SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Gerlagh, Reyer; Mathys, Nicole A..

We study the effect of countries’ energy abundance on trade and sector activity, conditional on sector’s energy intensity, using an unbalanced panel with 14 high-income countries from Europe, America and Asia, 10 broad sectors, and years 1970-1997. We find that (i) countries with large energy endowments have low energy prices, and are thus energy abundant both on micro and macro level. (ii) Energy abundant countries have a high level of energy embodied in exports relative to imports. (iii) Energy intensive sectors export from and (iv) have higher economic activity in energy abundant countries. (v) The trade and location effects increase with a sector’s exposure to international trade. In short, energy is a major driver for sector location through...

Do Environmental Services Buyers Prefer Differentiated Rates? A Case Study from the Colombian Andes

Palavras-chave: Trade and the Environment; Pollution Haven; Factor Endowments; Industry Location; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q56.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99639

Moreno-Sanchez, Rocio del Pilar; Maldonado, Jorge Higinio; Wunder, Sven; Borda, Carlos Andres.

Flat user fees in payment for environmental services (PES) schemes promote administrative ease, and are sometimes perceived as egalitarian. However, when environmental service (ES) buyers are heterogeneous in their income and water consumption levels, this may not be optimal, as total payments become too low and services are under-supplied. This paper identifies ES buyer preferences and estimates their willingness to pay (WTP) differentiated fees in an ongoing PES initiative in an Andean watershed in Colombia. Small, flat user payments have recently been introduced to implement incipient watershed protection upstream. Environmental service users fall into two highly heterogeneous categories: smallholder peasants and owners of recreational houses. We...

How Ambitious are China and India’s Emissions Intensity Targets?

Palavras-chave: PES; WTP; Environmental services; Colombia; Watershed protection; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Demand and Price Analysis; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q56; Q25; Q5; Q51; C25; D10; D12; D61; D63.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91171

Stern, David I.; Jotzo, Frank.

As part of the negotiating process for a post-Kyoto climate policy regime, several developing economies have announced carbon emission targets for 2020. China and India’s commitments are framed as emissions intensity reductions by 40 to 45 per cent and 20 to 25 per cent respectively between 2005 and 2020. But how feasible are these proposed emissions intensity reductions, and how do they compare with the targeted reductions in the United States and the European Union? In this research report we use a stochastic frontier model to explain the variation in countries’ energy intensities. We use the model to produce emissions projections for China and India under a number of scenarios that consider various rates of technological change and changes in the...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Carbon emissions; Climate change; Developing countries; Projections; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; Q54; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94947

Welfare and Distribution Effects of Water Pricing Policies

Ruijs, Arjan.

In this paper, distribution and welfare effects of changes in block price systems are evaluated. A method is discussed to determine, for a Marshallian demand function, equivalent variation in case of a block price system. The method is applied to analyze welfare and distribution effects of changing water prices in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Results show that there is a trade off between average welfare and income distribution. A pro-poor price system may result in lower average welfare than a flat price system, but in higher individual welfare for the poor. Moreover, there is a trade off between revenues for the water company and income distribution. Even though pro-poor price systems may not be as good for average welfare as flat price systems,...

Land allocation policy and conservation practices in the mountains of Northern Vietnam

Palavras-chave: Water demand; Welfare economics; Equivalent variation; Food Security and Poverty; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; D63; Q25; Q56.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7441

Saint-Macary, Camille; Keil, Alwin; Zeller, Manfred.

In Vietnam, a quasi-private property regime has been established in 1993, with the issuance exchangeable and mortgageable land use right certificates. Using primary qualitative and quantitative data, this paper investigates the role of the titling policy in fostering the use of soil conservation practices by upland farmers in the northern mountains region. There, population growth and growing market demands have induced farmers to intensify agricultural production onto steep slopes. While poverty has been reduced, environmental 16 problems such as soil erosion, landslides, and declining soil fertility have become severe over the past years. Our findings suggest that soil conservation technologies although relatively well known are perceived as being...

Risk Belief, Producer Demand, and Valuation of Improved Irrigations: Results from Field Experiments in Mt. Kilimanjaro

Palavras-chave: Land titling; Technology adoption; Upland agriculture; Environmental Economics and Policy; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Land Economics/Use; Political Economy; O13; Q24; Q56.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51763

Muamba, Francis; Kraybill, David S..

