SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Tsur, Yacov; Zemel, Amos.

Knowledge spillover implies that the social value of knowledge is higher than its private value and leads to insufficient private investment in human capital. This paper examines implications for economic growth and offers a remedy. An incentive mechanism that implements the socially optimal outcome is offered based on learning subsidy and flat income or consumption taxes (each levied at a different phase of the growth process). The scheme is self-financed in that the tax proceeds cover exactly the subsidy payments at each point of time.

UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS AND THE DESIGN OF BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

Palavras-chave: Endogenous growth; Human capital; Knowledge spillover; Learning incentives; Linear taxes; International Development; C61; H21; O33; O38; O41.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14991

Yang, Hui; Buccola, Steven T..

The central objective of the present paper is to examine how university bioscientists select their research agendas, with special attention to biotechnology firms' influence on those agendas. Among other issues, we will assess UIRs' potential effects on the private appropriability of the characteristics of bioengineered crop and animal varieties, and on the basicness and breadth of a scientist's research. Factors that potentially would affect scientists' research agenda include the university's size, reputation, resources, culture, and total government funding; the scientist's academic position and communication network; and the market power, cultures, and specialties of the biotech firms with which the university has research relationships. An...

Distinguishing Different Industry Technologies and Localized Technical Change

Palavras-chave: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O31; O32; O33.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21985

Morrison Paul, Catherine J.; Sauer, Johannes.

This contribution is based on the notion that different technologies are present in an industry. These different technologies result in differential “drivers” of economic performance depending on the kind of technology used by the individual firm. In a first step different technologies are empirically distinguished. Subsequently, the associated production patterns are approximated and the respective change over time is estimated. A latent class modelling approach is used to distinguish different technologies for a representative sample of E.U. dairy producers as an industry exhibiting significant structural changes and differences in production systems in the past decades. The production technology is modelled and evaluated by using the flexible functional...

The U.S. Seed Industry: An Exploration of Statistics Highlighting the Economic Activity of the U.S. Row Crop Seed Industry

Palavras-chave: Heterogenous Technologies; Transformation Function; Localized Technical Change; Production Economics; Q12; O33; C35.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91749

Roucan-Kane, Maud; Gray, Allan W..

This report presents relevant statistics that highlight the economic activity of the U.S. seed industry. The focus of this report is on the four main U.S. crops: corn, soybean, wheat, and cotton. The report contains three sections. The first is related to the U.S. seed market’s size based on seed sales and expenditures. The second section examines industry investment in research and development (R&D) activity in terms of both budget and human resources. The final section illustrates the impact of the seed industry in terms of intellectual property development, improved productivity, and other benefits. This report focuses on using publicly available data to examine these three areas. In addition, the report presents the results of a survey conducted...

Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project

Palavras-chave: Seed industry; Field crops; Biotechnology; Herbicide-tolerant crops; Bt crops; Corn; Soybeans; Cotton; Wheat.; Agribusiness; L11; L16; L65; O33; O34; Q16.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/52549

Blackman, Allen; Bannister, Geoffrey J..

Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the...

How Large Are the Welfare Gains from Technological Innovation Induced by Environmental Policies?

Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Air pollution; Mexico; Brickmaking; Community pressure; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; O54; Q25; L61.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10478

Parry, Ian W.H.; Pizer, William A.; Fischer, Carolyn.

This paper examines whether the welfare gains from technological innovation that reduces future abatement costs are larger or smaller than the Pigouvian welfare gains from optimal pollution control. The relative welfare gains from innovation depend on three key factors ¾ the initially optimal level of abatement, the speed at which innovation reduces future abatement costs, and the discount rate. We calculate the welfare gains from innovation under a variety of different scenarios. Mostly they are less than the Pigouvian welfare gains. To be greater, innovation must reduce abatement costs substantially and quickly and the initially optimal abatement level must be fairly modest.

Technology Change: Sources and Impediments

Palavras-chave: Innovation; Welfare; Regulation; Endogenous; Technological; Change; R&D; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q16; Q28; O32; O33.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10448

Ranis, Gustav; Irons, Mallory; Huang, Yanjing.

There is little doubt that technology change, both in terms of its process and quality dimensions, represents the principal driving force to explain comparative economic performance at both micro and macro levels. This paper examines the sources of technology change and the impediments to the full realization of its opportunities, both abstractly and in the context of a comparison among six typologically diverse developing countries. Among the external sources, we examine the roles of trade, foreign patents and FDI; among the internal sources we examine the roles of investment, domestic R&D, domestic patents, S&T personnel and secondary education alternatives. Among impediments, we analyze certain public and private policy frameworks which tend...

