tavoni,   Massimo.
This paper analyses the cost implications for climate policy in developed countries if developing countries are unwilling to adopt measures to reduce their own GHG emissions. First, we assume that a 450 CO2 (550 CO2e) ppmv stabilisation target is to be achieved and that Non Annex1 (NA1) countries decide to delay their GHG emission reductions by 30 years. What would be the cost difference between this scenario and a case in which both developed and developing countries start reducing their emissions at the same time? Then, we look at a scenario in which the timing of developing countries’ participation is uncertain and again we compute the costs of climate policy in developed and developing countries. We find that delayed participation of NA1 countries has...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Delayed Action; Climate Policy; Stabilisation Costs; Uncertain Participation; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; H23; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/44220

Governance and Environmental Policy Integration in Europe: What Can we learn from the EU Emission Trading Scheme?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sgobbi,   Alessandra; Buchner,   Barbara K.; Catenacci,   Michela.
The European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is a landmark environmental policy, representing the world's first large-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) trading program.  The coexistence of state actors and top-down processes with stakeholders participation and flexible abatement strategies make the EU ETS a powerful instrument of cross sectoral integration of environmental concerns, which benefits from a high level of interaction among the actors involved and a significant degree of information exchange.  However, the same peculiarities of the system make it difficult to identify a correspondence with a single mode of governance. The EU ETS shows characteristics of the decision making processes and institutions engaged, the tools and instruments used as...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental Policy Integration; Climate Change; Emission Trading; EU Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H23; F53; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9544

Retroactive Liability and Future Risk: The Optimal Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James; Kunreuther,   Howard.
The optimal design of environmental liability policy focuses on two primary policy issues: the cleanup of existing sources of pollution and the definition and enforcement of policies to promote prospectively efficient environmental risk reduction. Through the analysis of a policy toward a pervasive environmental risk -- leaking underground storage tanks - we analyze the effectiveness of an existing policy governing retroactive and prospective liability issues and suggest ways in which that policy can be improved. While we find some theoretical support for the public financing of UST cleanups, we also find the current system to be flawed in its implementation. In general, the paper argues that public financing of past pollution cleanup costs can lead to...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Liability; Underground storage tanks; Risk and Uncertainty; K13; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10768

Assessing the Constraints and Opportunities for Private-Sector Participation in Activities Implemented Jointly: Two Case Studies from the US Initiative for Joint Implementation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Powell,   Mark R.; Lile,   Ronald D.; Toman,   Michael.
This paper assesses the constraints and opportunities for private-sector participation in Activities Implemented Jointly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. After some initial background, the discussion turns to the United States Initiative on Joint Implementation (USIJI) - its objectives, proposal review and evaluation criteria, and a classification of project proposals by project type and stage of development. Two USIJI projects are developed as case studies. One case is an energy end use project that has gained formal acceptance and financing. The other case is an energy production project proposal that has not secured acceptance or financing. In both cases, transaction costs were substantial, and project proponents regarded...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Joint implementation; Public Economics; Q28; F21.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10555

European Climate Policy: Burden Sharing after 2012
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bode,   Sven.
Regardless of whether or not the Kyoto Protocol enters into force, the EU may decide to set itself a long-term greenhouse gas emission target and thus to continue its leadership role in international climate policy. As for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the EU may decide on a burden-sharing agreement as an integral part of such a long-term climate policy. Against this background I analyse three different options to distribute an overall budget of emission entitlements until 2042 among the member states of an enlarged EU. It is shown who wins and who loses with regard to compliance costs. As the member states' attitudes towards the different approaches are likely to depend on the relative attractiveness of the allocation options, a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Accession countries; Allocation of GHG emission entitlements; Burden sharing; European climate policy; EU-enlargement; Future commitment periods; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26162

Implementation of Policy Instruments for Chlorinated Solvents: A Comparison of Design Standards, Bans, and Taxes to Phase Out Trichloroethylene
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Slunge,   Daniel; Sterner,   Thomas.
This paper studies the Swedish prohibition of the hazardous solvent Trichloroethylene (TCE). Sweden is alone in completely prohibiting its use. The ban has been at best a partial success and illustrates the dilemmas of policymaking. Use has declined but not stopped, largely because the decision to ban TCE was challenged in the courts. Recently, the EU Court of Justice decided in favor of Sweden's right to have a ban. This article analyzes abatement cost data to show that the cost of replacing TCE is low for most plants, although there appear to be a few firms for which it may be quite high. A cross-country comparison indicates that the Swedish ban was less effective than the very strict technical requirements in Germany or the tax used in Norway. A tax (or...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Hazardous chemicals; Regulation; Environmental tax; Solvents; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; L50; Q28; K32.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10516

Policies to Encourage Recycling and "Design for Environment": What to Do When Markets Are Missing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Calcott,   Paul; Walls,   Margaret.
Several studies have shown the efficiency of both a Pigovian tax on waste disposal and a deposit-refund instrument, that is a combined output tax and recycling subsidy. The efficiency of these instruments, however, critically depends on households being paid for recycling. In reality, although most households have access to curbside recycling services, they are not paid for the items they set out at the curb. All items placed in a recycling bin are thus of equal value to a household, and there is no incentive for producers to make their products any more recyclable than what is necessary to be eligible for the bin. This paper characterizes the constrained (second-best) optimum that exists with the missing recycling market and solves for a modified...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Solid waste; Regulatory policy; Regulatory design; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10567

Who's in the Driver's Seat? Mobile Source Policy in the U.S. Federal System
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Walls,   Margaret.
Regulation of mobile source emissions in the US has evolved as a complex combination of central government and decentralized authority. The central government required uniform new car emissions standards in the 1970 Clean Air Act, but gave states the power to meet ambient air quality standards however they saw fit, including various regulations on mobile sources. The 1990 Amendments to the Act strengthened the Federal role in some ways, by requiring tighter new car standards and more specific requirements for fuels and for vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance, but at the same time left states with a great deal of latitude to meet ambient standards and took greater recognition of regional variation in environmental problems. We examine the role of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile source; Federalism; Public Economics; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10636

Forestry in the Next Millennium: Challenges and Opportunities for the USDA Forest Service
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Binkley,   Clark S.
Throughout the globe, forestry faces predictable trends associated with the transition from reliance on natural forests to ones created through human stewardship. Laid over the ordinary economics of this transition are increases in the values of the environmental services that forests provide. The three general approaches to forest management--natural forest management, plantation forest management, and preserve management--are evaluated in this economic context. The USDA Forest Service has interesting opportunities to apply each approach, but doing so will require profound organizational changes.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Forestry; Forest Service; Economics; Environment; Timber; Forest plantations; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H41; H42; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10912

Statewide Water Planning: The Georgia Experience
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Mullen,   Jeffrey D.
Several states in the southeast have acknowledged the need for statewide water planning but have yet to act. In contrast, Georgia is on the cusp of completing the Georgia Comprehensive Statewide Water Management Plan (SWMP). The SWMP provides for resource assessments, forecasts, and regional water planning. Over the past 3 years, an extensive effort has been made to implement the SWMP. This article describes the planning process undertaken in Georgia. Several of the recommended practices are also highlighted and critiqued with respect to their potential to affect aggregate water use in the state.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Residential water use; Water management; Water planning; Irrigation; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R58.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/113528

Theory of Contracts and Agri-Environment Policies: A Budget Restriction Alters Standard Results of Mechanisms Design Theory
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Christensen,   Jan.
Agri-environmental schemes are offered by a regulator to farmers. The farmer is to produce certain environmental goods and gets a pecuniary compensation for doing so. The problem of designing optimal schemes is dealt with using mechanisms design theory. This paper considers the situation where the regulator faces a budget constraint on total payments to farmers. It is shown, that 2 results of standard mechanisms design theory are affected when a budget restriction on total payments is present. 1) The "no distortion at the top rule" does not always hold. 2) It is not always optimal to offer heterogeneous farmers heterogeneous argi-environmental schemes.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental schemes; Mechanisms design; Information Economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; D82.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24882

Comments on Sustainable Coastal Development Through Community Support: Myth or Reality
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bergstrom,   John C.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Sustainable agriculture; Community development; Community support; Natural resources; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q01; Q27; Q28; Q32.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43767

The Use of Economic Incentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience with Industrial Air Pollution
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Blackman,   Allen; Harrington,   Winston.
To what extent should developing countries eschew conventional command and control environmental regulation that is increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on economic incentives? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to industrial air pollution. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various economic incentive instruments, presents in-depth case studies of their application in Sweden, the United States, China, and Poland, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that both design deficiencies and pervasive constraints on monitoring and enforcement impede the effectiveness of economic instruments in developing countries. The latter are difficult to rectify, at least in the medium term. As a result, tradable...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Economic incentives; Market-based instruments; Developing countries; Air pollution; Sweden; China; Poland; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10601

