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Registros recuperados: 205
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Socioeconomic Factors and Water Quality in California AgEcon
Farzin, Y. Hossein; Grogan, Kelly A..
We investigate the relationships between water quality and socioeconomic factors in California at the county level for the years 1993 to 2006 using 24 water quality indicators coming from seven different types of water bodies. We estimate these relationships using three classes of models: the traditional per capita income-pollution level - Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) - specifications, a more inclusive model containing main socioeconomic variables such as agricultural intensity, land use, ethnic composition, population density and educational attainment, and a model that includes the socioeconomic variables while accounting for spatial correlations too. For most water quality indicators, we do not find support for EKC specifications. For pollutants...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Water Quality Indicators; Socioeconomic Variables; EKC; Agriculture; Industry; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q56; Q58; C23.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115721
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Carbon Markets and Methane Digesters: Potential Implications for the Dairy Sector AgEcon
Key, Nigel D.; Sneeringer, Stacy E..
Anaerobic digesters that capture and burn manure methane can provide a renewable source of energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Paying producers for these emission reductions—either directly or through a carbon offset market—could substantially increase digester adoption. However, there is likely to be wide variation in the scale, location, and characteristics of adopters, so these policies could have long run structural implications for the livestock sector. Using a model of digester profits and data from a nationally-representative survey of dairy operations we estimate the likely distribution of digester adoption and profits under different carbon price scenarios.
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Anaerobic digester; Carbon offsets; Climate change; Distribution; Livestock; Methane; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q12; Q16; Q42; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117952
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Management Type Environmental Policy Instruments – An Empirical Investigation AgEcon
Sauer, Johannes; Walsh, John.
The overall aim of this study is to empirically investigate the cost structure of a management agreement type agri-environmental instrument and to identify factors for cost variation over space and time. We control for the actual level of compliance by using compliance weighted average scheme cost ratios. Beside technological and economic performance measures, we also incorporate risk proxies. In addition, we consider unobserved heterogeneity or path dependency with respect to unknown administrative, spatial and farm specific factors. Hence, we try to disentangle random and fixed scheme cost effects by applying a bootstrapped mixed-effects regression approach using the empirical case of the Environmental Stewardship Scheme in the UK. Regional and sectoral...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Ecosystem Services; Scheme Cost; Risk; Mixed-Effects Regression; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q18; Q57; Q58.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/91731
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Adverse Selection in the Environmental Stewardship Scheme: Does the Higher Level Entry Scheme Design Reduce Adverse Selection? AgEcon
Quillerou, Emmanuelle; Fraser, Rob W..
The Environmental Stewardship Scheme provides payments to farmers for the provision of environmental services based on agricultural foregone income. This creates a potential incentive compatibility problem which, combined with an information asymmetry on farm land heterogeneity, could lead to adverse selection of farmers into the scheme. However, the Higher Level Scheme (HLS) design includes some features that potentially reduce adverse selection. This paper studies the adverse selection problem of the HLS using a principal agent framework at the regional level. It is found that, at the regional level, the enrolment of more land from lower payment regions for a given budget constraint has led to a greater overall contracted area (and thus potential...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Adverse selection; Agri-environment; Environmental Stewardship; Principal-agent; Contract; Environmental Economics and Policy; D78; D82; H44; Q18; Q58.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51068
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GOVERNING STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND EXTERNALITIES IN AGRICULTURE: TOWARD A NORMATIVE INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT AgEcon
Petrick, Martin.
The paper aims at a conceptual contribution to the normative economic analysis of rural de-velopment (RD) policies. RD is regarded as a problem of interaction between individuals; (lacking) structural change or the (missing) integration of externalities are therefore recon-structed as coordination rather than allocation problems. A social dilemma is taken as the paradigmatic core of normative institutional economics: how can potential gains from coop-eration be realised by way of institutional policy? Starting from a critique of the hitherto dominating welfare economics conception, three principles for institutional policy are de-rived: (1) the realisation of gains from cooperation as the normative, regulative idea, (2) in-centive-compatible...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Rural development; Institutional economics; Welfare economics; Social dilemma; Institutionenökonomik; Wohlfahrtsökonomik; Soziales Dilemma; Ländliche Entwicklung; Community/Rural/Urban Development; Institutional and Behavioral Economics; D 63; D 74; Q 18; Q58.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/14878
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Adaptation approaches to climate change in China: An operational framework AgEcon
Jiahua, Pan; Yan, Zheng; Markandya, Anil.