This paper systematically estimates the potential benefit of introducing improved irrigation schemes in Mt. Kilimanjaro to help rain dependent farmers cope with the risks of climate change. The study uses Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to elicit farmers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for eliminating the risks of crop loss by accessing improved irrigation schemes. Data for the analysis were gathered using a double bounded survey from over 200 randomly-sampled farmers in 15 villages. The study makes a contribution to the applied welfare literature and should also be useful for policymakers in Africa. The policy contribution consists of valuation of improved irrigation in the presence of climate change risks. The applied welfare contribution consists of...

Designing REDD+ Schemes to Address Permanence Concerns: Empirical Evidence from Kenya

Palavras-chave: Willingness to Pay; Climate Change; Irrigation; Risk Belief; Agricultural and Food Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Q12; Q18; Q25; Q51; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61653

Veronesi, Marcella; Schlondorn, Tim; Zabel, Astrid; Engel, Stefanie.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an important topic in the debate on policies to mitigate climate change. This is the first study to test and compare the environmental impact of different REDD+ payment schemes in the field, and provide some insights on the effectiveness of different policies with respect to the permanence of forest-based emission reductions. This study implements a stated preference experiment of time allocation in the unique setting of the Kasigau Corridor REDD+ Project in Kenya, where charcoaling is a major source of forest degradation. The impact on time allocation is analyzed under the presumption that a hypothetical agricultural policy or an eco-charcoaling policy was introduced. We find that a...

Tipo: Presentation

Palavras-chave: REDD; Permanence; Deforestation; Labor; Kenya; International Development; I38; J22; O13; Q18; Q23; Q28; Q56.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124131

Stakeholder involvement in water management using Object-oriented Bayesian networks and economic models in Spain.

Carmona, Gema; Varela-Ortega, Consuelo; Bromley, John.

The Upper Guadiana basin, in Spain, presents important conflicts between the agricultural sector and the environment due to their competence for water resources. The high development of irrigation has led to the over-exploitation of the aquifers, which are the main source of water in the area, and to the loss of wetlands of high ecological value. The River Basin Authority (RBA) has recently designed a new water management plan which included a group of measures aimed at reducing water consumption. Our objective is the development, with the active participation of the stakeholders, of a decision support system composed of an economic model and an object-oriented Bayesian network, used to evaluate the trade-off between agricultural economy and the...

Institutions of Sustainability and Multifunctional Landscapes: Lessons from the Case of the Algarve

Palavras-chave: Bayesian networks; Groundwater management; Stakeholder participation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; Land Economics/Use; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q15; Q25; Q56.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49897

Thiel, Andreas.

The paper uses function analysis to complement the analytical framework Institutions of Sustainability and to apply it for the analysis of the role of institutions for the multifunctionality of landscapes. This combination of conceptual tools is evaluated through their application to the case of landscape development in a sub-region of the Algarve, Portugal. In view of this case study it is suggested to complement the Institutions of Sustainability framework: case and transaction specific contextual factors should be included. The paper suggests to look at cross-jurisdictional agency features, cross-function, -transaction and -institutional commonalities, and interconnections as well as to include a dynamic dimension of institutional and physical time lags...

Impact of Natural Resource Conservation Policies on Household Consumption Around Zambian National Parks

Palavras-chave: Multifunctional landscape; Institutions; Portugal; European integration; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; N54; Q56; O18.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18844

Tembo, Gelson; Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit; Pavy, Jean-Michel.

Key Policy Points - Game Management Areas (GMAs) in Zambia aim to combine nature conservation with economic empowerment of rural households and communities. - We find evidence of consumption gains from living in GMAs and from participating in natural resource management through Community-Resource Boards (CRBs) and Village Action Groups (VAGs). - However, these benefits are unevenly distributed. Only GMAs with limited alternative livelihoods (Bangweulu and South Luangwa) exhibit significant consumption benefits. Also, the benefits accrue mainly to the relatively well off while the poor do not gain even if they participate. - Resources from ZAWA to CRBs seldom reach the VAGs. Richer, more educated community members participate at CRB or higher level while...

