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The U.S. Patent System and Developing Country Access to Biotechnology: Does the Balance Need Adjusting? AgEcon
Taylor, Michael R.; Cayford, Jerry.
Many agricultural and food security experts believe that biotechnology has potential to assist developing country farmers in meeting current and future food needs. Most of the tools of biotechnology have been developed, however, by companies, governments, and universities in industrialized nations; are the subject of U.S. patents; and have so far been applied commercially to address the needs of large-scale growers in the United States and other developed countries. For commercial and other reasons, applications of biotechnology that might benefit developing country farmers are unlikely in the foreseeable future to be developed and disseminated through commercial channels. At the same time, noncommercial, public sector researchers report that their access...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: United States patents; Agricultural biotechnology; Developing countries; Food security; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; O34; Q16.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10872
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Evaluating Dispute Resolution as an Approach to Public Participation AgEcon
Beierle, Thomas C.; Cayford, Jerry.
Public participation has become an integral part of environmental policymaking. Dispute resolution-with its focus on deliberation, problem solving, and consensus seeking among a small group of people-is one of the alternatives decision-makers increasingly turn to for involving the public. This paper evaluates dispute resolution as a form of public participation by measuring its success against five "social goals": incorporating public values into decisions, increasing the substantive quality of decisions, resolving conflict, building trust, and educating the public. The data for the analysis come from a "case survey," in which researchers read and coded information on more than 100 attributes of 239 published case studies of public involvement in...
Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper Palavras-chave: Dispute resolution; Public participation; Conflict resolution; Evaluation; Institutional and Behavioral Economics.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10899
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