SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Diao, Xinshen; Elbehri, Aziz; Gehlhar, Mark J.; Gibson, Paul R.; Leetmaa, Susan E.; Mitchell, Lorraine; Nelson, Frederick J.; Nimon, R. Wesley; Normile, Mary Anne; Roe, Terry L.; Shapouri, Shahla; Skully, David W.; Smith, Mark; Somwaru, Agapi; Trueblood, Michael A.; Tsigas, Marinos E.; Wainio, John; Whitley, Daniel B.; Young, C. Edwin.

Agricultural trade barriers and producer subsidies inflict real costs, both on the countries that use these policies and on their trade partners. Trade barriers lower demand for trade partners' products, domestic subsidies can induce an oversupply of agricultural products which depresses world prices, and export subsidies create increased competition for producers in other countries. Eliminating global agricultural policy distortions would result in an annual world welfare gain of $56 billion. High protection for agricultural commodities in the form of tariffs continues to be the major factor restricting world trade. In 2000, World Trade Organization (WTO) members continued global negotiations on agricultural policy reform. To help policymakers and others...

Tipo: Report

Palavras-chave: Agricultural and Food Policy; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34015

RURAL LABOR MIGRATION, CHARACTERISTICS, AND EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS: A STUDY BASED ON CHINA'S AGRICULTURAL CENSUS

Tuan, Francis C.; Somwaru, Agapi; Diao, Xinshen.

Continued industrialization in China and increase in its agricultural productivity imply that surplus rural workers will to be attracted into non-agricultural production activities and, consequently, will have the opportunity to increase their off-farm income. Studying the structure of the rural labor force and its characteristics is important for evaluating its migration potential into non-agricultural sectors. This study examines the rural labor market in China exclusively based on China’s first national agricultural census. We analyzed the demographic characteristics of the rural labor force and their association with the type of employment, place of work, and labor migration. Furthermore, we investigated demographic distributions of rural labor force...

High value products or staple crops? A discussion on development strategies for Southern Africa

Palavras-chave: Labor and Human Capital.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16284

Nin Pratt, Alejandro; Diao, Xinshen.

Unexploited agricultural potential and regional trade opportunities together with the presence of South Africa and other middle-income countries, offer Southern Africa the unique opportunity to foster agricultural growth through regional linkages. In this study a global general equilibrium model that focuses on Southern Africa is used to analyze the implications that these specific characteristics of the regional economy have on growth choices of low-income countries. Three groups of growth scenarios are define to analyze the role of South Africa as a possible engine of growth, the role of own growth engines in low-income countries, and growth linkages between middle- and low-income countries. Results of the simulation scenarios show that larger benefits...

Dynamics of Structural Transformation: Understanding the Key Factors That Drive Innovative Activities in Selected Asian and African Countries

Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21094

Badibanga, Thaddee Mutumba; Diao, Xinshen; Roe, Terry L.; Somwaru, Agapi.

This paper develops a metric of structural transformation that can account for the production of new varieties of goods embodying advancements in technological know-how and design. Our measure captures the dynamics of an economy’s transformation and can be viewed as an extension of the static measure developed by Hausmann and Klinger (2006). We apply this measure to four digit level sitc trade data of China, Malaysia and Ghana over the period 1962-2000. The results show the rapid transformation of the Chinese economy is characterized by two important factors: the high proximity of its export basket to the three main industrial clusters – capital goods, consumer durable goods, and intermediate inputs, and the increase in the values of the new goods...

Developing Country Trade: Implications of China’s Changing Trade and Competitiveness in Intensive and Extensive Margin Goods

Palavras-chave: Structural Transformation; Discovery; Technological Change; International Development; F19; O14; O33; O40.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/43890

Somwaru, Agapi; Tuan, Francis C.; Gehlhar, Mark J.; Diao, Xinshen; Hansen, James M..