Climate change poses great risks for China, which makes adaptation an essential response. However, adaptation planning and implementation are still at a preliminary stage with respect to the theoretical framework and methodology. This article focuses on the status, problems and basic needs as regards adaptation to climate change, and outlines the operational framework that the government is seeking to pursue for China’s adapting to climate change. The conclusion is that, to satisfy the basic needs of development, it is necessary to clarify development-oriented and incremental adaptation. Furthermore measures to enhance adaptive capacity can be classified as infrastructure-based, technology-based and institutional. Lastly the authors stress the importance...
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Adaptation; Incremental adaptation; Development-oriented adaptation; Approaches for adaptation; Economic analysis of adaptation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117619
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Environmental Policy and Directed Technological Change: Evidence from the European carbon market AgEcon
Calel, Raphael; Dechezlepretre, Antoine.
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has aimed to encourage the development of low-carbon technologies by putting a price on carbon emissions. Using a newly constructed data set that links 8.5 million European companies with their patenting history and their regulatory status under EU ETS, we investigate the hypothesis that the EU ETS has encouraged development of low-carbon technologies. Exploratory data analysis reveals a rapid increase in low-carbon patenting activities at the EPO since 2005, especially among EU ETS regulated companies during the Scheme's second phase. Naive estimates obtained by comparing EU ETS and non-EU ETS firms suggest that the Scheme may be responsible for up to 30% of the increase in low-carbon patenting of...
Tipo: Working Paper Palavras-chave: Directed Technological Change; EU Emissions Trading Scheme; Policy Evaluation; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122867
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Energy Balance Climate Models, Damage Reservoirs and the Time Profile of Climate Change Policy AgEcon
Brock, William A.; Engstrom, Gustav; Xepapadeas, Anastasios.
A simplified energy balance climate model is considered with the global mean temperature as the state variable, and an endogenous ice line. The movements of the ice line towards the Poles are associated with damage reservoirs where initial damages are high and then eventually vanish as the ice caps vanish and the damage reservoir is exhausted. We couple this climate model with a simple economic growth model and we show that the endogenous ice line induces a nonlinearity. This nonlinearity when combined with two sources of damages - the conventional damages due to temperature increase and the reservoir damages - generates multiple steady states and Skiba points. It is shown that the policy ramp implied by this model calls for high mitigation now. Simulation...
Tipo: Working Paper Palavras-chave: Energy Balance Climate Models; Damage Reservoir; Ice Line; Permafrost; Heat Diffusion; Policy Ramp; Skiba Points; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q54; Q58.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/122863
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The U.S. Proposed Carbon Tariffs, WTO Scrutiny and China’s Responses AgEcon
Zhang, ZhongXiang.
With countries from around the world set to meet in Copenhagen to try to hammer out a post-2012 climate change agreement, no one would disagree that a U.S. commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions is essential to such a global pact. However, despite U.S. president Obama’s recent announcement to push for a commitment to cut U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 17% by 2020, in reality it is questionable whether U.S. Congress will agree to specific emissions cuts, although they are not ambitious at all from the perspectives of both the EU and developing countries, without the imposition of carbon tariffs on Chinese products to the U.S. market, even given China’s own recent announcement to voluntarily seek to reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% over the same...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Post-2012 Climate Negotiations; Border Carbon Adjustments; Carbon Tariffs; Emissions Allowance Requirements; Cap-And-Trade Regime; Lieberman-Warner Bill; Waxman-Markey Bill; World Trade Organization; Kyoto Protocol; China; United States; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; Q48; Q54; Q56; Q58.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/60682
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THE MARGINAL COST OF AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AgEcon
Sauer, Johannes; Wossink, Ada.
A3_2
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Agri-environmental services; Bio-economic modelling; Economies of scale and scope; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use; Research Methods/ Statistical Methods; Q18; Q57; Q58.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/93939
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Costly Enforcement of Voluntary Environmental Agreements with Industries AgEcon
McEvoy, David M.; Stranlund, John K..
