Consulta: subjectFacets:"Sex determination"
Registros recuperados: 23
Data/hora: 06/06/2024 05:21:21

Sex determination in annual fishes: searching for the master sex-determining gene in Austrolebias charrua (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae)
Provedor de dados: 74
Autores: Arezo,María José; Papa,Nicolás; Guttierrez,Verónica; García,Graciela; Berois,Nibia.
Evolution of sex determination and differentiation in fishes involves a broad range of sex strategies (hermaphroditism, gonochorism, unisexuality, environmental and genetic sex determination). Annual fishes inhabit temporary ponds that dry out during the dry season when adults die. The embryos exhibit an atypical developmental pattern and remain buried in the bottom mud until the next rainy season. To elucidate genomic factors involved in the sex determination in annual fish, we explored the presence of a candidate sex-specific gene related to the cascade network in Austrolebias charrua. All phylogenetic analyses showed a high posterior probability of occurrence for a clade integrated by nuclear sequences (aprox. 900 bp) from both adults (male and female),...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Annual fish; Development; Sex determination; Doublesex gene related sequence.
Ano: 2014
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572014000300008

Molecular sexing of tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia guianensis and Sotalia fluviatilis) using samples from biopsy darting and decomposed carcasses
Provedor de dados: 74
Autores: Cunha,Haydée A.; Solé-Cava,Antonio M.
We tested the zinc-finger sex chromosome-linked genes Zfx/Zfy and the sex-determining region Y (Sry) genes for gender determination of biopsy samples from marine and riverine tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia guianensis and S. fluviatilis). We also evaluated the performance of these genes with decomposed carcasses, for which sexing cannot rely on the direct examination of the reproductive tract. Both systems proved reliable for sexing 46 fresh and decomposed samples, making them especially useful when biopsy darting is coupled with photo-identification studies.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Cetaceans; Remote sampling; Sex determination; Sry; Zfx/Zfy.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572007000600025

Temperature and the progeny sex-ratio in Sciara ocellaris (Diptera, Sciaridae)
Provedor de dados: 74
Autores: Nigro,Rogério G.; Campos,Maria Cristina C.; Perondini,André Luiz P.
We found that the sex-ratio of an amphigenic strain of Sciara ocellaris varied widely from progenies with few males to progenies containing a larger proportion of males, with single-sex progenies being rare. The sex-ratio distributions were dependent on the temperature at which the stocks of flies were raised, with the sex-ratio distributions being symmetrical (i.e. about 50% males) at 18 °C and 20 °C while at the higher temperatures of 24 °C and 28 °C the distributions were skewed toward a high proportion of females with the mean proportion of males decreasing to about 30-37% per progeny. Temperature-shift experiments showed that high temperatures were effective only during the last stages of female pupal development plus a period after adult emergence,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Sex determination; Chromosome elimination; Embryo; Insect.
Ano: 2007
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572007000100026

Temperature-sex determination in Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemididae)
Provedor de dados: 76
Autores: Bonach,Kelly; Malvasio,Adriana; Matushima,Eliana R.; Verdade,Luciano M.
This study has been carried out at the central region of the Araguaia river on the border between the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon Basin from September to December 2000. We recorded temperature fluctuation, clutch-size, incubation period and hatching success rate and hatchlings' sex ratio of five nests of Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812). Despite the relatively small sample size we infer that: a) nests of P. expansa in the central Araguaia river have a lower incubation temperature than nests located further south; however, incubation period is shorter, hatching success rate is lower and clutch-size is larger; b) Podocnemis expansa may present a female-male-female (FMF) pattern of temperature sex-determination (TSD); c)...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: TSD; Thermosensitive period; Sex determination; Reproductive biology; Turtles.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0073-47212011000200001

Le déterminisme sexuel de l'huître crassostrea gigas : du phénotype aux facteurs moléculaires sous-jacents
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Broquard, Coralie.
Knowledge about the mode of reproduction and the sex determination of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas remains limited. As a sequential hermaphroditic species, sex determination takes place several times during its lifetime. As part of this thesis, the sexual phenotypes of the first 6 years of life of oysters were identified in two cohorts. Thus, the sex ratio was biased towards females from the first sexual maturity, as well as for all subsequent years. After six years of sexing, 42%, 32%, 19%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% of oysters showed 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 and 5 sex changes. The frequency of sex changes also decreased with age (34% between years 1-2 to 9% between years 5-6). This thesis work has also sought to determine the influence of sex and sex change on the...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Déterminisme sexuel; Facteurs moléculaires; Sex determination; Hermaphroditism; Growth; Molecular factors; C. gigas.
Ano: 2019
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00692/80422/83558.pdf