Experimental Economics and Water Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Duke,   Charlotte.
Experiments in economics and their application to policy design continue to gain increasing popular appeal. Australia is investing in training, capacity building and international partnerships to bring these skills to our policy makers. Economic experiments are used to test policy-related hypotheses: to examine the behavioural processes upon which the policy is built, identify policy bugs, confirm incentive mechanism performance, investigate new decision processes, and illustrate economic allocation systems to stakeholders. Experiments provide a new source of information to improve policy design.  This paper explores a set of experiments conducted for the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality Market Based Instruments Pilots Program. The...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Policy Experiments; Market mechanisms for the environment; Water; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; C90.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25369

Carbon Footprint: A New Farm Management Consideration in the Southern High Plains
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Weinheimer,   Justin; Rajan,   Nithya; Johnson,   Phillip N.; Maas,   Stephan.
As concerns continue to mount regarding man induced impacts to the global climate, the SHPT region could be faced with a unique scenario in which the net carbon balance should be considered in the producer’s enterprise selection and production systems. Currently, the SHPT produces nearly one third of the U.S. cotton crop. Under a potential cap and trade system the challenge for the agricultural industry in the SHPT may be how to sustain the region’s economic base and production capabilities. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the net carbon relationships between irrigated cotton and irrigated corn production systems on the SHPT using data from the Texas Alliance for Water Conservation (TAWC, 2009). Due to the unique management and production...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cape and Trade; Carbon; Farm management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Q18; Q28; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61760

Intrafirm Effects on Water Conservation in Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Moreno,   Georgina.
Conservation technology adoption behavior is frequently analyzed at the smallest unit of production to capture important heterogeneity among adopters. Conclusions about firm-level decisions are drawn from these microunit outcomes.  However, there may be significant intrafirm interactions that create a dependence among the microunits.  This paper tests and quantifies these effects. Using a unique dataset of agricultural water use in California, this paper finds significant differences in water price elasticities of conservation technology adoption between the standard model and models that accounts for the intrafirm interactions.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Conservation; Technology adoption; Agriculture; Water resources; Irrigation intrafirm behavior; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q16; Q25; Q28; Q55; L23.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19166

Land Preservation in British Columbia: An Empirical Analysis of the Factors Underlying Public Support and Willingness to Pay
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Androkovich,   Robert A.; Desjardins,   Ivan; Tarzwell,   Gordon; Tsogaris,   Peter.
This study extends previous empirical research on land preservation by considering an actual land preservation scheme, the agricultural land reserve in British Columbia, Canada. The reserve was established in 1973 to ensure that development did not occur on the province’s most productive agricultural land. ‘To ensure that local food production is maintained,’ ‘the economic importance of British Columbia’s agricultural sector,’ and ‘to protect the environment’ are the most important factors that underlie support for the reserve. Aggregate, provincewide willingness to pay to maintain the land reserve is substantial, with our most conservative estimate being Can$91.18 million per year.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Contingent; Land; Preservation; Valuation; Agribusiness; Agricultural Finance; International Development; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q24; Q28; Q51.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47273

Fiscal Interactions and the Case for Carbon Taxes over Grandfathered Carbon Permits
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper provides simple formulas for adjusting the costs of carbon taxes and tradable carbon permits to account for interactions with preexisting tax distortions in the labor market. Both policies reduce labor supply as they increase product prices and reduce real household wages; the resulting efficiency losses in the labor market can be substantial relative to partial equilibrium abatement costs. However, much of this added cost can be offset-and perhaps more than offset when additional distortions from the tax system are considered-if revenues from carbon taxes or auctioned permits are used to reduce distortionary taxes. Consequently, there can be a strong case on efficiency grounds for using carbon taxes or auctioned permits over grandfathered...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon taxes; Carbon permits; Fiscal interactions; Revenue recycling; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H21; H23.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10509

Are Agricultural Measures for Groundwater Protection Beneficial When Compared to Purification of Polluted Groundwater?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hasler,   Berit; Lundhede,   Thomas.
The groundwater resource, the drinking water areas and the surface water quality can be protected by measures, e.g. by reductions of pesticide and nutrient applications, conversion of arable land to grasslands or forests etc. The objective of the paper is to estimate the benefits of groundwater protection by the valuation method choice experiments. This method allows for separate estimation and comparison of the different attributes connected to groundwater protection i.e. the effects on drinking water and surface water quality as compared to the benefits from cleaning and treatment of polluted drinking water to make it suitable for drinking water consumption. The results indicate that the benefits are significant, and that the willingness to pay for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Groundwater; Pollution; Drinking water; Valuation; Choice experiments; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q26; Q28; C42; D62.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24587

Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wu,   JunJie.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94681

The Benefits and Beneficiaries of "Public" Investment in Herbicide Use Research and Development
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Crowe,   Bronwyn; Lindner,   Robert K.; Llewellyn,   Rick S.
The allocation of benefits from research and development of new herbicide uses is dependent on patent status. The agricultural chemical industry will preferentially invest in herbicide R&amp;D that increases the use of on-patent herbicides from which a company can capture a price premium. The distribution of benefits from increased use of on-patent herbicide will alter over time, with grain growers benefiting at the expense of agrichemical companies once the patent expires. Public sector investment in herbicide R&amp;D may also benefit the agrichemical industry. The size and allocation of the benefits from R&amp;D into on-patent herbicides is analyzed using economic surplus techniques. Two case studies are examined. One involves research into the choice...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25330

Prices vs. Quantities Revisited: The Case of Climate Change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pizer,   William A.
Uncertainty about compliance costs causes otherwise equivalent price and quantity controls to behave differently. Price controls - in the form of taxes - fix the marginal cost of compliance and lead to uncertain levels of compliance. Meanwhile quantity controls - in the form of tradable permits or quotas - fix the level of compliance but result in uncertain marginal costs. This fundamental difference in the face of cost uncertainty leads to different welfare outcomes for the two policy instruments. Seminal work by Weitzman (1974) clarified this point and derived theoretical conditions under which one policy is preferred to the other. This paper applies this principal to the issue of worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) control, using a global integrated climate...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Policy under uncertainty; Price and quantity controls; General equilibrium modeling; Demand and Price Analysis; Q28; D81; C68.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10498

How Harmful are Adaptation Restrictions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: de Bruin,   Kelly C.; Dellink,   Rob B.
The dominant assumption in economic models of climate policy remains that adaptation will be implemented in an optimal manner. There are, however, several reasons why optimal levels of adaptation may not be attainable. This paper investigates the effects of suboptimal levels of adaptation, i.e. adaptation restrictions, on the composition and level of climate change costs and on welfare. Several adaptation restrictions are identified and then simulated in a revised DICE model, extended with adaptation (AD-DICE). We find that especially substantial over-investment in adaptation can be very harmful due to sharply increasing marginal adaptation costs. Furthermore the potential of mitigation to offset suboptimal adaptation is investigated. When adaptation is...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Integrated Assessment Modelling; Adaptation; Climate Change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52546

Early Emissions Reduction Programs: An Application to CO2 Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.; Toman,   Michael.
In the wake of the December 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which, if implemented, would oblige the United States and other industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by 2008-2012, a number of proposals have been offered to increase the incentives for reducing emissions over the nearer term. The existence of an interim period between setting and implementing environmental goals is ubiquitous in environmental policymaking. The existence of this interim period gives rise to several potential rationales for early emissions reductions. In this paper we use a series of simple models and numerical illustrations to analyze some aspects of the performance of early emissions reduction programs in the case of GHGs. We show that there is a compelling economic...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Early reduction credits; Carbon emissions; Welfare impacts; Permit banking; Cap-and-trade; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; H23; Q48.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10791

The Chesapeake Bay and the Control of NOx Emissions: A Policy Analysis
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; McConnell,   Virginia D.; Austin,   David H.; Cannon,   Matthew; Stoessell,   Terrell; Morton,   Brian.
Nitrogen oxide emissions not only affect air quality but have recently been found to be an important source of nitrate pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. This analysis examines the costs, emissions, source specific and location-specific allocations of NOx emissions reductions and the ancillary ozone related health benefits under a range of policy scenarios. The paper includes analysis of three separate policies. The first is a detailed analysis of the effect on nitrate loadings to the Bay of command and control policies specified in the Clean Air Act and as part of the OTAG process. The second is a comparison of alternative scenarios for reducing NOx emissions that meet nitrate loading goals, with or without concern for reducing ozone concentrations and the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Chesapeake Bay; Cost effectiveness; Air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10576

Sequencing Renewables: Groundwater, Recycled Water, and Desalination
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Roumasset,   James A.; Wada,   Christopher.
Optimal recycling of minerals can be thought of as an integral part of the theory of the mine. In this paper, we consider the role that wastewater recycling plays in the optimal extraction of groundwater, a renewable resource.  We develop a two-sector dynamic optimization model to solve for the optimal trajectories of groundwater extraction and water recycling. For the case of spatially increasing recycling costs, recycled water serves as a supplemental resource in transition to the steady state. For constant unit recycling cost, recycled wastewater is eventually used as a sector-specific backstop for agricultural users, while desalination supplements household groundwater in the steady state. In both cases, recycling water increases welfare by shifting...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Renewable resources; Dynamic optimization; Groundwater allocation; Wastewater reuse; Recycling; Reclamation; Water quality; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; C6.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103753