This paper delves into China’s differential growths in trade flows with high income and developing countries by focusing on bilateral content of trade data over the time period 1978-2005. Unlike other studies, we account for end use of traded goods ranging from primary, intermediate, and finished goods because China’s policies impact all segments China’s trade flows. In the last 28 years, China has specialized in deficits in the upstream production segments (parts and components) and rapid diversification in consumption goods (extensive margin). While in the late 1970s China’s export and import growth on all goods with major high income countries is outstanding in the most recent years China’s trade growth with developing countries has taken the lead...

Achieving Regional Growth Dynamics in African Agriculture

Palavras-chave: China; International trade; Growth; Intensive; Extensive margins; Developing countries; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6239

Abdulai, Awudu; Diao, Xinshen; Johnson, Michael.

This study focuses on public investments and policy reforms for leveraging growth spillovers at the African regional level. A conceptual framework that is built on the endogenous growth theory and the new economic geography is presented first to gain a better understanding of the underlying theory and empirical evidence on regional integration and growth spillovers. In order to demonstrate the potential benefits from greater cross-border technology spillovers in Africa, as well as from trade liberalization and investment in infrastructure, results from ex-ante simulations using partial and general equilibrium models are then presented and discussed. Results indicate that sizeable regional spillover benefits can be obtained by permitting greater crossborder...

Dynamics of Structural Transformation: An Empirical Characterization in the Case of China, Malaysia, and Ghana

Palavras-chave: Computable General Equilibrium Models C68; Agricultural growth; Agricultural sector; International Development.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58371

Badibanga, Thaddee Mutumba; Diao, Xinshen; Roe, Terry L.; Somwaru, Agapi.

The paper develops a metric of structural transformation that can account for the production of new varieties of goods embodying advancements in technological know-how and design. Our measure captures the dynamics of an economy’s transformation and can be viewed as an extension of Hausmann and Klinger’s static measure. We apply our measure to four-digit-level SITC trade data of China, Malaysia, and Ghana over the period 1962–2000. The results show that two important factors characterize the rapid transformation of the Chinese economy: the high proximity of its export basket to three main industrial clusters—capital goods, consumer durable goods, and intermediate inputs—and the increase in the values of the new goods belonging to those three clusters....

FARMLAND HOLDINGS, CROP PLANTING STRUCTURE AND INPUT USAGE: AN ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S AGRICULTURAL CENSUS

Palavras-chave: Structural transformation; Discovery; Technological change; International Development; F19; O14; O33; O40.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/50004

Diao, Xinshen; Zhang, Yi; Somwaru, Agapi.

This study, based on the data of China’s agricultural census of 1997, focuses on the land distribution among rural households and its effects on crop production structure and employment of labor and capital. The Census data show that the size of holdings surprisingly differs among households, and land rental activities has started to play an important role in land allocation. Grain production accounts for 80% of total sown area for each household group, indicating that self-sufficiency in grains production is still an important factor to farmers. Family members are a dominant source for China's agricultural labor force, regardless of the size of land held in each household. Machinery use in crop production is still not popular, while the scale of land held...

China's WTO Accession: Conflicts with Domestic Agricultural Policies and Institutions

Palavras-chave: Crop Production/Industries.

Ano: 2000

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16320

Colby, Hunter; Diao, Xinshen; Tuan, Francis C..

This analysis examines the implications of WTO accession for China's domestic policies and institutions by identifying some of China's agricultural policies and institutional arrangements that may generate conflicts with WTO requirements and analyzing the nature and extent of the conflict. We differentiate three alternative ways that China's current domestic policy or institutions may conflict with or be incompatible with WTO accession: (1) the domestic policy or institution is expressly prohibited by WTO rules and principles; (2) the changes required by WTO accession impose additional costs on the government such that the existing policy or institutions are difficult to sustain; and (3) the changes required for WTO accession reduce the effectiveness of...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Accession; China; Domestic policies and institutions; WTO; International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23859

Agricultural Growth Linkages in Ethiopia: Estimates using Fixed and Flexible Price Models

Diao, Xinshen; Fekadu, Belay; Haggblade, Steven; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Wamisho, Kassu; Yu, Bingxin.