Although the theoretical literature on the performance of voluntary approaches to environmental protection has progressed quite far in the last decade, no one has rigorously addressed the obvious point that even voluntary emissions control policies must be enforced. This paper examines the consequences of the need for costly enforcement of voluntary environmental agreements with industries on the ability of these agreements to meet regulatory objectives, the levels of industry participation with these agreements, and the relative efficiency of voluntary and regulatory approaches. We find that enforcement costs that are borne by the members of a voluntary emissions control agreement limit the circumstances under which an agreement can form in place of an...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Voluntary agreements; Self-enforcing agreements; Emissions tax; Enforcement; Environmental Economics and Policy; L51; Q58.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7382
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Tradable Substitution Rights: Simulation of the Cost-Efficiency of a Nitrogen Reduction in the Pig Finishing Sector AgEcon
Carlier, Peter Jan; Lauwers, Ludwig H.; Mathijs, Erik.
To comply with the European Nitrate Directive, the Flemish manure policy has been elaborated mainly on the base of command and control measures (maximum fertilisation limits etc.). In literature, however, tradable permits are described as a cost efficient and effective instrument. Applied to nutrient emission they might offer an alternative for the current, expensive manure policy. In this publication both policy instruments are compared by means of simulation models. Based on accountacy data from 190 pig finishing farms, it is shown that tradable rights may result in cost savings of over 88%, compared to the most cost efficient command and control model. This result indicates that tradable permits at least need to be considered as a plausible policy...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Tradable permits; Agriculture; Command and control; Nitrogen; Linear programming; Livestock Production/Industries; C61; D23; H23; Q58; Q52.
Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24746
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Land Conversion Pace under Uncertainty and Irreversibility: too fast or too slow? AgEcon
Di Corato, Luca; Moretto, Michele; Vergalli, Sergio.
In this paper stochastic dynamic programming is used to investigate land conversion decisions taken by a multitude of landholders under uncertainty about the value of environmental services and irreversible development. We study land conversion under competition on the market for agricultural products when voluntary and mandatory measures are combined by the Government to induce adequate participation in a conservation plan. We study the impact of uncertainty on the optimal conversion policy and discuss conversion dynamics under different policy scenarios on the basis of the relative long-run expected rate of deforestation. Interestingly, we show that uncertainty, even if it induces conversion postponement in the short-run, increases the average rate of...
Tipo: Working Paper Palavras-chave: Optimal Stopping; Deforestation; Payments for Environmental Services; Natural Resources Management; Risk and Uncertainty; C61; D81; Q24; Q58.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/119107
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Market Structure and the Penetration of Alternative Energy Technologies AgEcon
Tsur, Yacov; Zemel, Amos.
Energy market prices ignore external effects, hence miss-allocate energy generation between (polluting) fossil fuels and (clean) solar technologies. Correcting the failure requires understanding the market allocation forces at hand. An important feature of solar energy is that its cost of supply is predominantly due to upfront investments in capital infrastructure (rather than to the actual supply rate) and this feature has far reaching implications for the market allocation outcome. Studying the market allocation process, we specify the conditions under which solar technologies penetrate the energy sector. The framework is then used to analyze policy regulation in the form of taxing fossil energy and subsidizing investments in solar energy. The first...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Energy; Solar technologies; Fossil fuels; Price thresholds; Regulation; Environmental damage; Learning by doing; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Marketing; C61; Q42; Q58.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/47174
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A Review of the Literature on Telecommuting and Its Implications for Vehicle Travel and Emissions AgEcon
Walls, Margaret; Safirova, Elena.
In this paper, we review 20 relatively recent empirical studies of telecommuting, all of which focus on the trip reduction perspective. The studies include earlier ones with smaller datasets, such as some pilot studies of individual employers, and more recent studies based on broader surveys of both telecommuters and nontelecommuters. We focus on the results of the studies with respect to participation and frequency of telecommuting, the effects on vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) and trips, and in some cases, the impacts on emissions and air quality. Although there does not seem to be a consensus, there is a predominant view that certain factors increase both the likelihood of telecommuting and the frequency of telecommuting. These factors are having children...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Telecommuting; Mode choice; Air quality; Emissions; Labor and Human Capital; R4; Q53; Q58.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10492
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Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Agri-environmental Policies for the Chesapeake Bay AgEcon
Ribaudo, Marc; Shortle, James S.; Blandford, David; Horan, Richard D..