Using Emissions Trading to Regulate U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: An Overview of Policy Design and Implementation Issues
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn; Kerr,   Suzi; Toman,   Michael.
In Kyoto in 1997, the US government agreed that between 2008 and 2012 it would limit average annual emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to seven percent below 1990 levels. As participants in the climate policy debate consider various means by which limits on US GHG emissions might be undertaken in the wake of the Kyoto agreement, there is considerable interest but also some confusion about how a GHG trading program could be organized and operated in practice. In this paper we address several aspects of policy design for a US system, such as who and what is covered by regulation, the organization of the trading system, how carbon permits are allocated, and how a system could be initiated and changed over time. The paper synthesizes existing analyses and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Emissions trading; Environmental policy design; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10501

Impact of climate policy on the Basque country.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Gonzalez,   Mikel; Dellink,   Rob B.
In this paper analyze the economic effects of CO2 emission reductions in the Basque Country (Spain) using an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model with specific attention to environment-energy-economy interactions. Environmental policy is implemented through a system of tradable pollution permits that the government auctions. The costs of different levels of CO2 abatement are discussed, focusing on the variations of macroeconomic, sectoral and environment-energy variables. Results show that the costs for achieving the Kyoto targets can remain limited if the appropriate combination of changes in fuel-mix and restructuring of the economy is induced.      Impacto económico del control del cambio climático en el País Vasco  Resumen En este trabajo analizamos...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Applied General Equilibrium; Climate change; Tradable pollution permits; Basque Country; Environmental Economics and Policy; D58; H21; Q20; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7993

Estimating the Value of Invasive Aquatic Plant Control:  A Bioeconomic Analysis of 13 Public Lakes in Florida
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Adams,   Damian C.; Lee,   Donna J.
We present a bioeconomic model of three invasive aquatic plants (hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce) in 13 large Florida lakes, and simulate one-year and steady-state impacts of three control scenarios.  We estimate that the steady-state annual net benefit of invasive plant control is $59.95 million.  A one-year increase in control yields steady-state gains of $6.55 million per year, and a one-year lapse causes steady-state annual losses of $18.71 million.  This model shows that increased control of hydrilla, water hyacinth, and water lettuce is optimal.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Aquatic plants; Bioeconomics; Invasive species; Lakes; Maintenance control; Q57; Q26; Q28; Q51; Q25.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37139

Incentives for Soil and Water Conservation on Farm in Ravines of Gujarat: Policy Implications for Future Adoption
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pande,   V.C.; Kurothe,   R.S.; Singh,   H.B.; Tiwari,   S.P.
The issue of incentives has been studied for the adoption of soil and water conservation in the ravines of Gujarat in the context of holistic development of small and marginal farms and their profitability. It is hypothesized that poor economic condition of farmers impedes their ability to make large-scale investment in conservation agriculture, in general and improvement of land, in particular. The study is based on two groups of farms- with and without conservation history. The results have substantiated the argument that under the present price scenario, farm profitability makes the marginal farms susceptible to a vicious poverty circle. The input and output prices prevailing in the region do not favour the farming enterprise. Thus, this policy variable...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Soil and water conservation; Conservation agriculture; Credit worthiness; Land tenure; Farm investment; Gujarat ravines; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/109425

Los derechos de propiedad en la agricultura de regadio: su situacion frente al cambio institucional
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Miranda,   Dionisio Ortiz; Delgado,   Felisa Cena.
RESUMEN: La economía del agua en España se encuentra en una fase de cambio institucional, cuyo desarrollo va a estar fuertemente condicionado por la estructura de los derechos de propiedad sobre el agua. Esta estructura, en un contexto como el de la agricultura de regadío, está caracterizada por un complejo entramado de instituciones informales y percepciones de los propios regantes. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar dichos derechos de propiedad -mediante una desagregación previa de su contenido- en el ámbito de las Comunidades de Regantes del Guadalquivir, con la finalidad de analizar cómo pueden desarrollarse las nuevas instituciones en dicho contexto. Los resultados, basados tanto en el análisis de las instituciones formales como en las opiniones...
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Water economy; Property rights; Institutional change; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28739

Stimulating Organic Farming Via Public Services and an Auction-Based Subsidy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Feinerman,   Eli; Gardebroek,   Cornelis.
In order to stimulate organic farming governments generally use a mix of temporary hectare payments and provision of public services for stimulating the development of the organic sector. In this paper a conceptual model is developed for determining a socially optimal hectare payment for any given level of public services. Farm heterogeneity, due to the variability of soil quality and management skills, is explicitly taken into account. Using an n-th price auction mechanism farmers indicate what their reservation subsidy is for a given level of public input provision. The outcome of this problem is utilized in the government's optimization problem. We found that the level of per hectare socially optimal subsidy increases significantly with the elasticity...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Auctions; Organic farming; Policy mix; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q28; Q12.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24723

Public Support for Pollution Fee Policies for Motor Vehicles: Survey Results
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Harrington,   Winston; Alberini,   Anna.
In this paper we report on the results of a telephone survey conducted in Southern California during August and September 1996. The purpose of the survey was to inform respondents about a set of rather complex pricing policies designed to reduce motor vehicle emissions and to estimate respondent support for those policies. After receiving extensive information about these policies, respondents were polled on whether they would support, i.e., vote for, any or all of these options. The pollution fee survey elicited support for a plan that levied a fee on vehicles in the region, depending on the vehicle's emissions per mile and on the miles driven. The sample was then split in two, with half the respondents being told that a portion of the revenues would be...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile sources; Survey; Emissions fees; Environmental Economics and Policy; R41; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10469

Six Steps to a Healthier Ambient Ozone Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Krupnick,   Alan J.; Farrell,   Deirdre.
EPA appears likely to tighten the ambient ozone standard, even as many areas of the country are having great difficulties meeting the current standard. This paper offers an analysis of potential regulatory, administrative, and legislative initiatives for reducing the costs of meeting ozone standards. The detailed analysis of these initiatives is organized into six steps: (i) acknowledge mistakes and adapt to new knowledge; (ii) rehabilitate EPA's Title I Program; (iii) build on the best ideas; (iv) clarify and change the Clean Air Act; (v) educate the public; and (vi) fund research. EPA can go a long way to make its programs more efficient and effective without changes in the Clean Air Act; indeed, a number of its current initiatives show promise. But it...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Ambient ozone standards; Policy; Economic analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; K32.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10752

Rethinking Scientific Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nelson,   Robert H.
The U.S. Forest Service was founded early in the twentieth century with the progressive mission to achieve the scientific management of the forests of the United States. Scientific management was in part a political theory, holding out a model by which social values and technical considerations should function separately in the political process. However, since the 1970s the autonomy of Forest Service professionals to manage the national forests has been undermined by judicial decisions, White House and other executive branch oversight, and routine Congressional interference. Ecological management is a new attempt in the 1990s to revive scientific management but it is not likely to be any more successful than previous efforts. Instead, a new governing...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Scientific management; Progressive era; Forests; Forest Service; Environmental Economics and Policy; H41; N5; Q23; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10447

Waste, Recycling, and "Design for Environment": Roles for Markets and Policy Instruments
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Calcott,   Paul; Walls,   Margaret.
Several studies that have solved for optimal solid waste policy instruments have suggested that transaction costs may often prevent the working of recycling markets. In this paper, we explicitly incorporate such costs into a general equilibrium model of production, consumption, recycling, and disposal. Specifically, we assume that consumers have access to both recycling without payment and recycling with payment but that the latter option comes with transaction costs. Producers choose material and nonmaterial inputs to produce a consumer product, and they also choose design attributes of that product-its weight and degree of recyclability. We find that the policy instruments that yield a social optimum in this setting need to vary with the degree of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Dfe; Deposit-refund; Disposal fee; Constrained optimum; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10900

Emissions Pricing, Spillovers, and Public Investment in Environmentally Friendly Technologies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fischer,   Carolyn.
In a second-best world of below-optimal pollution pricing, the public return to R&amp;D may be greater than under Pigouvian pricing, due to excess benefits of increasing abatement, or it may be lower, since private actors lack the incentives to take full advantage of the new, cleaner technologies. This paper uses a simple model to demonstrate the interaction between environmental policies, R&amp;D externalities, and the social return to innovation. The results indicate that strong public support for innovation is only justified if at least a moderate emissions policy is in place and spillover effects are significant. Furthermore, in most cases, policy constraints that limit regulatory burdens tend to further limit the scope for public support, even when...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions price; Technological innovation; Spillovers; R&amp;D policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O38; H23.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10648

