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| Registros recuperados: 42 | |
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| Buzby, Jean C.; Roberts, Tanya; Lin, Chung-Tung Jordan; MacDonald, James M.. |
| Microbial pathogens in food cause an estimated 6.5-33 million cases of human illness and up to 9,000 deaths in the United States each year. Over 40 different foodborne microbial pathogens, including fungi, viruses, parasites, and bacteria, are believed to cause human illnesses. For six bacterial pathogens, the costs of human illness are estimated to be $9.3-$12.9 billion annually. Of these costs, $2.9-$6.7 billion are attributed to foodborne bacteria. These estimates were developed to provide analytical support for USDA's Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems rule for meat and poultry. (Note that the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is not included in this report.) To estimate medical costs and productivity losses, ERS uses four severity... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Cost-of-illness; Foodborne pathogens; Lost productivity; Medical costs; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Health Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33991 |
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| O'Donoghue, Erik J.; MacDonald, James M.; Nehring, Richard F.. |
| Water quality has implications for the health of our ecosystem and the welfare of our population. Agriculture is one of the major contributors of non-point source pollution that contaminates our nation's water supplies. Understanding how farmers substitute manure for commercial fertilizers allows us to better understand the level of nitrogen that enters the soil and can seep into our waterways. In this paper, we explore the factors that help determine farmers' substitution rates between the two types of fertilizers. Location, crop type, and time all could play important roles. We analyze USDA farm level survey data for both crop and livestock farms covering the years 1996 to 2002 to create substitution rate estimates used on corn, soybean, and wheat... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Farm Management. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/19252 |
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| MacDonald, James M.; Handy, Charles R.; Plato, Gerald E.. |
| USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) purchases food products for distribution through several of the Department's food assistance programs. This report describes FSA purchase methods and compares them to procurement strategies used by other Federal agencies and by private sector firms. It summarizes the principal policy issues faced by FSA in designing procurement strategies. And it uses a detailed statistical analysis to compare FSA prices to those realized in the private sector, and to identify the separate effects of agricultural commodity prices, seasonality, client location, purchase volumes, product characteristics, and competition on FSA product prices. |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Procurement; Auctions; Food assistance; Competition; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33925 |
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| MacDonald, James M.. |
| Agricultural production continues to shift to larger farms in the U.S. I show that the shift is persistent over time, large, and ubiquitous across commodities. I review theories of farm size, and classify three channels for analysis: 1) scale effects, through technological economies and managerial diseconomies; 2) the roles of relative factor prices and factor shares; and 3) policy and institutions. Finally, I evaluate the empirical evidence on the forces driving structural change, distinguishing between crops and livestock because of important differences in the role of scale economies and coordination, and I offer some directions for the future. |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Agribusiness. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115361 |
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| MacDonald, James M.. |
| Broiler production in the United States is coordinated almost entirely through systems of production contracts, in which a grower’s compensation is based, in part, on how the grower’s performance compares with that of other growers. The industry is undergoing a gradual structural change as production shifts to larger broiler enterprises that provide larger shares of an operator’s household income. Larger enterprises require substantially larger investments in broiler housing, and new or retrofitted houses are also an important source of productivity growth in the industry. This report, based on a large and representative survey of broiler operations, describes the industry’s organization, housing features, contract design, fees and enterprise cost... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Broilers; Chickens; Production contracts; Broiler grower financial performance; Chicken housing; Chicken litter; Poultry; Farm Management; Production Economics. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/58627 |
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| Hoppe, Robert A.; Banker, David E.; Korb, Penelope J.; O'Donoghue, Erik J.; MacDonald, James M.. |
| American farms encompass a wide range of sizes, ownership structures, and business types, but most farms are still family farms. Family farms account for 98 percent of farms and 85 percent of production. Although most farms are small and own most of the farmland, production has shifted to very large farms. Farms with sales of $1 million or more make up less than 2 percent of all farms, but they account for 48 percent of farm product sales. Most of these million-dollar farms are family farms. Because small-farm households rely on off-farm work for most of their income, general economic policies, such as tax or economic development policy, can be as important to them as traditional farm policy. |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Family farms; Farm program payments; Farm production; Farm household income; Commodity payments; Direct payments; Government payments; Agricultural Resource Management Survey; Contracting; ERS; USDA; Agricultural and Food Policy; Farm Management. |
| Ano: 2007 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/59029 |
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| Key, Nigel D.; MacDonald, James M.. |
| The exercise of monopsony power by broiler processing firms is plausible because production occurs within localized complexes, which limits the number of integrators with whom growers can contract. In addition, growers face distinct hold-up risks as broiler production requires a substantial investment in specific assets and most production contracts do not involve long-term purchasing commitments by integrators. This paper provides an initial exploration of the links between the local concentration of broiler integrators and grower compensation under production contracts using data from the 2006 broiler version of USDA’s Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Results of this preliminary study, which accounts for characteristics of the operation and... |
| Tipo: Conference Paper or Presentation |
Palavras-chave: Poultry; Broilers; Market power; Monopsony; Production contracts; Livestock Production/Industries; Marketing. |
| Ano: 2008 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6073 |
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| MacDonald, James M.; Perry, Janet E.; Ahearn, Mary Clare; Banker, David E.; Chambers, William; Dimitri, Carolyn; Key, Nigel D.; Nelson, Kenneth E.; Southard, Leland W.. |
| Production and marketing contracts govern 36 percent of the value of U.S. agricultural production, up from 12 percent in 1969. Contracts are now the primary method of handling sales of many livestock commodities, including milk, hogs, and broilers, and of major crops such as sugar beets, fruit, and processing tomatoes. Use of contracts is closely related to farm size; farms with $1 million or more in sales have nearly half their production under contract. For producers, contracting can reduce income risks of price and production variability, ensure market access, and provide higher returns for differentiated farm products. For processors and other buyers, vertical coordination through contracting is a way to ensure the flow of products and to obtain... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Marketing; Production Economics. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/34013 |
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| MacDonald, James M.; Kuchler, Fred; Buzby, Jean C.; Lee, Fitzroy; Aldrich, Lorna M.. |
| USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) finances about 13.5 percent of its budget outlays through user fees for overtime and unscheduled meat and poultry inspections. User fees play an increasingly important role in financing government programs, and FSIS has frequently requested expanded authority to charge user fees for more of its operations. Congress has consistently rejected the FSIS requests and has placed important restrictions on fees and the uses of fee revenue at those agencies that have been granted more extensive user fee authority. This report surveys the application of user-fees for financing meat and poultry inspection programs in other countries; reviews user-fee systems in other Federal agencies, particularly those with food and... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: User fees; Meat inspection; Public finance; Livestock Production/Industries; Public Economics. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/33989 |
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| Registros recuperados: 42 | |
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