Tipo: Journal Article Palavras-chave: Water Quality; Nonpoint Source Pollution; Policy Instrument; Chesapeake Bay; Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; Q25; Q58.
Ano: 2011 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/117403
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A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Animal Disease Eradication Strategies: Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Ireland AgEcon
Dillon, Emma J..
The primary focus of this poster paper is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative control strategies for a number of simulated outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) in four agriculturally diverse Irish regions, examining for the first time, the potential role of emergency vaccination in the country. With the increasing threat of transboundary animal diseases due to globalisation, wider market integration and increased animal movement it is important that such an evaluation of control and eradication strategies be undertaken and contingency plans be put in place. The new EU Directive (2003/85/EC) on FMD control permits the use of emergency vaccination as part of an FMD control strategy. The slaughter of infected animals and "dangerous...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Foot-and-Mouth disease; Control strategies; Transboundary animal diseases; Emergency vaccination; Computer simulation; Cost-effectiveness; Livestock Production/Industries; Q1; Q17; Q58.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25321
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Explaining Differences in Farm Sustainability: Evidence from Flemish Dairy Farms AgEcon
Van Passel, Steven; Mathijs, Erik; Van Huylenbroeck, Guido.
An important objective of European agricultural policy is to have a sustainable, efficient farming sector, which uses environmentally-friendly production methods. Agricultural policy makers aim to combine strong economic performance with a sustainable use of natural resources. There is thus a need for tools allowing quantification of farm sustainability as well as for empirical research assessing, analysing and explaining differences in farm sustainability. Using a large dataset of dairy farms, we apply the concept of sustainable value creation to benchmark farm sustainability performance. An effect model captures the determinants of the differences in sustainability among Flemish dairy farms. Our empirical model shows that both managerial and structural...
Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation Palavras-chave: Sustainability assessment; Efficiency; Dairy farming; Performance measurement; Livestock Production/Industries; Q51; Q56; Q57; Q58; Q12.
Ano: 2006 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25262
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Cambio climático en Uruguay, posibles impactos y medidas de adaptación en el sector agropecuario. AgEcon
Gimenez, Agustin; Castano, Jose Pedro; Baethgen, Walter E.; Lanfranco, Bruno A..
El presente trabajo presenta un resumen de información sobre cambio climático observado en Uruguay y la región y posibles escenarios futuros. Dicha información se basa fundamentalmente en estudios conducidos y finalizados recientemente (2005-2009) en el país, en el marco del programa “Assessment of Impacts and Adaptation to Climate Change” (AIACC-START, TWAS, GEF) ( AIACC, 2006), en el “Análisis de la Estadística Climática y Desarrollo y Evaluación de Escenarios Climáticos e Hidrológicos de las principales Cuencas Hidrográficas del Uruguay y la Zona Costera” (Unidad de Cambio Climático de la DINAMA del MVOTMA de Uruguay, PNUD, GEF, 2005), en el estudio de “Identificación de Posibles Impactos del Cambio Climático en la Producción de Pasturas Naturales y de...
Tipo: Book Palavras-chave: Global warming; Agriculture and livestock production; Public policy; Extreme climate events.; Agricultural and Food Policy; Risk and Uncertainty; Q01; Q54; Q55; Q58.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/121759
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Double Irreversibility and Environmental Policy Design AgEcon
Pommeret, Aude; Prieur, Fabien.
The design of environmental policy typically takes place within a framework in which uncertainty over the future impact of pollution and two different kinds of irreversibilities interact. The first kind of irreversibility concerns the sunk cost of environmental degradation; the second is related to the sunk cost of environmental policy. Clearly, the two irreversibilities pull in opposite directions: policy irreversibility leads to more pollution and a less/later policy while environmental irreversibility generates less pollution and a more/sooner policy. Using a real option approach and an infinite time horizon model, this paper considers both irreversibilities simultaneously. The model first is developed by paying particular attention to the option values...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental Policy; Environmental Irreversibility; Policy Irreversibility; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q58; D81.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50359
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