SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Joint Implementation (JI) is a potentially powerful instrument of climate policy that could lead to a high amount of additional financial flows to developing countries. Nevertheless, many NGOs and developing country representatives are very skeptical about JI and fear that it would not take into account development priorities and create new kinds of dependence on industrial countries. Therefore, developing countries and industrial countries found a compromise at the Berlin Conference of the Parties as they instituted a pilot phase for JI lasting until 2000 which does not allow crediting of reduction achieved via JI. The paper discusses first results of the JI pilot phase in Costa Rica which could be important for the evaluation of the whole pilot phase....

Creation and Sharing of Credits through the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1997

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26337

The implementation of activities aimed to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions is more cost-efficient in developing countries than in most of the industrialized world. Thus it has been a major, but contentious topic in the climate negotiations to allow crediting of emissions reduction in developing countries towards domestic emission targets of industrial countries. The Kyoto Protocol instituted a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is to assure that the interests of all parties from industrialized and developing countries are equally represented. Many issues concerning the structure of the CDM remain to be decided. Crediting critically depends on these decisions. Credits should accrue only after verification. A crucial issue that influences all...

Practical Issues Concerning Temporary Carbon Credits in the CDM

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26146

Dutschke, Michael; Schlamadinger, Bernhard.

Afforestation and reforestation (AR) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism are able to create emission permits that can be accounted against the industrialized countries' commitments for limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The discussion of how to treat credits from temporary carbon stocks is centering on the proposal for expiring emission credits from AR, which in the subsequent commitment period need to be replaced. While the basic methodological question is thus being solved, the practicalities arising from the solution have so far not been considered. The authors make new proposals on accounting modalities, define the tCER value as compared to a permanent CER, and forecast who will be the potential buyers...

Issues and Open Questions of Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Under the Kyoto Protocol

Palavras-chave: Clean Development Mechanism; Forestry; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26241

Closing the Gap: A Comparison of Approaches to Encourage Early Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26258

Rolfe, Chris; Michaelowa, Axel; Dutschke, Michael.

Das Kyoto-Protokoll zur UN-Klimarahmenkonvention setzt verbindliche Treibhausgasemissionsziele für Industrieländer, die allerdings erst im Zeitraum 2008-2012 gelten. Da für die Zeit bis 2008 mit einem erheblichen Emissionsanstieg zu rechnen ist, wird über Ansätze nachgedacht, schon vorher Anreize für Emissionsverringerungen zu setzen. Frühzeitige Emissionsverringerung reduziert das Risiko, klimatische Schwellenwerte zu überschreiten, die nichtlineare Veränderungen im Klimasystem auslösen. Außerdem wird der normale Investitionszyklus ausgenutzt, indem Neuinvestitionen emissionsärmer ausfallen. Dies verursacht keine oder nur geringe Kosten. Dazu bedarf es konkreter Anreize, die unterschiedlich ausfallen können. Während in Nordamerika eine freiwillige...

Tightening the System: Central Allocation of Emission Rights

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26049

Dutschke, Michael; Michaelowa, Axel; Stronzik, Marcus.

A whole bundle of so-called "flexible mechanisms" has been foreseen by the Kyoto Protocol in order to help industrial countries to fulfill their agreed reduction targets in the most cost-effective way. Emission permits will act as the backbone of all market-orientated mechanisms. Therefore, their initial allocation to the market participants is crucial. The deposit-refund model of Central Allocation is an alternative to the distribution of emission permits actually discussed in the context of flexible mechanisms. A Climate Bank is proposed that issues permits equal to the aggregate budget of all Annex-B countries. The system of Central Allocation is aimed to achieve an equitable distribution according to real emission needs, a positive sanction for...

Permanence of CDM Forests or Non-permanence of Land Use Related Carbon Credits?

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26375

Dutschke, Michael.

Carbon sequestration projects in the context of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) suffer from the stigma of permanence risk. The risk that carbon reduced or sequestered in forestry projects is release further down the road is in fact undeniable, whoever bears the onus. The merit of the so-called "ton/year approach" is to destroy the fiction of infinity when talking about permanent sequestration. The merit of the "Columbian proposal" is to destroy the fiction of comparability between technological emission reduction and sequestration in natural systems. Yet, both approaches are discussed as more or less unrelated alternatives. By making use of both methodologies and providing a link between both proposals on permanence in CDM forestry, the present...

