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Nymphicidal effect of vegetal extracts of Annona mucosa and Anonna crassiflora (Magnoliales, Annonaceae) against rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) Rev. Bras. Frutic.
Krinski,Diones; Massaroli,Angélica.
This study aimed to verify the chloroform-methanol nymphicidal action of extracts of Annona mucosa leaves and seeds and of A. crassiflora seeds on second instar nymphs of rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris. For each extract the concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 8.0%, and two control treatments (water and Tween80®) were used. The results show that the seed extracts of A. mucosa and A. crassiflora have insecticidal activity against the T. limbativentris nymphs with statistical significance for all concentrations when compared with controls. The seed extract of A. mucosa showed the higher toxicity with greater than 75% mortality at a concentration of 1.0% in the first 24 h after application. The leaf extract of A. mucosa presented the lowest...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Inseticidal plants; Biological insecticide; Alternative control; Phyto-insecticide.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-29452014000500026
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Essential plant oils in reducing the intensity of soft rot in Chinese cabbage Rev. Ciênc. Agron.
Guerra,Myrzânia de Lira; Guerra,Yrlânia de Lira; Souza,Elineide Barbosa de; Mariano,Rosa de Lima Ramos.
The action of essential oils in reducing soft rot in Chinese cabbage, and their influence on the colorimetry and physicochemical characteristics of the vegetable were evaluated. In the greenhouse, plants of the cultivar Natsume were sprayed with 11 oils selected in preliminary tests for phytotoxicity: bergamot, lemongrass, copaiba, Eucalyptus citriodora, blue gum, fennel, ginger, spearmint, sweet orange, lemon and clary sage (0.5%) and also the antibiotic Mycoshield® (3 g L-1). After 72 hours the plants were inoculated with Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc-c). The oils and the Mycoshield® significantly reduced (P<0.05) the severity (SEV) and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The oils of bergamot, copaiba, E....
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Brassica pekinensis; Alternative control; Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum; Physico-chemical characteristics; Colorimetry.
Ano: 2014 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-66902014000400014
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Germination of fungal pathogen spores in calcium, copper, manganese and zinc chelated with aminoacids Rev. Ciênc. Agron.
Lorenzetti,Eloisa; Tartaro,Juliano; Alves Neto,Alfredo José; Stangarlin,José Renato; Portz,Roberto Luis; Kuhn,Odair José.
ABSTRACT Due to the environmental impact generated using fungicides, new alternatives for disease control have been arising, such as the use of nutrients that may act on the development of certain pathogens or decrease the host susceptibility to diseases. The objective of this work was to verify if chelates of calcium, copper, manganese and zinc inhibit the germination of Puccinia sorghi, Cercospora sp. and Exserohilum turcicum spores. Two experiments were carried out: the first with agar-water culture medium, where the treatments and spores were placed at the same moment and the second using corn leaves as substrate, where treatments were administered zero, one, two, three, four and five hours after the spores are sprayed. Calcium, copper, manganese and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Alternative control; Nutrients; Chelates; Zea mays L..
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-66902020000400405
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Canola extracts in control of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and gray mold in post-harvest strawberries Sci. Agrar.Paran. / SAP
Cláucia, Cuzzi; Santos, Idalmir; Vilani, Andréia; Sonego, Etiane Tanise; Freddo, Álvaro Rodrigo; Mazaro, Sérgio Miguel.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of canola extracts obtained by different forms of extraction (alcohol, macerated, watery without reservation time and infusion), in control of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and gray mold in post-harvest strawberries cv. Camarosa. In vitro condition two experiments were conducted, being mycelial growth and conidia germination in a factorial 4 X 5, with factors extraction modes and extracts concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%), with four replicates. Post-harvest were tested four types of extracts at a concentration of 16%. The design was completely randomized, with four replicates per treatment, and the portion composed of 10 fruits per replicate. Physichocemical parameters and biochemical analyzes were evaluated. The results...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Brassica napus L.; Alternative control; Resistance induction..