Noninvasive characterization of gonad maturation and determination of the sex of Pacific oysters by MRI
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Davenel, Armel; Quellec, Stéphane; Pouvreau, Stephane.
The aim of this study was to test the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique to characterize gonad development and to determine the sex of live Pacific oysters through their shells. A preliminary nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) retaxometry study was conducted to characterize T-1 and T-2 NMR relaxation parameters for the main oyster organs. This showed that T-1-weighted MRI sequences were most appropriate to optimize contrasts between tissues in images. The results showed that gray levels of gonads in images acquired with gradient-echo sequence were variably affected by T-2* weighting effect. However, the ovaries systematically gave a hypersignal in spin-echo T-1-weighted images, and stack histograms of female oysters showed a peak well...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Spin echo; Gradient echo; Sex determination; Gonad maturation; Oyster.
Ano: 2006
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1987.pdf

Morphogenese sexuelle et regulation hormonale de l'activite genitale chez la crevette Penaeus japonicus en elevage
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Laubier, A; Chim, Liet; Payen, G.
A study of the sexual physiology of penaeid prawns essentially based upon Penaeus japonicus is performed in both descriptive and experimental ways, using the controlled rearings conducted at the Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne (CNEXO-COB), Brest. Sexual morphogenesis is described. This preliminary study enables definition of simple criteria for determination of the stage of genital development of the prawns during their growth. The neuroendocrine control of the genital system development is studied, using eyestalks ablations and male eyestalks extracts injection in prawns belonging to the same sex. A biochemical criterion as a test of the effect of eyestalks extract injections on the genital system development is discussed. The evolution of the specific...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Penaeus japonicus; Malacostraca; Controlled conditions; Neurosecretion; Cytochemistry; Ultrastructure; Sexual reproduction; Sexual maturity; Sexual dimorphism; Endocrinology; Eyestalk extirpation; Gametogenesis; Sex determination; Morphogenesis; Contrôle neuroendocrine de la reproduction; Morphogénèse sexuelle; Physiologie sexuelle; Élevage contrôlé; Penaeus japonicus.
Ano: 1983
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1983/acte-1188.pdf

Are sex ratios in wild European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) populations biased?
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Vandeputte, Marc; Quillet, Edwige; Chatain, Beatrice.
Sex ratios in farmed European sea bass are highly biased towards males (75 to 95%), which is problematic for aquaculture. In this mini-review, we re-analyse fisheries literature data about sex ratios in wild sea bass from 13 population samples, representing altogether 4889 individuals covering the major part of the distribution range of the species. We find that as a whole, the sex ratio of wild populations is biased towards females (59.4% females, p &lt; 0.001), but that the sex ratio of the younger fish (&lt; 30 cm total length) is balanced (52.0% females, p = 0.15), while the sex ratio of the older fish is heavily biased towards females (69.5% females, p &lt; 0.01). Possible causes of these differences (differential longevity, biased sampling) are...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Sex ratio; Genetics; Sex determination; Fish aquaculture; Dicentrarchus labrax.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00078/18882/16450.pdf

Morphological and cytological aspects of sex inversion in a protogynous hermaphrodite, Epinephelus microdon (Teleostei, Serranidae).
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Brusle, S; Debas, L; Cauty, C.
The sexuality of the grouper Epinephelus microdon , caught by diving in the area of Tahiti Island, from January 1986 to March 1987, is investigated. Small specimens are females, males occur among the largest fishes, revealing the protogyny of Epinephelus microdon as in other Epinephelinae. Nineteen fishes among 233 samples studied are in sex inversion.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Epinephelus microdon; Ovaries; Sperm; Spermatogenesis; Females; Males; Sexual cells; Spawning; Cytology; Animal morphology; Sex reversal; Sex determination.
Ano: 1989
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1440.pdf

