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La conception de structures navales en sandwich: Un probleme inverse ArchiMer
Holm, D; Esping, B; Romell, O; Campion, F.
An integrated approach is introduced for the solution of the inverse problem: which are the lamina orientation, laminate constitution, core quality and thickness combination ensuring specified objective(s) to be reached? The optimal solution is obtained using mathematically stringent optimization methods (the Method of Moving Asymptotes, MMA) coupled with finite element analysis, interactive graphic pre- and post-processing and parametric modelling, as implemented in OASIS-ALADDIN. This approach has been applied to the optimal design of the hull structure of a Surface Effect Ship made of GRP-sandwich. The objective was to minimize the weight of the ship by determining the optimum skin and core thicknesses of structural members of the hull as well as web...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Finite element method; Glass reinforced plastics; Ship hulls; Safety devices; Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Sandwich; Composite; Problème inverse; Sensibilité; Optimisation.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1054.pdf
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La conception et l'architecture navale en composite dans l'industrie de la plaisance ArchiMer
Dolto, G.
This paper gives a brief overview of design with composite materials for the pleasure boat industry. The dimensioning of sail and motor boats is described and material properties are discussed from the point of view of a naval architect.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Yachting; Mechanical properties; Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Propriétés mécaniques; Bateau de plaisance; Echantillonnage; Dimensionnement; Conception.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1051.pdf
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La conception structurale preliminaire de navires en ames sandwich ArchiMer
Previte, C.
Fiberglass laminate design is of deep concern to marine designers and engineers. This presentation summarizes the topic of core selection for marine structures. It provides a schematic approach to de-complicating laminate design, reviews the attributes of different types of Polimex cores and outlines the principal causes of sandwich failure. For sake of brevity engineering analysis and formulas have been greatly abbreviated.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Deterioration; Failures; Composite materials; Ship design; Ship technology; Fibre glass; Rupture; Conception; PVC; Sandwich.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1059.pdf
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Dommage composites pendant l'expertise de bateaux en matériaux composites ArchiMer
Barnouin, Bruno; Renaud, P.
The main conclusions drawn from examinations made by an expert over the last twelve years on boats in the Bay of Arcachon, including both motor and sailing boats, are presented. The different types of damage most frequently observed in different areas of the boats are described, with distinctions made between superstructures, areas below the water-line and other components. The damage is defined, common repair methods are described and simple design modifications to avoid the problems are discussed. In conclusion, it is apparent that the problems related specifically to aging of the material are rare or very rare. With improved fabrication methods and mastery of the design process in-service experience fully justifies the position of composite materials as...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Motor boats; Inspection; Accidents; Yachts; Damage; Ship technology; Composite materials; Plaisance; Réparation; Accident; Dommage; Avarie.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1066.pdf
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Non-conventional vessels in Scandinavia made of composite materials. ArchiMer
Gullberg, O.
This paper presents the background to the development of composite materials in marine structures in the Scandinavian countries. The very first vessel constructed in composite materials in 1974 used a special sandwich technique, GRP sandwich, developed in Sweden. Since the the GRP sandwich technique has been the only ship hull construction method used in the Scandinavian countries. The construction method is briefly described, together with the material used. In the second part of the paper examples of the different types of vessels under construction are presented. Finally, in the conclusion some ideas of future development are outlined.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Hovercraft; Ship technology; Ship hulls; Ship design; Composite materials; NES; Coussin d'air; MCMV; Sandwich GRP; Matériau composite.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1052.pdf
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Analyse par elements finis d'un catamaran sur coussin d'air en sandwich ArchiMer
Hermundstad, O; Moan, T; Nordal, H.
This paper deals with the structural analysis of transverse frames and bulkheads in sandwich catamarans. Finite element analyses of a frame and a bulkhead have been carried out, and the results are compared to those obtained from a finite element model of the entire craft. The frame and the bulkhead have been analysed with five different boundary conditions. Four idealized load combinations have been applied, and it is demonstrated that transverse frame models can give quite inaccurate results. This is due to the difficulty in deciding the relevant support springs to represent the interaction between the actual frame and the other part of the structure. When designing a new type of vessel, it is recommended to carry out a global finite element analysis...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Hovercraft; Ship technology; Composite materials; Analyse par éléments finis; Structure sandwich; Catamaran à coussin d'air.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1076.pdf
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Superstructures en matériaux composites ArchiMer
Lelan, J; Parneix, P; Gueguen, P.
Composite materials offer many advantages for the construction of metal hull ships' superstructures (lower weight, higher resistance to fire compared to aluminium alloy, integration of specific functions to the material ...). DCN Lorient has the most of these characteristics to build the "La Fayette" class frigate superstructures. This paper discusses the developments that were undertaken for the choice and validation of the technical solutions retained and particularly the connection to a metal hull. The difficulties to be resolved during the manufacturing and assembly of the superstructures on board the prototype are also discussed. This concept can be applied to other types of ships with metal hulls, by adapting the technological choices to the design...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Joints; Ship design; Ships; Ship technology; Composite materials; Assemblage acier/composite; Composite; Navire; Superstructure.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1067.pdf
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Correlation essais-calcul pour materiaux composites en application marine ArchiMer
Choqueuse, Dominique; Davies, Peter; Bigourdan, Benoit.