Accelerating growth and poverty reduction, and the ultimate achievement of structural transformation, are the critical policy challenges in present day Ethiopia. This paper examines relevant growth options in terms of their impact on overall growth and poverty reduction in the country. It deploys a fixed-price semi-input-output model and a flexible-price economy-wide multi-market model for that purpose. The paper finds that agricultural growth can induce higher overall growth and faster poverty reduction than non-agricultural growth, although the latter can also have large growth effects in some cases. Among sub-sectors within agriculture, staple crops have stronger growth linkages. Decomposition of these effects also reveals that consumption linkages are...

Minnesota Agricultural Economist 696

Palavras-chave: International Development.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42419

Diao, Xinshen; Roe, Terry L.; Somwaru, Agapi.

Which Came First: Growth in Trade or Trade Arrangement?

Accelerating Growth and Structural Transformation: Ghana’s Options for Reaching Middle-Income Country Status

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/13208

Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Thurlow, James; Yu, Bingxin; Kolavalli, Shashidhara.

Ghana is an emerging success story in Africa and in a couple of years will become the first African country to achieve the first Millennium Development Goal of halving its national poverty rate. The government of Ghana has therefore extended its development vision and recently declared the goal of reaching middle-income-country (MIC) status by 2015. To analyze possible pathways and implications of achieving MIC status, this paper examines other countries’ experiences on their way to becoming MICs and emphasizes the important role of growth acceleration, export diversification, and economic structural change in the transformation process. The paper further analyzes Ghana’s growth options and their structural implications using a dynamic computable general...

Environment, Welfare and Gains from Trade: A North-South Model in General Equilibrium

Palavras-chave: Growth and development; Middle income country; Applied general equilibrium modeling; Ghana; Africa; International Development.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42347

Diao, Xinshen; Roe, Terry L..

The effects of environment on trade and welfare are analyzed in a modified Heckscher-Ohlin framework using a quasi-homothetic preferences to account for differences in countries' expenditure shares on health. Three types of pollution, local-disembodied, global-disembodied and embodied, result as a by-product of inputs used in production. For each case, the Walrasian, Pareto optimal and the Regulators' problem are analyzed. The optimal tax is shown to improve each country's welfare if the country is small in the world market. Otherwise, changes in the terms of trade may cause one country to be made better off at the expense of the other. Interdependence for the global-disembodied case is explored using a one-shot Nash game. For the embodied pollution,...

HOW CHINA'S WTO ACCESSION AFFECTS RURAL ECONOMY IN THE LESS-DEVELOPED REGIONS: A MULTI-REGION, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 1995

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7517

Diao, Xinshen; Fan, Shenggen; Zhang, Xiaobo.

This study constructs a regional CGE model of China to analyze the differential regional impacts of China’s WTO accession on agricultural production, trade, and farmers’ income. The results show that China’s WTO accession will generally improve the total welfare but will widen existing gaps among regions and sectors. It is expected that the agricultural sector will suffer if only agricultural trade is liberalized, as cheap imports of agricultural products, particularly grains, will increase and domestic agricultural production and farmers’ agricultural income will decline. Full trade liberalization, i.e., lifting trade barriers in both agriculture and non-agriculture will benefit farmers and agriculture at the national level. However, the increase in rural...

A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIVE GROUND AND SURFACE WATER USE WITH AN APPLICATION TO MOROCCO

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16290

Diao, Xinshen; Dinar, Ariel; Roe, Terry L.; Tsur, Yacov.

Groundwater resources (GW) account for nearly 30 percent of the world sustainable water supplies. Yet, this resource, which is fraught with externalities, has largely been left unregulated. The economic literature on GW is predominantly of a partial equilibrium type, taking the rest of the economy parametrically. We analyze GW regulation in a general equilibrium setting, focusing on the stabilization value of GW under natural (draught) and economic (rural-urban water transfer) shocks. A general equilibrium approach allows evaluating direct and indirect effects of GW regulation on agriculture and non-agriculture sectors and extends the scope for water policy. The analysis is applied to Morocco by extending an existing computable general equilibrium (CGE)...