The sexuality of cultured hermaphroditic fish species: Analysis of morphological and endocrinological features in a protogynous hermaphrodite, Epinephelus microdon , as a basis for further research to control reproduction in the grouper
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Debas, L; Fostier, A; Fuchs, Jacques; Weppe, M; Nedelec, Georges; Benett, A; Cauty, C; Jalabert, B.
The Polynesian grouper, Epinephelus microdon , was chosen as an experimental model in order to investigate about factors controlling sexuality in groupers.
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: French Polynesia; Epinephelus microdon; Sex ratio; Sexual maturity; Sex hormones; Sex determination; Sex; Fish culture; Endocrinology; Reproduction; Sex reversal; Animal morphology.
Ano: 1989
URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/acte-1439.pdf

Dynamic epimarks in sex-related genes predict gonad phenotype in the European sea bass, a fish with mixed genetic and environmental sex determination
Provedor de dados: 5
Autores: Anastasiadi, Dafni; Vandeputte, Marc; Sanchez-baizan, Nuria; Allal, Francois; Piferrer, Francesc.
The integration of genomic and environmental influences into methylation patterns to bring about a phenotype is of central interest in developmental epigenetics, but many details are still unclear. The sex ratios of the species used here, the European sea bass, are determined by genetic and temperature influences. We created four families from parents known to produce offspring with different sex ratios, exposed larvae to masculinizing temperatures and examined, in juvenile gonads, the DNA methylation of seven genes related to sexual development by a targeted sequencing approach. The genes most affected by both genetics and environment were cyp19a1a and dmrt1, with contrasting sex-specific methylation and temperature responses. The relationship between...
Tipo: Text
Palavras-chave: Early development; Environmental temperature; DNA methylation; Sex determination; Aromatase; Cyp19a1a; Dmrt1; Epigenetic marks; DNA methylation threshold; Epigenetic inheritance.
Ano: 2018
URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00470/58123/61657.pdf

Age Effect in the Morphological Traits Performance for Sex Determination in Human Skulls and Mandibles
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván; Zavando,Daniela.
In this study we tested the hypothesis that diagnostic performance of the morphological indicators for sexual dimorphism are reduced as they are applied in skull and mandibles of older subjects. We used 275 adult human skulls, 250 of these with mandible, all subjects with sex and age registry. Sixteen classic morphological indicators of sexual dimorphism were evaluated, this information was compared with the registry and results noted in terms of precision. The best general performance of morphological indicators of sexual dimorphism were recorded in the 31 - 40 and 61 - 70 years, age range groups. Lowest precision ws recorded in the group corresponding to subjects between 21 ­ 30 years. Our results do not support the proposed hypothesis and suggest a...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sexual dimorphism; Sex determination; Aging; Age; Skull.
Ano: 2012
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022012000100053

Morphometry of Isan-Thai Clavicles as a Guide for Sex Determination
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Kaewma,Ailadda; Sampannang,Apichakan; Tuamsuk,Panya; Iamsaard,Sitthichai.
The dried clavicles have been well documented to determine individual sex and age in many races. Such morphometric investigations in Isan (Northeastern) Thais have never been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the sex from dried clavicles of Isan-Thais using morphometric analysis. The identified 454 dried clavicles (254 males and 200 females), averaged age (60.69±14.36 years) were measured and analyzed for identification point (IP) and the demarking point (DP) values. The results showed that the identified-bone percentages by IP of the maximum clavicular lengths in males and females were 90.55 % (&amp;gt;139.9 mm) and 89 % (&lt;140.6 mm). In addition, such percentages of the mid shaft circumference measured in male clavicles was 83.46 %...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Clavicle; Morphometry; Isan Thais; Sex determination.
Ano: 2017
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022017000100028

Evaluation of the Baudoin Condylar Index Diagnostic Test for Sex Determination
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván; Zavando M,Daniela; Russo,Priscila; Smith,Ricardo Luiz.
This article analyzes the performance of diagnostic tests for sex determination by examining human skulls, using the Baudoin condylar index. For this study, 215 skulls were examined, and the maximum dimensions (length and width) of the right and left occipital condyles, were noted. With these data, we calculated the Baudoin condylar index and determined the level of agreement between the values for the left and the right side, the sensitivity of the method, the accuracy of the tests and the positive predictive value for each sex. The level of agreement in the diagnosis based on both sides was 65.58% (of which 83.09% were of women, and 63.88% were of men). The overall accuracy was 41.39%, and a greater sensitivity was seen in women (52.1% right side and...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sexual dimorphism; Sex determination; Occipital condyles; Baudoin Index; Condylar index.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022010000100024