Agri-Environmental Policies When the Spatial Pattern of Biodiversity Reserves Matters
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bamiére,   Laure; David,   Maia; Vermont,   Bruno.
The aim of this paper is to compare different policy instruments for cost-effective habitat conservation on agricultural lands, when the desired spatial pattern of reserves is a random mosaic. We use a spatially explicit mathematical programming model which studies the farmers' behavior as profit maximizers under technical and administrative constraints. Facing different policy measures, each farmer chooses its land-use at the field level, which determines the landscape at the regional level. A spatial pattern index (Ripley L function) is then associated to the obtained landscape, indicating on the degree of dispersion of the reserve. We compare a subsidy per hectare of reserve with an auction scheme and an agglomeration malus. We find that the auction is...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental policies; Biodiversity; Mathematical programming; Spatial optimization; Reserve design; Cost-efficiency; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H23; Q57; Q12; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/114239

The Benefits and Costs of Environmental Information Disclosure: What Do We Know About Right-to-Know?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Beierle,   Thomas C.
Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency and other government agencies removed information from their websites that they feared could invite attacks on critical public and private infrastructure. Accordingly, the benefits and costs of environmental information disclosure programs have come under increasing scrutiny. This paper provides a framework for examining these benefits and costs, and illustrates the framework through three brief case studies of information disclosure programs: risk management planning, materials accounting, and the Sector Facility Indexing Program. The paper closes by using these three cases to outline what we know and still need to find out about information disclosure programs.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Disclosure; Toxics Release Inventory; Risk management planning; Materials accounting; Sector Facility Indexing Project; Right-to-know; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10840

Cost Savings Sans Allowance Trades? Evaluating the SO2 Emission Trading Program to Date
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas.
Title IV of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act initiated a historic experiment in incentive-based environmental regulation through the use of tradable allowances for emission of sulfur dioxide by electric generating facilities. To date, relatively little allowance trading has taken place; however, the costs of compliance have been much less than anticipated. The purpose of this paper is to address the apparent paradox that the allowance trading program may not require (very much) trading to be successful. Title IV represented two great steps forward in environmental regulation: first a move toward performance standards and second formal allowance trading. The first step has been sufficient to date for improving dynamic efficiency and achieving...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emission trading; SO2; Clean Air Act; Cost-effectiveness; Incentive-based regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q48; L51.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10682

Referendum Design and Contingent Valuation: The NOAA Panel's No-Vote Recommendation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Carson,   Richard T.; Hanemann,   W. Michael; Kopp,   Raymond J.; Krosnick,   Jon A.; Mitchell,   Robert C.; Presser,   Stanley; Ruud,   Paul A.; Smith,   V. Kerry; Conaway,   Michael; Martin,   Kerry.
In 1992 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) convened a panel of prominent social scientists to assess the reliability of natural resource damage estimates derived from contingent valuation (CV). The product of the Panel's deliberations was a report that laid out a set of recommended guidelines for CV survey design, administration, and data analysis. One of the Panel's recommendations was that CV surveys should employ a referendum approach. This method describes a choice mechanism that asks each respondent how they would vote if faced with a particular program and the prospect of paying for the program through some means, such as higher taxes. The Panel also recommended that CV referendum questions which commonly use only "for" or...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Contingent valuation; Natural resource damages; Passive use; Exxon Valdez; Reliability; Environmental Economics and Policy; D60; D61; K32; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10865

Adjusting Carbon Cost Analyses to Account for Prior Tax Distortions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper discusses how carbon abatement policies interact with the tax system, and how these interactions affect the overall costs of carbon controls. We provide formulas for adjusting cost estimates of auctioned and grandfathered carbon emissions from partial equilibrium energy models into rough estimates of general equilibrium costs that account for fiscal interactions. In the basic model with a tax on labor income, the general equilibrium costs of (revenue-neutral) auctioned permits are around 25% higher than the partial equilibrium costs; those of grandfathered permits, which do not directly raise revenues for recycling, are typically more than 100% higher. However, when allowance is made for complicating factors, such as the effect of tax subsidies...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Carbon permits; Tax distortions; Revenue recycling; General equilibrium costs; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Q28; H21.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10481

Environmental Remediation Law and Economies in Transition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boyd,   James.
The paper discusses the design of environmental remediation laws in countries struggling with fundamental market and institutional reforms. Optimal cleanup standards, liability rules, and enforcement are discussed from the standpoint of both economic efficiency and practical implementation. Particular attention is paid to financing mechanisms and issues that arise during privatization.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental remediation; Liability; Privatization; Transitional economies; Environmental Economics and Policy; K32; P21; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10721

Bayesian Learning and the Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Zhang,   Jiangfeng.
We study the importance of anticipated learning - about both environmental damages and abatement costs - in determining the level and the method of controlling greenhouse gas emissions. We also compare active learning, passive learning, and parameter uncertainty without learning. Current beliefs about damages and abatement costs have an important effect on the optimal level of emissions, However, the optimal level of emissions is not sensitive either to the possibility of learning about damages. or to the type of learning (active or passive), Taxes dominate quotas, but by a small margin.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Uncertainty; Bayesian learning; Asymmetric information; Choice of instruments; Dynamic optimization; Environmental Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Cll; C6l; D8; H2l; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6214

Dynamics and Limited Cooperation In International Environmental Agreements
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Karp,   Larry S.; Sacheti,   Sandeep.
The amount of cooperation needed to improve the welfare of signatories of International Environmental Agreements (IEAs), in the presence of market imperfections, depends on the characteristics of pollution. In a dynamic model, the conventional wisdom on the effect of free-riding needs to be modified for certain types of pollution problems. For local pollution problems, a sufficient level of free-riding actually promotes signatories' welfare. For global pollution problems, the conventional wisdom is correct insofar as free-riding makes it more difficult to form a successful IEA. However, for some global pollution problems, free-riding may disappear. A static model may overstate or understate the difficulty of forming a successful IEA. The effect of an IEA...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: International Environmental Agreements; Environmental stocks; Dynamics; Free-riding; Environmental Economics and Policy; International Relations/Trade; F12; F42; Q28.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6212

Carbon Mitigation Costs for the Commercial Sector: Discrete-Continuous Choice Analysis of Multifuel Energy Demand
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Pizer,   William A.
We estimate a carbon mitigation cost curve for the U.S. commercial sector based on econometric estimation of the responsiveness of fuel demand and equipment choices to energy price changes. The model econometrically estimates fuel demand conditional on fuel choice, which is characterized by a multinomial logit model. Separate estimation of end uses (e.g., heating, cooking) using the 1995 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey allows for exceptionally detailed estimation of price responsiveness disaggregated by end use and fuel type. We then construct aggregate long-run elasticities, by fuel type, through a series of simulations; own-price elasticities range from -0.9 for district heat services to -2.9 for fuel oil. The simulations form the basis of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Commercial energy demand; Carbon policy; Climate change; Discrete choice; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q28; Q48; Q41; C35; C15.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10625

Does Nature Limit Environmental Federalism?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Smith,   V. Kerry; Schwabe,   Kurt A.; Mansfield,   Carol.
This research considers whether the principles developed to analyze the optimal jurisdiction for producing public goods can be applied in cases where regulations of private activities provide the primary means to deliver different amounts of public and quasi-public goods. The analysis evaluates how devolution affects the development of benefit cost analyses for regulations and the role of economic versus environmental factors in defining the extent of the regulatory market. Using a study of nutrient control for the Neuse River in North Carolina, the analysis develops area specific measures of the benefits and costs of regulations and illustrates how changes in the composition of the areas allowed to "count" for policy design can affect decisions about the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental federalism; Benefit-cost analysis; Nutrient control; Environmental Economics and Policy; H11; H23; Q28.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10684

Quota Trading and Profitability: Theoretical Models and Applications to Danish Fisheries
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Andersen,   Jesper Levring; Bogetoft,   Peter.
Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we provide a framework to analyze the potential gains from quota trading. We compare the industry profit and structure before and after a free trade reallocation of production quotas. The effects of tradable production quotas depend on several technological and behavioral characteristics, including the ability to learn best practice (catch-up) and the ability to change the input and output composition (mix). To illustrate the usefulness of our approach, we analyze a dataset from the Danish fishery. We study the industry profit and structure under each of four sets of technological and behavioral characteristics.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ); Reallocation; Technical efficiency; Allocative efficiency; Fishery; Agribusiness; C61; L51; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24180

Oil and Water Don't Mix: Risk on Tap in Western Siberia
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris.
In common with other areas throughout the Russian Federation, western Siberia faces formidable environmental pollution, a problem that in part is the legacy of the highly centralized Soviet era when meeting production quotas was the raison d'être for many managers of economic enterprises. In this region, over the last thirty years the near singular focus on short term oil production has led to severe contamination of the area's surface and groundwater supplies, threatening both human and ecological health. At the same time, revenues from continued oil extraction may provide the means to address some of the environmental problems. In light of the struggling economy and potential political instability, however, it is particularly critical that authorities...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Transitional economies; Drinking water; Oil contamination; Health risk; Prioritization; Least cost planning; Russia; Siberia; Environmental Economics and Policy; I18; Q28.
Ano: 1996
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10887