Reallocating Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emission in EU15 Countries

Palavras-chave: Zambia; Food security; Policy; Natural resources; Conservation; Agricultural and Food Policy; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; Q18; Q56.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55055

Serrao, Amilcar.

This research work uses an alternative approach for modeling agricultural greenhouse gas emissions as an undesirable output, based on the zero sum gains DEA model (ZSG-DEA BCC model). This approach reallocates agricultural greenhouse gas emissions among EU15 countries. The reallocation analysis of greenhouse gas emissions permits countries that increase their emissions negotiate the emissions reduction with the others. This negotiation process might create a quota trade system for agricultural activity.

Modeling International Trends in Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emissions

Palavras-chave: DEA; Zero Sum Gains; Movement along the Efficient Frontier; Smoothed Frontier; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/61284

Adoption of Clean Leather-Tanning Technologies in Mexico

Stern, David I..

This study uses a stochastic production frontier to model energy efficiency trends, in 85 countries over a 37 year period. No structure is imposed on technological change over time, although differences in technology level across the countries are modelled as a stochastic function of explanatory variables. These variables are selected by a literature survey and a theoretical model of energy-efficient technology choice. An improvement in a country’s energy efficiency is measured as a reduction in energy intensity, while holding constant that economy’s mix of inputs and outputs. All other things remaining constant, the country using the least energy per unit output is on the global best-practice frontier. The model is used to derive decompositions of...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Energy; Efficiency; Carbon; Emissions; Technological change; Between estimator; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; O33; O47; Q43; Q54; Q55; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94950

Blackman, Allen.

In many developing countries, a host of financial, institutional, and political factors hamstring conventional environmental regulation. Given these constraints, a promising strategy for controlling pollution is to promote the voluntary adoption of clean technologies. Although this strategy has received considerable attention in policy circles, empirical research on the adoption of clean technologies in developing countries is limited. This paper presents historical background and original survey data on the adoption of five clean tanning technologies by a sample of 137 leather tanneries in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico, a city where tanneries have serious environmental impacts and conventional environmental regulation has repeatedly failed to mitigate the...

Le performance ambientali dei processi di produzione agricola. Cosa la Carbon Footprint dei prodotti agroalimentari non è in grado di dire.

Palavras-chave: Clean technology; Leather tanning; Developing country; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q55; Q56; 013; 033.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10881

Estudio de las preferencias por los elementos agrarios del paisaje mediante los metodos del analisis conjunto y valoracion contingente

Passeri, N.; Blasi, E.; Franco, Silvio.

Molti studi analizzano il rapporto tra produzione agricola ed emissioni di gas serrra. Nella quantificazione dell’impatto ambientale del settore aagroalimentare, in termini di gas serra, si sta affermando la metodologia del Life Cycle Assesment (LCA) normata dalle ISO 14040 e 14044. Tra i diversi i risultati, l’analisi LCA determina l’Impronta Carbonica (C Carbon Footprint), derivante dagli utilizzi di materia ed energia nelle fasi di produzione, trasformazione, distribuzione, consumo e smaltimento di un prodootto agroalimentare. La metodologia LCA considera l’attività agricola come un processo industriale e, concentrandosi sulla determinazione delle emissioni per i singoli fattori immessi nei processi produtt tivi e non considerando l’intrinseca capacità...

Tipo: Presentation

Palavras-chave: Carbon footprint; Bilancio ecologico; Produzione agricola; Impronta ecologica; Impatto ambientale.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q56; Q57; Q18.

Ano: 2012

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/124124

Sayadi, Samir; Roa, Maria Carmen Gonzalez; Calatrava-Requena, Javier.

RESUMEN: Entre las externalidades producidas por la actividad agraria hay que considerar su aportación a la configuración del paisaje, es decir, la externalidad estética de los agroecosistemas. Su conocimiento y valoración adquiere cada vez más relevancia. En el presente trabajo se han utilizado los métodos de Análisis Conjunto y Valoración Contingente para estudiar, por una parte, la importancia relativa de la componente agraria en la función de utilidad derivada del disfrute de los paisajes de Las Alpujarras (Granada-España) y, por otra, la disposición a pagar de los entrevistados por disfrutar de dichos paisajes. Se ha realizado un test a una muestra de potenciales visitantes a la zona, utilizando tres elementos básicos de los paisajes: cubierta...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Conjoint Analysis; Contingent Valuation; Agrarian Landscapes; Sustainable Rural Development; Land Economics/Use; Q56; Q57; D62; Q26.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28733

Explaining Differences in Farm Sustainability: Evidence from Flemish Dairy Farms

Van Passel, Steven; Mathijs, Erik; Van Huylenbroeck, Guido.

