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Understanding patterns and processes in models of trophic cascades ArchiMer
Heath, Michael R.; Speirs, Douglas C.; Steele, John H..
Climate fluctuations and human exploitation are causing global changes in nutrient enrichment of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and declining abundances of apex predators. The resulting trophic cascades have had profound effects on food webs, leading to significant economic and societal consequences. However, the strength of cascades-that is the extent to which a disturbance is diminished as it propagates through a food web-varies widely between ecosystems, and there is no formal theory as to why this should be so. Some food chain models reproduce cascade effects seen in nature, but to what extent is this dependent on their formulation? We show that inclusion of processes represented mathematically as density-dependent regulation of either consumer...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Bottom-up; Density dependence; Food chain; Food web; Harvesting; Model; Predator-prey; Simulation; Top-down.
Ano: 2014 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28249/26505.pdf
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Cascading ecological effects of eliminating fishery discards ArchiMer
Heath, Michael R.; Cook, Robin M.; Cameron, Angus I.; Morris, David J.; Speirs, Douglas C..
Discarding by fisheries is perceived as contrary to responsible harvesting. Legislation seeking to end the practice is being introduced in many jurisdictions. However, discarded fish are food for a range of scavenging species; so, ending discarding may have ecological consequences. Here we investigate the sensitivity of ecological effects to discarding policies using an ecosystem model of the North Sea-a region where 30-40% of trawled fish catch is currently discarded. We show that landing the entire catch while fishing as usual has conservation penalties for seabirds, marine mammals and seabed fauna, and no benefit to fish stocks. However, combining landing obligations with changes in fishing practices to limit the capture of unwanted fish results in...
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Ano: 2014 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31512/29924.pdf
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Modelling the effects of fishing on the North Sea fish community size composition ArchiMer
Speirs, Douglas C.; Greenstreet, Simon P. R.; Heath, Michael R..
Ecosystem-based management of the North Sea demersal fish community uses the large fish indicator (LFI), defined as the proportion by weight of fish caught in the International Bottom Trawl Survey (IBTS) exceeding a length of 40 cm. Current values of the LFI are similar to 0.15, but the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires a value of 0.3 be reached by 2020. An LFI calculated from an eight-species subset correlated closely with the full community LFI, thereby permitting an exploration of the effects of various fishing scenarios on projected values of the LFI using an extension of a previously published multi-species length-structured model that included these key species. The model replicated historical changes in biomass...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Length-structured population model; Multi-species model; North Sea; Fisheries; Ecosystem-based management; Large fish indicator (LFI).
Ano: 2016 URL: https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00332/44355/43954.pdf
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