How A Cap-and-Trade Policy of Green House Gases Could Alter the Face of Agriculture in the South: A Spatial and Production Level Analysis.
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Nalley,   Lawton Lanier; Popp,   Michael P.; Fortin,   Corey.
With the Waxman-Markey Bill passing the House and the Obama administration’s push to reduce carbon emissions, the likelihood of the implementation of some form of a carbon policy is increasing. This study estimates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the six largest crops produced in Arkansas using 63 different production practices as documented by University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. From these GHG estimates a baseline state “carbon footprint” was estimated and a hypothetical cap-and-trade carbon reduction of 5, 10, and 20% was levied on Arkansas agriculture. Results show that while a modest reduction in GHG emissions (5%) would only affect crop allocations amongst certain crops while marginally reducing state net returns, a 20%...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Cap-and-Trade; Carbon; Sustainability; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q52; Q54; Q56.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55717

U.S. Cotton Subsidies: Drawing a Fine Line on the Degree of Decoupling
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Rossi,   Frederick J.; Schmitz,   Andrew; Schmitz,   Troy G.
The impact of the U.S. cotton policy depends on several interrelated factors; how input subsidies interact with producer price supports, producer price expectations, and the extent to which price supports are decoupled from production. Cotton subsidies have a direct impact on world cotton prices, depending on the extent to which price supports are coupled to production. At one extreme, there is a price impact of 12.4% when producers make decisions at the loan rate, but the average price impact is 20.9% when producers make decisions based on the target price. Results are presented for intermediate cases of decoupling.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Cotton; Counter-cyclical payments; Decoupling; Loan rate; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Q17; Q18; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6621

CAP versus Rural Policy Challenges, Paradigm change
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Halmai,   Peter; Vasary,   Viktoria.
Rural development in the European Union has to face several challenges. Negative effects of old and new challenges (if these challenges are not faced effectively) might enhance and accelerate those processes that are taking place slowly for the present but that are definitely irreversible. On the basis of sector-specific approach problems related to agriculture should be focused on. It has to be, however, highlighted that there is an ongoing paradigm change: there is a shift from the agricultural policy aiming at food self sufficiency and income parity towards a sustainable rural policy with spatial focus. The shift itself is considered a continuous challenge, too. The following questions as objectives of the paper arise: - Are there policy instruments...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Common agricultural policy; New rural paradigm; European added value; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Q01; Q18; Q28; Q57.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115547

A Herculean Task? Economics, Politics, and Realigning Government in the Case of U.S. Polar-Orbiting Weather Satellites
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: MacAuley,   Molly K.
In 1994 one of the most radical institutional restructurings in the U.S. government's provision of critical weather information took place after eight unsuccessful attempts. A presidential decision directive merged weather data collection by satellites operated by the Department of Defense for military operations and satellites operated by the Department of Commerce for civilian weather forecasting. Such radical restructuring involving government agencies with different objectives, economic constraints, and operating cultures is rare. This paper reviews the decision that led to "convergence," discusses economic arguments advanced for the merger, and finds that the problem of an incomplete contract, from the perspective of contract theory, is the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Weather economics; Space economics; Value of information; Government policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; O32; Q00.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10539

Market-Based Environmental Policies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Stavins,   Robert N.
Some eighty years ago, economists first proposed the use of corrective taxes to internalize environmental and other externalities. Fifty years later, the portfolio of potential economic-incentive instruments was expanded to include quantity-based mechanisms--tradable permits. Thus, economic-incentive approaches to environmental protection are clearly not a new policy idea, and over the past two decades, they have held varying degrees of prominence in environmental policy discussions. This paper summarizes U.S. experiences with such market-based policy instruments, including: pollution charges; deposit-refund systems; tradable permits; market barrier reductions; and government subsidy reductions. No particular form of government intervention, no individual...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Market-based instruments; Pigovian taxes; Tradable permits; Deposit-refund systems; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10506

Equilibrium Welfare Impacts of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments in the Los Angeles Area
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Tra,   Constant I.
This study develops a discrete choice locational equilibrium model to evaluate the benefits of the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area following the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The discrete choice equilibrium approach accounts for the fact that air quality improvements brought about by the 1990 CAAA will change housing choices and prices. The study provides the first application of the discrete choice equilibrium framework (Anas, 1980, Bayer et al., 2005) to the valuation of large environmental changes. The study also provides new evidence for the distributional welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area. Households’ location choices are modeled according to the random utility framework of McFadden (1973)...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Benefit analysis; Ozone improvement; Locational equilibrium; Discrete choice; Environmental Economics and Policy; H0; Q28; R13; R21.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7341

The Brownfields Phenomenon: Much Ado about Something or the Timing of the Shrewd?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris; Heberle,   Lauren; Alberini,   Anna; Meyer,   Peter.
This paper provides an overview of the cleanup and redevelopment of contaminated properties known as "brownfields." It has three principal parts. First, we introduce the brownfields phenomenon and its drivers, drawing on the body of available empirical evidence to discuss characteristics of individual brownfield redevelopment projects. Second, we present findings from a recent study we have conducted that examines the relative attractiveness to private developers of public interventions to promote brownfields redevelopment. Third, we briefly summarize some of the problems with brownfields development and policy and propose an approach to promote wider societal benefits of brownfields development. We conclude with several broad questions about brownfields...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brownfields; Contamination; Economic development; Infill; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10660

Climate Change Catastrophes
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pizer,   William A.
Most studies that compare price and quantity controls for greenhouse gas emissions under uncertainty find that price mechanisms perform substantially better. In these studies, the benefits from reducing emissions are proportional to the level of reductions, and such linear benefits strongly favor price policies (Weitzman 1974). Catastrophic damages, however, challenge that intuition as consequences become highly nonlinear. Catastrophe avoidance offers huge benefits, and incremental adjustments on either side of the associated threshold are relatively unimportant, suggesting a strong preference for quantity controls. This paper shows that with catastrophic damages, both price and quantity mechanisms offer large gains over the business-as-usual alternative,...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Global warming; Prices versus quantities; Stock externalities; Integrated assessment; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; D81; C68.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10499

Land Use and Remedy Selection: Experience from the Field - The Fort Ord Site
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris; Hersh,   Robert.
In September of 1994, the Army closed the Fort Ord Military Reservation, a Superfund site of some 28,000 acres located in Monterey County, California. Under the Base Closure and Realignment Act, nearly all of this land will be transferred to federal and state entities and to a number of cities of the Monterey peninsula that border the base. A good deal of this property is valuable real estate -- coastal dunes, golf courses, and barracks that can be converted to apartments or dormitories. For the beneficiaries of these property transfers the Fort Ord cleanup is a modern day gold rush that is taking place as part of a Superfund cleanup. What effect have economic development pressures had on the cleanup process and on decisions about cleanup standards? This...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Superfund; Land use; Economic development; Land Economics/Use; Q24; Q28; R52.
Ano: 1997
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10847

WILL SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE PLAY A ROLE IN A CARBON MARKET?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Zeuli,   Kimberly A.; Skees,   Jerry R.
While a carbon market offers substantial opportunities for US agriculture, regional differences in such a market are often ignored. This paper focuses on the advantages and challenges for agriculture in the South. The potential of two promising options are analyzed: conversion from cropland to forests and greater use of conversation tillage. It is argued that the right institutional arrangements can overcome three fundamental challenges to an efficient carbon market: transaction costs, risk, and perverse incentives. Some examples are given, such as the use of a farmer-owned organization and the provision of land use and carbon information by the government.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Carbon emission reduction; Tradable permits; Afforestation; Conservation tillage; Government policy; Regional economics; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q23; Q24; Q28; R00.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/15492

Transition to Sustainable Tropical Land Management
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burger,   Kees.
Following the example of Tiffen et al. on Machakos, Kenya, new macro-based evidence was collected in Machakos, the neighbouring Kitui district and in Benin, Cameroon and the Philippines, to assess the factors à la Boserup, inducing transitions towards sustainable land management, such as terracing, stone bands etc. We find that relative scarcity of land can be seen to induce technical changes, in the sense of Hayami &amp; Ruttan, that correspond to the new  relative scarcity, making higher man-land ratios the optimal choice.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Soil and water conservation; Sustainable agriculture; Induced innovation; Boserup; Malthus; Land Economics/Use; Q12; Q21; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24517

Economic Parameters for Corn Ethanol and Biodiesel Production
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Eidman,   Vernon R.
This article presents current investment and operating costs of ethanol and biodiesel plants for alternative prices of feedstock. The price of these two fuels is estimated for alternative prices of crude oil with the existing renewable fuels policy. The excise tax credit, currently $0.51 per gallon of ethanol and $1.00 per gallon of biodiesel, is a major contributor to the fuel price and profitability of these industries. The analysis demonstrates how the crude oil price, feedstock price, and excise tax credits interact to impact profitability of these industries
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Biodiesel; Biofuels; Ethanol; Renewable energy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q13; Q18; Q28; Q42.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6519

