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| Krakowski, Michael. |
| This paper explores the relationship between competition policy, experience of the application of competition policy, the intensity of local competition and the standard of living. Perception data from the World Economic Forum is used to measure the intensity of local competition. Richer and larger countries in general introduce competition policy earlier than smaller and poorer countries, and industrialized countries earlier than Latin American, African, transition and Asian countries, in this order. A regression analysis for a sample of 101 countries reveals that experience and overall government effectiveness explain a substantial part of the perception of the effectiveness of antitrust policy. During the first years of (new) competition legislation the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Competition Policy; Effectiveness of legal instruments; International Relations/Trade; L40; K21. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26259 |
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| Bojanic, Antonio; Krakowski, Michael. |
| This paper takes stock with the results of utility privatization in Bolivia. This paper deals with the process of structural reforms in this country and the specific results that have to date been accomplished in the electricity industry. It is mostly interested in exploring whether the reformation of this industry contributed to lessen poverty levels and whether in light of the obtained results, a reversal or a continuation of the reform process should take place. The paper shows that coverage of electricity users has grown faster in urban areas ever since the establishment of regulation. Although it is not argued that regulation has caused the increase in electricity consumers, the data does show that a comparatively faster urban growth rate of users... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Regulation; Poverty Reduction; Bolivia; Food Security and Poverty; Public Economics; L51; O20; O54. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26201 |
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| Krakowski, Michael. |
| This paper analyses the determinants of the size of the informal economy using cross-country regressions. Two sets of global data using indirect estimation techniques and the perception of business leaders for 109 countries as well as a regional set for Latin America based on direct data are used to estimate the size of the informal economies. Indirect estimation techniques arrive at higher estimates of the size of the informal economy than the perceptions of business leaders because they include not only the (fundamentally legal) activities of the informal sector, but also those activities which are illegal per se. Both kinds of estimate show strong regional differences in the size of the informal economies. Regressions on a set of indicators covering the... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Informal sector; Tax evasion; Business regulation; Political Economy; O17; H26. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26313 |
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