An important objective of European agricultural policy is to have a sustainable, efficient farming sector, which uses environmentally-friendly production methods. Agricultural policy makers aim to combine strong economic performance with a sustainable use of natural resources. There is thus a need for tools allowing quantification of farm sustainability as well as for empirical research assessing, analysing and explaining differences in farm sustainability. Using a large dataset of dairy farms, we apply the concept of sustainable value creation to benchmark farm sustainability performance. An effect model captures the determinants of the differences in sustainability among Flemish dairy farms. Our empirical model shows that both managerial and structural...

How to Measure Carbon Equity: Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission Per Capita

Palavras-chave: Sustainability assessment; Efficiency; Dairy farming; Performance measurement; Livestock Production/Industries; Q51; Q56; Q57; Q58; Q12.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25262

Fei, Teng; Jiankun, He; Xunzhang, Pan; Chi, Zhang.

This paper uses Lorenz Curve and Gini Index with adjustment to per capita historical cumulative emission and constructs Carbon Gini Index to measure inequality in climate change area. The analysis using Carbon Gini Index shows that 70% of carbon space in the atmosphere has been used for unequal distribution, which is almost the same as that of income in the country with the biggest gap between rich and poor in the world. The carbon equity should be an urgency and priority in the climate agenda. Carbon Gini Index established in this paper can be used to measure inequality in the distribution of carbon space and provide a quantified indicator for measurement of carbon equity among different proposals.

Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward

Palavras-chave: Climate Change; Carbon Equity; Long-term Mitigation Goal; Cumulative Emission Per Capita; Carbon Gini Index; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q45; Q56; D63.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/102568

Zhang, ZhongXiang.

The Doha Round Agenda (paragraph 31(3)) mandates to liberalize environmental goods and services. This mandate offers a good opportunity to put climate-friendly goods and services on a fast track to liberalization. Agreement on this paragraph should represent one immediate contribution that the WTO can make to fight against climate change. This paper presents the key issues surrounding liberalized trade in climate-friendly goods and technologies in WTO environmental goods negotiations. It begins with what products to liberalize and how. Clearly, WTO environmental goods negotiations to date show that WTO member countries are divided by this key issue. Focusing on the issue, the paper explores options available to liberalize trade in climate-friendly goods...

Corruption and Environmental Policy: An Alternative Perspective

Palavras-chave: Environmental Goods and Services; Low-Carbon Goods and Technologies; Doha Round; WTO; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; F13; Q56; Q54; Q58; Q48.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/94620

Lapatinas, Athanasios; Litina, Anastasia; Sartzetakis, Eftichios S..

We construct an overlapping generations model in which agents live through two periods; childhood and adulthood. Each agent makes choices only as an adult, based on her utility that depends on her own consumption and the human capital and environmental quality endowed to her offspring. Entering adulthood, agents choose randomly between two occupations: citizens and politicians. Citizens are the only producers of a single good and choose the proportion of their income to declare to the tax authorities. Politicians decide upon the allocation of the tax revenue between environmental protection and education activities, taking as given the rates of peculation in each activity. In this context, two self-fulfilling stable equilibria can emerge, one associated...

Dynamic Contingent Valuation and Choice Modelling for Ecosystem Services

Palavras-chave: Corruption; Environmental Policy; Environmental Economics and Policy; H2; H26; H3; Q56; Q58.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/101377

Hertzler, Greg.

Non market valuation and bio economic modelling are combined in a dynamic model of ecosystem services. A mathematical proof demonstrates that the imputed price of natural capital contains all non market values and that scarcity rent is the total value of ecosystem services. A dynamic demand system, including characteristics is derived. New methods are developed for dynamic welfare analysis and both revealed and stated preference methods are proposed for estimating the price of natural capital. Estimation is simple if we avoid surveying consumers who degrade the ecosystem and instead consult owners who accrue the scarcity rent and conserve for the future.