The Economics of Climate Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Kolstad,   Charles D.; Toman,   Michael.
Economics has played an increasingly important role in shaping policy, in the United States and elsewhere. This paper reviews some of the dimensions of the economic approach to analyzing, understanding, and developing solutions to the problem of climate change. We then turn to the issue of designing regulatory instruments to control the problem. The paper concludes with a discussion of the political economy of greenhouse gas control in an international context.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate change; Climate policy design; Integrated assessment; Environmental policy coordination; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q28; Q48; D61; D62; D63.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10783

Regulatory Responses to Potential Pollutants from Animal Feeding Operations: Opting Out of Costly Permitting Regulations
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Centner,   Terence J.; Mullen,   Jeffrey D.
Because of excessive water impairment, federal and state agencies have enacted regulations to reduce water pollution from animal feeding operations.  Many of the regulations are based on numbers of animals rather than the potential of an operator to impair water quality.  To enhance efficiency, critical production indicators and location screening factors might be used to exempt operations that are not significantly impairing water quality.  In this manner, regulations could avoid imposing unnecessary costs on the regulated public and more effectively target monitoring and enforcement resources of the regulatory agency.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Concentrated animal feeding operations; Pollution; Production indicators; Regulations; Water impairment; K2; K32; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43345

CO2-Abscheidung und Ablagerung (CAA): Ordnungsrechtliche Aspekte und okonomische Implikationen im Rahmen des EU - Emissionshandels
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Dietrich,   Lars; Bode,   Sven.
Die Abscheidung von Kohlendioxid in großen, immobilen Industrieanlagen mit anschließender Ablagerung in geologischen Formationen gewinnt in jüngster Zeit in der Diskussion um Maßnahmen zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der Bau von Pilotanlagen ist inzwischen auch für Deutschland angekündigt worden. Diese neue Technik birgt dabei grundsätzlich die Gefahr von Wiederaustritten des abgeschiedenen und verpressten CO2 in die Atmosphäre. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht das vorliegende Papier ausgewählte ordnungsrechtliche Aspekte sowie ökonomische Implikationen im Rahmen des EU-Emissionshandels. Die Analyse zeigt, dass derartige Anlagen mit einer Ausnahme zur Zeit keinem dem Gefahrenpotential entsprechenden Genehmigungsverfahren...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: CO2-Abscheidung; CO2-Ablagerung; Emissionshandel; CCS; CAA; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; Q40.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26203

GAME MODELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN AN OPEN ECONOMY
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Batabyal,   Amitrajeet A.
In this paper we study some aspects of the question of international environmental regulation from a game theoretic perspective. We address two broad questions. First, we examine the circumstances under which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy by a country in a Stackelberg game will make that country worse off. Second, we study the effects of environmental regulation by means of alternate price control instruments in a Stackelberg game where there is transboundary pollution. We find that there are plausible theoretical circumstances in which the pursuit of unilateral environmental policy is not a good idea. Further, we show that in choosing between alternate pollution control instruments, national governments typically face a tradeoff between...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental; Policy; Open; Economy; Game; Environmental Economics and Policy; D62; F13; Q28.
Ano: 1995
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28364

An Econometric Analysis of the Environmental Benefits Provided by the Conservation Reserve Program
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Fleming,   Ronald A.
Over $1.7 billion has been spent on the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) since 1985.  The purpose of this study is to show that these expenditures have aided the environment.  Rather than quantify changes in environmental variables, a spatial econometric model is used to test if CRP enrollments are greater in counties with poorer environmental quality.  In seven of nine regions, CRP enrollments are higher in counties with an environmental concern.  This positive finding justifies past expenditures by the CRP and supports continued funding as an environmental program.  The CRP is targeting current environmental concerns that will lead to future improvement.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Conservation Reserve Program; Econometrics; Environmental quality; Soil erosion; Spatial data; Water quality; Wildlife habitat; Q28; Q58; C31; Q24; Q25.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43388

Managing Permit Markets to Stabilize Prices
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Pizer,   William A.; Zhang,   Jiangfeng.
The political economy of environmental policy favors the use of quantity-based instruments over price-based instruments (e.g., tradable permits over green taxes), at least in the United States. With cost uncertainty, however, there are clear efficiency advantages to prices in many cases, especially for stock pollutants such as greenhouse gases. The question arises, therefore, of whether one can design flexible quantity policies that mimic the behavior of price policies, namely stable permit prices and abatement costs. We explore a number of "quantity-plus" policies that replicate the behavior of a price policy through rules that adjust the effective permit cap for unexpectedly low or high costs. They do so without necessitating any monetary exchanges...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradable permit market; Prices; Quantities; Banking; Borrowing; Uncertainty; Demand and Price Analysis; Q28; Q48; D8; L51.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10524

Adaptation, Mitigation and “Green” R&amp;D to Combat Global Climate Change. Insights From an Empirical Integrated Assessment Exercise
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bosello,   Francesco.
This work develops a framework for the analysis at the macro-level of the relationship between adaptation and mitigation policies. The FEEM-RICE growth model with stock pollution, endogenous R&amp;D investment and emission abatement is enriched with a planned-adaptation module where a defensive capital stock is built through adaptation investment. Within this framework the optimal path of planned adaptation, the optimal inter and intra temporal mix between adaptation, mitigation and investment in R&amp;D, and the sensitivity of a strategy to each other is identified. The major conclusions of this research show that adaptation, mitigation and R&amp;D are strategic complements as all concur together to the solution of the climate change problem; nonetheless...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Climate Change Impacts; Mitigation; Adaptation; Integrated Assessment; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59746

Comparing the Marginal Excess Burden of Labor, Petrol, Cigarette, and Alcohol Taxes: An Application to the United Kingdom
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Parry,   Ian W.H.
This paper develops an analytical framework for comparing the marginal excess burden (MEB) of labor taxes and various commodity taxes, allowing for externalities and interactions between the taxes, and applies the analysis to the United Kingdom. Due to parameter uncertainty and model simplifications the results should be viewed with caution, nonetheless there are some useful insights. For example, even though taxes on petrol and cigarettes confer externality benefits, and these goods are relatively weak leisure substitutes, the MEB of these taxes may substantially exceed that of the labor income tax, except under "high" scenarios for externality benefits. In contrast the MEB for alcohol taxes may be smaller than that of the labor tax, though it is still...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Welfare cost; Labor tax; Cigarette tax; Alcohol tax; Petrol tax; Externalities; Political Economy; H21; H23; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10860

Does Targeting a Designated Area Crowd out the other Preservation Programs’ Efforts?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Liu,   Xiangping; Lynch,   Lori.
Maryland has introduced a number of land preservation programs over the past 40 years to permanently preserve resource lands. Although new programs can increase the number of acres being preserved, they might have unintended impact on land preservation due to interaction with existing land preservation programs.  The Maryland Rural Legacy program began in 1997 by designating large contiguous blocks of land and focusing its preservation efforts only in those areas. The program’s could attract existing programs to shift their preservation effort into this designated rural legacy areas if there exist economy of scale or they subsidized existing programs’ effort through matching funds. Alternatively, it could crowd out the others’ preservation efforts in these...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Crowding effects; Designated preservation areas; Land preservation; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q18; Q24; Q28; Q58.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49339

Implementation of EU Agri-Environmental Measures at the Regional Level: Economic and Political Constraints
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Bertoni,   Danilo; Peri,   Massimo; Olper,   Alessandro.
In this paper we apply a political objective function approach developed by Salhofer and Glebe (2004) to explain the high variability of agri-environmental program implementation at the EU regional level. The analysis covers 55 EU regions during the period 2001-2002, using basic data extracted from the Common Monitoring Indicators collected by the UE Commission for the programme's evaluation process. The main results indicate that the area covered by agri-environmental programs increases in regions where budget constraints are less severe and where the social demand for environmental amenities is more relevant. Moreover, agri-environmental programs are negatively related to the participation opportunity cost and show a non linear relation with the farmer's...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental measures; CAP; Regional and agricultural policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q18; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24777

Fishing Quota Markets
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Sanchirico,   James N.; Kerr,   Suzi.
Fisheries worldwide continue to suffer from the negative consequences of open access. In 1986, New Zealand responded by establishing an individual transferable quota (ITQ) system that by 1998 included 33 species and more than 150 markets for fishing quotas. We assess these markets in terms of trends in market activity, price dispersion, and the fundamentals determining quota prices. We find that market activity is sufficiently high to support a competitive market and that price dispersion has decreased over time. Using a 15-year panel dataset, we also find evidence of economically rational behavior through the relationship between quota lease and sale prices and fishing output and input prices, ecological variability, and market interest rates. Controlling...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradable permits; Individual transferable quota; Fisheries; Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q22; Q28; D40; L10.
Ano: 2002
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10451