Ano: 2017 URL: http://e-revista.unioeste.br/index.php/scientiaagraria/article/view/14276
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Alternative products in the "in vitro" inhibition of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Scientia Agricola
Mello,Alexandre Furtado Silveira; Lourenço,Silvia de Afonseca; Amorim,Lilian.
The white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a very important disease in tomato crops. The objective of this work was to study the effect of plant extracts, animal residues and industrial by-products extracts on the fungus in vitro growth. Treatments consisted of different concentrations of pyrolignous oil, neem oil, monosodium glutamate, sewage sludge and organic compost [coffee residue (50%) coal residue (10%), maize residue (25%), poultry waste (12.5%), poultry meal (2.5%)]. Positive control consisted of Petri dishes with PDA medium and negative control treatment consisted of PDA medium with procymidone. Fungus colonies were incubated at 22ºC and light intensity of 260 lux. Variables such as mycelium growth rate, sclerotia production, and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/report Palavras-chave: Azadirachta indica; Sclerotinia white rot; Alternative control; Sewage sludge; Soil respiration.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-90162005000200014
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The control and protection of cotton plants using natural insecticides against the colonization by Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v35i2.15764 Agronomy
Pinto, Ezio Santos; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Barros, Eduardo Moreira; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco; Torres, Jorge Braz; Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoUFRPE; Neves, Robério Carlos dos Santos; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a key pest of cotton, irrespective of the use of conventional or organic management. In organic systems, however, the use of synthetic insecticides is not allowed, increasing the difficulty of controlling this pest. This work evaluated aphid control and the ability of products to prevent aphid infestation using natural insecticides compared to a standard synthetic insecticide. The control trial was conducted with four products [Beauveria bassiana (Boveril&amp;reg;), neem oil (Neemseto®), and cotton seed oil compared to thiamethoxam (Actara®)], and untreated plants served as the control group. The trial testing the efficacy of these products in preventing aphid infestation was conducted...
Tipo: Experimetno Palavras-chave: Ciências Agrárias Insecta; Organic cotton; Cotton aphid; Alternative control; Population growth rate Fitossanidade.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/15764
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Insecticide effects of Ruta graveolens, Copaifera langsdorffii and Chenopodium ambrosioides against pests and natural enemies in commercial tomato plantation - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v33i1.5900 Agronomy
Barbosa, Flávia Silva; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Leite, Germano Leão Demolin; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Alves, Sérgio Monteze; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Nascimento, Aline Fonseca; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; D'Ávila, Vinícius de Abreu; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Costa, Cândido Alves da; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticide effect of watery leaf extracts of Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), alcoholic leaf extracts of Copaifera langsdorffii (Caesalpinaceae) and Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) in the concentration of 5% under field conditions. The experiment design was randomized blocks with six replications. The parcels treated with plant extracts showed reduction in the population of pests when compared with the control parcels. The extract elaborated with C. langsdorffii presented greater insecticidal effect under Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and sum of pests. It was verified that after 24 hours of spraying, the parcels treated with the extract of C. ambrosioides presented minor numbers of adults of Tuta...
Tipo: Pesquisa científica em condições de campo Palavras-chave: 5.01.02.00-1 Lycopersicon esculentum; Bioinsecticide; Alternative control 5.01.02.02-8 Lycopersicon esculentum; Bioinsecticide; Alternative control.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/5900
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Toxicity of extracts of Cyperus rotundus on Diabrotica speciosa - doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v33i4.6902 Agronomy
Barbosa, Flávia Silva; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Leite, Germano Leão Demolin; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Paulino, Marney Aparecida de Oliveira; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Guilherme, Denilson de Oliveira; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Maia, Janini Tatiane Lima Souza; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Fernandes, Rodrigo Carvalho; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal effect or repellency of Cyperus rotundus, an important weed plant, through alternative methods of extraction, on Diabrotica speciosa, a pest that affects several plant species. The experimental design was completely casual, and consisted of five repetitions. The C. rotundus extracts were prepared using leaves and roots by alcoholic extraction, aqueous (hot water) extraction and aqueous (cold water) extraction and diluted to four different concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% of the volume of each extract). These dilutions were then tested and compared with a control. The higher mortality of D. speciosa adults as well as a smaller leaf consumption area were observed after treatments with increasing...