The use of finite element calculations is valuable in the design of composite structures, but few examples of correlations between measured behaviour and finite element calculations are currently available. After definition of a representative type of structure (a stiffened sandwich boat hull), and construction of a test set-up allowing the loading of such panels (uniform pressure loading of 1 m by 2 m panels), modelling was performed in four laboratories using different finite element codes. The results obtained (deflections and strains) have been correlated with test results. A satisfactory correlation is obtained for deflections (differences around 20% for the central deflection) but the correlation between measured and calculated strains is less...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Tests; Materials testing; Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Raidisseur; Mousse PVC; Panneau sandwich; Clément fini; Pression répartie.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1046.pdf
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Modelisation numerique du flambage de panneaux sandwich raidis ArchiMer
Batoz, J; Quesnel, T.
This paper presents a numerical method for the buckling analysis of stiffened sandwich panels for ship building with composite materials. The formulation of a multi-layered quadrilateral finite element of a plane shell including transverse shear effects is presented. Some classical tests allow the performance of this element to be evaluated for composite plates. Then an explanation is given for a method used for analyzing the buckling of panels.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ship technology; Composite materials; Modelling; Mathematical models; Numerical analysis; Eléments finis; Plaque coque; Flambage; Structure sandwich; Matériau composite.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1074.pdf
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Application of multiaxial reinforcements in the marine industry. ArchiMer
Taby, J; Hoyning, B.
Knitted multiaxial reinforcement are today more and more commonly used in the production of marine vessels. This is due to superior strength compared to traditional reinforcements such as woven roving and chopped strand mat. Strength properties in different resins are documented, and multiaxial and woven reinforcements are compared. Special attention is paid to interlaminar properties, and it is apparent that no intermediate layers of chopped strand mat are necessary when using multiaxial reinforcement. Methods of analysis are discussed, the influence of fibre orientation on strength and stiffness of structures is described, and a case study reveals considerable weight and cost saving potential.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Matériaux composites; Renforts multiaxiaux; Tissus cousus.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1061.pdf
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Un nid d'abeille utilisable dans les bateaux a grande diffusion ArchiMer
Filippi, R.
A recent product, now five years old, Nidaplast is an extruded polypropylene honeycomb, coated on both faces by a non-woven polyester. Its widespread uses extend from public buildings including water treatment plants through to the composites industry. To all these cases the honeycomb structure brings its well-known physical and mechanical properties of lightness and strength. In addition, the flexible coating on the faces allows easy fabrication which is not the case for normal honeycombs. The polypropylene offers chemical inertness and non-toxicity.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Polypropylène; Ame; Sandwich; Nid d'abeille.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1070.pdf
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L'analyse structurale par methode d'elements finis d'une coque en composite ArchiMer
Simeone, M; Davies, Peter.
In the last two decades, the Finite Element Method has been growing as a powerful tool for the structural analysis of the ship hull, but in nautical construction the use of this method has been related mainly to steel or aluminium hulls. In a metallic structure the material is homogeneous and isotropic and the plate, or the stiffened plate, behaves as an orthotropic plate, which means orthogonally anisotropic with three mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry; on the contrary, when considering a composite hull panel the scheme ought to be different, because there arise two different problems, which ensue from the structural characteristics of the composite sandwich panel. Firstly, the Element Stiffness Matrix must take into account the natural anisotropy...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ship technology; Ship design; Ship hulls; Composite materials; Coque en composite; Sandwich; Eléments finis.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1072.pdf
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Applications de la thermographie infrarouge au controle non destructif des materiaux composites utilises en construction navale ArchiMer
Lesbre, F; Potet, P; Artiga, F.
Composite materials used in naval construction use mainly glass fibres and fabrics and epoxy resins for monolithic structures and syntactic foams or balsa wood for the core of sandwich structures. Traditional non destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasonics or radiography do not always ensure a complete check of the structure, principally due to the strong heterogeneity of these materials. In order to improve this situation the DCN has developed a test method based on the use of active infrared thermography. The technique consists of illuminating the structure with a powerful lamp and observing the cooling of the surface with an infrared camera. Defects present act as obstacles to heat transmission in the material and cause thermal anomalies on...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Epoxy resins; Fibre glass; Ship technology; Composite materials; Sous marin; NDT; Infrarouge; Thermographie.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1050.pdf
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Les preimpregnes dans le nautisme ArchiMer
Bernay, P.