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Development; Technological Change; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O11; O14; O33.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/118647

TECHNOLOGIES AND LOCALIZED TECHNICAL CHANGE

Morrison Paul, Catherine J.; Sauer, Johannes.

D2_3

Romanian Maize - Distorted Prices and Producer Efficiency

Palavras-chave: Heterogenous Technologies; Transformation Function; Localized Technical Change; Production Economics; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q12; O33; C35.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93963

Sauer, Johannes; Balint, Borbala.

This research aims at shedding empirical light on the relative efficiency of small-scale maize producers in Romania. Farmers in transition countries still face heavily distorted price systems resulting from imperfect market conditions and socioeconomic and institutional constraints. To capture such distortions we formulate a stochastic shadow-cost frontier model to investigate the systematic input-specific allocative inefficiency. We further adjust the underlying cost frontier by incorporating shadow price corrections and subsequently reveal evidence on farm specific technical inefficiency. Different models are estimated due to the imposition of curvature correctness and the effects on the individual efficiency estimates are shown. The empirical results...

Cross-Border Intellectual Property Rights: Contract Enforcement and Absorptive Capacity

Palavras-chave: Efficiency; Shadow Cost Frontier; Functional Consistency; Maize; Romania; Crop Production/Industries; C40; D24; O33.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25597

Naghavi, Alireza; Tsai, Yingyi.

Current version uploaded April 2013.

Tipo: Working Paper

Palavras-chave: Intellectual Property Rights; TRIPS; Nash Bargaining; Contract Enforcement; Development; Absorptive Capacity; Monitoring; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; F13; F53; D78; L10; O33; C70.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122864

Adoption of Environmental Management Systems by Farmers: An Empirical Application to ISO 14001

Grolleau, Gilles; Thomas, Alban.

This article undertakes an empirical investigation of the determinants of voluntary adoption of the ISO 14001 environmental management system by French farmers. The adoption model incorporates the expected profitability of implementing the standard and investigates the impact of prior knowledge on the probability of adopting. Two information measures are considered: a “reported information” indicator and an “estimated knowledge” score. The probit parameter estimates reveal that, while the expected profitability of implementing the standard is a significant determinant of adoption, real and perceive prior knowledge measures play a significant but potentially counterintuitive role.

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Environmental management system; ISO 14001; Management-based approach; Probit model; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; O33; Q16; Q29.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6323

Technological Concentration of Innovation in Agribusiness

Alfranca, Oscar.

The main objective of the paper is to examine and discuss the nature of technological relationships across agrifood sectors in order to understand better the pattern of technological changes in the Food and Beverage sector. We propose a new estimator to confirm the existence of linkages between technological sectors (the Technological Concentration Index). A central conclusion from this work is that the quality of data is a principal determinant in the measurement of technological flows, and that probably the use of raw patent data could introduce a distortion in the qualification of the consequences of technological spillovers.

INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR HOUSEHOLDS WITH MALNUTRITION: AN ETHIOPIAN CASE STUDY

Palavras-chave: Agribusiness; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q16; O33.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24505

Yigezu, Yigezu A.; Sanders, John H..

Many developing regions have excellent potential agricultural resources. However, historically population has become so concentrated on such small holdings that acute poverty and malnutrition now predominate. The food scientists’ response to the chronic nutritional problem has often been subsidized bio-fortification with nutritional supplements or more recently cultivars with higher nutrient levels. Where much of the population is in this inadequate nutrition category as in highland Ethiopia, the supplements are neither financially feasible nor sustainable. The cultivars can provide a few critical nutrients but are not a comprehensive solution. To improve nutrition, it is necessary to increase income so that an increased quality and quantitative diet can...

Modeling International Trends in Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emissions

Palavras-chave: Adoption; Agricultural technologies; Striga resistance; Inorganic fertilizers; Tied-ridges; Marketing strategies; Inventory credit; Nutrition; Income; Capped-lexicographic utility.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Production Economics; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Risk and Uncertainty; O13; O33; Q16; Q18.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/36813

Productividad total de los factores en la agricultura chilena: 1961-1996

Stern, David I..