Sex Chromatin in Dental Pulp: Performance of Diagnosis Test and Gold Standard Generation
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván; Roa Henríquez,Ignacio; Cantín L,Mario.
The sex chromatin or Barr body is a condensation of chromatin present at the nucleus of cells in female individuals. Their observation is possible in different cell types and is used for the rapid diagnosis of biological sex. The observation of this condensation in cells of the pulp tissue can be useful in the forensic diagnosis of sex, primarily because of the protection it give dental hard tissues, but its diagnostic value has not been tested. The purpose of this study is to analyze the diagnostic value of the observation of sex chromatin in cells of the pulp tissue. We used 40 premolars and third molars20 from men with a mean age of 20.6 years (SD 8.8) and 20 from women with a mean age of 20.4 years (SD 7.4). The pulp was obtained from teeth extracted...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sex chromatin; Barr chromatin; Sex determination; Forensic dentistry.
Ano: 2010
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022010000400017

Sex Determination in Mandibles in the First Year of Life by a Quantitative Approach
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván Claudio; Zavando Matamala,Daniela Alejandra; Smith,Ricardo Luiz.
Numerous studies have shown that skeletal characteristics vary among different populations. Several authors suggest that it is possible to determine sex through the anatomical evaluation of children mandible, however there are few morphometrical studies conducted with such specimens. The purpose of this study was to analyze several mandibular dimensions and identify the ones that could be useful to perform sex differentiation in a sample of Brazilian young children. For this study we used 32 children dry mandibles of known sex, age ranging from 0 to 1 year old. The mandibles pertain to the collection of the Skull Museum of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP). The parameters included bicondilar width, bigonial width, minimum width and height of...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sexual Dimorphism; Sex determination; Infants; Mandibles.
Ano: 2009
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022009000100020

Sex Determination Using Morphometric and Morphological Dimensions of the Clavicle within the KwaZulu-Natal Population
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Ishwarkumar,S; Pillay,P; Haffajee,M. R; Rennie,C.
Sex determination plays an essential role in forensic anthropology in the identification of an individual from skeletal remains. The aim of the study was to determine sex of an individual using the clavicle in a KwaZulu-Natal population. Various morphometric and morphological parameters were measured using 100 clavicles of known sex (66 male and 34 female) and age (range 25­95 years). The mean maximum length, mid-shaft circumference and maximum breadth of the sternal and acromial ends of the male clavicles were greater in females. However, the mean medial curve of the clavicle was greater in females than in males on both sides, and on the right side the female clavicles also had a greater mean lateral curve than the males. The maximum length and mid-shaft...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Clavicle; Clavicular length; Mid-shaft circumference; Sex determination.
Ano: 2016
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022016000100035

Sex Determination Using Mastoid Process Measurements in Brazilian Skulls
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván Claudio; Zavando Matamala,Daniela Alejandra; Smith,Ricardo Luiz.
The mastoid process characteristics are of great utility in the diagnosis of sex. De Paiva &amp;amp; Segre (2003) described that sex diagnosis was possible based on the determination of the área of the triangle formed by the points porion, mastoidale, and asterion. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of sexual dimorphism in the dimensions and the área of the mastoid triangle using statistical and discriminant function analysis. A total of 81 skulls of Brazilian individuáis that were part of the Museum of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) collection were used, with sex and ages known: 50 men and 31 women between 40 and 70 years of age (mean 51.58 years, SD 7.319). Most of the lineal dimensions and the calculated áreas were...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sexual dimorphism; Sex determination; Mastoid process; Forensic anthropology.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022008000400025