Tipo: Pesquisa Empírica de laboratório Palavras-chave: 5.01.02.00-1 Rootworm; Nutgrass; Chrysomelidae; Alternative control 5.01.02.02-8 Rootworm; Nutgrass; Chrysomelidae; Alternative control.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciAgron/article/view/6902
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Ethanol on the postharvest control of anthracnose in ‘Kumagai’ guava Bragantia
Ponzo,Francine Scolfaro; Benato,Eliane Aparecida; Silva,Barbara Marçon Pereira da; Cia,Patrícia.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol on the control of Colletotrichum spp. in ‘Kumagai’ guava and on the fruit physical-chemical attributes. For this purpose, three assays were carried out. For the first assay, fruit were exposed to ethanol vapor (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mL∙kg-1), applied in hermetic containers. On the second, ethanol was applied by immersion for 2 minutes in different concentrations (20, 30, 40, and 50%). On the last assay, fruit were immersed in 30, 40, and 50% ethanol for 2, 5, and 10 minutes. Fruit that were not exposed to volatile (first assay) or water treated (second and third assay) were used as control. In all assays, guavas were first inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichum spp. and...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Psidium guajava. Colletotrichum spp.; Alternative control; Ethylic alcohol.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-87052018000100160
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Chitosan reduces infection by Guignardia citricarpa in postharvest 'Valencia' oranges BABT
Rappussi,Maria Cristina Canale; Pascholati,Sérgio Florentino; Benato,Eliane Aparecida; Cia,Patrícia.
Citrus fruits are affected by the black spot disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa. Resistance induction is an alternative control measure and chitosan exhibits potential as resistance inducer. The effect of chitosan on G. citricarpa was evaluated in vitro and in 'Valencia' oranges. Citrus fruit were immersed into different chitosan concentrations. Chitosan (2%), combined with or without thiabendazole and the citric acid was also investigated. All the chitosan concentrations inhibited G. citricarpa mycelial growth and affected morphologically the conidial germination and appressorium formation. Chitosan inhibited the development of new lesions in oranges at room condition or under refrigeration. Thiabendazole and citric acid did not reduce the formation...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Black spot; Citrus fruit; Alternative control; Resistance induction.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132009000300001
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Effects of the protective, curative, and eradicative applications of chitosan against Penicillium expansum in apples BJM
Darolt,Josiane Cecília; Rocha Neto,Argus Cezar da; Di Piero,Robson Marcelo.
Abstract Apple is one of the most important temperate fruit to Brazil economy, and the use of synthetic chemicals has been the main method for reducing postharvest diseases, such as the blue mold, caused by Penicillium expansum. This work intends to evaluate the practical utilization of chitosan for blue mold control. For this purpose, fruits were treated in a preventive and curative way, immersing the fruits in chitosan solution (5 or 10 mg mL-1), or adding a single drop of this solution (10 mg mL-1) directly into the injuries. The eradicative effect of the polysaccharide was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Chitosan did not show a curative effect against the blue mold, and its eradicative effect was only evidenced on the higher concentration (10 mg...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Antimicrobial activity; Alternative control; Chitosan; Malus domestica; Polysaccharide.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822016000401014
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Extraction and isolation of anti-tryptic castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) substances and their effects on Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Chilean J. Agric. Res.
Ramos,Vinicius; Alves,Dejane; Braga,Mariana; Carvalho,Geraldo; Santos,Custódio.