Efficacy of European Policies on Rural Landscape: the Case Study of Sardinia (ITALY)
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Idda,   Lorenzo; Madau,   Fabio A.; Orru,   Elia; Pulina,   Pietro; Sini,   Maria Paola.
Over the last decades, a large number of developed countries have explicitly recognized the importance of benefits generated from agricultural and rural landscape into their legislation. Since the early '90, preservation and enhancing of rural landscape has played an increasing role also into the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) promoted by the European Union (EU). More generally, the whole European rural development policy seems to recognize an important role to the keeping of agricultural and rural landscape. The present work is a part of a wider research aimed to identify rational instruments for guidance policies on rural landscape. The specific purpose of this paper is to evaluate efficacy of Sardinian (Italy) regional policies on rural landscape. In...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural landscape; Rural and environmental policies; Structural policies; Efficacy policies evaluation; Sardinia; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; Q28; R59.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24778

Optimal Exploitation of Groundwater and the Potential for a Tradable Permit System in Irrigated Agriculture
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Latinopoulos,   Dionysis; Sartzetakis,   Eftichios S.
A great challenge facing future agricultural water policy is to explore the potential for transition from the current myopic competitive (common) exploitation of groundwater resources to a long-term efficient and sustainable allocation. A number of economic and/or command and control instruments can be used by the relevant water authority in order to deal with the economic and environmental problems generated by competitive exploitation. However, according to previous experience in both developed and developing countries, tradable permits seem as one of the most effective and efficient instruments, especially under conditions of limited water availability. On this account, the aim of the current study is to explore the feasibility and implementation of a...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Tradable Water Permits; Sustainable Water Use; Irrigated Agriculture; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q15; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102500

A Note on Emissions Taxes and Incomplete Information
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chavez,   Carlos A.; Stranlund,   John K.
In contrast with what we perceive is the conventional wisdom about setting emissions taxes under uncertainty, we demonstrate that setting a uniform tax equal to expected marginal damage is not generally efficient under incomplete information about firms’ abatement costs and damages from pollution.  We show that efficient taxes will deviate from expected marginal damage if there is uncertainty about the slopes of the marginal abatement costs of regulated firms. Moreover, efficient emissions tax rates will vary across firms if a regulator can use observable firm-level characteristics to gain some information about how the firms’ marginal abatement costs vary.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Emissions Taxes; Incomplete Information; Uncertainty; Environmental Economics and Policy; Public Economics; Risk and Uncertainty; L51; Q28.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42129

Ethanol Policy Changes to Ease Pressures in Corn Markets: Could They Work?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Thompson,   Wyatt; Meyer,   Seth D.; Kalaitzandonakes,   Nicholas G.; Kaufman,   James.
Tipo: Journal Article
Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Q42; Q48; Q18. F13; Q28.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94701

Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Pizer,   William A.; Kopp,   Raymond J.
Decisions concerning environmental protection hinge on estimates of economic burden. Over the past 30 years, economists have developed and applied various tools to measure this burden. In this paper, developed as a chapter for the Handbook of Environmental Economics, we present a taxonomy of costs along with methods for measuring those costs. At the broadest level, we distinguish between partial and general equilibrium costs. Partial equilibrium costs represent the burden directly borne by the regulated entity (firms, households, government), including both pecuniary and nonpecuniary expenses, when prices are held constant. General equilibrium costs reflect the net burden once all good and factor markets have equilibrated. In addition to partial...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Social cost; Cost-benefit; Cost-effectiveness; Environmental regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; H41; L50; D58.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10762

The Effects of Environmental Regulation On Technology Diffusion: The Case of Chlorine Manufacturing
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Snyder,   Lori D.; Miller,   Nolan; Stavins,   Robert N.
We use a hazard model to estimate the effect of environmental regulation on the diffusion of membrane cell production technology in the chlorine manufacturing industry. We estimate the effect of regulation on both the adoption of the membrane technology at existing plants and on the exit of existing plants using older technologies. We find that environmental regulation did affect the diffusion of the cleaner technology in the chlorine industry. However, it did so not by encouraging the adoption of membrane cells by existing facilities, but by reducing the demand for chlorine and hence encouraging the shutdown of facilities using the environmentally inferior options.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Regulation; Technological change; Environment; Hazard model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q20; Q28; L50; L65.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10554

Spatial Dimensions of US Crop Selection: Recent Responses to Markets and Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Motamed,   Mesbah J.; McPhail,   Lihong Lu.
We explicitly measure corn acreage response to the biofuels boom from 2006 to 2010. Specifically, we use newly available micro-scale planting data over time to test whether corn cultivation intensifies in proportion to the proximity of ethanol processors. We control for the endogeneity of plant location to corn acreage by using transportation network data for instruments. Our results show that reducing the distance between a farm and an ethanol plant by one percent increases acreage in corn by 0.64% and reveal a price elasticity of supply of 0.47%. To our knowledge, this is the first study that measures changes in location and intensity of corn planting in response to incentives posed by the recent biofuels boom. The results can serve as a springboard for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Corn acreage; Ethanol; Panel data analysis; Instrumental variables; Agricultural and Food Policy; Crop Production/Industries; Land Economics/Use; Q1; Q28; C33.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/103270

Brownfields Redevelopment in Wisconsin: Program, Citywide, and Site-Level Studies
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Wernstedt,   Kris; Hersh,   Robert.
In this paper, the second installment of our three-part study on the development of brownfields policy in the state of Wisconsin, we use case studies to explore the implementation of the policy at three scales: 1) two statewide initiatives, the Voluntary Party Liability Exemption process and the Sustainable Urban Development Zone program; 2) the efforts of two Wisconsin cities, West Allis and Wausau, to promote brownfields redevelopment across their neighborhoods; and 3) project-specific uses of institutional, regulatory, and financial innovations to encourage the revitalization of specific areas. Throughout the paper, we focus on the role of economic incentives, regulatory flexibility, regulatory structure, and the behavioral culture of brownfields...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Brownfields; Contamination; Hazardous waste; Regulatory reform; Wisconsin; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10547

Leveraging Landscape Change: Instrument design for supporting the evolution of new natural resource industry niches
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hatfield-Dodds,   Steve; Binning,   Carl; Dyack,   Brenda.
This paper outlines how resource degradation in Australia could be reversed with innovative investment approaches that compensate for the main impediments to beneficial landscape change. We argue that the existing suite of policy responses is incomplete and there are benefits to be had by introducing some new approaches for encouraging innovative and creative, appropriate landscape change. We discuss two examples that address the need for instruments that encourage the evolution of new natural resource industry niches: 1. the proposal advanced by the Allen Consulting Group in its recommendations to the Business Leaders Roundtable in 2001 on options for leveraging private investment entitled Repairing the Country 2. a pilot project that is being undertaken...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q28; D7.
Ano: 2004
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58704

Electricity Restructuring: Consequences and Opportunities for the Environment
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Burtraw,   Dallas; Palmer,   Karen L.; Heintzelman,   Martin.
The universal theme of deregulation of the electricity industry is the dismantling of the exclusive franchise, opening up some segments of the industry to competition. Technological changes in generation have helped eliminate the perception that generation is a natural monopoly, but this change has not occurred in transmission and distribution services. Marketing functions have also been opened up to competition in many places. This paper includes a brief overview of the different approaches to restructuring that have been adopted in selected countries around the world. It also surveys the existing literature that explores various aspects of how electricity restructuring is likely to affect the environment. The effect of restructuring on the environment...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Electricity restructuring; Air quality; Incentive-based regulation; Technological change; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; L51; L94.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10854

Strategic Choice of Domestic Environmental Policy Instrument and International Emissions Trading Scheme in an Open Economy with Imperfect Competition
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Boom,   Jan Tjeerd.
This paper presents a model of imperfect international competition. Within this framework, the optimal choice of national environmental policy instrument and international emissions trading scheme is discussed. The choice of national instrument is restricted to absolute and relative standards, which form the basis for permit and credit trading respectively. It is shown that relatives standards and credit trading lead to higher output than emission ceilings and permit trading. I find that governments want to increase production beyond the level reached with emission ceilings and therefore prefer relative standards. Furthermore, international emissions trading is only optimal when the country imports emission quotas, and in several cases, governments will...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental policy; Emissions trading; Credit trading; International trade; Imperfect competition; Strategic behavior; Environmental Economics and Policy; F12; L51; Q25; Q28.
Ano: 2003
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24177

Input and Quality Controls: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Bangladesh’s Industrial Trawl Fishery
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Chowdhury,   Nanzeen Kawshar; Kompas,   Tom; Kalirajan,   Kaliappa P.
This paper examines the effectiveness of different management tools, particularly input and quality controls on Bangladesh’s industrial trawl fishery. Results show that the efficiency of industrial trawl fishery comes from multiple owner managed vessels, export oriented vessels and registered vessels that are mainly engaged in double rigger trawling. Results also indicate that freezer vessels with small storage capacity, using small gear are relatively less efficient. This study shows that there is no depletion or reduction in marine fish stock over the period and shrimp vessels are technically more efficient than fish vessels.
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Industrial trawl fishery; Input and quality control; Efficiency; Bangladesh; Production Economics; Q22; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58888