Sex Determination by Observation of Barr Body in Teeth Subjected to High Temperatures
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván; Flores,Alex; Roa,Ignacio; Cantín,Mario; Zavando,Daniela.
Sex determination is one of the keys in the identification process. A useful histological method for sex determination is the observation of Barr chromatin or Barr body. This study determines the effect of high temperatures on the diagnostic performance of the Barr chromatin observation on teeth. Were used 50 healthy teeth from 25 male and 25 female individuals aged between 14 and 44 years. The teeth were divided into 5 groups (each group with 5 female and 5 male teeth) and were exposed to controlled temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 degrees C for 5 minutes. The coronal pulp was obtained and the tissue was processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Four histological slides of male and 4 of female individuals were randomly selected, for each...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Barr chromatin; Sex determination; Forensic dentistry.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022011000100034

Accuracy of Palate Shape as sex Indicator in Human Skull with Maxillary Teeth Loss
Provedor de dados: 77
Autores: Suazo Galdames,Iván Claudio; Zavando Matamala,Daniela Alejandra; Smith,Ricardo Luiz.
In forensic medicine, diagnosis of sex is the first step in the identification of human skulls. A first approximation is carried out via the qualitative analysis of a series of morphological indicators of sexual dimorphism. Classical studies (Krogman &amp;amp; Iscan, 1986) described 14 indicators for the diagnosis of sex with an accuracy of 90%, and one of these indicators is the shape of the palate. This study analyzed the effect of the loss of teeth on the accuracy of the diagnosis of sex in Brazilians adult skulls, using the shape of the palate as an indicator. We used 98 skulls of adult Brazilians, comprising 35 females and 63 males with an average age of 39.3 years (SD 7.8). The skulls were classified into two groups, namely the fully edentulous...
Tipo: Journal article
Palavras-chave: Sexual Dimorphism; Sex determination; Palate; Tooth loss.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022008000400034

Détermination du sexe chez la carpe blanche Pomadasys jubelini (Valencienne, 1830).
Provedor de dados: 20
Autores: Bodji, M.; Konan, K.J.; Alla, Y.L.; Atsé, B.C.
Au cours de notre étude, nous avons collecté 2284 spécimens de Pomadasys jubelini dont 1406 mâles et femelles. Le sex-ratio est en faveur des mâles avec 1 mâle pour 0,82 femelle, 1 mâle pour 0,63 femelle et 1 mâle pour 0,56 femelle respectivement en lagune de Grand-Lahou, Ebrié et Aby.
Tipo: Journal Contribution
Palavras-chave: Fish species; Sex determination.
Ano: 2011
URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1834/5805

Karyotype of the gall fly Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz &amp;amp; Lima) (Diptera, Tephritidae)
Provedor de dados: 104
Autores: Carneiro,Marco Antônio A.; Gomes,Luiz Fernando; Pompolo,Silvia das Graças; Campos,Lucio Antonio de Oliveira.
The objective of the present study is to describe the karyotype of the fruit fly Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz &amp;amp; Lima, 1918). This fly induces the formation of galls on the stems of Vernonia polianthes (Asteraceae). The cytogenetic analysis of cerebral ganglia (larva and pupa) and testis (adults) of T. rudolphi showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 10 + xx (female) and 2n = 10 + xy (male). The diploid chromosome number 2n = 12 and the XX/XY sex determination system have been found in most of the species studied. The present investigation constitutes the first cytogenetics study of the genus Tomoplagia Coquilltt, 1910.
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Chromosome; Cyclorrhapha; Cytogenetic; Fruit fly; Sex determination.
Ano: 1999
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-81751999000600021

Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species
Provedor de dados: 52
Autores: Silva,Celice Alexandre; Oliva,Marco Antonio; Vieira,Milene Faria; Fernandes,Geraldo Wilson.
Trioecy, the co-occurrence of the males, females, and hermaphrodite morphs in natural populations, is a rare and poorly studied breeding system. It is expressed in Coccoloba cereifera, an endemic, and endangered species from the rupestrian fields of Serra do Cipó, southeastern Brazil. Male individuals produce staminate flowers but no fruits. Female individuals produce pistillate flowers and set fruits. Both staminate and pistillate flowers present non-functional organs of the opposite sex that simulate perfect flowers. Hermaphrodite individuals produce two different perfect flowers, each one belonging to distinct individuals, and set fruits. Perfect flowers differ in the amount of pollen produced, in pollen viability, and in some morphological traits. Two...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Palavras-chave: Agamospermy; Breeding systems; Coccoloba cereifera; Sex determination; Sexual morphs; Trioecy.
Ano: 2008
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000500017