The search for alternative methods aiming to the control of agricultural pests that cause less environmental impact has been a recurring theme in several studies. For this purpose, the factors influencing the extraction and isolation of the trypsin inhibitor found in castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) cake and seeds were studied, and its effect on the development of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) was evaluated. Therefore, the type and proportion of the solvent (w/v), extraction period and oil content were evaluated. The castor-bean cake extract with oil content of 20% in water at a ratio 1:40 (w/v) for 30 min showed the greatest trypsin inhibition, with 21.23 mUTI g-1 seed. The isolation of the trypsin inhibitor contained in the extract...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Fall armyworm; Ricinus communis; Trypsin inhibitor; Alternative control.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-58392013000200007
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Essential oils on the control of stem and ear rot in maize Ciência Rural
Teixeira,Glauco Antonio; Alves,Eduardo; Amaral,Douglas Carvalho; Machado,José da Cruz; Perina,Fabiano José.
Stem and ear rot caused by Stenocarpella maydis are responsible for severe losses in maize production. Treatment of seeds with fungicides may induce environmental damage. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon winterianus, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, Corymbia citriodora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Syzygium aromaticum on the development of in vitro S. maydis. In addition, maize seeds were treated with these essential oils to determine their possible mode of action and effects. The oils from S. aromaticum, C. zeylanicum, and T. vulgaris inhibited fungal development at concentrations higher than 0.025%. The oils from S. aromaticum and C. zeylanicum showed seed germination rates of 89.0% and 84.5%,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Stenocarpella maydis; Zea mays; Alternative control; Electron microscopy.
Ano: 2013 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782013001100004
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Ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Ciência Rural
Vicentini,Victor Bernardo; Pratissoli,Dirceu; Queiroz,Vagner Tebaldi de; Costa,Adilson Vidal; Pinheiro,Patrícia Fontes; Zinger,Fernando Domingo; Rondelli,Vando Miossi.
Plant extracts have been studied as a promising source of natural insecticides. This study assessed the effect of the ethanol extract of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (citronella grass) in comparison with an insecticide containing azadirachtin (ICA) on mortality and number of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in laboratory conditions. For the tests, the mites were sprayed with the aid of a Potter spray tower. To assess the mortality of females, LC50 value for extract of citronella grass and ICA was, respectively, 2.63 and 2.83%. With respect to the number of eggs, the greatest reduction was observed at a concentration of 5% for the evaluation period of 120h, both for the extract of citronella grass (86%) and for ICA (81%). These...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Two-spotted spider mite; Alternative control; Neem; Plant extracts.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782015000701154
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Azadirachtin on Oligonychus yothersi in yerba mate Ilex paraguariensis Ciência Rural
Alves,Luis Francisco Angeli; Martins,Claudecir Castilho; Mamprim,Ana Paula; Botton,Marcos.
ABSTRACT: The red mite Oligonychus yothersi is one of the main pests of yerba mate in Brazil The damage this mite causes leads to leaf drop and decreased production. There are no registered acaricides for use in yerba mate; thus, laboratory and field experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of azadirachtin (Azamax(r), 250mL 100L-1) for the control of the red mite in yerba mate. In the laboratory, azadirachtin was applied to yerba mate leaf disks before (residual contact) and after (direct contact) infestation with 15 newly emerged red mite adult females. The effect of azadirachtin on mite behavior was evaluated in arenas with treated and untreated yerba mate leaves, and the number of mites in both areas was recorded. Ovicidal action was evaluated...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Neem; Alternative control; Yerba mate pest.
Ano: 2016 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782016001001777
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Seasonality on the antifungal potential of green propolis collected in Campo Grande - MS, Brazil Ciência Rural
Martini,Daiane; Barbosa,Giselle Feliciani; Matias,Rosemary; Marques Filho,Wolff Camargo; Garcia,Nayara Zielasko Trombini.
