Home Itens selecionados Provedores de dados OAI Créditos Sobre Ajuda

			Busca avançada
	Provedor de dados 31 (26) Autor Blackman, Allen (26) Albers, Heidi J. (3) Bannister, Geoffrey J. (3) Avalos-Sartorio, Beatriz (2) Batz, Michael B. (2) Crooks, Lisa (2) Harrington, Winston (2) Afsah, Shakeb (1) Boyd, James (1) Cook, Joseph H. (1) Evans, David A. (1) Kildegaard, Arne (1) Krupnick, Alan J. (1) Laskowski, Stanley (1) Mathis, Mitchell (1) Mazurek, Janice V. (1) Morgenstern, Richard D. (1) Nelson, Peter (1) Newbold, Stephen C. (1) Palma, Alejandra (1) Mais... Palavra-chave Environmental Economics and Policy (17) O13 (11) Q25 (9) Environment (8) Mexico (8) O54 (6) Q28 (6) Developing country (5) Informal sector (5) O33 (5) Air pollution (4) O17 (4) Brickmaking (3) Clean technology (3) L61 (3) Latin America (3) Q23 (3) Q53 (3) Q56 (3) Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies (3) Mais... Tipo do documento Working or Discussion Paper (26) Ano 2005 (6) 2004 (2) 2003 (1) 2002 (1) 2001 (2) 2000 (5) 1999 (4) 1998 (4) 1996 (1) Mais... País United States (26) Idioma Inglês (26)		Ordenar por:  Relevância Autor Título Ano Registros recuperados: 26 Primeira ... 1 2 ... Última The Cost of Developing Site-Specific Environmental Regulations: Evidence from EPA's Project XL 31 Blackman, Allen; Mazurek, Janice V.. The flagship of the Environmental Protection Agency's regulatory reinvention initiative, Project XL has been touted as a "regulatory blueprint" for a site-specific, performance-based pollution control system. But widespread complaints about the costs of the program beg the question of whether the costs of tailoring regulations to individual facilities are manageable. To address this question, this paper presents original survey data on a sample of 11 XL projects. We find that the fixed costs of putting in place XL agreements are substantial, averaging over $450,000 per firm. While stakeholder negotiations are widely cited as the principal source for these costs, we find that they actually arise mainly from interaction between participating facilities and... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Project XL; Site-specific regulation; Tailored regulation; Voluntary regulation; Transactions costs; Regulatory reform and reinvention; Environmental Economics and Policy. Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10844 Muddling Through while Environmental Regulatory Capacity Evolves: What Role for Voluntary Agreements? 31 Blackman, Allen; Sisto, Nicholas. The city of Leon, Guanajuato, is Mexico's leather goods capital and a notorious environmental hotspot. Over the past two decades, four high-profile voluntary agreements aimed at controlling pollution from Leon's tanneries have yielded few concrete results. To understand why, this paper reconstructs the history of these initiatives, along with that of local environmental regulatory capacity. Juxtaposing these two timelines suggests that the voluntary pollution control agreements were both motivated by-and undermined by-gaps in the legal, institutional, physical, and civic infrastructures needed to make regulation effective. Our analysis offers a concrete definition of environmental regulatory capacity, provides insights into how it evolves, and demonstrates... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environment; Voluntary agreement; Regulatory capacity; Latin America; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q56; Q58; O13; O54. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10570 Deforestation and Shade Coffee in Oaxaca, Mexico: Key Research Findings 31 Blackman, Allen; Albers, Heidi J.; Avalos-Sartorio, Beatriz; Crooks, Lisa. More than three-quarters of Mexico's coffee is grown on small plots shaded by the existing forest. Because they preserve forest cover, shade coffee farms provide vital ecological services including harboring biodiversity and preventing soil erosion. Unfortunately, tree cover in Mexico's shade coffee areas is increasingly being cleared to make way for subsistence agriculture, a direct result of the unprecedented decline of international coffee prices over the past decade. This paper summarizes the key findings of a three-year study of deforestation in Oaxaca, one of Mexico's prime regions for growing shade coffee. First, we find that deforestation during the 1990s was significant. Second, the loss of tree cover can likely be slowed by promoting... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Deforestation; Agroforestry; Shade-grown coffee; Mexico; Land cover; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; Q15; Q23. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10799 Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project 31 Blackman, Allen; Bannister, Geoffrey J.. Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Air pollution; Mexico; Brickmaking; Community pressure; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O22; O33; O54; Q25; L61. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10478 The Economics of Technology Diffusion: Implications for Climate Policy in Developing Countries 31 Blackman, Allen. Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs), most notably those that enhance energy efficiency. In the medium term, the effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economics research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The most obvious lessons from this research are that widespread diffusion of CFTs may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Technology diffusion; Climate change; Developing countries; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O33; O38; Q25; Q28; O48. Ano: 1999 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10574 Tailored Regulation: Will Voluntary Site-Specific Environmental Performance Standards Improve Welfare? 