Preimpregnated reinforcements (prepregs) in the nautical industry represent an opportunity for naval construction and an alternative method of fabricating composite structures. There prepregs include fibres, resins, their hardeners and a certain number of additives. One may consider them to be semi-products. Their characteristics allow the highest levels of performance and reliability to be attained.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Economics; Ship technology; Ship design; Safety devices; Composite materials; Enjeu économique; Nautique; Haute performance; Stratifié; Préimprégné.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1068.pdf
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Recherche de defauts de collage dans les structures sandwich ArchiMer
Darold, L; Blanco, E.
One of the major defects that can be found on composite sandwich structures is poor bonding of the core on the exterior skins, particularly with the technique of bonding under vacuum. Therefore, we have looked at all the possible means of detecting these bonding defects, with two objectives: to be able to control integrally a piece of large dimensions, and to be able to control the piece in the course of manufacturing, that is to say after the bonding on the first skin. All of the non-destructive test methods now known have therefore been tested, and in particularly infrared thermography, ultrasonic control, and acoustic methods. This study, carried out in collaboration with the CETIM, the STCAN, Aerospatiale and other laboratories and companies without...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Adhesion; Ship technology; Composite materials; Contrôle non destructif; Structure sandwich.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1049.pdf
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Essai de caractérisation sous pression de panneaux en composites pour structures marines ArchiMer
Reichard, R.
Traditional testing of FRP sandwich panels using uniaxial loading provides useful data for structural designers, but these tests do not work well for multiaxially reinforced laminates or for sandwich laminates. Sandwich laminates are generally used to increase the flexural properties of a panel. Flexural testing of sandwich beams does not address panel membrane effects, which can be significant. As a result, a number of different methods have been developed for testing panels. Experiments with multiaxial FRP sandwich panels have been conducted to evaluate the behavior of panel laminates with various fiber orientations and core materials under both static pressure loading and hydrodynamic shock loading. The test apparatus and methods are described, and the...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Test equipment; Loads (forces); Pressure effects; Pressure; Materials testing; Ship technology; Composite materials; Panneau composite; Pression répartie; Choc; Sandwich; Essais.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1086.pdf
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Logiciels pour l'analyse et la conception de structures marines en composites: Problemes et perspectives ArchiMer
Papazoglou, V.
The rational procedure for the structural design of composite marine structures, including the determination of structural loading, material characterization, design criteria and performance of strength calculations, is first presented. This is followed by a critical analysis of the problems, limitations and future perspectives of the numerical tools necessary for the performance of analytical and design oriented calculations of composite marine structures.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Computers; Ship technology; Ship design; Composite materials; Structure marine; Logiciel; Analyse; Composite.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1071.pdf
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Etude du vieillissement de composites verre resine en milieu marin ArchiMer
Gutierrez, J; Lelay, F; Hoarau, P.
Evolution of glass fibre-resin composites (polyester, epoxy and vinylester) after 30 years in a marine environment has been anticipated by the compilation of the Naval Construction Direction test results. This study showed that 120 degree C epoxy prepreg, in spite of improved initial performance, was more affected by water environment aging than other composites. Post-curing of epoxy and vinylester composites does not significantly improve resistance to water degradation except in the case of high temperature aging (60-70 degree C).
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Ship technology; Age; Aging; Composite materials; Fibre glass; Vieillissement accéléré; Vieillissement naturel; Composite verre résine.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1056.pdf
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Flambement global et local des materiaux composites: Application aux mats de voiliers ArchiMer
Devaux, H.
The mast-rigging combination of a yacht is the structural element which transmits the aerodynamic forces on the sails to the yacht's structure. This load transmission element is in general made up of a mast, a long, thin tube, and the rigging which is a collection of cables linking the mast to the deck. These elements are long, often longer than the hull, with a high centre of gravity and it is essential to obtain as low a mass as possible, both for safety and performance. This search for weight gain imposes the use of lighter and lighter materials: wood, then aluminium alloys and most recently, since the early 1980's, composite materials. The use of the latter is the subject of this paper.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Composite materials; Deformation; Ship design; Ship technology; Eléments finis; Gréement; Mât; Flambement.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1078.pdf
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Microflambage et rigidite des composites a fibres longues: Theorie et experiences ArchiMer
Ferron, G; Cardin, C; Grandidier, J; Potier, F.
An original flexion-compression device designed for investigating the elastic behaviour in compression is presented, and the effect of the loading mode on the characteristics of failure is then described. Results on glass-epoxy resin unidirectional composites and laminates are discussed. In the literature the failure of laminated in compression is often ascribed to a mechanism of fiber microbuckling. To discuss the quality of these models, a periodic array of stiff and soft layers is analysed by an asymptotic method. The results are compared with those in the literature and with experimental observations.
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Compression; Strength; Ship technology; Composite materials; Asymptotique; Développement; Expériences; Microflambage; Compression.
Ano: 1992 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/acte-1044.pdf
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