Environmental Good Production in the Optimum Activities Portfolio of a Risk Averse Farmer
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Havlik,   Petr; Jacquet,   Florence; Boisson,   Jean-Marie; Veysset,   Patrick; Lherm,   Michel.
An analytical framework is proposed for analysis of environmental good production by farmers in the case of price uncertainty.  Environmental good production contracted by means of agri-environmental agreements is treated as a risk less option in the farmer's production activities portfolio.  Efficient frontiers were generated using mathematical programming farm level models of suckler cow farms in Monts du Cantal, in France.  It was demonstrated that for a DARA risk averse farmer: 1) the agreement payment level is not without impact on the farming intensity on parcels not subscribed under the corresponding argi-environmental programme, 2) a lump sum payment matters under uncertainty, 3) the overall impact of the lump sum payment on environmental good...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Uncertainty; Portfolio optimisation; Biodiversity; Agricultural policy; Mathematical programming; Agricultural and Food Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q12; Q18; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24594

Jobs  Versus the Environment: An Industry-level Perspective
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Pizer,   William A.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang.
The possibility that workers could be adversely affected by environmental policies imposed on heavily regulated industries has led to claims of a "jobs versus the environment" trade-off by both business and labor leaders. The present research examines this claim at the industry level for four heavily polluting industries: pulp and paper mills, plastic manufacturers, petroleum refiners, and iron and steel mills. By focusing on labor effects across an entire industry, we construct a measure relevant to the concerns of key stakeholders, such as labor unions and trade groups. We decompose the link between environmental regulation and employment into three distinct components: factor shifts to more or less labor intensity, changes in total expenditures, and...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Jobs-environment trade-off; Distribution of environmental costs; Translog cost function; Labor and Human Capital; C33; D24; J40; Q28.
Ano: 2000
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10526

Assessing Environment in Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A Time Series Estimation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Koffi-Tessio,   Egnonto M.; Homevor,   Kpotogbe.
Within a context of global trade liberalisation and constrained national budgets, agriculture in many countries has proved incapable of sustaining household livelihoods an d socio-economic development in rural areas. The post-war industrial success of several Asian countries has suggested various alternatives for rural development, including tourism for domestic and possibly foreign visitors. After outlining the economic characteristics of rural tourism and its policies, this paper reviews the evolution of government policies in this area in East Asia, including the establishment of "tourist farms" and "pilot scheme" villages in Korea since the 1980s. A field survey of some 200 Korean village leaders and others, undertaken in 2004, is reported as to the...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Rural tourism; Korea; East Asia; Tourism policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; O18; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25481

Taxes Versus Quotas for a Stock Pollutant
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Hoel,   Michael; Karp,   Larry S.
We compare the effects of taxes and quotas for an environmental problem in which the regulator and polluter have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and the environmental damage depends on the stock of pollution. We thus extend, to a dynamic framework, previous studies in which environmental damages depend on the flow of pollution. As with the static analysis, an increase in the slope of the marginal abatement cost curve, or a decrease in the slope of the marginal damage curve, favors taxes. In addition, in the dynamic model, an increase in the discount rate or the stock decay rate favor the use of taxes. Taxes certainly dominate quotas if the length of a period during which decisions are constant is sufficiently small. An empirical illustration...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Pollution control; Asymmetric information; Taxes and quotas; Stochastic control; Environmental Economics and Policy; H21; Q28.
Ano: 2001
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25010

Technology Prizes for Climate Change Mitigation
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Newell,   Richard G.; Wilson,   Nathan E.
We analyze whether technology inducement prizes could be a useful complement to standard research grants and contracts in developing climate change mitigation technologies. We find that there are important conceptual advantages to using inducement prizes in certain circumstances. These conceptual inferences are borne out by an examination of the track record of prizes inducing research into public goods, including relevant energy technologies. However, we also find that the prizes' successes are contingent on their proper design. We analyze how several important design elements could influence the effectiveness of a climate technology prize.
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Inducement prize; Research and development; Climate change; Technology; Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; D81; C68.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10698

Forest Service Vision: Or, Does the Forest Service Have a Future?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Sedjo,   Roger A.
This paper maintains that the Forest Service (FS), as an institution, is in deep trouble. It argues that the FS today is an agency without a unique mission and without a supporting constituency. For the FS to be viable in the future it needs a distinct well-defined mission and a committed constituency. The distinct mission needs to be generally supported, or at least not opposed, by most of the American people. The constituency needs to be committed to the FS to the extent that it will provide major support in the Congress for FS budgets. The paper identifies some potential candidates for a mission for the National Forest System (NFS), e.g., as a biological reserve or as a provider of forest recreation. Another potential paradigm could be that of the...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Forestry; Forest Service; Forest management; Federal lands; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; H41; H42; Q23; Q26; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10690

Does Information Matter? Assessing the Role of Information and Prices in the Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Decision
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Williamson,   James M.
This article investigates the impact of agronomic, environmental, and price information on the management decision of nitrogen fertilizer. Because excessive nitrogen originating from agricultural production activities can cause environmental degradation, understanding how information influences the nutrient application decision on the field is important for developing strategies for nitrogen load mitigation. I investigate the value farmers place on information about N management they receive from several sources.  In particular, I evaluate how farmers use information from soil N-tests to make decisions about the rate of N to apply to the field. My results show that soil N-testing can be an effective management practices for reducing excess N applications....
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Nitrogen Fertilizer Application; Soil N-testing; Agronomic Information; Best Management Practices; Nonpoint Source Pollution; Demand and Price Analysis; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q24; Q28.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60892

Coase and Car Repair: Who Should Be Responsible for Emissions of Vehicles in Use?
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; McConnell,   Virginia D.
This paper examines the current assignment of liability for in-use vehicle emissions and suggests some alternative policies that may reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness. We first discuss the cost, performance and incentives under current Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, using the recently implemented Arizona "Enhanced I/M" program as an example. These programs were designed to identify and repair vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems. Since their inception, however, I/M programs have been plagued by transaction costs that have drastically raised the cost of I/M as well as limited its effectiveness. These transaction costs fall into three categories: emission monitoring, repair avoidance, and non-transferability of...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Mobile sources; Emissions; Coase; Liability; I/M; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R48.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10911

The Cost of Environmental Protection
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Pizer,   William A.; Shih,   Jhih-Shyang.
Expenditures for environmental protection in the U.S. are estimated to exceed $150 billion annually or about 2% of GDP. This estimate, based on largely self-reported information, is often cited as an assessment of the burden of current regulatory efforts and a standard against which the associated benefits are measured. Little is known, however, about how well reported expenditures relate to true costs. The potential for both incidental savings and uncounted burdens means that actual costs could be either higher or lower than reported expenditures. A significant literature supports the notion that increases in reported environmental expenditures probably understate actual economic costs. Estimates of the true cost of a dollar increase in reported...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental costs; Fixed-effects; Translog cost model; Environmental Economics and Policy; C33; D24; Q28.
Ano: 1998
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10530

On the Accuracy of Regulatory Cost Estimates
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Harrington,   Winston; Morgenstern,   Richard D.; Nelson,   Peter.
This study compares ex ante estimates of the direct costs of individual regulations to ex post assessments of the same regulations. Our review of more than two dozen environmental and occupational safety regulations indicates that ex ante estimates of total (direct) costs have tended to exceed actuals. We find this to be true of 12 of the 25 rules in our data set, while for only 6 were the ex ante estimates too low. The overestimation of total costs is often due to errors in the quantity of emission reductions achieved by the rule which, in turn, suggest that the rule's benefits may also be overestimated. The quantity errors are driven by both baseline and compliance issues. At least for EPA and OSHA rules, overestimation of per-unit abatement costs occurs...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper
Palavras-chave: Environmental costs; Costing accuracy; Innovation and regulation; Demand and Price Analysis; D82; K23; Q28.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10894

Environmental Standards and Their Linkage to Support Instruments of the EU Common Agricultural Policy
Provedor de dados: 31
Autores: Osterburg,   Bernhard; Nitsch,   Heike; Kristensen,   Lone.
Agricultural support payments in the EU are increasingly connected to compliance with environmental standards, through cross-compliance and "Good Farming Practice"-conditions. In this paper, this relatively new approach is analysed regarding targeting, compatibility with legal procedures, and effects on income and production. Compliance with standards is reinforced by more systematic controls and reductions of support payments. As farms are affected by such sanctions to a different extent, risk-analysis for selection of farms to be controlled is a crucial element of implementation. The real environmental impacts have to be considered, especially if indirect control indicators are applied. Furthermore, technical assistance and audits have to be promoted for...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation
Palavras-chave: Good Farming Practice; Cross-compliance; Environmental standards; Agricultural and Food Policy; K32; Q28.
Ano: 2005
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24521