31 Blackman, Allen; Boyd, James. Increasingly popular tailored regulation (TR) initiatives like EPA's Project XL allow plants to voluntarily substitute site-specific environmental performance standards for command-and-control regulations that dictate pollution abatement strategies. TR can significantly reduce participants' costs of complying with environmental regulations. But in doing so, it can also provide participants with a competitive advantage. We show that this can have undesirable welfare consequences when it enables relatively inefficient firms in oligopolistic markets to "steal" market share from more efficient firms. One critical determinant of whether or not TR has such adverse welfare impacts is the regulator's policy regarding the diffusion of TR agreements among... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Tailored regulation; Voluntary; Site-specific; Performance standards; Regulatory reform; Environmental Economics and Policy. Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10740 Shade-Grown Coffee: Simulation and Policy Analysis for Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico 31 Batz, Michael B.; Albers, Heidi J.; Avalos-Sartorio, Beatriz; Blackman, Allen. Shade-grown coffee provides a livelihood to many farmers, protects biodiversity, and creates environmental services. Many shade-coffee farmers have abandoned production in recent years, however, in response to declines in international coffee prices. This paper builds a farmer decision model under price uncertainty and uses simulation analysis of that model to examine the likely impact of various policies on abandonment of shade-coffee plantations. Using information from coastal Oaxaca, Mexico, this paper examines the role of various constraints in abandonment decisions, reveals the importance of the timing of policies, and characterizes the current situation in the study region. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Coffee farming; Decision analysis; Numerical modeling; Monte Carlo; Price variability; Crop Production/Industries; O13; Q17; Q12; Q23; Q24. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10511 Foreign Direct Investment in China's Power Sector: Trends, Benefits and Barriers 31 Blackman, Allen; Wu, Xun. In the early 1990s, hoping to reduce chronic electricity shortages and enhance the efficiency of Chinese power plants, China opened its doors to foreign direct investment (FDI) in electricity generation. Using data from an original survey of US private investors, official Chinese statistics, and other sources, we assess the volume and characteristics of FDI in China's power sector, its impact on energy efficiency, and the factors that limit this impact. Our five principal findings are as follows. First, the volume FDI in China's power sector will likely fall short of the government's 1995 - 2000 capacity expansion target by a substantial margin, most likely because of persistent institutional barriers to FDI. Second, to avoid the lengthy central government... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Foreign direct investment; China; Electricity; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10606 Environmental Decentralization in the United States: Seeking the Proper Balance between National and State Authority 31 Laskowski, Stanley; Morgenstern, Richard D.; Blackman, Allen. This paper examines the United States' experience with environmental decentralization, focusing on the relationship between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the states. It outlines the factors that are considered in determining the appropriate degree of decentralization, the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization, how the EPA-state relationship has evolved over the years, and the structural mechanisms used to ensure that there is a high degree of performance by EPA and the states in administering the programs. Program-specific examples of the EPA-state relationship are also provided. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environmental decentralization; Environmental administration; Environmental Economics and Policy; H11; H59. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10779 Using Alternative Regulatory Instruments to Control Fixed Point Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Lessons from International Experience 31 Blackman, Allen; Harrington, Winston. Should developing countries eschew conventional command and control regulatory instruments that are increasingly seen as inefficient and rely instead on 'alternative' instruments based on economic incentives and community pressure? This paper addresses this question as it pertains to fixed point air pollution. The paper discusses the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of alternative instruments, reviews both industrialized country and developing country experiences with them, and proposes a number of policy guidelines. We argue that regulators in developing countries typically operate under severe financial and institutional constraints. Given these constraints, pure economic incentive instruments are generally not practical since they involve... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Market based instruments; Economic incentives; Informal regulation; Developing country; Industrial air pollution; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; O13. Ano: 1998 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10689 Cross-Border Environmental Management and the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project 31 Blackman, Allen; Bannister, Geoffrey J.. The considerable difficulties associated with cross-border environmental management are compounded when polluters are unlicensed micro-enterprises such as auto repair shops and traditional brick kilns; such "informal sector" firms are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Cd. Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led, binational initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Cd. Juarez's approximately 350 informal brick kilns. We draw three lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led cross-border initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public sector initiatives -- but they require... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: US-Mexican border; Informal sector; Environment; Brickmaking; Environmental Economics and Policy; O17; O54; L61; Q25; Q28. Ano: 1996 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10600 The Benefits and Costs of Informal Sector Pollution Control: Mexican Brick Kilns 31 Blackman, Allen; Newbold, Stephen C.; Shih, Jhih-Shyang; Cook, Joseph H.. In developing countries, urban clusters of manufacturers which are "informal"-small-scale, unlicensed and virtually unregulated-can have severe environmental impacts. Yet pollution control efforts have traditionally focused on large industrial sources, in part because the problem is not well understood. This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of four practical strategies for reducing emissions from traditional brick kilns in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. To our knowledge, it is the first such analysis of informal sources. We find very significant net benefits for three of the four control strategies. These results suggest that informal polluters should be a high priority for environmental regulators. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Benefit-cost analysis; Informal sector; Air pollution; US-Mexico Border; Brick kiln; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O17; O54; Q25; Q28. Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10532 Colombia's Discharge Fee Program: Incentives for Polluters of Regulators? 31 Blackman, Allen. Colombia's discharge fee system for water effluents is often held up as a model of a well-functioning, economic-incentive pollution control program in a developing country. Yet few objective, up-to-date evaluations of the program have appeared. Based on a variety of primary and secondary evaluative data, this paper finds that that the program has been beset by a number of serious problems including limited implementation in many regions, widespread noncompliance by municipal sewage authorities, and a confused relationship between discharge fees and discharge standards. Nevertheless, in several watersheds, pollution loads dropped significantly after the program was introduced. While proponents claim the incentives that discharge fees created for polluters... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environment; Economic incentive; Market based instrument; Discharge fees; Water pollution; Latin America; Colombia; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q56; Q58; O13; O54. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10869 Adoption of Clean Leather-Tanning Technologies in Mexico 31 Blackman, Allen. In many developing countries, a host of financial, institutional, and political factors hamstring conventional environmental regulation. Given these constraints, a promising strategy for controlling pollution is to promote the voluntary adoption of clean technologies. Although this strategy has received considerable attention in policy circles, empirical research on the adoption of clean technologies in developing countries is limited. This paper presents historical background and original survey data on the adoption of five clean tanning technologies by a sample of 137 leather tanneries in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico, a city where tanneries have serious environmental impacts and conventional environmental regulation has repeatedly failed to mitigate the... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Clean technology; Leather tanning; Developing country; Mexico; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q53; Q55; Q56; 013; 033. Ano: 2005 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10881 Why Don't Lenders Finance High-Return Technological Change in Developing-Country Agriculture? 31 Blackman, Allen. Most of the literature attributes credit constraints in small-farm developing-country agriculture to the variability of returns to investment in this sector. But the literature does not fully explain lenders. reluctance to finance investments in technologies that provide both higher average and less variable returns. To fill this gap, this article develops an information-theoretic credit market model with endogenous technology choice. The model demonstrates that lenders may refuse to finance any investment in a riskless high-return technology--regardless of the interest rate they are offered--when they are imperfectly informed about loan applicants, time preferences and, therefore, about their propensities to default intentionally in order to finance... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Asymmetric information; Credit; Developing country; Technology adoption; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O12; O16; O33; Q14; D82. Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10886 Obstacles to a Doubly Green Revolution 31 Blackman, Allen. Increasingly, conventional wisdom dictates that agrarian policy in developing countries should foster a "doubly green revolution" that both protects the environment and boosts output. Like the first green revolution, such a transformation will entail convincing millions of farmers to adopt new practices and, as a result, will confront well-documented barriers to technological change in developing-country agriculture. It will also face a number of new obstacles, including a divergence between the interests of policymakers and farmers, a policy environment biased in favor of input-intensive agriculture, and the fact that many environmentally friendly technologies entail relatively high set-up costs. At least in the short run, institutional constraints will... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Developing country; Green revolution; Environment; Environmental Economics and Policy; O13; O33; Q2; Q16; Q18. Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10476 The Greening of Development Economics: A Survey 31 Blackman, Allen; Mathis, Mitchell; Nelson, Peter. Although ignored for decades, environmental issues now attract considerable attention in the literature on economic development. This paper describes research on environmental issues in seven topic areas that historically have been at the heart of development economics: the role of the state, economic growth, trade and industrialization, relations between rich and poor countries, structural adjustment and stabilization, population change, and the objectives and strategies of development. Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Environment; Development; Economics; Literature review; International Development; B20; N01; O1; O13; Q20. Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10662 Land Cover in a Managed Forest Ecosystem: Mexican Shade Coffee 31 Blackman, Allen; Albers, Heidi J.; Sartorio, Beatriz Avalos; Crooks, Lisa. Managed forest ecosystems-agroforestry systems in which crops such as coffee and bananas are planted side-by-side with woody perennials-are being touted as a means of safeguarding forests along with the ecological services they provide. Yet we know little about the determinants of land cover in such systems, information needed to design effective forest conservation policies. This paper presents a first-ever spatial regression analysis of land cover in a managed forest ecosystem-a shade coffee region of coastal Mexico. Using high-resolution land cover data derived from aerial photographs, along with data on the institutional, geophysical, socioeconomic, and agronomic characteristics of the study area, we find that plots in close proximity to urban centers... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Deforestation; Managed forest ecosystem; Agroforestry; Shade-grown coffee; Mexico; Spatial econometrics; Land cover; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy; O13; Q15; Q23. Ano: 2003 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10493 How Do Public Disclosure Pollution Control Programs Work? Evidence from Indonesia 31 Afsah, Shakeb; Blackman, Allen; Ratunanda, Damayanti. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that publicly disclosing information about plants' environmental performance can motivate emissions reductions, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. To help fill this gap, this paper presents original data from a survey of plants participating in the Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER), Indonesia's widely-acclaimed public disclosure program. These data suggest that a key means by which PROPER spurs abatement is improving factory managers' information about their own plants' emissions and abatement opportunities. This finding contrasts with the prevailing view in the literature that public disclosure enhances pressures to abate placed on firms by external agents such as community... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Public disclosure; Environment; Voluntary regulation; Informal regulation; Indonesia; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28; Q25; O13. Ano: 2000 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10515 Maquiladoras, Air Pollution, and Human Health in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso 31 Blackman, Allen; Batz, Michael B.; Evans, David A.. Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, is home to the U.S.-Mexico border's largest maquiladora labor force, and also its worst air pollution. We marshal two types of evidence to examine the link between maquiladoras and air pollution in Ciudad Juarez, and in its sister city, El Paso, Texas. First, we use a publicly available sector-level emissions inventory for Ciudad Juarez to determine the importance of all industrial facilities (including maquiladoras) as a source of air pollution. Second, we use original plant-level data from two sample maquiladoras to better understand the impacts of maquiladora air pollution on human health. We use a series of computational models to estimate health damages attributable to air pollution from these plants, we compare these damages... Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Maquiladora; Air pollution; Human health; Environmental justice; U.S.-Mexico border; Ciudad Juarez; El Paso; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q01; Q25; O13. Ano: 2004 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10807 Registros recuperados: 26 Primeira ... 1 2 ... Última

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Embrapa Todos os direitos reservados, conforme Lei n° 9.610 Política de Privacidade Área restrita		Embrapa Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB s/n° Brasília, DF - Brasil - CEP 70770-901 Fone: (61) 3448-4433 - Fax: (61) 3448-4890 / 3448-4891 SAC: https://www.embrapa.br/fale-conosco