The Effect of Sequencing Trade and Water Market Reform on Interest Groups in Irrigated Agriculture: An Intertemporal Economy-Wide Analysis of the Moroccan Case

Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7143

Diao, Xinshen; Roe, Terry L..

Many of the import competing sectors in Moroccan agriculture are protected while water in irrigated agriculture is priced below its marginal value product. Establishing a water market in this pre-trade reform environment can be welfare decreasing. Further, as the shadow price of water is sensitive to the crops protected by trade policy, farmers growing crops protected pre-trade reform can be made worse off post reform. The resulting decline in rents to sector resources is a source of interest group conflict that can slow the overall reform process. Using an intertemporal general equilibrium model, the paper analyzes the economy-wide effects of the linkages between trade reform and the reform of water markets in irrigated agriculture. We find a strong...

STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION: THE COSTS OF KOREAN AGRICULTURAL POLICY 1975 AND 1990

Palavras-chave: Water Markets; Trade Reform. Dynamic General Equilibrium; O41; International Relations/Trade; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; F13; Q15; Q25.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7519

Diao, Xinshen; Dyck, John H.; Lee, Chinkook; Skully, David W.; Somwaru, Agapi.

The economic development of South Korea is often held up as a model to be followed by many developing countries. We use 1975 and 1990 data in a general equilibrium framework with highly disaggregated agricultural sector specification to evaluate the opportunity cost of agricultural protection. We show that for Korea the cost of protection increases with the level of economic development.

CHINA'S WTO ACCESSION: CONFLICTS WITH DOMESTIC AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS

Palavras-chave: Industrial Organization; International Development.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/21492

Colby, Hunter; Diao, Xinshen; Tuan, Francis C..

This analysis examines the implications of WTO accession for China’s domestic policies and institutions by identifying some of Chinese agricultural policies and institutional arrangements that may generate conflicts with WTO requirements and analyzing the nature and extent of the conflict that may be introduced by WTO accession. We differentiate three alternative ways that China’s current domestic policy or institutions may conflict with or be incompatible with WTO accession: (1) the domestic policy or institution is expressly prohibited by WTO rules and principles; (2) the changes required by WTO accession impose additional costs on the government such that the existing policy or institutions are difficult to sustain; and (3) the changes required for WTO...

Cost Implications of Agricultural Land Degradation in Ghana: An Economywide, Multimarket Model Assessment

Palavras-chave: International Relations/Trade.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/16269

Diao, Xinshen; Sarpong, Daniel Bruce.

An economywide, multimarket model is constructed for Ghana and the effects of agricultural soil erosion on crop yields are explicitly modeled at the subnational regional level for eight main staple crops. The model is used to evaluate the aggregate economic costs of soil erosion by taking into account economywide linkages between production and consumption, across sectors and agricultural subsectors. To fill a gap in the literature regarding economic cost analysis of soil erosion, this paper also analyzes the poverty implications of land degradation. The model predicts that land degradation reduces agricultural income in Ghana by a total of US$4.2 billion over the period 2006–2015, which is approximately five percent of total agricultural GDP in these ten...

CHINA'S EMPLOYMENT AND RURAL LABOR MIGRATION

Palavras-chave: Ghana; Agricultural Soil Loss; Economywide modeling; Land Economics/Use.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/42416

Somwaru, Agapi; Diao, Xinshen; Gale, H. Frederick, Jr.; Tuan, Francis C..

This study examines the rural labor market in China based on the country's first national agricultural census. The analysis highlights distinct differences of employment by age, gender, educational level, size of the household, and size of land holdings. We use a generalized polytomous logits (GPL) framework to analyze the patterns of rural labor employment, capture the dynamic trends of the rural labor force, and gauge rural migration. The estimation results, based on more than 4 million records of rural persons, indicate that the land size followed by the education level and age are the main factors affecting the chances of rural labor force by employment categories.