Development Aid and the CDM - How to Interpret "Financial Additionality"

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2001

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26399

International climate negotiations have specified that projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) should not lead to a "diversion" of official development assistance (ODA). It is however unchallenged that ODA can be used in capacity building for the CDM. Diversion can be interpreted in financial, sectoral and regional terms. There are possibilities to use ODA benchmarks to define diversion such as the UN 0.7% target but they are unlikely to be politically acceptable. On the project level, three main options exist but none of them is perfect. The value of emissions credits (CERs) could be deducted from ODA. This however leads to a long-term pressure on the ODA level. Differentiating an ODA-financed baseline project and a "piggyback" CDM option is...

Value and Risks of Expiring Carbon Credits from CDM Afforestation and Reforestation

Palavras-chave: International climate policy; CDM; Development assistance; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; O13.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26243

Dutschke, Michael; Schlamadinger, Bernhard; Wong, Jenny L.P.; Rumberg, Michael.

The Milan conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has established two types of emission offsets under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), valid for afforestation and reforestation activities. In order to account for the non-permanent nature of carbon storage in forests, these credits expire after a predefined periods, after which the buyer needs to replace them. The present article assesses their market value in relation to "permanent" credits, identifies their specific risks and proposes how to mitigate and manage them. It analyzes strengths and weaknesses of expiring credits for sellers and buyers. Taking the example of the EU emissions trading system, the authors discuss how expiring credits could reach fungibility with permanent...

Sustainable Forestry Investment under the Clean Development Mechanism: The Malaysian Case

Palavras-chave: CDM; Afforestation; Reforestation; Permanence; Insurance; LCER; TCER; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26347

Dutschke, Michael.

In the light of the development of the Malaysian forestry sector in recent years, the article gives an overview over the current discussions around the inclusion of biological carbon sink projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol, like forest definitions, additionality, baselines and permanence. Some new ideas are presented, the details of which need to be explored in detail in further studies. As a result, the article gives twofold recommendations: First, which issues international climate negotiators need to tackle in order to make forestry projects work in practice; and second, how and under which conditions CDM forestry can be supportive to the Malaysian development goals. Vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung des...

Interest Groups and Efficient Design of the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26286

The implementation of activities aimed to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions is more cost-efficient in developing countries than in most of the industrialized world. A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is to assure that the interests of all parties implicated in Joint Implementation between industrialized and developing countries be equally represented. This mechanism was decided upon on the Kyoto Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, but no provisions on the construction of the CDM were taken. The authors propose it to take the form of a clearinghouse and a project fund. In the light of game-theoretical analysis and practical experience collected during the pilot phase for Activities Implemented Jointly which...

Convergence Criteria for Participation in the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1998

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26135

Michaelowa, Axel; Dutschke, Michael; Stronzik, Marcus.

The authors suggest a multi-layered system of three convergence criteria - similar to those used in the run-up to the European monetary union - that define the notion of "demonstrable progress" towards reaching the emission commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. These are the existence of an independently evaluated national emissions inventory, the level of domestic policies and measures, and the quantitative convergence of emissions towards the Kyoto target. While the first of these criteria constitutes a necessary condition for participation in the use of flexible instruments, the other two determine the degree of participation allowed for any given Annex I country. Wir schlagen - analog zur Bestimmung der Teilnehmer an der Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion...

Can Permanence Be Insured? Consideration of Some Technical and Practical Issues of Insuring Carbon Credits from Afforestation and Reforestation

Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy.

Ano: 1999

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26186

Wong, Jenny L.P.; Dutschke, Michael.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) removals by afforestation and reforestation project activities under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are vulnerable to a variety of risks and uncertainties, resulting in the partial or total reversal of such removals. Hence, GHG removals from these sink activities are considered to be of temporary nature and non-permanent. Specific modalities related to non-permanence will need to be developed in order to include afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM and for a decision on modalities to be reached at COP 9 in December 2003. Two main options on how to address non-permanence have been proposed, these being temporary credits and insurance of emission reduction credits. This paper discusses...

Liberalisation of Environmental Goods and Services and Climate Change

Palavras-chave: Clean Development Mechanism; Forestry; Insurance; Permanence; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q23; Q25; Q13.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26270

Iturregui, Patricia; Dutschke, Michael.

This paper attempts to show how WTO negotiations on liberalisation of environmental goods and services can have a negative or positive impact on the international climate change policy depending on the outcome of the Doha Mandate paragraph 31 debates. Certainly there has been no significant progress on the definition or classification of environmental goods and services given the wide spectrum of positions. However, the size of the environmental market is not little and a pragmatic approach for negotiations can be to reduce the issue by parts in problem areas being one of them air pollution and climate. In order to succeed in the task some conditions must be achieved, namely balancing interests from OECD and non OECD countries, identification of a list of...