ABSTRACT: Apis melífera L. propolis is a resinous and balsamic material whose biological effects are related to its chemical composition. This chemical composition is greatly influenced by seasonality, so propolis from different seasons and regions has a different chemical composition. The increasing need for natural options to control fungi that cause damage to food crops makes propolis an alternative that deserves more research. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the antifungal potential of propolis collected in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, on the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae . Effects of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of green propolis on the mycelial growth of the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Alternative control; Time of collection; Green propolis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782017000300404
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Green propolis ethanolic extract in bean plant protection against bacterial diseases Ciência Rural
Jaski,Jonas Marcelo; Telaxka,Fabio Junior; Moura,Gabriela Silva; Franzener,Gilmar.
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethanolic extract of green propolis (EEP) in the protection of common bean plants against two main bacterial cultures, bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) and wildfire (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci). Experiments on antimicrobial activity were performed, inducing phytoalexins, defense-related enzymes, and disease severity, under concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0%. The EEP presented antimicrobial activity on both phytobacteria, causing a decrease in their development. It has also promoted a linear accumulation of phaseolin in bean hypocotyls according to the EEP concentration used. There was a reduction in the lesion area, which was caused by bacterial blight on bean leaves...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Alternative control; Wildfire; Bacterial blight; Resistance induction.
Ano: 2019 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782019000600151
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Essential oils in the control of dry bubble disease in white button mushroom Ciência Rural
Santos,Tamara Leite dos; Belan,Leônidas Leoni; Zied,Diego Cunha; Dias,Eustáquio Souza; Alves,Eduardo.
ABSTRACT: Lecanicillium fungicola, which causes Dry bubble disease, induces infections and inflicts major losses in champignon production. The control can be managed through measures of hygiene and use of fungicides; however, in Brazil there are no registered products. This study aimed to estimate the influence of various essential oils extracted from Melissa officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium aromaticum on the in vitro development and their uses. Therefore, analysis was performed of the L. fungicola isolates in vitro and the best oils were tested in vivo. Besides, the Agaricus bisporus - L. fungicola interaction was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cinnamon and clove oils...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Dry bubble disease; Lecanicillium fungicola; Essential oils; SEM; Alternative control.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782017000500155
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Essential oils for rust control on coffee plants Ciência e Agrotecnologia
Pereira,Ricardo Borges; Lucas,Gilvaine Ciavareli; Perina,Fabiano José; Alves,Eduardo.
Rust is considered the most important disease in coffee because it causes severe defoliation in plants and, consequently, reduction in productivity. This study evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oils of cinnamon, citronella, lemongrass, clove, tea tree, thyme, neem and eucalyptus on the germination of urediniospores of Hemileia vastatrix; the effectiveness of these oils to control rust on seedlings of coffee cultivars Catucaí 2SL, Catuaí IAC 62 and Mundo Novo 379/19 in the greenhouse; and the effect of more promising oils on urediniospores of H. vastatrix by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All the essential oils inhibited the germination of urediniospores with increasing concentrations. All oils promoted partial control of the disease in...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Hemileia vastatrix; Alternative control; Transmission electron microscopy.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-70542012000100002
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Agronomic characters and disease management in second season corn using calcium, copper, manganese and zinc products Ciência e Agrotecnologia
Lorenzetti,Eloisa; Tartaro,Juliano; Stangarlin,José Renato; Kuhn,Odair José.
ABSTRACT Corn is a cereal whose productivity can be reduced by various diseases which has recommended treatments for control. The objective of this study was to analyze copper, zinc, calcium and manganese products for the management of Pantoea ananatis, Puccinia polysora and Cercospora zeae maydis in second season corn, and interference in agronomic characteristics. Commercial products made of amino acid chelated with 15% calcium, 5% copper, 15% manganese and 10% zinc, at the doses of 0.5 kg ha-1, 0.3 L ha-1, 0.4 kg ha-1 and 1 L ha-1, respectively, a treatment with fungicide (20% azoxystrobin and 8% cyproconazole at 0.3 L ha-1 + 25% propiconazole at 0.4 L ha-1), and a treatment with water were assayed. The experiments were carried out under field...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Alternative control; Nutrition; Zea mays L..
Ano: 2020 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-70542020000100208
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