This study uses a stochastic production frontier to model energy efficiency trends, in 85 countries over a 37 year period. No structure is imposed on technological change over time, although differences in technology level across the countries are modelled as a stochastic function of explanatory variables. These variables are selected by a literature survey and a theoretical model of energy-efficient technology choice. An improvement in a country’s energy efficiency is measured as a reduction in energy intensity, while holding constant that economy’s mix of inputs and outputs. All other things remaining constant, the country using the least energy per unit output is on the global best-practice frontier. The model is used to derive decompositions of...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Energy; Efficiency; Carbon; Emissions; Technological change; Between estimator; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; O33; O47; Q43; Q54; Q55; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94950

Olavarria, Jaime A.; Bravo-Ureta, Boris E.; Cocchi, Horacio.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es medir el cambio de la productividad en la agricultura chilena durante el período 1961-96. La Productividad Total de los Factores (PTF) fue calculada mediante índices Törnqvist. Los datos utilizados para estimar estos índices incluyen precios y cantidades de 51 cultivos, de la mano de obra, de la tierra, del capital y de factores intermedios. El análisis revela que mientras los productos crecieron un 2,69% anual, el uso de factores de producción bajó un 0,09%; por lo tanto, la PTF creció a una tasa promedio anual del 2,78% entre 1961 y 1996. Se realizó además un análisis para siete períodos correspondientes a diferentes regímenes políticos. La PTF creció a un promedio anual de 1,83% con Alessandri (1961-64), 3,12%...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Total Factor Productivity; Törnqvist Index; Agriculture; Chile; Productivity Analysis; D24; O33.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28774

Does the structure of agricultural science and technology policy system matter in developing country agricultural productivity growth trends? Evidence from Kenya and Uganda

Mugunieri, Godiah Lawrence; Obare, Gideon A.; Omamo, Steven Were.

Paper to be presented at the IAAE Conference

Technology Spillovers and Stability of International Climate Coalitions

Palavras-chave: Agricultural science and technology; Policy system; Developing countries; Food Security and Poverty; Productivity Analysis; C22; O12; O33.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50538

Nagashima, Miyuki; Dellink, Rob B..

Cooperation in international environmental agreements appears difficult to attain because of strong free-riding incentives. This paper explores how different technology spillover mechanisms among regions can influence the incentive structures to join and stabilise an international agreement. We use an applied modelling framework (STACO) that enables us to investigate stability of partial climate coalitions. Technology spillovers to coalition members increase their incentives to stay in the coalition and reduce abatement costs, which leads to larger global payoffs and a lower global CO2 stock. Several theories on the impact of technology spillovers are evaluated by simulating a range of alternative specifications. We find that while spillovers are a good...

Growth and Technological Leadership in US Industries: A Spatial Econometric Analysis at the State Level, 1963-1997

Palavras-chave: Climate Change Modelling; International Environmental Agreements; Non-cooperative Game Theory; Technology Spillovers; Environmental Economics and Policy; C72; O33; Q54.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7442

Pede, Valerien O.; Florax, Raymond J.G.M.; de Groot, Henri L.F..

For several decades, cross-country analyses have dominated the literature on economic growth. Recently, these analyses have been extended to include sectoral variation as well as spatial variation across sub-national regions. This paper investigates economic growth and potential determinants of the process of catch-up to technology leaders for several economic sectors, using data for the lower 48 US states from 1963 through 1997. We analyze the potential influence of factors such as human capital, and geographical distance to the technology leader. A spatially explicit growth model in which technological progress is endogenously determined is used to model productivity growth in nine US industries, ranging from mining to government, and including a...

What Drives the International Transfer of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies? Empirical Evidence from Patent Data

Palavras-chave: Regional economic growth; Convergence; Industry level; Technological leadership; Spatial econometrics; Industrial Organization; C21; I23; O33; R12.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/9691

Dechezlepretre, Antoine; Glachant, Matthieu; Meniere, Yann.

Using patent data from 66 countries for the period 1990–2003, we characterize the factors which promote or hinder the international diffusion of climate-friendly technologies on a global scale. Regression results show that technology-specific capabilities of the recipient countries are determinant factors. In contrast, the general level of education is less important. We also show that restrictions to international trade—e.g., high tariff rates—and lax intellectual property regimes negatively influence the international diffusion of patented knowledge. A counter-intuitive result is that barriers to foreign direct investments can promote transfers. We discuss different possible interpretations.

Testing for Complementarity and Substitutability among Multiple Technologies: The Case of U.S. Hog Farms

Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Technology Diffusion; Technology Transfer; Environmental Economics and Policy; O33; O34; Q54.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59416

Yu, Li; Hurley, Terrance M.; Kliebenstein, James B.; Orazem, Peter F..

We propose a strategy to identify the complementarity or substitutability among technology bundles. Under the assumption that alternative technologies are independent, we develop a hypothetical distribution of multiple technology adoptions. Differences between the observed distribution of technology choices and the hypothetical distribution can be subjected to statistical tests. Combinations of technologies that occur with greater frequency than would occur under independence are complementary technologies. Combinations that occur with less frequency are substitute technologies. This method is easily applied to simultaneous decisions regarding many technologies. We use the strategy to evaluate multiple technology adoptions on U.S. hog farms. We find that...