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| Johnstone, Nick; Wood, Libby; Hearne, Robert R.. |
| There has been a significant increase in private sector participation (PSP) in the urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector in recent years. However, even with increased PSP, public authorities will still have to: ensure that the service providers do not use their market power to exploit customers; internalise public health and environmental externalities; provide mechanisms whereby water consumption is sustainable and is allocated efficiently between alternative uses; and, serve as a guarantor of a level of service provision which is consistent with a basic standard of living. While there is considerable literature addressing the first of these four issues, the latter three are less adequately addressed. Through a review of five case studies... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy; International Development; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24142 |
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| Verdolini, Elena; Johnstone, Nick; Hascic, Ivan. |
| This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of energy efficiency in fossil fuel electricity generation across 28 OECD countries over the period 1981-2006, with particular attention to the role played by technological development and the availability of energy efficient technologies in the market. This contribution is novel in three respects: first, empirically assess the effects of different determinants of energy efficiency, which include the input mix in electricity generation, the capacity ratio at which power plants are run, as well as the characteristics of the production technology. Second, we focus on the role of technological availability: using patent data for carefully selected innovations in fossil-fuel technologies, we build... |
| Tipo: Working Paper |
Palavras-chave: Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation; Energy Efficiency; Carbon Intensity; Technological Change; Patents; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies; Q40; O33; O13. |
| Ano: 2011 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120043 |
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| Johnstone, Nick. |
| This paper looks at the relationship between economic inequality and urban environmental quality in developing countries, with specific reference to the provision of water and sanitation services. The paper explores the consequences of dual systems, in which a proportion of a citys residents are served by subsidised town water and sanitation facilities, whilst another section of the city has been forced to develop a variety of on-site strategies through their own efforts. A number of conclusions are reached: firstly, it is argued that poorer households are generally more adversely affected by low levels of provision and that standard project evaluation techniques perpetuate this bias; secondly, the cost structure of service provision implies that... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Community/Rural/Urban Development; Consumer/Household Economics. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24141 |
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| Johnstone, Nick. |
| Relations between coastal countries and fishing fleets from non-adjacent countries changed radically in the 1970s and early 1980s. This was primarily a consequence of the declaration of exclusive economic zones (EEZs) by many coastal states in the years leading up to the close of the negotiations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982. Most significantly, by recognizing the right of coastal states to determine how their waters were to be exploited, the UNCLOS provided a legal basis and economic motivation for the negotiation of access agreements between coastal states and distant water fishing fleets. This paper examines some of the economic issues which arise out of such agreements, particularly as they relate to relations... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24143 |
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| Johnstone, Nick; Alavalapati, Janaki R.R.. |
| In recent years there has been increased debate about the potential for shifting the incidence of the tax system away from a variety of economic goods (i.e. employment, investment, etc...) and towards environmental bads (i.e. pollution emissions, resource extraction, etc ...). However, in spite of their apparent efficiency, economic instruments have been adopted relatively less frequently than direct regulation to mitigate environmental damages. One reason may be that some of the distributional implications of environmental tax reform have not been adequately recognized and addressed. How the costs and benefits of environmental policies are distributed in society is critical for their application since this will play a significant role in determining... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/24140 |
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